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Xu X, Lin J, Wang J, Wang Y, Zhu Y, Wang J, Guo J. SPP1 expression indicates outcome of immunotherapy plus tyrosine kinase inhibition in advanced renal cell carcinoma. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2350101. [PMID: 38738709 PMCID: PMC11093034 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2350101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Clinical guidelines have recently advised combination therapy involving immunotherapy (IO) and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) as the first-line therapy approach for advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Nevertheless, there is currently no available biomarker that can effectively distinguish the progression-free survival (PFS). RNA-sequencing and immunohistochemistry were conducted on our cohort of metastatic RCC patients, namely ZS-MRCC, who received combination therapy consisting of IO and TKI. We further applied RNA-sequencing, immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry to examine the immune cell infiltration and functionality inside the tumor microenvironment of high-risk localized RCC samples. SPP1 expression was significantly higher in non-responders to IO-TKI therapy. Elevated levels of SPP1 were associated with poor PFS in both the ZS-MRCC cohort (HR = 2.73, p = .018) and validated in the JAVELIN Renal 101 cohort (HR = 1.61, p = .004). By multivariate Cox analysis, SPP1 was identified as a significant independent prognosticator. Furthermore, there existed a negative correlation between elevated levels of SPP1 and the presence of GZMB+CD8+ T cells (Spearman's ρ= -0.48, p < .001). Conversely, SPP1 expression is associated with T cell exhaustion markers. A significant increase in the abundance of Tregs was observed in tumors with high levels of SPP1. Additionally, a machine-learning-based model was constructed to predict the benefit of IO-TKI treatment. High SPP1 is associated with therapeutic resistance and unfavorable PFS in IO-TKI therapy. SPP1 expression have also been observed to be indicative of malfunction and exhaustion in T cells. Increased SPP1 expression has the potential to serve as a potential biomarker for treatment selection of metastatic RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglai Xu
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital (Xiamen), Fudan University, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen Clinical Research Center for Cancer Therapy, Zhongshan Hospital (Xiamen), Fudan University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jinglai Lin
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital (Xiamen), Fudan University, Xiamen, China
- Xiamen Clinical Research Center for Cancer Therapy, Zhongshan Hospital (Xiamen), Fudan University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jiahao Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanjun Zhu
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajun Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianming Guo
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Holland L, Bhanvadia R, Ibeziako N, Taylor J, Gerlt D, Chaplin I, Bagrodia A, Desai N, Gaston K, Lotan Y, Margulis V, Zhang T, Cole S, Woldu S. Socioeconomic and Demographic Disparities in Immunotherapy Utilization for Advanced Kidney and Bladder Cancer. Urol Oncol 2024; 42:374.e11-374.e20. [PMID: 39034222 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2024.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Immunotherapy (IO) drugs have been increasingly utilized in locally advanced or metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UC). Multiple trials have demonstrated clear survival benefit, however, there are often barriers to access for these advanced therapies which has been demonstrated in other non-urologic malignancies. The goal of this study was to assess socioeconomic and demographic factors associated with the receipt of IO for advanced ccRCC and UC. MATERIALS AND METHODS We queried the National Cancer Database (NCDB) for patients with stage IV ccRCC and UC. The study period was 2015 to 2020 for ccRCC (FDA approval date of IO) and 2017 to 2020 for UC (FDA approval date of broadened indication for IO, initial limited approval in 2016). The primary outcome of interest was receipt of IO therapy using multivariable logistic regression, adjusting for relevant socioeconomic and demographic variables. RESULTS We identified 15,926 patients with stage IV ccRCC and 10,380 patients with stage IV UC of which 5,419 (34.0%) and 2,231 (21.5%) received IO therapy, respectively. IO utilization increased with each successive year. In both malignancies, treatment at a non-academic facility, education level, income, and insurance were independently associated with IO utilization. For ccRCC, black (OR = 0.77, 95% CI, 0.64-0.93, P = 0.009) and Hispanic race (OR = 0.73, 95% CI, 0.61-0.86, P = 0.006) were each associated with decreased IO utilization but there were no independent associations between race and receipt of IO in patients with UC. CONCLUSIONS In the era of FDA-approved IO therapy for advanced ccRCC and UC, this national cohort analysis suggests that IO utilization is increasing over time, but significant disparities exist based on income, education, and insurance status in both malignancies. Additionally, patients treated at non-academic facilities were less likely to receive IO therapy for these specific genitourinary malignancies. In ccRCC, additional disparities were seen black and Hispanic races which each were associated with lower odds of IO receipt. Identifying strategies to mitigate these differences and provide equitable access to IO therapy is of imperative need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levi Holland
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Raj Bhanvadia
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Nathanaelle Ibeziako
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Jacob Taylor
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Deitrich Gerlt
- Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX
| | - Iftach Chaplin
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Aditya Bagrodia
- Department of Urology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Neil Desai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Kris Gaston
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Yair Lotan
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Vitaly Margulis
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Tian Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Suzanne Cole
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Solomon Woldu
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.
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3
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Yanagisawa T, Mori K, Kawada T, Katayama S, Uchimoto T, Tsujino T, Nishimura K, Adachi T, Toyoda S, Nukaya T, Fukuokaya W, Urabe F, Murakami M, Yamanoi T, Bekku K, Komura K, Takahara K, Hashimoto T, Fujita K, Azuma H, Ohno Y, Shiroki R, Uemura H, Araki M, Kimura T. First-line therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma: A propensity score-matched comparison of efficacy and safety. Urol Oncol 2024; 42:374.e21-374.e29. [PMID: 39085019 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2024.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-based combination therapy is a standard systemic treatment for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). Although differential pharmacologic action between ICI+ICI and ICI+tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) combinations may affect outcomes, comparative studies using real-world data are few. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed the records of 447 mRCC patients treated with 1st-line ICI-based combinations at multiple institutions between January 2018 and August 2023, and selected 320 patients diagnosed with clear cell RCC (ccRCC) for further study. Cohorts were matched using one-to-one propensity scores based on IMDC risk classification. Overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), objective response rates (ORRs), and treatment-related adverse events (TrAE) were compared. RESULTS The matching process yielded 228 metastatic ccRCC patients treated with ICI+ICI (n = 114) or ICI+TKI (n = 114). Median OS was 53 months (95%CI: 33-NA) in patients treated with ICI+ICI and was not reached (95%CI: 43-NA) with ICI+TKI (P = 0.24). Median PFS was significantly shorter for ICI+ICI (13 months, 95%CI: 7-25) than for ICI+TKI (25 months, 95%CI: 13-NA) (P = 0.047). There were no differences in second-line PFS for sequential therapy after 1st-line combinations of ICI+ICI or ICI+TKI (6 vs. 8 months, P = 0.6). There were no differences in ORR between the 2 groups (ICI+ICI: 51% vs. ICI+TKI: 55%, P = 0.8); the progressive disease (PD) rate was significantly higher in patients treated with the ICI+ICI combination (24% vs. 11%, P = 0.029). The rate of any grade TrAE was significantly higher in patients treated with ICI+TKI (71% vs. 85%, P = 0.016), but we found no differences in severe TrAE between the 2 groups (39% vs. 36%, P = 0.8). CONCLUSIONS In a matched cohort of real-world data, we confirmed comparable OS benefits between ICI+ICI and ICI+TKI combinations. However, differential clinical behaviors in terms of PFS, PD rates, and TrAE between ICI-based combinations may enrich clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Yanagisawa
- Department of Urology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Keiichiro Mori
- Department of Urology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Kawada
- Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Katayama
- Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Taizo Uchimoto
- Department of Urology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuya Tsujino
- Department of Urology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nishimura
- Department of Urology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Adachi
- Department of Urology,Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shingo Toyoda
- Department of Urology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuhisa Nukaya
- Department of Urology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Wataru Fukuokaya
- Department of Urology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Urabe
- Department of Urology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaya Murakami
- Department of Urology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Yamanoi
- Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kensuke Bekku
- Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Komura
- Department of Urology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Takahara
- Department of Urology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | | | - Kazutoshi Fujita
- Department of Urology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Haruhito Azuma
- Department of Urology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshio Ohno
- Department of Urology,Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Shiroki
- Department of Urology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Uemura
- Department of Urology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Motoo Araki
- Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kimura
- Department of Urology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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4
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Silberg M, Krabbe LM, Bögemann M, Schrader AJ, Tully K, Schlack K. Immune-Related Adverse Events Can Predict Progression-Free and Overall Survival In Patients With Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Treated With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2024; 22:102164. [PMID: 39153900 DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2024.102164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different combination therapies using anti - PD-1 / PD-L1 or CTLA-4 immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) are widely used in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). In the absents of established biomarkers, immune-related adverse events (irAEs) have been discussed as potential predictors of response. METHODS In this retrospective cohort study, data of 134 patients with mRCC undergoing ICI treatment (Nivolumab, Ipilimumab and Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab and Axitinib or Avelumab and Axitinib) between 2015 and 2021 were analyzed. To examine the utility of irAEs as predictors of overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS), separate Kaplan-Meier analyses and Cox proportional regression analyses were applied. Landmark analysis was conducted after 12 weeks to reduce immortal time bias. RESULT irAEs were observed in 85 patients (63.4%). Cutaneous (n = 52, 38.8%), endocrine (n = 33, 24.6%) and hepatic (n = 19, 14.2%) irAEs were most commonly observed. In Kaplan-Meier analysis, patients experiencing irAEs showed favorable median PFS (15 months, 95% CI, 9.91-20.09) compared to the non-irAE group (5 months, 95% CI, 3.56-6.44, P < .001). The median OS was 25 months (95% CI, 16.79-33.21) in the non-irAE group, while it was not reached in the irAE group (P = .002). In multivariable analysis, the presence of any irAE was associated with favorable PFS (HR 0.46 [95% CI, 0.26-0.82] P = .008) and OS (HR: 0.28 [95% CI, 0.12-0.63] P = .002), respectively. Landmark analysis after 12 weeks showed mixed results depending on the classification of the irAE group at the landmark time. CONCLUSION The presence of irAEs under ICI therapy in patients with mRCC is associated with better PFS and OS. Thus, manageable irAEs should not be cause for premature discontinuation of ICI therapy, as they seem to indicate favorable outcomes. Considering the time-dependent nature of irAEs is crucial estimating their value as predictive markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Silberg
- Department of Urology, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr University of Bochum, Herne, Germany.
| | | | - Martin Bögemann
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | | | - Karl Tully
- Department of Urology, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr University of Bochum, Herne, Germany
| | - Katrin Schlack
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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5
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Viktor G, Martin B, Mohammad-Reza R, Günter N, Marco S, Anne F, Michael M, Christoph M, Mark-Oliver Z, Anke W, Andreas H, Jochen C, C D, Thomas H, M S, Disorn S, Philipp I. Final Analysis of a Noninterventional Study on Cabozantinib in Patients With Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma After Prior Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy of the German Interdisciplinary Working Group on Renal Tumors (IAG-N). Clin Genitourin Cancer 2024; 22:102159. [PMID: 39095295 DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2024.102159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Efficacy of treatment after failure of check point inhibitors (ICI) therapy remains ill-defined in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). OBJECTIVE To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of cabozantinib after failure of ICI-based therapies. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Patients with mRCC who concluded cabozantinib treatment directly after an ICI-based therapy were eligible. Data was collected retrospectively from participating sites in Germany. INTERVENTIONS Cabozantinib was administered as a standard of care. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Adverse events (AE) were reported according to CTCAE v5.0. Objective response rate according to RECIST 1.1 and Progression Free Survival (PFS) were collected from medical records. Descriptive statistics and Kaplan-Meyer-plots were utilized. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS About 56 eligible patients (71.4% male) with median age of 66 years and clear cell histology in 66.1% (n = 37) were analyzed. 87.5% (n = 49) had ≥ 2 previous lines. IMDC risk was intermediate or poor in 17 patients (30.4%) and missing in 66.1%. 20 patients (35.7%) started with 60 mg. 55.4% (n = 31) required dose reductions, 26.8% (n = 15) treatment delays and 1.8% (n = 1) treatment discontinuation. Partial response was reported in 10.7% (n = 6), stable and progressive disease were reported in 19.6% (n = 11) and in 12.5% (n = 7). 32 patients were not evaluable (57.1%). Median treatment duration was 6.1 months. Treatment related AE were reported in 76.8% (n = 43) and 19.6% (n = 11) had grade 3-5. Fatigue (26.8%), diarrhea (26.8%) and hand-foot-syndrome (25.0%) were the 3 most frequent AEs of any grade and causality. SAE were reported in 21.4% (n = 12), 2 were fatal. Major limitation was the retrospective data capture in our study. CONCLUSIONS Cabozantinib followed directly after ICI-based therapy was safe and feasible. No new safety signals were reported. A lower starting dose was frequently utilized in this real-world cohort, which was associated with a favorable tolerability profile. Our data supports the use of cabozantinib after ICI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grünwald Viktor
- Wetsdeutsches Tumorzentrum, Department of Medical Oncology and Department of Urology, University Hospital Essen (AöR), Essen, Germany; Westdeutsches Tumorzentrum Essen, Klinik für Urologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen (AöR), Essen, Germany.
| | - Bögemann Martin
- Klinik für Urologie und Kinderurologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Rafiyan Mohammad-Reza
- Krankenhaus Nordwest gGmbH, Institut für Klinisch-Onkologische Forschung (IKF), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Niegisch Günter
- Klinik für Urologie, Konservative Urologische Onkologie, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Centrum für Integrierte Onkologie (CIO) Düsseldorf, CIO Aachen, Bonn, Köln, Düsseldorf
| | - Schnabel Marco
- Klinik für Urologie der Universität Regensburg am Caritas-Krankenhaus St. Josef, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Flörcken Anne
- Medizinische Klinik m.S. Hämatologie, Onkologie und Tumorimmunologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | | | | | | | - Wortmann Anke
- Onkologiezentrum Soest-Iserlohn, Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Kloster Paradiese GbR, Soest-Paradiese, Germany
| | - Hinkel Andreas
- Department for Urology, Franziskus Hospital Bielefeld, Onkologisches Zentrum, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Casper Jochen
- Klinikum Oldenburg AöR, Universitätsklinik für Innere Medizin - Onkologie und Hämatologie, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Darr C
- Westdeutsches Tumorzentrum Essen, Klinik für Urologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen (AöR), Essen, Germany
| | - Hilser Thomas
- Wetsdeutsches Tumorzentrum, Department of Medical Oncology and Department of Urology, University Hospital Essen (AöR), Essen, Germany
| | - Schulze M
- Praxis Dr. Schulze, Markkleeberg, Germany
| | - Sookthai Disorn
- Institut für Klinische Krebsforschung IKF GmbH, Krankenhaus Nordwest GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ivanyi Philipp
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Klinik für Hämatologie, Hämostaseologie, Onkologie und Stammzelltransplantation, Hannover, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center Hannover; Germany
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6
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Moinard-Butot F, Oriel M, Tricard T, Cazzato RL, Pierard L, Gaillard V, Werle P, Lindner V, Martin S, Schuster C, Roy C, Burgy M, Anthony A, Bigot C, Boudier P, Fritsch A, Olland A, Malouf G, Lang H, Barthélémy P. Effect of Treatment of Residual Disease After Immunotherapy-Based Combinations on Complete Response Rate of Patients With Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinomas. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2024; 22:102134. [PMID: 38909529 DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2024.102134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-based combinations have revolutionized the management of first-line metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) by improving patient survival. Large phase 3 randomized trials assessing ICI-based combinations have reported complete response (CR) rates of 10% to 18% in the first-line setting. However, there is a scarcity of data about the effect of treatment of residual disease regarding CR rates improvement. MATERIALS AND METHODS We included retrospectively all consecutive mRCC patients treated in first-line setting at the Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe with an ICI-based combination involving ICI or TKI, either alone or with added local treatment of residual disease. Patients were characterized according to IMDC risk. Radiologic response was defined according to RECIST v1.1. RESULTS We enrolled 80 mRCC patients treated with ICI-based combinations between May 2015 and May 2022. The median age was 63 years. Regarding IMDC risk, there were 12 favourable (15%), 50 intermediate (63%), and 18 poor-risk (22%) patients. Forty-seven patients (59%) received ICI + ICI, 24 (30%) received ICI + TKI, and 9 (11%) received another ICI-based therapy. In total, 8 achieved CR (10%), 36 patients (45%) achieved partial response, 23 (29%) achieved stable disease and 12 achieved progressive disease (15%) as the best response with systemic therapy alone. By adding local treatment of residual disease, 11 additional patients (14%) achieved radiological NED. Residual disease resected sites included kidney (n = 6), lymph nodes (n = 5), lung metastases (n = 2) and liver metastases (n = 1). CONCLUSIONS The resection of residual disease after first-line ICI-based therapy is associated with improved CR rate (CR + NED) in patients with mRCC. These results need to be validated in prospective trial. PATIENT SUMMARY In recent years, the advent of immunotherapy has radically changed the management of patients with metastatic kidney cancer. Approximately 10% to 18% of these patients using immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-based combinations no longer have detectable disease on CT scans (complete response). There are currently few data on the use of treatment of residual disease to increase the number of patients in complete response. In this retrospective study, the complete response rate with ICI-based treatment was 10%. When local treatment was added, the number of patients with a complete response increased to 24%. This strategy could increase the number of patients with a prolonged complete response in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Moinard-Butot
- Department of medical oncology, Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe, Strasbourg, France.
| | - M Oriel
- Department of medical oncology, Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe, Strasbourg, France
| | - T Tricard
- Department of Urology, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - R L Cazzato
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Hopitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - L Pierard
- Department of medical oncology, Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe, Strasbourg, France
| | - V Gaillard
- Department of Urology, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - P Werle
- Department of Urology, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - V Lindner
- Department of Pathology, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Hôpital de Strasbourg-Hautepierre, Strasbourg, France
| | - S Martin
- Department of medical oncology, Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe, Strasbourg, France
| | - C Schuster
- Department of medical oncology, Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe, Strasbourg, France
| | - C Roy
- Department of Radiology, Strasbourg University Hospital-Nouvel Hopital Civil, Strasbourg, Cedex, France
| | - M Burgy
- Department of medical oncology, Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe, Strasbourg, France
| | - A Anthony
- Department of medical oncology, Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe, Strasbourg, France
| | - C Bigot
- Department of medical oncology, Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe, Strasbourg, France
| | - P Boudier
- Department of medical oncology, Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe, Strasbourg, France
| | - A Fritsch
- Department of medical oncology, Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe, Strasbourg, France
| | - A Olland
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Strasbourg University Hospital-Nouvel Hopital Civil, Strasbourg, Cedex, France; Inserm 1260 "RNM", fédération de médecine translationnelle, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, Cedex, France
| | - G Malouf
- Department of medical oncology, Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe, Strasbourg, France
| | - H Lang
- Department of Urology, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - P Barthélémy
- Department of medical oncology, Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe, Strasbourg, France
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7
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Liu F, Wu W, Cao W, Feng L, Yuan J, Ren Z, Dai N, Wang X, Li X, Yue S. EREG silencing inhibits tumorigenesis via inactivating ERK/p38 MAPK pathway in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167336. [PMID: 38972433 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Epiregulin (EREG) is a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family. An increasing body of evidence has demonstrated the pivotal role of EREG in the pathogenesis and progression of various malignancies. However, the clinical significance and biological role of EREG in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) have yet to be fully elucidated. We found that EREG is highly expressed in PDAC tissues compared with paracancerous tissues through public databases and clinical samples. High EREG expression predicted worse overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) in patients with PDAC. Multivariate analysis revealed that EREG can serve as an independent prognostic indicator. In addition, EREG silencing inhibited PDAC cell proliferation, migration, progression, altered cell cycle, facilitated apoptosis in vitro and suppressed tumor growth in vivo. Conversely, EREG overexpression facilitated the proliferation, migration, and invasion in PaTu-8988 t cell. Through transcriptome sequencing and experimental verification, we found EREG mediates PDAC tumorigenesis through ERK/p38 MAPK signaling pathway. Moreover, we found EREG expression is closely related to PD-L1 expression in PDAC tissues and cells. Therefore, EREG is expected to be a prospective prognostic and therapeutic marker for PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyuan Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Weikang Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Weiwei Cao
- Department of clinical laboratory, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Liangyong Feng
- Department of General Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Juzheng Yuan
- Department of General Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Zhuohui Ren
- Department of General Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Niu Dai
- Department of General Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Xudan Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of General Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
| | - Shuqiang Yue
- Department of General Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
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8
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Santini D, Li H, Roviello G, Park SH, Grande E, Kucharz J, Basso U, Fiala O, Monteiro FSM, Poprach A, Buti S, Molina-Cerrillo J, Catalano M, Buchler T, Seront E, Ansari J, Myint ZW, Ghosn M, Calabrò F, Kopp RM, Bhuva D, Bourlon MT, Roberto M, Di Civita MA, Mollica V, Marchetti A, Soares A, Battelli N, Ricci M, Kanesvaran R, Bamias A, Porta C, Massari F, Santoni M. Real-World Primary Resistance to First-Line Immune-Based Combinations in Patients with Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma (ARON-1). Target Oncol 2024:10.1007/s11523-024-01096-3. [PMID: 39289313 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-024-01096-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapeutic advancements based on immuno-oncology combinations have revolutionized the management of patients with renal cell carcinoma. However, patients who have progressive disease as the best response, "primary refractory" (Pref), face dismal outcomes. OBJECTIVE Our multicenter retrospective real-world study aims to assess the prevalence and clinicopathological characteristics of Pref patients. METHODS This study collected data from 72 centers across 22 countries (1709 patients), involving patients aged ≥18 years with metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma. All patients were treated with first-line immune-oncology combinations. Data included patient demographics, histology, metastatic sites, and treatment responses. Radiological assessments followed Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1. Statistical analyses employed Kaplan-Meier method, Cox proportional hazard models, logistic regression, and the receiver operating characteristic curve. RESULTS In our study, the Pref rate was 19%. Nivolumab/ipilimumab showed the highest Pref rate (27%), while pembrolizumab/lenvatinib exhibited the lowest (10%). Primary refactory patients demonstrated significantly lower median overall survival (7.6 months) compared with non-Pref patients (55.7 months), p < 0.001. At the multivariate analysis, nephrectomy, sarcomatoid de-differentiation, intermediate/poor International Metastatic RCC Database Consortium risk, and bone and brain metastases emerged as significant predictors of overall survival for Pref patients with renal cell carcinoma. Logistic regression showed a significant relationship between liver metastases, intermediate/poor International Metastatic RCC Database Consortium risk, and no surgery and an increased risk of Pref. This study presents limitations, mainly because of its retrospective design. CONCLUSIONS The ARON-1 study provides valuable insights into Pref patients, emphasizing the challenges of this precociously resistant subgroup. Identified predictors could guide risk stratification, aiding clinicians in tailored therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Santini
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Policlinico Umberto I, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Haoran Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Westwood, KS, USA
| | - Giandomenico Roviello
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Se Hoon Park
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Enrique Grande
- Department of Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jakub Kucharz
- Department of Uro-Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Umberto Basso
- Medical Oncology 1 Unit, Department of Oncology, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IOV IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Ondrej Fiala
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | | | - Alexandr Poprach
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sebastiano Buti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma - Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Martina Catalano
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Tomas Buchler
- Department of Oncology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Emmanuel Seront
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jawaher Ansari
- Medical Oncology, Tawam Hospital, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zin W Myint
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Marwan Ghosn
- Hematology-Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Fabio Calabrò
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS, National Cancer Institute Regina Elena, Rome, Italy
| | - Ray Manneh Kopp
- Clinical Oncology, Sociedad de Oncología y Hematología del Cesar, Valledupar, Colombia
| | - Dipen Bhuva
- Department of Medical Oncology, Army Hospital Research and Referral, New Delhi, India
| | - Maria T Bourlon
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Michela Roberto
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Dermatology, UOC Oncologia A, Policlinico Umberto I University Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Mattia Alberto Di Civita
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Dermatology, UOC Oncologia A, Policlinico Umberto I University Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Veronica Mollica
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Marchetti
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrey Soares
- Latin American Cooperative Oncology Group - LACOG, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Aristotelis Bamias
- 2nd Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, ATTIKON University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Camillo Porta
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", AOU Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Massari
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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9
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Huang T, Peng Y, Liu R, Ma B, Chen J, Wei W, Zhong W, Liu Y, Guo S, Han H, Zhou F, Zhang Z, He L, Dong P. Prognostic significance of immune evasion-related genes in clear cell renal cell carcinoma immunotherapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 142:113106. [PMID: 39288623 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.113106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 08/25/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) represents a prevalent malignancy of the urinary system. Despite the integration of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) into the treatment paradigm for advanced RCC, resistance to immunotherapy has emerged as a pivotal determinant impacting the clinical outlook of ccRCC. Accumulating evidence underscores the pivotal role of immune evasion-related genes and pathways in enabling tumor escape from host immune surveillance, consequently influencing patients' responsiveness to immunotherapy. Nonetheless, the clinical relevance of immune evasion-related genes in ccRCC patients undergoing immunotherapy remains inadequately understood. In this study, we aggregated RNA sequencing and clinical data from ccRCC patients across three cohorts: the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), CheckMate cohorts, and the JAVELIN Renal 101 trial. Leveraging a curated immune evasion-related gene set from Lawson et al., we employed the LASSO algorithm and Cox regression analysis to identify eight genes (LPAR6, RGS5, NFYC, PCDH17, CENPW, CNOT8, FOXO3, SNRPB) significantly associated with immune therapy prognosis (HR, 3.57; 95 % CI, 2.38-5.35; P<0.001). A predictive algorithm developed utilizing these genes exhibited notable accuracy in forecasting patients' progression-free survival in the training set (AUC, 0.835). Furthermore, stratification of patients by risk score revealed discernible differences in immunotherapy response and tumor microenvironment. In summary, we present a prognostic model intricately linked with immune status and treatment response. For ccRCC patients undergoing immunotherapy, this approach holds promise in aiding clinical decision-making by providing more precise and tailored treatment recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingxuan Huang
- Department of Urology Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yulu Peng
- Department of Urology Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruiqi Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Binglei Ma
- Department of Urology Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junlin Chen
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wensu Wei
- Department of Urology Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weifeng Zhong
- Department of Urology, Guangzhou Twelfth People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengjie Guo
- Department of Urology Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Han
- Department of Urology Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fangjian Zhou
- Department of Urology Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiling Zhang
- Department of Urology Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Liru He
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Pei Dong
- Department of Urology Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
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10
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Derks SHAE, van der Meer EL, Joosse A, de Jonge MJA, Slagter C, Schouten JW, Hoop EOD, Smits M, van den Bent MJ, Jongen JLM, van der Veldt AAM. The development of brain metastases in patients with different therapeutic strategies for metastatic renal cell cancer. Int J Cancer 2024; 155:1045-1052. [PMID: 38703351 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
A diagnosis of brain metastasis (BM) significantly affects quality of life in patients with metastatic renal cell cancer (mRCC). Although systemic treatments have shown efficacy in mRCC, active surveillance (AS) is still commonly used in clinical practice. In this single-center cohort study, we assessed the impact of different initial treatment strategies for metastatic RCC (mRCC) on the development of BM. All consecutive patients diagnosed with mRCC between 2011 and 2022 were included at the Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, the Netherlands, and a subgroup of patients with BM was selected. In total, 381 patients with mRCC (ECM, BM, or both) were identified. Forty-six patients had BM of whom 39 had metachronous BM (diagnosed ≥1 month after ECM). Twenty-five (64.1%) of these 39 patients with metachronous BM had received prior systemic treatment for ECM and 14 (35.9%) patients were treatment naive at BM diagnosis. The median BM-free survival since ECM diagnosis was significantly longer (p = .02) in previously treated patients (29.0 [IQR 12.6-57.0] months) compared to treatment naive patients (6.8 [IQR 1.0-7.0] months). In conclusion, patients with mRCC who received systemic treatment for ECM prior to BM diagnosis had a longer BM-free survival as compared to treatment naïve patients. These results emphasize the need for careful evaluation of treatment strategies, and especially AS, for patients with mRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie H A E Derks
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edgar L van der Meer
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen Joosse
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maja J A de Jonge
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cleo Slagter
- Department of Radiotherapy, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost W Schouten
- Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Oomen-de Hoop
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marion Smits
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin J van den Bent
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost L M Jongen
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid A M van der Veldt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Sun Y, Yinwang E, Wang S, Wang Z, Wang F, Xue Y, Zhang W, Zhao S, Mou H, Chen S, Jin L, Li B, Ye Z. Phenotypic and spatial heterogeneity of CD8 + tumour infiltrating lymphocytes. Mol Cancer 2024; 23:193. [PMID: 39251981 PMCID: PMC11382426 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-024-02104-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells are the workhorses executing adaptive anti-tumour response, and targets of various cancer immunotherapies. Latest advances have unearthed the sheer heterogeneity of CD8+ tumour infiltrating lymphocytes, and made it increasingly clear that the bulk of the endogenous and therapeutically induced tumour-suppressive momentum hinges on a particular selection of CD8+ T cells with advantageous attributes, namely the memory and stem-like exhausted subsets. A scrutiny of the contemporary perception of CD8+ T cells in cancer and the subgroups of interest along with the factors arbitrating their infiltration contextures, presented herein, may serve as the groundwork for future endeavours to probe further into the regulatory networks underlying their differentiation and migration, and optimise T cell-based immunotherapies accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikan Sun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang, University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Eloy Yinwang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang, University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Shengdong Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang, University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Zenan Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang, University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Fangqian Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang, University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Yucheng Xue
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang, University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Wenkan Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang, University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Shenzhi Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang, University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Haochen Mou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang, University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Shixin Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang, University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Lingxiao Jin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang, University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Binghao Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Department of Orthopedics, Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang, University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
| | - Zhaoming Ye
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Department of Orthopedics, Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang, University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
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12
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Narang A, Gebrael G, Jo Y, Thomas VM, Li H, Fortuna GG, Sayegh N, Tandar C, Tripathi N, Chigarira B, Srivastava A, Hage Chehade C, Nordblad B, Maughan BL, Agarwal N, Swami U. Effectiveness of Second-Line Cabozantinib in Metastatic Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Patients After First-Line Treatment with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-based Combinations. KIDNEY CANCER 2024; 8:135-142. [PMID: 39263256 PMCID: PMC11385087 DOI: 10.3233/kca-240016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Background Cabozantinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), is a prevalent second-line (2 L) therapy and was approved for use after progression on TKIs. However, the 1 L treatment setting has changed since the approval of cabozantinib monotherapy in salvage therapy settings. Objective To assess the differential effectiveness of cabozantinib after prior progression on 1 L ipilimumab with nivolumab (IPI + NIVO) compared to programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) or PD-1 ligand (PD-L1) inhibitors (PD1/L1i) with TKIs. Methods Utilizing a nationwide electronic health record (EHR)-derived de-identified database, we included patients with metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (mccRCC) who received 1 L treatment with an immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-based combination and 2 L treatment with cabozantinib monotherapy. These patients were categorized based on the type of 1 L ICI-based combination received: IPI + NIVO vs. PD1/L1i with TKI. Real-world time to next therapy (rwTTNT) and real-world overall survival (rwOS) were summarized using Kaplan-Meier curves and compared using Cox-proportional hazard models adjusted for International mRCC Database Consortium (IMDC) risk groups. Results Among 12,285 patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma, 237 were eligible and included. Median rwTTNT was 8 months for the IPI + NIVO subgroup and 7.5 months for the PD1/L1i + TKI subgroup (HR 1.05, 95% CI: 0.74-1.49, p = 0.8). Median rwOS was 17 months for IPI + NIVO and 16 months for PD1/L1i + TKI subgroup (HR 0.79, 95% CI: 0.52-1.20, p = 0.3). Conclusions Cabozantinib remains effective as a 2 L therapy for mccRCC independent of the type of prior 1 L ICI-based combination. Further research is needed to validate these findings and explore the ideal sequencing of therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshit Narang
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Georges Gebrael
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Yeonjung Jo
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Vinay Mathew Thomas
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Haoran Li
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Westwood, KS, USA
| | - Gliceida Galarza Fortuna
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Nicolas Sayegh
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Clara Tandar
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Nishita Tripathi
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Beverly Chigarira
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Ayana Srivastava
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Chadi Hage Chehade
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Blake Nordblad
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Benjamin L Maughan
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Neeraj Agarwal
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Umang Swami
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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13
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Guo Z, Jing X, Sun X, Sun S, Yang Y, Cao Y. Tumor angiogenesis and anti-angiogenic therapy. Chin Med J (Engl) 2024; 137:2043-2051. [PMID: 39051171 PMCID: PMC11374217 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000003231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Anti-angiogenic drugs (AADs), which mainly target the vascular endothelial growth factor-A signaling pathway, have become a therapeutic option for cancer patients for two decades. During this period, tremendous clinical experience of anti-angiogenic therapy has been acquired, new AADs have been developed, and the clinical indications for AAD treatment of various cancers have been expanded using monotherapy and combination therapy. However, improvements in the therapeutic outcomes of clinically available AADs and the development of more effective next-generation AADs are still urgently required. This review aims to provide historical and perspective views on tumor angiogenesis to allow readers to gain mechanistic insights and learn new therapeutic development. We revisit the history of concept initiation and AAD discovery, and summarize the up-to-date clinical translation of anti-angiogenic cancer therapy in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziheng Guo
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xu Jing
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Xiaoting Sun
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vison and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Shishuo Sun
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
- Cancer Institute, the First Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, China
| | - Yunlong Yang
- Department of Cellular and Genetic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yihai Cao
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
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Attieh F, Boutros M, Kourie HR, Mahrous M. Turning the tide: pembrolizumab's triumph in adjuvant RCC therapy. Med Oncol 2024; 41:242. [PMID: 39237796 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-024-02486-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, kidney cancer has shown an increased worldwide incidence of more than 400 000 novel cases annually. Although more than half of patients are diagnosed at a localised stage, this disease presents a high-risk of relapse after surgery. Thus, there is a need for adjuvant therapy post-resection to reduce cancer recurrence and prolong disease-free and overall survival. Thorough investigation of adjuvant drugs for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has shown little promise in the last fifty years, with no recorded overall survival benefits. This was the case until pembrolizumab, an immune checkpoint inhibitor, was introduced into the adjuvant RCC space through the KEYNOTE-564 trial. The adjuvant administration of this novel anti-PD-1 drug demonstrated a significant overall survival benefit which has led to an update in the current treatment guidelines of RCC. This substantial change in the standard of care also caused an investigation of possible treatment combinations and an adoption of innovative predictive biomarkers. In this review, we will present the evolution of past adjuvant ICI trials for the treatment of RCC, the implications of pembrolizumab's overall survival benefits and a discussion of future directions concerning new RCC drug trials and liquid biopsy-based biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fouad Attieh
- Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, 11-5076, Beirut, 11072180, Lebanon.
| | - Marc Boutros
- Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, 11-5076, Beirut, 11072180, Lebanon
| | - Hampig Raphaël Kourie
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, 11-5076, Beirut, 11072180, Lebanon
| | - Mervat Mahrous
- Oncology Department, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Makkah Al Mukarramah Rd, As Sulimaniyah, Riyadh, 12233, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
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15
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Xu X, Wang J, Wang Y, Zhu Y, Wang J, Guo J. PSMD2 overexpression as a biomarker for resistance and prognosis in renal cell carcinoma treated with immune checkpoint and tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2024:10.1007/s13402-024-00977-z. [PMID: 39222176 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-024-00977-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Integrated immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) plus tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are now the recommended first-line therapy to manage renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). Proteasome 26S subunit non-ATPase 2 (PSMD2) overexpression in tumors has been correlated with tumor progression. Currently, mRCC lacks an established biomarker for the combination of ICI+TKI. METHODS This study involved RNA sequencing of RCC patients from two cohorts treated with ICI+TKI (ZS-MRCC and JAVELIN-Renal-101). We utilized immunohistochemistry alongside flow cytometry, aiming at assessing immune cell infiltration and functionality in high-risk localized RCC samples. Response and progression-free survival (PFS) were evaluated relying upon RECIST criteria. RESULTS PSMD2 was significantly overexpressed in advanced RCC and among non-responders to ICI+TKI therapy. Overexpressed PSMD2 was correlated with poor PFS in the ZS-MRCC and JAVELIN-101 cohorts. Multivariate Cox analysis validated PSMD2 as an independent PFS predictor. PSMD2 overexpression was related to a reduction in CD8+ T cells, especially GZMB+ CD8+ T cells, besides an increase in PD1+ CD4+ T cells. Additionally, tumors with high PSMD2 levels showed enhanced T cell exhaustion levels and a higher regulatory T cell presence. A Machine Learning (ML) model based on PSMD2 expression and other screened factors was subsequently developed to predict the effectiveness of ICI+TKI. CONCLUSIONS Elevated PSMD2 expression is linked to resistance and decreased PFS in mRCC patients undergoing ICI+TKI therapy. High PSMD2 levels are also associated with impaired function and increased exhaustion of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. An ML model incorporating PSMD2 expression could potentially identify patients who may have a higher likelihood of benefiting from ICI+TKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglai Xu
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital (Xiamen), Fudan University, Xiamen, 361015, China.
| | - Jiahao Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yanjun Zhu
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiajun Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jianming Guo
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
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Zhang K, Shi Y, Jin Z, He J. Advances in tumor vascular growth inhibition. Clin Transl Oncol 2024; 26:2084-2096. [PMID: 38504070 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-024-03432-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Tumor growth and metastasis require neovascularization, which is dependent on a complex array of factors, such as the production of various pro-angiogenic factors by tumor cells, intercellular signaling, and stromal remodeling. The hypoxic, acidic tumor microenvironment is not only conducive to tumor cell proliferation, but also disrupts the equilibrium of angiogenic factors, leading to vascular heterogeneity, which further promotes tumor development and metastasis. Anti-angiogenic strategies to inhibit tumor angiogenesis has, therefore, become an important focus for anti-tumor therapy. The traditional approach involves the use of anti-angiogenic drugs to inhibit tumor neovascularization by targeting upstream and downstream angiogenesis-related pathways or pro-angiogenic factors, thereby inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis. This review explores the mechanisms involved in tumor angiogenesis and summarizes currently used anti-angiogenic drugs, including monoclonal antibody, and small-molecule inhibitors, as well as the progress and challenges associated with their use in anti-tumor therapy. It also outlines the opportunities and challenges of treating tumors using more advanced anti-angiogenic strategies, such as immunotherapy and nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Yuanyuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Ze Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Jian He
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
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17
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Laru L, Ronkainen H, Ohtonen P, Vaarala MH. The impact of metastasectomy on survival of patients with synchronous metastatic renal cell cancer in Finland: A nationwide study. Scand J Surg 2024; 113:219-228. [PMID: 38433655 DOI: 10.1177/14574969241234485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Most of the studies on metastasectomy in renal cell cancer are based on metachronous, often oligometastatic disease. Prior data on the impact of metastasectomy in synchronous metastatic renal cell cancer (mRCC) is, however, very scarce. We aimed to investigate the role of complete and incomplete metastasectomy in a large, nationwide patient population. METHODS We analyzed nationwide data, including all synchronous mRCC cases in Finland diagnosed during a 6-year period identified from the Finnish Cancer Registry, and complemented with patient records from the treating hospitals. We only included the patients who underwent removal of the primary tumor by nephrectomy. We performed univariate and multivariable adjusted analysis to identify the effect of metastasectomy on overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS). RESULTS We included 483 patients with synchronous mRCC. Overall, 57 patients underwent complete and 96 incomplete metastasectomy, while 330 patients had no metastasectomy. The median OS was 17.9 and CSS 17.2 months for all patients. The median OS and the median CSS were 59.3 and 60.8 months for the complete, 21.9 and 25.1 for the incomplete, and 14.5 and 14.8 months for the no metastasectomy groups (p < 0.001 for differences). In both applied multivariable statistical models, the OS and CSS benefit from complete metastasectomy remained significant (hazard ratios (HRs) varied between 0.42 and 0.54, p < 0.001) compared with the no metastasectomy group. However, there was no improvement in survival estimates in the incomplete metastasectomy group compared with the no metastasectomy group (HRs varied between 1.04 and 1.10, p > 0.40). CONCLUSIONS Complete metastasectomy, when possible, can be considered as a treatment option for selected patients with synchronous mRCC who are fit for surgery. By contrast, we found no survival benefit from an incomplete metastasectomy suggesting that such procedures should not be performed for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauri Laru
- Department of Urology, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 21 FI-90029 OYS, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Hanna Ronkainen
- Department of Urology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pasi Ohtonen
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Research Service Unit, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Markku H Vaarala
- Department of Urology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Campbell MT, Shah AY, Msaouel P, Tannir NM, Siefker-Radtke AO, Kamat AM, Navai N, Dinney CPN, Rao P, Guo CC, Sheth RA, Venkatesan AM, Tidwell RS, Yadav SS, Gu A, Chen H, Macaluso M, Duan F, Basu S, Jindal S, Sharma P. A Pilot Study of the CD38 Antagonist Daratumumab in Patients with Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma or Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 4:2444-2453. [PMID: 39207194 PMCID: PMC11406637 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-24-0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE We performed a pilot study of daratumumab (an mAb directed against CD38) in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) and treatment-refractory metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Patients with MIBC underwent baseline transurethral resection of the bladder tumor followed by four weekly doses of daratumumab prior to cystectomy. Patients with mRCC underwent baseline and sequential biopsies after eight weekly doses. The primary endpoint was safety. The secondary endpoints were pathologic complete response rate for the MIBC cohort and objective response rate and progression-free survival for the mRCC cohort. Exploratory analyses included immune monitoring and overall survival. A Bayesian sequential monitoring design for toxicity was used for excessive toxicity. RESULTS In both the MIBC (n = 8) and mRCC (n = 8) cohorts, no toxicity events were encountered. In the MIBC cohort, one patient experienced pathologic complete response rate. In the mRCC cohort, no objective responses were reported, and the median progression-free survival was 1.5 months (95% confidence interval, 1.1-1.8 months). Immune monitoring found significant reductions in NK cells in circulation in both cohorts after treatment. In the tissue analysis, IHC found evidence of diminished CD38 presence in mRCC with treatment, whereas the baseline levels in MIBC were low. CONCLUSION Treatment with daratumumab was safe. No signal of efficacy was detected in mRCC, and conclusions on the activity in MIBC were limited. Evidence of daratumumab targeting CD38 was detected in circulating immune cells and within the tumor microenvironment of mRCC and MIBC. SIGNIFICANCE In this prospective clinical trial of daratumumab, treatment in patients with MIBC and mRCC was safe. Limited efficacy was observed. Treatment with daratumumab resulted in CD38-expressing immune cell subsets to be targeted both in circulation and within the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Campbell
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Amishi Y Shah
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Pavlos Msaouel
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Nizar M Tannir
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Arlene O Siefker-Radtke
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ashish M Kamat
- Department of Urology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Neema Navai
- Department of Urology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Colin P N Dinney
- Department of Urology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Priya Rao
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Charles C Guo
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Rahul A Sheth
- Department of Interventional Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Aradhana M Venkatesan
- Division of Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Abdominal Imaging, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Rebecca S Tidwell
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Shalini S Yadav
- Immunotherapy Platform, University of MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Aidi Gu
- Immunotherapy Platform, University of MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Hong Chen
- Immunotherapy Platform, University of MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- James P. Allison Institute, University of MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Marc Macaluso
- Immunotherapy Platform, University of MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- James P. Allison Institute, University of MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Fei Duan
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sreyashi Basu
- Immunotherapy Platform, University of MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- James P. Allison Institute, University of MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sonali Jindal
- Immunotherapy Platform, University of MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- James P. Allison Institute, University of MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Padmanee Sharma
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Immunotherapy Platform, University of MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- James P. Allison Institute, University of MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Department of Immunology, University of MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Yanagisawa T, Kawada T, Bekku K, Laukhtina E, Rajwa P, von Deimling M, Chlosta M, Quhal F, Pradere B, Karakiewicz PI, Mori K, Kimura T, Shariat SF, Schmidinger M. First-line immunotherapy of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: an updated network meta-analysis including triplet therapy. BJU Int 2024; 134:323-336. [PMID: 38659099 DOI: 10.1111/bju.16336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the differential efficacy of first-line immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-based combined therapies among patients with intermediate- and poor-risk metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC), as recently, the efficacy of triplet therapy comprising nivolumab plus ipilimumab plus cabozantinib has been published. PATIENTS AND METHODS Three databases were searched in December 2022 for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) analysing oncological outcomes in patients with mRCC treated with first-line ICI-based combined therapies. We performed network meta-analysis (NMA) to compare the outcomes, including progression-free survival (PFS) and objective response rates (ORRs), in patients with intermediate- and poor-risk mRCC; we also assessed treatment-related adverse events. RESULTS Overall, seven RCTs were included in the meta-analyses and NMAs. Treatment ranking analysis revealed that pembrolizumab + lenvatinib (99%) had the highest likelihood of improved PFS, followed by nivolumab + cabozantinib (79%), and nivolumab + ipilimumab + cabozantinib (77%). Notably, compared to nivolumab + cabozantinib, adding ipilimumab to nivolumab + cabozantinib did not improve PFS (hazard ratio 1.02, 95% confidence interval 0.72-1.43). Regarding ORRs, treatment ranking analysis also revealed that pembrolizumab + lenvatinib had the highest likelihood of providing better ORRs (99.7%). The likelihoods of improved PFS and ORRs of pembrolizumab + lenvatinib were true in both International Metastatic RCC Database Consortium (IMDC) risk groups. CONCLUSIONS Our analyses confirmed the robust efficacy of pembrolizumab + lenvatinib as first-line treatment for patients with intermediate or poor IMDC risk mRCC. Triplet therapy did not result in superior efficacy. Considering both toxicity and the lack of mature overall survival data, triplet therapy should only be considered in selected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Yanagisawa
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Urology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Kawada
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kensuke Bekku
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ekaterina Laukhtina
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pawel Rajwa
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Markus von Deimling
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcin Chlosta
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Clinic of Urology and Urological Oncology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Fahad Quhal
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Urology, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Benjamin Pradere
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Urology, La Croix Du Sud Hospital, Quint Fonsegrives, France
| | - Pierre I Karakiewicz
- Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, Division of Urology, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Keiichiro Mori
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Urology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kimura
- Department of Urology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shahrokh F Shariat
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Karl Landsteiner Institute of Urology and Andrology, Vienna, Austria
- Division of Urology, Department of Special Surgery, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Urology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Manuela Schmidinger
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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20
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Kang K, Lin X, Chen P, Liu H, Liu F, Xiong W, Li G, Yi M, Li X, Wang H, Xiang B. T cell exhaustion in human cancers. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189162. [PMID: 39089484 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
T cell exhaustion refers to a progressive state in which T cells become functionally impaired due to sustained antigenic stimulation, which is characterized by increased expression of immune inhibitory receptors, but weakened effector functions, reduced self-renewal capacity, altered epigenetics, transcriptional programme and metabolism. T cell exhaustion is one of the major causes leading to immune escape of cancer, creating an environment that supports tumor development and metastatic spread. In addition, T cell exhaustion plays a pivotal role to the efficacy of current immunotherapies for cancer. This review aims to provide a comprehensive view of roles of T cell exhaustion in cancer development and progression. We summerized the regulatory mechanisms that involved in T cell exhaustion, including transcription factors, epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming events, and various microenvironmental factors such as cytokines, microorganisms, and tumor autocrine substances. The paper also discussed the challenges posed by T cell exhaustion to cancer immunotherapies, including immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapies and chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy, highlightsing the obstacles encountered in ICB therapies and CAR-T therapies due to T cell exhaustion. Finally, the article provides an overview of current therapeutic options aimed to reversing or alleviating T cell exhaustion in ICB and CAR-T therapies. These therapeutic approaches seek to overcome T cell exhaustion and enhance the effectiveness of immunotherapies in treating tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Kang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China; The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Xin Lin
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China; The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Pan Chen
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Huai Liu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China; Department of Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China; Department of Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China; The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Guiyuan Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China; The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Mei Yi
- Department of Dermatology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Xiayu Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Infammation and Cancer, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China; Department of Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China.
| | - Bo Xiang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China; The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China; FuRong Laboratory, Changsha 410078, Hunan, China.
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21
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Soon YY, Marschner IC, Schou M, Sweeney CJ, Davis ID, Stockler MR, Martin AJ. Challenges of estimating treatment effects after a positive interim analysis. Eur J Cancer 2024; 209:114230. [PMID: 39079444 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2024.114230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This research investigates why a beneficial treatment effect reported at the first interim analysis (IA) may diminish at a subsequent analysis (SA). We examined three challenges in interpreting treatment effects from randomized clinical trials (RCTs) after the first positive IA: overestimation bias; non-proportional hazards; and heterogeneity in recruitment. We investigate how a penalized estimation method can address overestimation bias, and discuss additional factors to consider when interpreting positive IA results. METHODS We identified oncology RCTs reporting positive results at the initial IA and a SA for event-free (EFS) and overall survival (OS). We modeled: (1) the hazard ratio at IA (HRIA) versus its timing as measured by the information fraction (IF; i.e., events at IA versus total events sought); and (2), the ratio of HRIA to HRSA (rHR) versus the IF. This was repeated for HRIA adjusted for overestimation bias. Examples of the other two challenges were sought. RESULTS Amongst 71 RCTs, HRIA were positively associated with the IF (slope: EFS 0.83, 95 % CI 0.44-1.22; OS 0.25, 95 % CI 0.10-0.41). HRIA tended to exaggerate HRSA, and more so the lower the IF (slope rHR versus IF: EFS 0.10, 95 % CI - 0.22 to 0.42; OS 0.26, 95 % CI 0.07-0.46). Adjusted HRIA did not exaggerate HRSA (slope rHR versus IF: EFS - 0.14, 95 % CI - 0.67 to 0.39; OS 0.02, 95 % CI - 0.26 to 0.30). Examples of two other challenges are shown. CONCLUSION Overestimation bias, non-proportional hazards, and heterogeneity in recruitment and other important treatments should be considered when communicating estimates of treatment effects from positive IAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yang Soon
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Radiation Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ian C Marschner
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Manjula Schou
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher J Sweeney
- South Australian Immunogenomics Cancer Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Australian and New Zealand Urogenital and Prostate Cancer Trials Group, Australia
| | - Ian D Davis
- Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Eastern Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Australian and New Zealand Urogenital and Prostate Cancer Trials Group, Australia
| | - Martin R Stockler
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Medical Oncology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Medical Oncology, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Australian and New Zealand Urogenital and Prostate Cancer Trials Group, Australia
| | - Andrew J Martin
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; UQ Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Australian and New Zealand Urogenital and Prostate Cancer Trials Group, Australia.
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22
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Ebrahimi H, Dizman N, Meza L, Malhotra J, Li X, Dorff T, Frankel P, Llamas-Quitiquit M, Hsu J, Zengin ZB, Alcantara M, Castro D, Mercier B, Chawla N, Chehrazi-Raffle A, Barragan-Carrillo R, Jaime-Casas S, Govindarajan A, Gillece J, Trent J, Lee PP, Parks TP, Takahashi M, Hayashi A, Kortylewski M, Caporaso JG, Lee K, Tripathi A, Pal SK. Cabozantinib and nivolumab with or without live bacterial supplementation in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a randomized phase 1 trial. Nat Med 2024; 30:2576-2585. [PMID: 38942995 PMCID: PMC11405272 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-024-03086-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Supplementation with CBM588, a bifidogenic live bacterial product, has been associated with improved clinical outcomes in persons with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) receiving nivolumab and ipilimumab. However, its effect on those receiving tyrosine kinase inhibitor-based combinations is unknown. In this open-label, randomized, investigator-initiated, phase 1 study, 30 participants with locally advanced or mRCC with histological confirmation of clear cell, papillary or sarcomatoid component were randomized in a 2:1 fashion to receive cabozantinib (an inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, MET and AXL) and nivolumab (anti-programmed cell death protein 1) with or without CBM588 as first-line treatment. Metagenomic sequencing was performed on stool samples to characterize their gut microbiome at baseline and 13 weeks into treatment. The primary endpoint was a change in the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium spp.; secondary endpoints included objective response rate (ORR), progression-free survival (PFS) and toxicity profile. The primary endpoint of the study was not met and the addition of CBM588 to cabozantinib and nivolumab did not result in a difference in the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium spp. or alpha diversity (as measured by the Shannon index). However, ORR was significantly higher in participants treated with CBM588 compared to those in the control arm (14 of 19, 74% versus 2 of 10, 20%; P = 0.01). PFS at 6 months was 84% (16 of 19) and 60% (6 of 10) in the experimental and control arms, respectively. No significant difference in toxicity profile was seen between the study arms. Our results provide a preliminary signal of improved clinical activity with CBM588 in treatment-naive participants with mRCC receiving cabozantinib and nivolumab. Further investigation is needed to confirm these findings and better characterize the underlying mechanism driving this effect.ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT05122546.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedyeh Ebrahimi
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Nazli Dizman
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Luis Meza
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jasnoor Malhotra
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Xiaochen Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Tanya Dorff
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Paul Frankel
- Department of Biostatistics, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | | | - Joann Hsu
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Zeynep B Zengin
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marice Alcantara
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Daniela Castro
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin Mercier
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Neal Chawla
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Alex Chehrazi-Raffle
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | | | - Salvador Jaime-Casas
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Ameish Govindarajan
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - John Gillece
- Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Jeffrey Trent
- Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Peter P Lee
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Marcin Kortylewski
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | | | - Keehoon Lee
- Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Abhishek Tripathi
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA.
| | - Sumanta K Pal
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA.
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23
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Jiang A, Liu W, Liu Y, Hu J, Zhu B, Fang Y, Zhao X, Qu L, Lu J, Liu B, Qi L, Cai C, Luo P, Wang L. DCS, a novel classifier system based on disulfidptosis reveals tumor microenvironment heterogeneity and guides frontline therapy for clear cell renal carcinoma. JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL CANCER CENTER 2024; 4:263-279. [PMID: 39281723 PMCID: PMC11401502 DOI: 10.1016/j.jncc.2024.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Emerging evidence suggests that cell deaths are involved in tumorigenesis and progression, which may be treated as a novel direction of cancers. Recently, a novel type of programmed cell death, disulfidptosis, was discovered. However, the detailed biological and clinical impact of disulfidptosis and related regulators remains largely unknown. Methods In this work, we first enrolled pancancer datasets and performed multi-omics analysis, including gene expression, DNA methylation, copy number variation and single nucleic variation profiles. Then we deciphered the biological implication of disulfidptosis in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) by machine learning. Finally, a novel agent targeting at disulfidptosis in ccRCC was identified and verified. Results We found that disulfidptosis regulators were dysregulated among cancers, which could be explained by aberrant DNA methylation and genomic mutation events. Disulfidptosis scores were depressed among cancers and negatively correlated with epithelial mesenchymal transition. Disulfidptosis regulators could satisfactorily stratify risk subgroups in ccRCC, and a novel subtype, DCS3, owning with disulfidptosis depression, insensitivity to immune therapy and aberrant genome instability were identified and verified. Moreover, treating DCS3 with NU1025 could significantly inhibit ccRCC malignancy. Conclusion This work provided a better understanding of disulfidptosis in cancers and new insights into individual management based on disulfidptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimin Jiang
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Wenqiang Liu
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Junyi Hu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Baohua Zhu
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Fang
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Xuenan Zhao
- Center for Translational Medicine, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Le Qu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juan Lu
- Vocational Education Center, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Qi
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Chen Cai
- Department of Special Clinic, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linhui Wang
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
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Huang X, Li X, Ma L, Liu C. Management and nursing strategies for different patterns of adverse events in patients with urological cancer treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Curr Urol 2024; 18:212-217. [PMID: 39219641 PMCID: PMC11337993 DOI: 10.1097/cu9.0000000000000223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to explore the patterns of treatment-related adverse events (AEs) associated with immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) monotherapy and in combination with chemotherapy or tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy and to summarize the corresponding management and nursing strategies. Materials and methods A total of 69 patients with malignant urological tumors who received ICI treatment between June 2019 and October 2022 were retrospectively analyzed, and AEs that occurred during treatment were observed and reported. Based on the different types of treatment, the patients were divided into ICI monotherapy, ICI plus chemotherapy, and ICI plus TKI therapy groups. Subgroup analysis was performed. The incidence, distribution, and severity of AEs in the different subgroups were evaluated. Results A total of 138 AEs occurred in 69 patients, among which grade 1 plus 2, and grade 3 plus 4 AEs accounted for 78.99% and 21.01%, respectively. The incidence of AEs per patient in the ICI-TKI therapy group was the highest (3.75 times/person), followed by the ICI-chemotherapy (2.33 times/person) and ICI monotherapy (0.82 times/person) groups. Specific AEs, such as fatigue, nausea, and myelosuppression, were much more common in the ICI-gemcitabine and cisplatin group, whereas renal injury, skin lesions, and diarrhea were most common ones in the ICI-TKI group. Conclusions Immune checkpoint inhibitors are new treatment options for advanced urological tumors and renal cell carcinoma. Distinctive AE patterns were observed among the different treatment groups. Therefore, strict and meticulous clinical management and nursing measures are required to ensure the safety of patients receiving ICI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lulin Ma
- Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chunxia Liu
- Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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25
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Lee K, Yu J, Song W, Sung HH, Jeon HG, Jeong BC, Seo SI, Jeon SS, Kang M. Impact of pretreatment body mass index on clinical outcomes in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma receiving first-line immune checkpoint inhibitor-based therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Investig Clin Urol 2024; 65:423-434. [PMID: 39249914 PMCID: PMC11390261 DOI: 10.4111/icu.20240052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the prognostic role of body mass index (BMI) in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) treated with first-line immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-based therapy. We searched for relevant studies in the MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases. The initial search yielded 599 records, of which seven articles (2,517 patients) were selected for analysis. Patients with a high BMI had a favorable overall survival (OS) based on hazard ratio (HR) (crude HR 0.69, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.57-0.83, p<0.0001; adjusted (a)HR 0.75, 95% CI 0.59-0.95, p=0.02), but not relative risk (RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.67-1.16, p=0.37). In the subgroup analysis, patients with a high BMI had better OS in the ICI with tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) subgroup (aHR 0.71, 95% CI 0.55-0.92, p=0.01), while no significant difference was found in the ICI-only subgroup (aHR 1.02, 95% CI 0.56-1.87, p=0.95). Adjusted statistics for progression-free survival (PFS) were assessable in predominantly ICI-only studies and demonstrated a favorable outcome for patients with a low BMI (aHR 1.67, 95% CI 1.14-2.45, p=0.01). In conclusion, the impact of high BMI varies depending on the treatment type, exhibiting a favorable correlation with OS within ICI with TKI subgroup, but indicating an adverse association with PFS in the ICI-only subgroup. Further research is needed to clarify the influence of BMI by stratifying patients into ICI-only and ICI with TKI treatment to provide more insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunwoo Lee
- Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jiwoong Yu
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wan Song
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Hwan Sung
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hwang Gyun Jeon
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byong Chang Jeong
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong Il Seo
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong Soo Jeon
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minyong Kang
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea.
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26
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Ishihara H, Nishimura K, Ikeda T, Fukuda H, Yoshida K, Iizuka J, Kondo T, Takagi T. Impact of body composition on outcomes of immune checkpoint inhibitor combination therapy in patients with previously untreated advanced renal cell carcinoma. Urol Oncol 2024; 42:291.e27-291.e37. [PMID: 38653590 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2024.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data on the association between body composition and outcomes in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) combination therapy are limited. METHODS We retrospectively evaluated the clinical and radiographic data of 159 patients with advanced RCC, including 84 receiving ICI dual combination therapy (immunotherapy [IO]-IO group) and 75 receiving combinations of ICIs with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) (IO-TKI group). Pretreatment computed tomography images were used to calculate body composition, including skeletal muscle mass and fat tissue area. Sarcopenia was defined based on skeletal muscle and psoas muscle indexes. The total fat index, subcutaneous fat index (SFI), and visceral fat index were also calculated. RESULTS In the IO-IO treatment group, there was no significant association between body composition and survival or tumor response (P > 0.05). In the IO-TKI treatment group, the high SFI was associated with longer progression-free survival (hazard ratio, 2.70; P = 0.0091) and overall survival (hazard ratio, 26.0; P = 0.0246) than the low SFI, which remained significant after adjusting for covariates. Furthermore, in the high-SFI population, patients treated with IO-TKI therapy had longer progression-free survival (P = 0.0019) and overall survival (P = 0.0287) than those treated with IO-IO therapy, while there was no significant survival difference between the 2 treatment groups in the low-SFI population (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION The SFI can be potentially utilized as an effective predictive and prognostic biomarker for first-line ICI combination therapy for advanced RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ishihara
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Koichi Nishimura
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University Adachi Medical Center, 4-33-1 Kouhoku, Adachi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Ikeda
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hironori Fukuda
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yoshida
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junpei Iizuka
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsunenori Kondo
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University Adachi Medical Center, 4-33-1 Kouhoku, Adachi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshio Takagi
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Ou X, Gao G, Habaz IA, Wang Y. Mechanisms of resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitor-targeted therapy and overcoming strategies. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e694. [PMID: 39184861 PMCID: PMC11344283 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)-targeted therapy has revolutionized cancer treatment by selectively blocking specific signaling pathways crucial for tumor growth, offering improved outcomes with fewer side effects compared with conventional chemotherapy. However, despite their initial effectiveness, resistance to TKIs remains a significant challenge in clinical practice. Understanding the mechanisms underlying TKI resistance is paramount for improving patient outcomes and developing more effective treatment strategies. In this review, we explored various mechanisms contributing to TKI resistance, including on-target mechanisms and off-target mechanisms, as well as changes in the tumor histology and tumor microenvironment (intrinsic mechanisms). Additionally, we summarized current therapeutic approaches aiming at circumventing TKI resistance, including the development of next-generation TKIs and combination therapies. We also discussed emerging strategies such as the use of dual-targeted antibodies and PROteolysis Targeting Chimeras. Furthermore, we explored future directions in TKI-targeted therapy, including the methods for detecting and monitoring drug resistance during treatment, identification of novel targets, exploration of dual-acting kinase inhibitors, application of nanotechnologies in targeted therapy, and so on. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the challenges and opportunities in TKI-targeted therapy, aiming to advance our understanding of resistance mechanisms and guide the development of more effective therapeutic approaches in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejin Ou
- Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Ge Gao
- Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Clinical Trial Center, National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drugs, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Inbar A. Habaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical SciencesMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | - Yongsheng Wang
- Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
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28
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Su H, Yu C, Ma X, Yu X, Sun G. Immunotherapy treatment for sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma: case report and literature review. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2024; 86:5471-5475. [PMID: 39239004 PMCID: PMC11374251 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000001647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma (SRCC) is clinically rare, accounting for ~1.0-1.5% of renal parenchymal tumors. Although the concept of SRCC was proposed in 1968, the molecular mechanisms and immunological characteristics of sarcomatoid changes remain unclear. In the era of targeted therapy, the overall survival (OS) of patients with SRCC is typically less than 12 months. Case presentation This article reports a case of SRCC in an 81-year-old male. Progression-free survival (PFS) was as long as 25 months and OS was 30 months after immunotherapy and the effect was significant. This is the first report of successful use toripalimab in the treatment of SRCC. Clinical discussion SRCC is a rare type of renal cancer with no obvious specific clinical manifestations or imaging findings, and the diagnosis of the disease is based on pathological examinations. SRCC has a high degree of malignancy, progresses rapidly, and has a poor prognosis. The effect of traditional treatment is limited, and immune checkpoint inhibitors may have therapeutic potential. Conclusions Toripalimab may be effective and further exploration is anticipated to advance a new period of SRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Su
- Department of Oncology
- The Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Hospital. Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | - Xiao Yu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng
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29
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Hunting JC, Deyo L, Olson E, Faucheux AT, Price SN, Lycan TW. Immune-Related Adverse Events of Genitourinary Cancer Patients, a Retrospective Cohort Study. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:3045. [PMID: 39272903 PMCID: PMC11394475 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16173045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Revised: 08/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have become common lines of therapy for genitourinary cancers (GUcs). Given their widespread use, understanding the risk factors, comparative profiles, and timing of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) is essential. METHODS We created an IRB-approved retrospective registry of all patients who received at least one dose of an ICI for any indication between 1 February 2011 and 7 April 2022 at a comprehensive cancer center and its outreach clinics. Dichotomous outcomes were modeled using multivariable logistic regression. Survival outcomes were compared using multivariable Cox regression. RESULTS Among 3101 patients, 196 had renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and 170 had urothelial tumors. RCC patients were more likely to experience irAEs (OR 1.78; 95% CI 1.32-2.39), whereas urothelial carcinoma patients were not (OR 1.22; 95% CI 0.88-1.67). RCC patients were more prone to dermatitis, thyroiditis, acute kidney injury, and myocarditis, compared to other tumors, while urothelial carcinoma patients were not. The impact of irAEs on survival was not significantly different for GUcs compared to other tumors. CONCLUSIONS RCC primaries have a significantly different irAE profile than most tumors, as opposed to urothelial primaries. Further, RCC was more likely to experience any irAEs. Heterogeneity of survival benefits by irAEs was not seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Hunting
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Logan Deyo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Eric Olson
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Andrew T Faucheux
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Sarah N Price
- Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Thomas W Lycan
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Mac Eochagain C, Power R, Sam C, Gonzalez-Senac NM, Walsh D, Roy M, Battisti NML. Inclusion, characteristics, and reporting of older adults in FDA registration studies of immunotherapy, 2018-2022. J Immunother Cancer 2024; 12:e009258. [PMID: 39209450 PMCID: PMC11367347 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2024-009258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have transformed the management of cancer, particularly for older adults, who constitute a majority of the global cancer patient population. This study aimed to assess the inclusion, characteristics, and reporting of older adults enrolled in Food and Drug Administration (FDA) registration clinical trials of ICI between 2018 and 2022. Clinical trials of ICI leading to an FDA approval in solid tumor oncology between 2018 and 2022 were included. Primary study reports and all available secondary publications were assessed. The availability and completeness of older subgroup data for protocol-defined clinical efficacy endpoints, health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and toxicity outcomes, and baseline characteristics were assessed according to predefined criteria which categorized reporting completeness hierarchically in relation to the availability of published data, including effect size, sample size, and measures of precision. 53 registration trials were included, involving a total of 37,094 participants. Most trials (64.2%) were of ICI combination therapy. 42.3% of patients were aged≥65 years; 11.1% were aged≥75. No trials specified an upper age limit for eligibility. 98.1% of trials excluded patients with European Cooperative Oncology Group performance status>1. 87.2% of primary efficacy endpoints and 17.9% of secondary efficacy endpoints were reported completely for older adults. Five studies (9.4%) reported baseline characteristics, three (6.1%) reported HRQOL assessments, and four (7.5%) reported toxicity outcomes completely among older subgroups. No trials conducted baseline geriatric assessments or reported geriatric-specific symptoms or quality of life scales. This analysis highlights significant deficits in the enrollment and reporting of older subgroups in pivotal trials of ICI therapy. The findings highlight an urgent need for improved reporting and inclusion standards in clinical trials of ICI to better inform treatment decisions for older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colm Mac Eochagain
- Department of Medical Oncology, Trinity St James' Cancer Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Robert Power
- Department of Medical Oncology, Trinity St James' Cancer Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christine Sam
- H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Nicolas M Gonzalez-Senac
- Geriatrics Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, Madrid, Spain
- Biopathology of Aging Group, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, Madrid, Spain
| | - Darren Walsh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Waterford University Hospital, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Mukul Roy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, India
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Rose TL, Kim WY. Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Review. JAMA 2024:2822917. [PMID: 39196544 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2024.12848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Importance Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a common malignancy, with an estimated 434 840 incident cases worldwide in 2022. In the US, it is the sixth most common cancer among males and ninth among females. Observations Clear cell RCC is the most common histologic subtype (75%-80% of cases) and is characterized by inactivation of the von Hippel Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene. Many patients (37%-61%) are diagnosed with RCC incidentally on an abdominal imaging study such as ultrasound or computed tomographic scan, and 70% of patients have stage I RCC at diagnosis. Although its incidence has increased approximately 1% per year from 2015 through 2019, the mortality rate of RCC has declined about 2% per year in the US from 2016 through 2020. Patients with a solid renal mass or complex cystic renal mass should be referred to urology. Treatment options for RCC confined to the kidney include surgical resection with partial or radical nephrectomy, ablative techniques (eg, cryoablation, radiofrequency ablation, radiation), or active surveillance for some patients (especially those with renal masses <2 cm). For patients with renal masses less than 4 cm in size (48% of patients), partial nephrectomy can result in a 5-year cancer-specific survival of more than 94%. For advanced or metastatic RCC, combinations of immune checkpoint inhibitors or the combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors with tyrosine kinase inhibitors are associated with tumor response of 42% to 71%, with a median overall survival of 46 to 56 months. Conclusions and Relevance RCC is a common malignancy that is often diagnosed incidentally on an abdominal imaging study. Seventy percent of patients are diagnosed with stage I RCC and 11% of patients with stage IV. First-line treatments for early-stage RCC are partial or radical nephrectomy, which can result in 5-year cancer-specific survival of more than 94%, ablative techniques, or active surveillance. New treatment options for patients with metastatic RCC include immune checkpoint inhibitors and tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L Rose
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - William Y Kim
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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Ye Z, Zhang Y, Xu J, Li K, Zhang J, Ivanova D, Zhang X, Liao S, Duan L, Li F, Chen X, Wang Y, Wang M, Xie B. Integrating Bulk and Single-Cell RNA-Seq Data to Identify Prognostic Features Related to Activated Dendritic Cells in Clear-Cell Renal-Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9235. [PMID: 39273185 PMCID: PMC11395106 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) serve as key regulators in tumor immunity, with activated DCs potentiating antitumor responses through the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the expression of co-stimulatory molecules. Most current studies focus on the relationship between DC subgroups and clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma (ccRCC), but there is limited research on the connection between DCs and ccRCC from the perspective of immune activation. In this study, activated DC genes were identified in both bulk and single-cell RNA-seq data. A prognostic model related to activated DCs was constructed using univariate, multivariate Cox regression and LASSO regression. The prognostic model was validated in three external validation sets: GSE167573, ICGC, and E-MTAB-1980. The prognostic model consists of five genes, PLCB2, XCR1, IFNG, HLA-DQB2, and SMIM24. The expression of these genes was validated in tissue samples using qRT-PCR. Stratified analysis revealed that the prognostic model was able to better predict outcomes in advanced ccRCC patients. The risk scores were associated with tumor progression, tumor mutation burden, immune cell infiltration, and adverse outcomes of immunotherapy. Notably, there was a strong correlation between the expression of the five genes and the sensitivity to JQ1, a BET inhibitor. Molecular docking indicated high-affinity binding of the proteins encoded by these genes with JQ1. In conclusion, our study reveals the crucial role of activated DCs in ccRCC, offering new insights into predicting immune response, targeted therapy effectiveness, and prognosis for ccRCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Ye
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jialiang Xu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Kun Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jianning Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Deyana Ivanova
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Siqi Liao
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Liqi Duan
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Fangfang Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of the Ministry of Education of China, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of the Ministry of Education of China, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yingxiong Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of the Ministry of Education of China, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Meijiao Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of the Ministry of Education of China, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Biao Xie
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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Ketpueak T, Tan DSW, Popat S. Immunotherapy in EGFR-Mutant Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: End of the Road or the First Chapter? J Clin Oncol 2024:JCO2400829. [PMID: 39186708 DOI: 10.1200/jco.24.00829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thanika Ketpueak
- Lung Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Daniel S W Tan
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Sanjay Popat
- Lung Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
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Toyoda S, Fukuokaya W, Mori K, Kawada T, Katayama S, Nishimura S, Maenosono R, Tsujino T, Adachi T, Hirasawa Y, Saruta M, Komura K, Nukaya T, Yanagisawa T, Takahara K, Hashimoto T, Azuma H, Ohno Y, Shiroki R, Araki M, Kimura T, Fujita K. Clinical outcomes and prognostic factors in metastatic nonclear cell renal cell carcinoma treated with immuno-oncology combination therapy. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2024:hyae108. [PMID: 39178171 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyae108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastatic nonclear cell renal cell carcinoma (nccRCC) is a heterogeneous disease with poor prognosis. The clinical characteristics and prognostic factors of immuno-oncology (IO) combination therapy for nccRCC are not well known. This study analyzed patients with metastatic nccRCC treated with IO combination therapy. METHODS We retrospectively collected data from 447 patients with metastatic RCC treated with IO-based combination therapy as first-line treatment between September 2018 and July 2023 in a Japanese multicenter study. The primary endpoints were objective response rate, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS), comparing groups treated with IO-IO and IO-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapies. RESULTS Seventy-five patients with metastatic nccRCC were eligible for analysis: 39 were classified into the IO-IO group and 36 into the IO-TKI group. Median PFS was 5.4 months (95% CI: 1.6-9.1) for the IO-IO group and 5.6 (95% CI: 3.4-12.0) for the IO + TKI group. Median OS was 24.2 months (95% CI: 7.5-NA) for the IO-IO group and 23.4 (95% CI: 18.8-NA) for the IO + TKI group, with no significant difference. In univariate analysis, International Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Database Consortium scores, Karnofsky performance status, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and the presence of liver metastases were significantly associated with OS, whereas in multivariate analysis, only the presence of liver metastases was significantly associated with OS (P = .035). CONCLUSIONS There was no significant difference in OS or PFS between IO-IO and IO-TKI combination therapy as first-line treatment for patients with nccRCC. Liver metastasis is a poor prognostic factor for such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Toyoda
- Department of Urology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2, Ohnohigashi, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka Prefecture, Japan
| | - Wataru Fukuokaya
- Department of Urology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-19-18 Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Mori
- Department of Urology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-19-18 Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Kawada
- Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikatacho, Kita-ku, Okayama City, Okayama Prefecture, Japan
| | - Satoshi Katayama
- Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikatacho, Kita-ku, Okayama City, Okayama Prefecture, Japan
| | - Shingo Nishimura
- Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikatacho, Kita-ku, Okayama City, Okayama Prefecture, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Maenosono
- Department of Urology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigaku-cho, Takatsukishi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuya Tsujino
- Department of Urology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigaku-cho, Takatsukishi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Adachi
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Hirasawa
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanobu Saruta
- Department of Urology, Fujita-Health University School of Medicine, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake-shi, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Komura
- Department of Urology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigaku-cho, Takatsukishi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuhisa Nukaya
- Department of Urology, Fujita-Health University School of Medicine, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake-shi, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takafumi Yanagisawa
- Department of Urology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-19-18 Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Takahara
- Department of Urology, Fujita-Health University School of Medicine, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake-shi, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hashimoto
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruhito Azuma
- Department of Urology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigaku-cho, Takatsukishi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshio Ohno
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Shiroki
- Department of Urology, Fujita-Health University School of Medicine, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake-shi, Aichi, Japan
| | - Motoo Araki
- Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikatacho, Kita-ku, Okayama City, Okayama Prefecture, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kimura
- Department of Urology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-19-18 Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Fujita
- Department of Urology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2, Ohnohigashi, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka Prefecture, Japan
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Ivanyi P, Fröhlich T, Grünwald V, Zschäbitz S, Bedke J, Doehn C. The Treatment of Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2024:arztebl.m2024.0147. [PMID: 39158349 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.m2024.0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 15 000 people receive a diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in Germany each year; in 20-30% of cases, metastatic RCC (mRCC) is already present at the time of diagnosis. This disease in the metastatic stage is still mainly treated palliatively, yet the multimodal therapeutic landscape has changed markedly over the past 15 years, with the approval of many new treatments for patients with mRCC. METHODS This review is based on prospective studies retrieved by a selective search in PubMed and the ASCO and ESMO databases and on the German and European oncological and urological guidelines for RCC. RESULTS Drugs are the mainstay of treatment. mRCC can be treated with a combination of two immune checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs), a CPI and a tyrosine-kinase inhibitor (TKI) (evidence level IA), or a TKI as monotherapy (evidence level IIC-IC). With prognosis-based sequential drug treatment, a mean progression-free survival of 12 to 24 months and an overall survival of approximately 50 months can be achieved from the time of initiation of first-line therapy. Aside from pharmacotherapy, the multidisciplinary tumor board should evaluate the indications for local treatments such as cytoreductive nephrectomy, metastasectomy, and radiotherapy, depending on the individual prognostic constellation and the patient's present condition. CONCLUSION Optimal individualized decisions require a high level of expertise and the collaboration of a multidisciplinary tumor board. Older prognostic parameters currently play a leading role in decision-making, while predictive parameters and molecular markers are not yet adequately validated.
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Choueiri TK, Powles T, Peltola K, de Velasco G, Burotto M, Suarez C, Ghatalia P, Iacovelli R, Lam ET, Verzoni E, Gümüş M, Stadler WM, Kollmannsberger C, Melichar B, Venugopal B, Gross-Goupil M, Poprach A, De Santis M, Schutz FA, Park SH, Nosov DA, Porta C, Lee JL, Garcia-Del-Muro X, Biscaldi E, Manneh Kopp R, Oya M, He L, Wang A, Perini RF, Vickery D, Albiges L, Rini B. Belzutifan versus Everolimus for Advanced Renal-Cell Carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2024; 391:710-721. [PMID: 39167807 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2313906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Belzutifan, a hypoxia-inducible factor 2α inhibitor, showed clinical activity in clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma in early-phase studies. METHODS In a phase 3, multicenter, open-label, active-controlled trial, we enrolled participants with advanced clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma who had previously received immune checkpoint and antiangiogenic therapies and randomly assigned them, in a 1:1 ratio, to receive 120 mg of belzutifan or 10 mg of everolimus orally once daily until disease progression or unacceptable toxic effects occurred. The dual primary end points were progression-free survival and overall survival. The key secondary end point was the occurrence of an objective response (a confirmed complete or partial response). RESULTS A total of 374 participants were assigned to belzutifan, and 372 to everolimus. At the first interim analysis (median follow-up, 18.4 months), the median progression-free survival was 5.6 months in both groups; at 18 months, 24.0% of the participants in the belzutifan group and 8.3% in the everolimus group were alive and free of progression (two-sided P = 0.002, which met the prespecified significance criterion). A confirmed objective response occurred in 21.9% of the participants (95% confidence interval [CI], 17.8 to 26.5) in the belzutifan group and in 3.5% (95% CI, 1.9 to 5.9) in the everolimus group (P<0.001, which met the prespecified significance criterion). At the second interim analysis (median follow-up, 25.7 months), the median overall survival was 21.4 months in the belzutifan group and 18.1 months in the everolimus group; at 18 months, 55.2% and 50.6% of the participants, respectively, were alive (hazard ratio for death, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.73 to 1.07; two-sided P = 0.20, which did not meet the prespecified significance criterion). Grade 3 or higher adverse events of any cause occurred in 61.8% of the participants in the belzutifan group (grade 5 in 3.5%) and in 62.5% in the everolimus group (grade 5 in 5.3%). Adverse events led to discontinuation of treatment in 5.9% and 14.7% of the participants, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Belzutifan showed a significant benefit over everolimus with respect to progression-free survival and objective response in participants with advanced clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma who had previously received immune checkpoint and antiangiogenic therapies. Belzutifan was associated with no new safety signals. (Funded by Merck Sharp and Dohme, a subsidiary of Merck; LITESPARK-005 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04195750.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni K Choueiri
- From Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (T.K.C.); Barts Cancer Centre, Queen Mary University of London BRC, Royal Free NHS Trust, London (T.P.), and Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre and the University of Glasgow, Glasgow (B.V.) - all in the United Kingdom; HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki (K.P.); University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid (G.V.), and Medical Oncology, Vall d´Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Vall d´Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus (C.S.), and Institute Catalan of Oncology-ICO-IDIBELL University of Barcelona (X.G.-M.), Barcelona - all in Spain; Bradford Hill Clinical Research Center, Santiago, Chile (M.B.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (P.G.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome (R.I.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan (E.V.), the University of Bari "A. Moro" and Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico di Bari, Bari (C.P.), and Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri clinica del lavoro, Pavia (E.B.) - all in Italy; the University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora (E.T.L.); Istanbul Medeniyet University, Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalcin City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey (M.G.); the University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (W.M.S.); BC Cancer-Vancouver Center, Vancouver, BC, Canada (C.K.); the Department of Oncology, Palacký University and University Hospital, Olomouc (B.M.), and the Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Masaryk University, Brno (A.P.) - both in the Czech Republic; University Hospital Bordeaux-Hôpital Saint-André, Bordeaux (M.G.-G.), and Département de Médecine Oncologique, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif (L.A.) - both in France; Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Department of Urology, Berlin (M.D.S.); the Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (M.D.S.); BP-A Beneficencia Portuguesa de São Paulo, Sao Paulo (F.A.S.); Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (S.H.P.), and Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine (J.L.L.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; Central Clinical Hospital with Polyclinic, Moscow (D.A.N.); Sociedad de Oncología y Hematología del Cesar, Valledupar, Colombia (R.M.K.); Keio University Hospital, Tokyo (M.O.); Merck, Rahway, NJ (L.H., A.W., R.F.P., D.V.); and Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville (B.R.)
| | - Thomas Powles
- From Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (T.K.C.); Barts Cancer Centre, Queen Mary University of London BRC, Royal Free NHS Trust, London (T.P.), and Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre and the University of Glasgow, Glasgow (B.V.) - all in the United Kingdom; HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki (K.P.); University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid (G.V.), and Medical Oncology, Vall d´Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Vall d´Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus (C.S.), and Institute Catalan of Oncology-ICO-IDIBELL University of Barcelona (X.G.-M.), Barcelona - all in Spain; Bradford Hill Clinical Research Center, Santiago, Chile (M.B.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (P.G.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome (R.I.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan (E.V.), the University of Bari "A. Moro" and Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico di Bari, Bari (C.P.), and Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri clinica del lavoro, Pavia (E.B.) - all in Italy; the University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora (E.T.L.); Istanbul Medeniyet University, Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalcin City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey (M.G.); the University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (W.M.S.); BC Cancer-Vancouver Center, Vancouver, BC, Canada (C.K.); the Department of Oncology, Palacký University and University Hospital, Olomouc (B.M.), and the Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Masaryk University, Brno (A.P.) - both in the Czech Republic; University Hospital Bordeaux-Hôpital Saint-André, Bordeaux (M.G.-G.), and Département de Médecine Oncologique, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif (L.A.) - both in France; Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Department of Urology, Berlin (M.D.S.); the Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (M.D.S.); BP-A Beneficencia Portuguesa de São Paulo, Sao Paulo (F.A.S.); Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (S.H.P.), and Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine (J.L.L.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; Central Clinical Hospital with Polyclinic, Moscow (D.A.N.); Sociedad de Oncología y Hematología del Cesar, Valledupar, Colombia (R.M.K.); Keio University Hospital, Tokyo (M.O.); Merck, Rahway, NJ (L.H., A.W., R.F.P., D.V.); and Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville (B.R.)
| | - Katriina Peltola
- From Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (T.K.C.); Barts Cancer Centre, Queen Mary University of London BRC, Royal Free NHS Trust, London (T.P.), and Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre and the University of Glasgow, Glasgow (B.V.) - all in the United Kingdom; HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki (K.P.); University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid (G.V.), and Medical Oncology, Vall d´Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Vall d´Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus (C.S.), and Institute Catalan of Oncology-ICO-IDIBELL University of Barcelona (X.G.-M.), Barcelona - all in Spain; Bradford Hill Clinical Research Center, Santiago, Chile (M.B.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (P.G.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome (R.I.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan (E.V.), the University of Bari "A. Moro" and Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico di Bari, Bari (C.P.), and Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri clinica del lavoro, Pavia (E.B.) - all in Italy; the University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora (E.T.L.); Istanbul Medeniyet University, Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalcin City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey (M.G.); the University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (W.M.S.); BC Cancer-Vancouver Center, Vancouver, BC, Canada (C.K.); the Department of Oncology, Palacký University and University Hospital, Olomouc (B.M.), and the Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Masaryk University, Brno (A.P.) - both in the Czech Republic; University Hospital Bordeaux-Hôpital Saint-André, Bordeaux (M.G.-G.), and Département de Médecine Oncologique, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif (L.A.) - both in France; Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Department of Urology, Berlin (M.D.S.); the Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (M.D.S.); BP-A Beneficencia Portuguesa de São Paulo, Sao Paulo (F.A.S.); Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (S.H.P.), and Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine (J.L.L.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; Central Clinical Hospital with Polyclinic, Moscow (D.A.N.); Sociedad de Oncología y Hematología del Cesar, Valledupar, Colombia (R.M.K.); Keio University Hospital, Tokyo (M.O.); Merck, Rahway, NJ (L.H., A.W., R.F.P., D.V.); and Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville (B.R.)
| | - Guillermo de Velasco
- From Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (T.K.C.); Barts Cancer Centre, Queen Mary University of London BRC, Royal Free NHS Trust, London (T.P.), and Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre and the University of Glasgow, Glasgow (B.V.) - all in the United Kingdom; HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki (K.P.); University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid (G.V.), and Medical Oncology, Vall d´Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Vall d´Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus (C.S.), and Institute Catalan of Oncology-ICO-IDIBELL University of Barcelona (X.G.-M.), Barcelona - all in Spain; Bradford Hill Clinical Research Center, Santiago, Chile (M.B.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (P.G.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome (R.I.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan (E.V.), the University of Bari "A. Moro" and Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico di Bari, Bari (C.P.), and Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri clinica del lavoro, Pavia (E.B.) - all in Italy; the University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora (E.T.L.); Istanbul Medeniyet University, Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalcin City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey (M.G.); the University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (W.M.S.); BC Cancer-Vancouver Center, Vancouver, BC, Canada (C.K.); the Department of Oncology, Palacký University and University Hospital, Olomouc (B.M.), and the Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Masaryk University, Brno (A.P.) - both in the Czech Republic; University Hospital Bordeaux-Hôpital Saint-André, Bordeaux (M.G.-G.), and Département de Médecine Oncologique, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif (L.A.) - both in France; Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Department of Urology, Berlin (M.D.S.); the Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (M.D.S.); BP-A Beneficencia Portuguesa de São Paulo, Sao Paulo (F.A.S.); Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (S.H.P.), and Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine (J.L.L.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; Central Clinical Hospital with Polyclinic, Moscow (D.A.N.); Sociedad de Oncología y Hematología del Cesar, Valledupar, Colombia (R.M.K.); Keio University Hospital, Tokyo (M.O.); Merck, Rahway, NJ (L.H., A.W., R.F.P., D.V.); and Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville (B.R.)
| | - Mauricio Burotto
- From Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (T.K.C.); Barts Cancer Centre, Queen Mary University of London BRC, Royal Free NHS Trust, London (T.P.), and Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre and the University of Glasgow, Glasgow (B.V.) - all in the United Kingdom; HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki (K.P.); University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid (G.V.), and Medical Oncology, Vall d´Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Vall d´Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus (C.S.), and Institute Catalan of Oncology-ICO-IDIBELL University of Barcelona (X.G.-M.), Barcelona - all in Spain; Bradford Hill Clinical Research Center, Santiago, Chile (M.B.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (P.G.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome (R.I.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan (E.V.), the University of Bari "A. Moro" and Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico di Bari, Bari (C.P.), and Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri clinica del lavoro, Pavia (E.B.) - all in Italy; the University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora (E.T.L.); Istanbul Medeniyet University, Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalcin City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey (M.G.); the University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (W.M.S.); BC Cancer-Vancouver Center, Vancouver, BC, Canada (C.K.); the Department of Oncology, Palacký University and University Hospital, Olomouc (B.M.), and the Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Masaryk University, Brno (A.P.) - both in the Czech Republic; University Hospital Bordeaux-Hôpital Saint-André, Bordeaux (M.G.-G.), and Département de Médecine Oncologique, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif (L.A.) - both in France; Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Department of Urology, Berlin (M.D.S.); the Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (M.D.S.); BP-A Beneficencia Portuguesa de São Paulo, Sao Paulo (F.A.S.); Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (S.H.P.), and Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine (J.L.L.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; Central Clinical Hospital with Polyclinic, Moscow (D.A.N.); Sociedad de Oncología y Hematología del Cesar, Valledupar, Colombia (R.M.K.); Keio University Hospital, Tokyo (M.O.); Merck, Rahway, NJ (L.H., A.W., R.F.P., D.V.); and Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville (B.R.)
| | - Cristina Suarez
- From Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (T.K.C.); Barts Cancer Centre, Queen Mary University of London BRC, Royal Free NHS Trust, London (T.P.), and Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre and the University of Glasgow, Glasgow (B.V.) - all in the United Kingdom; HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki (K.P.); University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid (G.V.), and Medical Oncology, Vall d´Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Vall d´Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus (C.S.), and Institute Catalan of Oncology-ICO-IDIBELL University of Barcelona (X.G.-M.), Barcelona - all in Spain; Bradford Hill Clinical Research Center, Santiago, Chile (M.B.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (P.G.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome (R.I.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan (E.V.), the University of Bari "A. Moro" and Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico di Bari, Bari (C.P.), and Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri clinica del lavoro, Pavia (E.B.) - all in Italy; the University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora (E.T.L.); Istanbul Medeniyet University, Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalcin City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey (M.G.); the University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (W.M.S.); BC Cancer-Vancouver Center, Vancouver, BC, Canada (C.K.); the Department of Oncology, Palacký University and University Hospital, Olomouc (B.M.), and the Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Masaryk University, Brno (A.P.) - both in the Czech Republic; University Hospital Bordeaux-Hôpital Saint-André, Bordeaux (M.G.-G.), and Département de Médecine Oncologique, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif (L.A.) - both in France; Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Department of Urology, Berlin (M.D.S.); the Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (M.D.S.); BP-A Beneficencia Portuguesa de São Paulo, Sao Paulo (F.A.S.); Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (S.H.P.), and Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine (J.L.L.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; Central Clinical Hospital with Polyclinic, Moscow (D.A.N.); Sociedad de Oncología y Hematología del Cesar, Valledupar, Colombia (R.M.K.); Keio University Hospital, Tokyo (M.O.); Merck, Rahway, NJ (L.H., A.W., R.F.P., D.V.); and Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville (B.R.)
| | - Pooja Ghatalia
- From Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (T.K.C.); Barts Cancer Centre, Queen Mary University of London BRC, Royal Free NHS Trust, London (T.P.), and Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre and the University of Glasgow, Glasgow (B.V.) - all in the United Kingdom; HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki (K.P.); University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid (G.V.), and Medical Oncology, Vall d´Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Vall d´Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus (C.S.), and Institute Catalan of Oncology-ICO-IDIBELL University of Barcelona (X.G.-M.), Barcelona - all in Spain; Bradford Hill Clinical Research Center, Santiago, Chile (M.B.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (P.G.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome (R.I.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan (E.V.), the University of Bari "A. Moro" and Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico di Bari, Bari (C.P.), and Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri clinica del lavoro, Pavia (E.B.) - all in Italy; the University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora (E.T.L.); Istanbul Medeniyet University, Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalcin City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey (M.G.); the University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (W.M.S.); BC Cancer-Vancouver Center, Vancouver, BC, Canada (C.K.); the Department of Oncology, Palacký University and University Hospital, Olomouc (B.M.), and the Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Masaryk University, Brno (A.P.) - both in the Czech Republic; University Hospital Bordeaux-Hôpital Saint-André, Bordeaux (M.G.-G.), and Département de Médecine Oncologique, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif (L.A.) - both in France; Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Department of Urology, Berlin (M.D.S.); the Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (M.D.S.); BP-A Beneficencia Portuguesa de São Paulo, Sao Paulo (F.A.S.); Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (S.H.P.), and Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine (J.L.L.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; Central Clinical Hospital with Polyclinic, Moscow (D.A.N.); Sociedad de Oncología y Hematología del Cesar, Valledupar, Colombia (R.M.K.); Keio University Hospital, Tokyo (M.O.); Merck, Rahway, NJ (L.H., A.W., R.F.P., D.V.); and Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville (B.R.)
| | - Roberto Iacovelli
- From Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (T.K.C.); Barts Cancer Centre, Queen Mary University of London BRC, Royal Free NHS Trust, London (T.P.), and Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre and the University of Glasgow, Glasgow (B.V.) - all in the United Kingdom; HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki (K.P.); University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid (G.V.), and Medical Oncology, Vall d´Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Vall d´Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus (C.S.), and Institute Catalan of Oncology-ICO-IDIBELL University of Barcelona (X.G.-M.), Barcelona - all in Spain; Bradford Hill Clinical Research Center, Santiago, Chile (M.B.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (P.G.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome (R.I.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan (E.V.), the University of Bari "A. Moro" and Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico di Bari, Bari (C.P.), and Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri clinica del lavoro, Pavia (E.B.) - all in Italy; the University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora (E.T.L.); Istanbul Medeniyet University, Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalcin City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey (M.G.); the University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (W.M.S.); BC Cancer-Vancouver Center, Vancouver, BC, Canada (C.K.); the Department of Oncology, Palacký University and University Hospital, Olomouc (B.M.), and the Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Masaryk University, Brno (A.P.) - both in the Czech Republic; University Hospital Bordeaux-Hôpital Saint-André, Bordeaux (M.G.-G.), and Département de Médecine Oncologique, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif (L.A.) - both in France; Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Department of Urology, Berlin (M.D.S.); the Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (M.D.S.); BP-A Beneficencia Portuguesa de São Paulo, Sao Paulo (F.A.S.); Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (S.H.P.), and Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine (J.L.L.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; Central Clinical Hospital with Polyclinic, Moscow (D.A.N.); Sociedad de Oncología y Hematología del Cesar, Valledupar, Colombia (R.M.K.); Keio University Hospital, Tokyo (M.O.); Merck, Rahway, NJ (L.H., A.W., R.F.P., D.V.); and Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville (B.R.)
| | - Elaine T Lam
- From Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (T.K.C.); Barts Cancer Centre, Queen Mary University of London BRC, Royal Free NHS Trust, London (T.P.), and Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre and the University of Glasgow, Glasgow (B.V.) - all in the United Kingdom; HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki (K.P.); University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid (G.V.), and Medical Oncology, Vall d´Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Vall d´Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus (C.S.), and Institute Catalan of Oncology-ICO-IDIBELL University of Barcelona (X.G.-M.), Barcelona - all in Spain; Bradford Hill Clinical Research Center, Santiago, Chile (M.B.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (P.G.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome (R.I.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan (E.V.), the University of Bari "A. Moro" and Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico di Bari, Bari (C.P.), and Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri clinica del lavoro, Pavia (E.B.) - all in Italy; the University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora (E.T.L.); Istanbul Medeniyet University, Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalcin City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey (M.G.); the University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (W.M.S.); BC Cancer-Vancouver Center, Vancouver, BC, Canada (C.K.); the Department of Oncology, Palacký University and University Hospital, Olomouc (B.M.), and the Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Masaryk University, Brno (A.P.) - both in the Czech Republic; University Hospital Bordeaux-Hôpital Saint-André, Bordeaux (M.G.-G.), and Département de Médecine Oncologique, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif (L.A.) - both in France; Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Department of Urology, Berlin (M.D.S.); the Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (M.D.S.); BP-A Beneficencia Portuguesa de São Paulo, Sao Paulo (F.A.S.); Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (S.H.P.), and Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine (J.L.L.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; Central Clinical Hospital with Polyclinic, Moscow (D.A.N.); Sociedad de Oncología y Hematología del Cesar, Valledupar, Colombia (R.M.K.); Keio University Hospital, Tokyo (M.O.); Merck, Rahway, NJ (L.H., A.W., R.F.P., D.V.); and Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville (B.R.)
| | - Elena Verzoni
- From Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (T.K.C.); Barts Cancer Centre, Queen Mary University of London BRC, Royal Free NHS Trust, London (T.P.), and Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre and the University of Glasgow, Glasgow (B.V.) - all in the United Kingdom; HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki (K.P.); University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid (G.V.), and Medical Oncology, Vall d´Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Vall d´Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus (C.S.), and Institute Catalan of Oncology-ICO-IDIBELL University of Barcelona (X.G.-M.), Barcelona - all in Spain; Bradford Hill Clinical Research Center, Santiago, Chile (M.B.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (P.G.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome (R.I.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan (E.V.), the University of Bari "A. Moro" and Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico di Bari, Bari (C.P.), and Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri clinica del lavoro, Pavia (E.B.) - all in Italy; the University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora (E.T.L.); Istanbul Medeniyet University, Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalcin City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey (M.G.); the University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (W.M.S.); BC Cancer-Vancouver Center, Vancouver, BC, Canada (C.K.); the Department of Oncology, Palacký University and University Hospital, Olomouc (B.M.), and the Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Masaryk University, Brno (A.P.) - both in the Czech Republic; University Hospital Bordeaux-Hôpital Saint-André, Bordeaux (M.G.-G.), and Département de Médecine Oncologique, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif (L.A.) - both in France; Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Department of Urology, Berlin (M.D.S.); the Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (M.D.S.); BP-A Beneficencia Portuguesa de São Paulo, Sao Paulo (F.A.S.); Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (S.H.P.), and Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine (J.L.L.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; Central Clinical Hospital with Polyclinic, Moscow (D.A.N.); Sociedad de Oncología y Hematología del Cesar, Valledupar, Colombia (R.M.K.); Keio University Hospital, Tokyo (M.O.); Merck, Rahway, NJ (L.H., A.W., R.F.P., D.V.); and Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville (B.R.)
| | - Mahmut Gümüş
- From Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (T.K.C.); Barts Cancer Centre, Queen Mary University of London BRC, Royal Free NHS Trust, London (T.P.), and Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre and the University of Glasgow, Glasgow (B.V.) - all in the United Kingdom; HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki (K.P.); University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid (G.V.), and Medical Oncology, Vall d´Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Vall d´Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus (C.S.), and Institute Catalan of Oncology-ICO-IDIBELL University of Barcelona (X.G.-M.), Barcelona - all in Spain; Bradford Hill Clinical Research Center, Santiago, Chile (M.B.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (P.G.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome (R.I.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan (E.V.), the University of Bari "A. Moro" and Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico di Bari, Bari (C.P.), and Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri clinica del lavoro, Pavia (E.B.) - all in Italy; the University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora (E.T.L.); Istanbul Medeniyet University, Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalcin City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey (M.G.); the University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (W.M.S.); BC Cancer-Vancouver Center, Vancouver, BC, Canada (C.K.); the Department of Oncology, Palacký University and University Hospital, Olomouc (B.M.), and the Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Masaryk University, Brno (A.P.) - both in the Czech Republic; University Hospital Bordeaux-Hôpital Saint-André, Bordeaux (M.G.-G.), and Département de Médecine Oncologique, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif (L.A.) - both in France; Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Department of Urology, Berlin (M.D.S.); the Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (M.D.S.); BP-A Beneficencia Portuguesa de São Paulo, Sao Paulo (F.A.S.); Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (S.H.P.), and Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine (J.L.L.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; Central Clinical Hospital with Polyclinic, Moscow (D.A.N.); Sociedad de Oncología y Hematología del Cesar, Valledupar, Colombia (R.M.K.); Keio University Hospital, Tokyo (M.O.); Merck, Rahway, NJ (L.H., A.W., R.F.P., D.V.); and Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville (B.R.)
| | - Walter M Stadler
- From Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (T.K.C.); Barts Cancer Centre, Queen Mary University of London BRC, Royal Free NHS Trust, London (T.P.), and Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre and the University of Glasgow, Glasgow (B.V.) - all in the United Kingdom; HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki (K.P.); University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid (G.V.), and Medical Oncology, Vall d´Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Vall d´Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus (C.S.), and Institute Catalan of Oncology-ICO-IDIBELL University of Barcelona (X.G.-M.), Barcelona - all in Spain; Bradford Hill Clinical Research Center, Santiago, Chile (M.B.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (P.G.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome (R.I.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan (E.V.), the University of Bari "A. Moro" and Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico di Bari, Bari (C.P.), and Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri clinica del lavoro, Pavia (E.B.) - all in Italy; the University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora (E.T.L.); Istanbul Medeniyet University, Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalcin City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey (M.G.); the University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (W.M.S.); BC Cancer-Vancouver Center, Vancouver, BC, Canada (C.K.); the Department of Oncology, Palacký University and University Hospital, Olomouc (B.M.), and the Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Masaryk University, Brno (A.P.) - both in the Czech Republic; University Hospital Bordeaux-Hôpital Saint-André, Bordeaux (M.G.-G.), and Département de Médecine Oncologique, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif (L.A.) - both in France; Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Department of Urology, Berlin (M.D.S.); the Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (M.D.S.); BP-A Beneficencia Portuguesa de São Paulo, Sao Paulo (F.A.S.); Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (S.H.P.), and Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine (J.L.L.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; Central Clinical Hospital with Polyclinic, Moscow (D.A.N.); Sociedad de Oncología y Hematología del Cesar, Valledupar, Colombia (R.M.K.); Keio University Hospital, Tokyo (M.O.); Merck, Rahway, NJ (L.H., A.W., R.F.P., D.V.); and Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville (B.R.)
| | - Christian Kollmannsberger
- From Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (T.K.C.); Barts Cancer Centre, Queen Mary University of London BRC, Royal Free NHS Trust, London (T.P.), and Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre and the University of Glasgow, Glasgow (B.V.) - all in the United Kingdom; HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki (K.P.); University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid (G.V.), and Medical Oncology, Vall d´Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Vall d´Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus (C.S.), and Institute Catalan of Oncology-ICO-IDIBELL University of Barcelona (X.G.-M.), Barcelona - all in Spain; Bradford Hill Clinical Research Center, Santiago, Chile (M.B.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (P.G.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome (R.I.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan (E.V.), the University of Bari "A. Moro" and Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico di Bari, Bari (C.P.), and Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri clinica del lavoro, Pavia (E.B.) - all in Italy; the University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora (E.T.L.); Istanbul Medeniyet University, Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalcin City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey (M.G.); the University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (W.M.S.); BC Cancer-Vancouver Center, Vancouver, BC, Canada (C.K.); the Department of Oncology, Palacký University and University Hospital, Olomouc (B.M.), and the Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Masaryk University, Brno (A.P.) - both in the Czech Republic; University Hospital Bordeaux-Hôpital Saint-André, Bordeaux (M.G.-G.), and Département de Médecine Oncologique, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif (L.A.) - both in France; Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Department of Urology, Berlin (M.D.S.); the Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (M.D.S.); BP-A Beneficencia Portuguesa de São Paulo, Sao Paulo (F.A.S.); Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (S.H.P.), and Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine (J.L.L.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; Central Clinical Hospital with Polyclinic, Moscow (D.A.N.); Sociedad de Oncología y Hematología del Cesar, Valledupar, Colombia (R.M.K.); Keio University Hospital, Tokyo (M.O.); Merck, Rahway, NJ (L.H., A.W., R.F.P., D.V.); and Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville (B.R.)
| | - Bohuslav Melichar
- From Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (T.K.C.); Barts Cancer Centre, Queen Mary University of London BRC, Royal Free NHS Trust, London (T.P.), and Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre and the University of Glasgow, Glasgow (B.V.) - all in the United Kingdom; HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki (K.P.); University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid (G.V.), and Medical Oncology, Vall d´Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Vall d´Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus (C.S.), and Institute Catalan of Oncology-ICO-IDIBELL University of Barcelona (X.G.-M.), Barcelona - all in Spain; Bradford Hill Clinical Research Center, Santiago, Chile (M.B.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (P.G.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome (R.I.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan (E.V.), the University of Bari "A. Moro" and Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico di Bari, Bari (C.P.), and Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri clinica del lavoro, Pavia (E.B.) - all in Italy; the University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora (E.T.L.); Istanbul Medeniyet University, Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalcin City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey (M.G.); the University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (W.M.S.); BC Cancer-Vancouver Center, Vancouver, BC, Canada (C.K.); the Department of Oncology, Palacký University and University Hospital, Olomouc (B.M.), and the Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Masaryk University, Brno (A.P.) - both in the Czech Republic; University Hospital Bordeaux-Hôpital Saint-André, Bordeaux (M.G.-G.), and Département de Médecine Oncologique, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif (L.A.) - both in France; Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Department of Urology, Berlin (M.D.S.); the Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (M.D.S.); BP-A Beneficencia Portuguesa de São Paulo, Sao Paulo (F.A.S.); Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (S.H.P.), and Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine (J.L.L.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; Central Clinical Hospital with Polyclinic, Moscow (D.A.N.); Sociedad de Oncología y Hematología del Cesar, Valledupar, Colombia (R.M.K.); Keio University Hospital, Tokyo (M.O.); Merck, Rahway, NJ (L.H., A.W., R.F.P., D.V.); and Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville (B.R.)
| | - Balaji Venugopal
- From Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (T.K.C.); Barts Cancer Centre, Queen Mary University of London BRC, Royal Free NHS Trust, London (T.P.), and Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre and the University of Glasgow, Glasgow (B.V.) - all in the United Kingdom; HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki (K.P.); University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid (G.V.), and Medical Oncology, Vall d´Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Vall d´Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus (C.S.), and Institute Catalan of Oncology-ICO-IDIBELL University of Barcelona (X.G.-M.), Barcelona - all in Spain; Bradford Hill Clinical Research Center, Santiago, Chile (M.B.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (P.G.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome (R.I.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan (E.V.), the University of Bari "A. Moro" and Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico di Bari, Bari (C.P.), and Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri clinica del lavoro, Pavia (E.B.) - all in Italy; the University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora (E.T.L.); Istanbul Medeniyet University, Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalcin City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey (M.G.); the University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (W.M.S.); BC Cancer-Vancouver Center, Vancouver, BC, Canada (C.K.); the Department of Oncology, Palacký University and University Hospital, Olomouc (B.M.), and the Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Masaryk University, Brno (A.P.) - both in the Czech Republic; University Hospital Bordeaux-Hôpital Saint-André, Bordeaux (M.G.-G.), and Département de Médecine Oncologique, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif (L.A.) - both in France; Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Department of Urology, Berlin (M.D.S.); the Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (M.D.S.); BP-A Beneficencia Portuguesa de São Paulo, Sao Paulo (F.A.S.); Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (S.H.P.), and Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine (J.L.L.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; Central Clinical Hospital with Polyclinic, Moscow (D.A.N.); Sociedad de Oncología y Hematología del Cesar, Valledupar, Colombia (R.M.K.); Keio University Hospital, Tokyo (M.O.); Merck, Rahway, NJ (L.H., A.W., R.F.P., D.V.); and Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville (B.R.)
| | - Marine Gross-Goupil
- From Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (T.K.C.); Barts Cancer Centre, Queen Mary University of London BRC, Royal Free NHS Trust, London (T.P.), and Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre and the University of Glasgow, Glasgow (B.V.) - all in the United Kingdom; HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki (K.P.); University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid (G.V.), and Medical Oncology, Vall d´Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Vall d´Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus (C.S.), and Institute Catalan of Oncology-ICO-IDIBELL University of Barcelona (X.G.-M.), Barcelona - all in Spain; Bradford Hill Clinical Research Center, Santiago, Chile (M.B.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (P.G.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome (R.I.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan (E.V.), the University of Bari "A. Moro" and Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico di Bari, Bari (C.P.), and Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri clinica del lavoro, Pavia (E.B.) - all in Italy; the University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora (E.T.L.); Istanbul Medeniyet University, Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalcin City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey (M.G.); the University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (W.M.S.); BC Cancer-Vancouver Center, Vancouver, BC, Canada (C.K.); the Department of Oncology, Palacký University and University Hospital, Olomouc (B.M.), and the Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Masaryk University, Brno (A.P.) - both in the Czech Republic; University Hospital Bordeaux-Hôpital Saint-André, Bordeaux (M.G.-G.), and Département de Médecine Oncologique, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif (L.A.) - both in France; Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Department of Urology, Berlin (M.D.S.); the Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (M.D.S.); BP-A Beneficencia Portuguesa de São Paulo, Sao Paulo (F.A.S.); Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (S.H.P.), and Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine (J.L.L.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; Central Clinical Hospital with Polyclinic, Moscow (D.A.N.); Sociedad de Oncología y Hematología del Cesar, Valledupar, Colombia (R.M.K.); Keio University Hospital, Tokyo (M.O.); Merck, Rahway, NJ (L.H., A.W., R.F.P., D.V.); and Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville (B.R.)
| | - Alexandr Poprach
- From Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (T.K.C.); Barts Cancer Centre, Queen Mary University of London BRC, Royal Free NHS Trust, London (T.P.), and Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre and the University of Glasgow, Glasgow (B.V.) - all in the United Kingdom; HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki (K.P.); University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid (G.V.), and Medical Oncology, Vall d´Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Vall d´Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus (C.S.), and Institute Catalan of Oncology-ICO-IDIBELL University of Barcelona (X.G.-M.), Barcelona - all in Spain; Bradford Hill Clinical Research Center, Santiago, Chile (M.B.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (P.G.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome (R.I.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan (E.V.), the University of Bari "A. Moro" and Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico di Bari, Bari (C.P.), and Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri clinica del lavoro, Pavia (E.B.) - all in Italy; the University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora (E.T.L.); Istanbul Medeniyet University, Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalcin City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey (M.G.); the University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (W.M.S.); BC Cancer-Vancouver Center, Vancouver, BC, Canada (C.K.); the Department of Oncology, Palacký University and University Hospital, Olomouc (B.M.), and the Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Masaryk University, Brno (A.P.) - both in the Czech Republic; University Hospital Bordeaux-Hôpital Saint-André, Bordeaux (M.G.-G.), and Département de Médecine Oncologique, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif (L.A.) - both in France; Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Department of Urology, Berlin (M.D.S.); the Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (M.D.S.); BP-A Beneficencia Portuguesa de São Paulo, Sao Paulo (F.A.S.); Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (S.H.P.), and Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine (J.L.L.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; Central Clinical Hospital with Polyclinic, Moscow (D.A.N.); Sociedad de Oncología y Hematología del Cesar, Valledupar, Colombia (R.M.K.); Keio University Hospital, Tokyo (M.O.); Merck, Rahway, NJ (L.H., A.W., R.F.P., D.V.); and Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville (B.R.)
| | - Maria De Santis
- From Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (T.K.C.); Barts Cancer Centre, Queen Mary University of London BRC, Royal Free NHS Trust, London (T.P.), and Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre and the University of Glasgow, Glasgow (B.V.) - all in the United Kingdom; HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki (K.P.); University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid (G.V.), and Medical Oncology, Vall d´Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Vall d´Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus (C.S.), and Institute Catalan of Oncology-ICO-IDIBELL University of Barcelona (X.G.-M.), Barcelona - all in Spain; Bradford Hill Clinical Research Center, Santiago, Chile (M.B.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (P.G.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome (R.I.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan (E.V.), the University of Bari "A. Moro" and Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico di Bari, Bari (C.P.), and Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri clinica del lavoro, Pavia (E.B.) - all in Italy; the University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora (E.T.L.); Istanbul Medeniyet University, Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalcin City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey (M.G.); the University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (W.M.S.); BC Cancer-Vancouver Center, Vancouver, BC, Canada (C.K.); the Department of Oncology, Palacký University and University Hospital, Olomouc (B.M.), and the Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Masaryk University, Brno (A.P.) - both in the Czech Republic; University Hospital Bordeaux-Hôpital Saint-André, Bordeaux (M.G.-G.), and Département de Médecine Oncologique, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif (L.A.) - both in France; Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Department of Urology, Berlin (M.D.S.); the Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (M.D.S.); BP-A Beneficencia Portuguesa de São Paulo, Sao Paulo (F.A.S.); Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (S.H.P.), and Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine (J.L.L.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; Central Clinical Hospital with Polyclinic, Moscow (D.A.N.); Sociedad de Oncología y Hematología del Cesar, Valledupar, Colombia (R.M.K.); Keio University Hospital, Tokyo (M.O.); Merck, Rahway, NJ (L.H., A.W., R.F.P., D.V.); and Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville (B.R.)
| | - Fabio A Schutz
- From Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (T.K.C.); Barts Cancer Centre, Queen Mary University of London BRC, Royal Free NHS Trust, London (T.P.), and Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre and the University of Glasgow, Glasgow (B.V.) - all in the United Kingdom; HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki (K.P.); University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid (G.V.), and Medical Oncology, Vall d´Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Vall d´Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus (C.S.), and Institute Catalan of Oncology-ICO-IDIBELL University of Barcelona (X.G.-M.), Barcelona - all in Spain; Bradford Hill Clinical Research Center, Santiago, Chile (M.B.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (P.G.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome (R.I.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan (E.V.), the University of Bari "A. Moro" and Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico di Bari, Bari (C.P.), and Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri clinica del lavoro, Pavia (E.B.) - all in Italy; the University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora (E.T.L.); Istanbul Medeniyet University, Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalcin City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey (M.G.); the University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (W.M.S.); BC Cancer-Vancouver Center, Vancouver, BC, Canada (C.K.); the Department of Oncology, Palacký University and University Hospital, Olomouc (B.M.), and the Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Masaryk University, Brno (A.P.) - both in the Czech Republic; University Hospital Bordeaux-Hôpital Saint-André, Bordeaux (M.G.-G.), and Département de Médecine Oncologique, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif (L.A.) - both in France; Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Department of Urology, Berlin (M.D.S.); the Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (M.D.S.); BP-A Beneficencia Portuguesa de São Paulo, Sao Paulo (F.A.S.); Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (S.H.P.), and Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine (J.L.L.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; Central Clinical Hospital with Polyclinic, Moscow (D.A.N.); Sociedad de Oncología y Hematología del Cesar, Valledupar, Colombia (R.M.K.); Keio University Hospital, Tokyo (M.O.); Merck, Rahway, NJ (L.H., A.W., R.F.P., D.V.); and Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville (B.R.)
| | - Se Hoon Park
- From Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (T.K.C.); Barts Cancer Centre, Queen Mary University of London BRC, Royal Free NHS Trust, London (T.P.), and Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre and the University of Glasgow, Glasgow (B.V.) - all in the United Kingdom; HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki (K.P.); University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid (G.V.), and Medical Oncology, Vall d´Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Vall d´Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus (C.S.), and Institute Catalan of Oncology-ICO-IDIBELL University of Barcelona (X.G.-M.), Barcelona - all in Spain; Bradford Hill Clinical Research Center, Santiago, Chile (M.B.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (P.G.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome (R.I.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan (E.V.), the University of Bari "A. Moro" and Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico di Bari, Bari (C.P.), and Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri clinica del lavoro, Pavia (E.B.) - all in Italy; the University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora (E.T.L.); Istanbul Medeniyet University, Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalcin City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey (M.G.); the University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (W.M.S.); BC Cancer-Vancouver Center, Vancouver, BC, Canada (C.K.); the Department of Oncology, Palacký University and University Hospital, Olomouc (B.M.), and the Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Masaryk University, Brno (A.P.) - both in the Czech Republic; University Hospital Bordeaux-Hôpital Saint-André, Bordeaux (M.G.-G.), and Département de Médecine Oncologique, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif (L.A.) - both in France; Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Department of Urology, Berlin (M.D.S.); the Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (M.D.S.); BP-A Beneficencia Portuguesa de São Paulo, Sao Paulo (F.A.S.); Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (S.H.P.), and Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine (J.L.L.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; Central Clinical Hospital with Polyclinic, Moscow (D.A.N.); Sociedad de Oncología y Hematología del Cesar, Valledupar, Colombia (R.M.K.); Keio University Hospital, Tokyo (M.O.); Merck, Rahway, NJ (L.H., A.W., R.F.P., D.V.); and Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville (B.R.)
| | - Dmitry A Nosov
- From Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (T.K.C.); Barts Cancer Centre, Queen Mary University of London BRC, Royal Free NHS Trust, London (T.P.), and Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre and the University of Glasgow, Glasgow (B.V.) - all in the United Kingdom; HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki (K.P.); University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid (G.V.), and Medical Oncology, Vall d´Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Vall d´Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus (C.S.), and Institute Catalan of Oncology-ICO-IDIBELL University of Barcelona (X.G.-M.), Barcelona - all in Spain; Bradford Hill Clinical Research Center, Santiago, Chile (M.B.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (P.G.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome (R.I.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan (E.V.), the University of Bari "A. Moro" and Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico di Bari, Bari (C.P.), and Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri clinica del lavoro, Pavia (E.B.) - all in Italy; the University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora (E.T.L.); Istanbul Medeniyet University, Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalcin City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey (M.G.); the University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (W.M.S.); BC Cancer-Vancouver Center, Vancouver, BC, Canada (C.K.); the Department of Oncology, Palacký University and University Hospital, Olomouc (B.M.), and the Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Masaryk University, Brno (A.P.) - both in the Czech Republic; University Hospital Bordeaux-Hôpital Saint-André, Bordeaux (M.G.-G.), and Département de Médecine Oncologique, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif (L.A.) - both in France; Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Department of Urology, Berlin (M.D.S.); the Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (M.D.S.); BP-A Beneficencia Portuguesa de São Paulo, Sao Paulo (F.A.S.); Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (S.H.P.), and Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine (J.L.L.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; Central Clinical Hospital with Polyclinic, Moscow (D.A.N.); Sociedad de Oncología y Hematología del Cesar, Valledupar, Colombia (R.M.K.); Keio University Hospital, Tokyo (M.O.); Merck, Rahway, NJ (L.H., A.W., R.F.P., D.V.); and Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville (B.R.)
| | - Camillo Porta
- From Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (T.K.C.); Barts Cancer Centre, Queen Mary University of London BRC, Royal Free NHS Trust, London (T.P.), and Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre and the University of Glasgow, Glasgow (B.V.) - all in the United Kingdom; HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki (K.P.); University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid (G.V.), and Medical Oncology, Vall d´Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Vall d´Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus (C.S.), and Institute Catalan of Oncology-ICO-IDIBELL University of Barcelona (X.G.-M.), Barcelona - all in Spain; Bradford Hill Clinical Research Center, Santiago, Chile (M.B.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (P.G.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome (R.I.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan (E.V.), the University of Bari "A. Moro" and Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico di Bari, Bari (C.P.), and Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri clinica del lavoro, Pavia (E.B.) - all in Italy; the University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora (E.T.L.); Istanbul Medeniyet University, Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalcin City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey (M.G.); the University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (W.M.S.); BC Cancer-Vancouver Center, Vancouver, BC, Canada (C.K.); the Department of Oncology, Palacký University and University Hospital, Olomouc (B.M.), and the Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Masaryk University, Brno (A.P.) - both in the Czech Republic; University Hospital Bordeaux-Hôpital Saint-André, Bordeaux (M.G.-G.), and Département de Médecine Oncologique, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif (L.A.) - both in France; Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Department of Urology, Berlin (M.D.S.); the Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (M.D.S.); BP-A Beneficencia Portuguesa de São Paulo, Sao Paulo (F.A.S.); Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (S.H.P.), and Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine (J.L.L.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; Central Clinical Hospital with Polyclinic, Moscow (D.A.N.); Sociedad de Oncología y Hematología del Cesar, Valledupar, Colombia (R.M.K.); Keio University Hospital, Tokyo (M.O.); Merck, Rahway, NJ (L.H., A.W., R.F.P., D.V.); and Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville (B.R.)
| | - Jae Lyun Lee
- From Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (T.K.C.); Barts Cancer Centre, Queen Mary University of London BRC, Royal Free NHS Trust, London (T.P.), and Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre and the University of Glasgow, Glasgow (B.V.) - all in the United Kingdom; HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki (K.P.); University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid (G.V.), and Medical Oncology, Vall d´Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Vall d´Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus (C.S.), and Institute Catalan of Oncology-ICO-IDIBELL University of Barcelona (X.G.-M.), Barcelona - all in Spain; Bradford Hill Clinical Research Center, Santiago, Chile (M.B.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (P.G.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome (R.I.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan (E.V.), the University of Bari "A. Moro" and Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico di Bari, Bari (C.P.), and Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri clinica del lavoro, Pavia (E.B.) - all in Italy; the University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora (E.T.L.); Istanbul Medeniyet University, Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalcin City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey (M.G.); the University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (W.M.S.); BC Cancer-Vancouver Center, Vancouver, BC, Canada (C.K.); the Department of Oncology, Palacký University and University Hospital, Olomouc (B.M.), and the Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Masaryk University, Brno (A.P.) - both in the Czech Republic; University Hospital Bordeaux-Hôpital Saint-André, Bordeaux (M.G.-G.), and Département de Médecine Oncologique, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif (L.A.) - both in France; Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Department of Urology, Berlin (M.D.S.); the Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (M.D.S.); BP-A Beneficencia Portuguesa de São Paulo, Sao Paulo (F.A.S.); Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (S.H.P.), and Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine (J.L.L.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; Central Clinical Hospital with Polyclinic, Moscow (D.A.N.); Sociedad de Oncología y Hematología del Cesar, Valledupar, Colombia (R.M.K.); Keio University Hospital, Tokyo (M.O.); Merck, Rahway, NJ (L.H., A.W., R.F.P., D.V.); and Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville (B.R.)
| | - Xavier Garcia-Del-Muro
- From Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (T.K.C.); Barts Cancer Centre, Queen Mary University of London BRC, Royal Free NHS Trust, London (T.P.), and Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre and the University of Glasgow, Glasgow (B.V.) - all in the United Kingdom; HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki (K.P.); University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid (G.V.), and Medical Oncology, Vall d´Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Vall d´Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus (C.S.), and Institute Catalan of Oncology-ICO-IDIBELL University of Barcelona (X.G.-M.), Barcelona - all in Spain; Bradford Hill Clinical Research Center, Santiago, Chile (M.B.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (P.G.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome (R.I.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan (E.V.), the University of Bari "A. Moro" and Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico di Bari, Bari (C.P.), and Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri clinica del lavoro, Pavia (E.B.) - all in Italy; the University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora (E.T.L.); Istanbul Medeniyet University, Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalcin City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey (M.G.); the University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (W.M.S.); BC Cancer-Vancouver Center, Vancouver, BC, Canada (C.K.); the Department of Oncology, Palacký University and University Hospital, Olomouc (B.M.), and the Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Masaryk University, Brno (A.P.) - both in the Czech Republic; University Hospital Bordeaux-Hôpital Saint-André, Bordeaux (M.G.-G.), and Département de Médecine Oncologique, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif (L.A.) - both in France; Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Department of Urology, Berlin (M.D.S.); the Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (M.D.S.); BP-A Beneficencia Portuguesa de São Paulo, Sao Paulo (F.A.S.); Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (S.H.P.), and Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine (J.L.L.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; Central Clinical Hospital with Polyclinic, Moscow (D.A.N.); Sociedad de Oncología y Hematología del Cesar, Valledupar, Colombia (R.M.K.); Keio University Hospital, Tokyo (M.O.); Merck, Rahway, NJ (L.H., A.W., R.F.P., D.V.); and Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville (B.R.)
| | - Elisa Biscaldi
- From Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (T.K.C.); Barts Cancer Centre, Queen Mary University of London BRC, Royal Free NHS Trust, London (T.P.), and Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre and the University of Glasgow, Glasgow (B.V.) - all in the United Kingdom; HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki (K.P.); University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid (G.V.), and Medical Oncology, Vall d´Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Vall d´Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus (C.S.), and Institute Catalan of Oncology-ICO-IDIBELL University of Barcelona (X.G.-M.), Barcelona - all in Spain; Bradford Hill Clinical Research Center, Santiago, Chile (M.B.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (P.G.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome (R.I.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan (E.V.), the University of Bari "A. Moro" and Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico di Bari, Bari (C.P.), and Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri clinica del lavoro, Pavia (E.B.) - all in Italy; the University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora (E.T.L.); Istanbul Medeniyet University, Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalcin City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey (M.G.); the University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (W.M.S.); BC Cancer-Vancouver Center, Vancouver, BC, Canada (C.K.); the Department of Oncology, Palacký University and University Hospital, Olomouc (B.M.), and the Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Masaryk University, Brno (A.P.) - both in the Czech Republic; University Hospital Bordeaux-Hôpital Saint-André, Bordeaux (M.G.-G.), and Département de Médecine Oncologique, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif (L.A.) - both in France; Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Department of Urology, Berlin (M.D.S.); the Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (M.D.S.); BP-A Beneficencia Portuguesa de São Paulo, Sao Paulo (F.A.S.); Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (S.H.P.), and Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine (J.L.L.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; Central Clinical Hospital with Polyclinic, Moscow (D.A.N.); Sociedad de Oncología y Hematología del Cesar, Valledupar, Colombia (R.M.K.); Keio University Hospital, Tokyo (M.O.); Merck, Rahway, NJ (L.H., A.W., R.F.P., D.V.); and Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville (B.R.)
| | - Ray Manneh Kopp
- From Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (T.K.C.); Barts Cancer Centre, Queen Mary University of London BRC, Royal Free NHS Trust, London (T.P.), and Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre and the University of Glasgow, Glasgow (B.V.) - all in the United Kingdom; HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki (K.P.); University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid (G.V.), and Medical Oncology, Vall d´Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Vall d´Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus (C.S.), and Institute Catalan of Oncology-ICO-IDIBELL University of Barcelona (X.G.-M.), Barcelona - all in Spain; Bradford Hill Clinical Research Center, Santiago, Chile (M.B.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (P.G.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome (R.I.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan (E.V.), the University of Bari "A. Moro" and Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico di Bari, Bari (C.P.), and Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri clinica del lavoro, Pavia (E.B.) - all in Italy; the University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora (E.T.L.); Istanbul Medeniyet University, Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalcin City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey (M.G.); the University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (W.M.S.); BC Cancer-Vancouver Center, Vancouver, BC, Canada (C.K.); the Department of Oncology, Palacký University and University Hospital, Olomouc (B.M.), and the Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Masaryk University, Brno (A.P.) - both in the Czech Republic; University Hospital Bordeaux-Hôpital Saint-André, Bordeaux (M.G.-G.), and Département de Médecine Oncologique, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif (L.A.) - both in France; Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Department of Urology, Berlin (M.D.S.); the Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (M.D.S.); BP-A Beneficencia Portuguesa de São Paulo, Sao Paulo (F.A.S.); Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (S.H.P.), and Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine (J.L.L.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; Central Clinical Hospital with Polyclinic, Moscow (D.A.N.); Sociedad de Oncología y Hematología del Cesar, Valledupar, Colombia (R.M.K.); Keio University Hospital, Tokyo (M.O.); Merck, Rahway, NJ (L.H., A.W., R.F.P., D.V.); and Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville (B.R.)
| | - Mototsugu Oya
- From Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (T.K.C.); Barts Cancer Centre, Queen Mary University of London BRC, Royal Free NHS Trust, London (T.P.), and Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre and the University of Glasgow, Glasgow (B.V.) - all in the United Kingdom; HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki (K.P.); University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid (G.V.), and Medical Oncology, Vall d´Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Vall d´Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus (C.S.), and Institute Catalan of Oncology-ICO-IDIBELL University of Barcelona (X.G.-M.), Barcelona - all in Spain; Bradford Hill Clinical Research Center, Santiago, Chile (M.B.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (P.G.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome (R.I.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan (E.V.), the University of Bari "A. Moro" and Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico di Bari, Bari (C.P.), and Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri clinica del lavoro, Pavia (E.B.) - all in Italy; the University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora (E.T.L.); Istanbul Medeniyet University, Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalcin City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey (M.G.); the University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (W.M.S.); BC Cancer-Vancouver Center, Vancouver, BC, Canada (C.K.); the Department of Oncology, Palacký University and University Hospital, Olomouc (B.M.), and the Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Masaryk University, Brno (A.P.) - both in the Czech Republic; University Hospital Bordeaux-Hôpital Saint-André, Bordeaux (M.G.-G.), and Département de Médecine Oncologique, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif (L.A.) - both in France; Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Department of Urology, Berlin (M.D.S.); the Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (M.D.S.); BP-A Beneficencia Portuguesa de São Paulo, Sao Paulo (F.A.S.); Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (S.H.P.), and Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine (J.L.L.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; Central Clinical Hospital with Polyclinic, Moscow (D.A.N.); Sociedad de Oncología y Hematología del Cesar, Valledupar, Colombia (R.M.K.); Keio University Hospital, Tokyo (M.O.); Merck, Rahway, NJ (L.H., A.W., R.F.P., D.V.); and Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville (B.R.)
| | - Li He
- From Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (T.K.C.); Barts Cancer Centre, Queen Mary University of London BRC, Royal Free NHS Trust, London (T.P.), and Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre and the University of Glasgow, Glasgow (B.V.) - all in the United Kingdom; HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki (K.P.); University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid (G.V.), and Medical Oncology, Vall d´Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Vall d´Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus (C.S.), and Institute Catalan of Oncology-ICO-IDIBELL University of Barcelona (X.G.-M.), Barcelona - all in Spain; Bradford Hill Clinical Research Center, Santiago, Chile (M.B.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (P.G.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome (R.I.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan (E.V.), the University of Bari "A. Moro" and Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico di Bari, Bari (C.P.), and Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri clinica del lavoro, Pavia (E.B.) - all in Italy; the University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora (E.T.L.); Istanbul Medeniyet University, Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalcin City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey (M.G.); the University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (W.M.S.); BC Cancer-Vancouver Center, Vancouver, BC, Canada (C.K.); the Department of Oncology, Palacký University and University Hospital, Olomouc (B.M.), and the Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Masaryk University, Brno (A.P.) - both in the Czech Republic; University Hospital Bordeaux-Hôpital Saint-André, Bordeaux (M.G.-G.), and Département de Médecine Oncologique, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif (L.A.) - both in France; Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Department of Urology, Berlin (M.D.S.); the Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (M.D.S.); BP-A Beneficencia Portuguesa de São Paulo, Sao Paulo (F.A.S.); Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (S.H.P.), and Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine (J.L.L.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; Central Clinical Hospital with Polyclinic, Moscow (D.A.N.); Sociedad de Oncología y Hematología del Cesar, Valledupar, Colombia (R.M.K.); Keio University Hospital, Tokyo (M.O.); Merck, Rahway, NJ (L.H., A.W., R.F.P., D.V.); and Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville (B.R.)
| | - Aobo Wang
- From Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (T.K.C.); Barts Cancer Centre, Queen Mary University of London BRC, Royal Free NHS Trust, London (T.P.), and Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre and the University of Glasgow, Glasgow (B.V.) - all in the United Kingdom; HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki (K.P.); University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid (G.V.), and Medical Oncology, Vall d´Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Vall d´Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus (C.S.), and Institute Catalan of Oncology-ICO-IDIBELL University of Barcelona (X.G.-M.), Barcelona - all in Spain; Bradford Hill Clinical Research Center, Santiago, Chile (M.B.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (P.G.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome (R.I.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan (E.V.), the University of Bari "A. Moro" and Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico di Bari, Bari (C.P.), and Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri clinica del lavoro, Pavia (E.B.) - all in Italy; the University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora (E.T.L.); Istanbul Medeniyet University, Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalcin City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey (M.G.); the University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (W.M.S.); BC Cancer-Vancouver Center, Vancouver, BC, Canada (C.K.); the Department of Oncology, Palacký University and University Hospital, Olomouc (B.M.), and the Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Masaryk University, Brno (A.P.) - both in the Czech Republic; University Hospital Bordeaux-Hôpital Saint-André, Bordeaux (M.G.-G.), and Département de Médecine Oncologique, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif (L.A.) - both in France; Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Department of Urology, Berlin (M.D.S.); the Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (M.D.S.); BP-A Beneficencia Portuguesa de São Paulo, Sao Paulo (F.A.S.); Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (S.H.P.), and Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine (J.L.L.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; Central Clinical Hospital with Polyclinic, Moscow (D.A.N.); Sociedad de Oncología y Hematología del Cesar, Valledupar, Colombia (R.M.K.); Keio University Hospital, Tokyo (M.O.); Merck, Rahway, NJ (L.H., A.W., R.F.P., D.V.); and Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville (B.R.)
| | - Rodolfo F Perini
- From Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (T.K.C.); Barts Cancer Centre, Queen Mary University of London BRC, Royal Free NHS Trust, London (T.P.), and Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre and the University of Glasgow, Glasgow (B.V.) - all in the United Kingdom; HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki (K.P.); University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid (G.V.), and Medical Oncology, Vall d´Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Vall d´Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus (C.S.), and Institute Catalan of Oncology-ICO-IDIBELL University of Barcelona (X.G.-M.), Barcelona - all in Spain; Bradford Hill Clinical Research Center, Santiago, Chile (M.B.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (P.G.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome (R.I.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan (E.V.), the University of Bari "A. Moro" and Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico di Bari, Bari (C.P.), and Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri clinica del lavoro, Pavia (E.B.) - all in Italy; the University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora (E.T.L.); Istanbul Medeniyet University, Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalcin City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey (M.G.); the University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (W.M.S.); BC Cancer-Vancouver Center, Vancouver, BC, Canada (C.K.); the Department of Oncology, Palacký University and University Hospital, Olomouc (B.M.), and the Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Masaryk University, Brno (A.P.) - both in the Czech Republic; University Hospital Bordeaux-Hôpital Saint-André, Bordeaux (M.G.-G.), and Département de Médecine Oncologique, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif (L.A.) - both in France; Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Department of Urology, Berlin (M.D.S.); the Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (M.D.S.); BP-A Beneficencia Portuguesa de São Paulo, Sao Paulo (F.A.S.); Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (S.H.P.), and Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine (J.L.L.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; Central Clinical Hospital with Polyclinic, Moscow (D.A.N.); Sociedad de Oncología y Hematología del Cesar, Valledupar, Colombia (R.M.K.); Keio University Hospital, Tokyo (M.O.); Merck, Rahway, NJ (L.H., A.W., R.F.P., D.V.); and Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville (B.R.)
| | - Donna Vickery
- From Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (T.K.C.); Barts Cancer Centre, Queen Mary University of London BRC, Royal Free NHS Trust, London (T.P.), and Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre and the University of Glasgow, Glasgow (B.V.) - all in the United Kingdom; HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki (K.P.); University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid (G.V.), and Medical Oncology, Vall d´Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Vall d´Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus (C.S.), and Institute Catalan of Oncology-ICO-IDIBELL University of Barcelona (X.G.-M.), Barcelona - all in Spain; Bradford Hill Clinical Research Center, Santiago, Chile (M.B.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (P.G.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome (R.I.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan (E.V.), the University of Bari "A. Moro" and Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico di Bari, Bari (C.P.), and Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri clinica del lavoro, Pavia (E.B.) - all in Italy; the University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora (E.T.L.); Istanbul Medeniyet University, Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalcin City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey (M.G.); the University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (W.M.S.); BC Cancer-Vancouver Center, Vancouver, BC, Canada (C.K.); the Department of Oncology, Palacký University and University Hospital, Olomouc (B.M.), and the Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Masaryk University, Brno (A.P.) - both in the Czech Republic; University Hospital Bordeaux-Hôpital Saint-André, Bordeaux (M.G.-G.), and Département de Médecine Oncologique, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif (L.A.) - both in France; Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Department of Urology, Berlin (M.D.S.); the Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (M.D.S.); BP-A Beneficencia Portuguesa de São Paulo, Sao Paulo (F.A.S.); Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (S.H.P.), and Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine (J.L.L.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; Central Clinical Hospital with Polyclinic, Moscow (D.A.N.); Sociedad de Oncología y Hematología del Cesar, Valledupar, Colombia (R.M.K.); Keio University Hospital, Tokyo (M.O.); Merck, Rahway, NJ (L.H., A.W., R.F.P., D.V.); and Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville (B.R.)
| | - Laurence Albiges
- From Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (T.K.C.); Barts Cancer Centre, Queen Mary University of London BRC, Royal Free NHS Trust, London (T.P.), and Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre and the University of Glasgow, Glasgow (B.V.) - all in the United Kingdom; HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki (K.P.); University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid (G.V.), and Medical Oncology, Vall d´Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Vall d´Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus (C.S.), and Institute Catalan of Oncology-ICO-IDIBELL University of Barcelona (X.G.-M.), Barcelona - all in Spain; Bradford Hill Clinical Research Center, Santiago, Chile (M.B.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (P.G.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome (R.I.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan (E.V.), the University of Bari "A. Moro" and Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico di Bari, Bari (C.P.), and Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri clinica del lavoro, Pavia (E.B.) - all in Italy; the University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora (E.T.L.); Istanbul Medeniyet University, Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalcin City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey (M.G.); the University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (W.M.S.); BC Cancer-Vancouver Center, Vancouver, BC, Canada (C.K.); the Department of Oncology, Palacký University and University Hospital, Olomouc (B.M.), and the Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Masaryk University, Brno (A.P.) - both in the Czech Republic; University Hospital Bordeaux-Hôpital Saint-André, Bordeaux (M.G.-G.), and Département de Médecine Oncologique, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif (L.A.) - both in France; Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Department of Urology, Berlin (M.D.S.); the Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (M.D.S.); BP-A Beneficencia Portuguesa de São Paulo, Sao Paulo (F.A.S.); Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (S.H.P.), and Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine (J.L.L.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; Central Clinical Hospital with Polyclinic, Moscow (D.A.N.); Sociedad de Oncología y Hematología del Cesar, Valledupar, Colombia (R.M.K.); Keio University Hospital, Tokyo (M.O.); Merck, Rahway, NJ (L.H., A.W., R.F.P., D.V.); and Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville (B.R.)
| | - Brian Rini
- From Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston (T.K.C.); Barts Cancer Centre, Queen Mary University of London BRC, Royal Free NHS Trust, London (T.P.), and Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre and the University of Glasgow, Glasgow (B.V.) - all in the United Kingdom; HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki (K.P.); University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid (G.V.), and Medical Oncology, Vall d´Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Vall d´Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus (C.S.), and Institute Catalan of Oncology-ICO-IDIBELL University of Barcelona (X.G.-M.), Barcelona - all in Spain; Bradford Hill Clinical Research Center, Santiago, Chile (M.B.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (P.G.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome (R.I.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan (E.V.), the University of Bari "A. Moro" and Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico di Bari, Bari (C.P.), and Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri clinica del lavoro, Pavia (E.B.) - all in Italy; the University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora (E.T.L.); Istanbul Medeniyet University, Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalcin City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey (M.G.); the University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago (W.M.S.); BC Cancer-Vancouver Center, Vancouver, BC, Canada (C.K.); the Department of Oncology, Palacký University and University Hospital, Olomouc (B.M.), and the Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Masaryk University, Brno (A.P.) - both in the Czech Republic; University Hospital Bordeaux-Hôpital Saint-André, Bordeaux (M.G.-G.), and Département de Médecine Oncologique, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif (L.A.) - both in France; Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Department of Urology, Berlin (M.D.S.); the Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (M.D.S.); BP-A Beneficencia Portuguesa de São Paulo, Sao Paulo (F.A.S.); Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (S.H.P.), and Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine (J.L.L.) - both in Seoul, South Korea; Central Clinical Hospital with Polyclinic, Moscow (D.A.N.); Sociedad de Oncología y Hematología del Cesar, Valledupar, Colombia (R.M.K.); Keio University Hospital, Tokyo (M.O.); Merck, Rahway, NJ (L.H., A.W., R.F.P., D.V.); and Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville (B.R.)
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Tejura A, Fernandes R, Hubay S, Ernst MS, Valdes M, Batra A. Contemporary Management of Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Review for General Practitioners in Oncology. Curr Oncol 2024; 31:4795-4817. [PMID: 39195342 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol31080359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma accounts for a significant proportion of cancer diagnoses in Canadians. Over the past several years, the management of renal cell cancers has undergone rapid changes in all prognostic risk categories, resulting in improved oncologic outcomes. Novel strategies for metastatic disease make use of the synergy between checkpoints and angiogenesis inhibition. Moreover, combination checkpoint inhibition has demonstrated durable efficacy in some patients. Adjuvant immunotherapy has recently shown a survival benefit for the first time in select cases. Significant efforts are underway to explore new compounds or combinations for later-line diseases, such as inhibitors of hypoxia-inducible factors and radiolabeled biomolecules targeting tumor antigens within the neoplastic microenvironment for precise payload delivery. In this manuscript, we provide a comprehensive review of the available data addressing key therapeutic areas pertaining to systemic therapy for metastatic and localized disease, review the most relevant prognostic tools, describe local therapies and management of CNS disease, and discuss practice-changing trials currently underway. Finally, we focus on some of the practical aspects for general practitioners in oncology caring for patients with renal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anish Tejura
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Verspeeten Family Cancer Centre, Victoria Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada
| | - Ricardo Fernandes
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Verspeeten Family Cancer Centre, Victoria Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada
| | - Stacey Hubay
- Department of Oncology, Grand River Regional Cancer Centre, 835 King St. W., Kitchener, ON N2G 1G3, Canada
| | - Matthew Scott Ernst
- Department of Oncology, Grand River Regional Cancer Centre, 835 King St. W., Kitchener, ON N2G 1G3, Canada
| | - Mario Valdes
- Department of Oncology, Grand River Regional Cancer Centre, 835 King St. W., Kitchener, ON N2G 1G3, Canada
| | - Anupam Batra
- Department of Oncology, Grand River Regional Cancer Centre, 835 King St. W., Kitchener, ON N2G 1G3, Canada
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Xu K, Li D, Ji K, Zhang Y, Zhang M, Zhou H, Hou X, Jiang J, Zhang Z, Dai H, Sun H. Disulfidptosis-associated LncRNA signature predicts prognosis and immune response in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma. Biol Direct 2024; 19:71. [PMID: 39175011 PMCID: PMC11340127 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-024-00517-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) represents a significant proportion of renal cell carcinomas and is characterized by high aggressiveness and poor prognosis despite advancements in immunotherapy. Disulfidptosis, a novel cell death pathway, has emerged as a critical mechanism in various cellular processes, including cancer. This study leverages machine learning to identify disulfidptosis-related long noncoding RNAs (DRlncRNAs) as potential prognostic biomarkers in KIRC, offering new insights into tumor pathogenesis and treatment avenues. RESULTS Our analysis of data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) led to the identification of 431 DRlncRNAs correlated with disulfidptosis-related genes. Five key DRlncRNAs (SPINT1-AS1, AL161782.1, OVCH1-AS1, AC131009.3, and AC108673.3) were used to develop a prognostic model that effectively distinguished between low- and high-risk patients with significant differences in overall survival and progression-free survival. The low-risk group had a favorable prognosis associated with a protective immune microenvironment and a better response to targeted drugs. Conversely, the high-risk group displayed aggressive tumor features and poor immunotherapy outcomes. Validation through qRT‒PCR confirmed the differential expression of these DRlncRNAs in KIRC cells compared to normal kidney cells, underscoring their potential functional significance in tumor biology. CONCLUSIONS This study established a robust link between disulfidptosis-related lncRNAs and patient prognosis in KIRC, underscoring their potential as prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. The differential expression of these lncRNAs in tumor versus normal tissue further highlights their relevance in KIRC pathogenesis. The predictive model not only enhances our understanding of KIRC biology but also provides a novel stratification tool for precision medicine approaches, improving treatment personalization and outcomes in KIRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangjie Xu
- Central Laboratory Department, Binhai County People's Hospital, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yancheng, China
| | - Dongling Li
- Nephrology Department, Binhai County People's Hospital, Yancheng, China
| | - Kangkang Ji
- Central Laboratory Department, Binhai County People's Hospital, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yancheng, China
| | - Yanhua Zhang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Binhai County People's Hospital, Yancheng, China
| | - Minglei Zhang
- Oncology Department, Binhai County People's Hospital, Yancheng, China
| | - Hai Zhou
- Science and Education Department, Binhai County People's Hospital, Yancheng, China
| | - Xuefeng Hou
- Central Laboratory Department, Binhai County People's Hospital, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yancheng, China
| | - Jian Jiang
- Central Laboratory Department, Binhai County People's Hospital, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yancheng, China
| | - Zihang Zhang
- Pathology Department, Binhai County People's Hospital, Yancheng, China
| | - Hua Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Noncoding RNA Research, Yangzhou University Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hang Sun
- Urology Department, Binhai County People's Hospital, Yancheng, China.
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Park CL, Moria FA, Ghosh S, Wood L, Bjarnason GA, Bhindi B, Heng DYC, Castonguay V, Pouliot F, Kollmannsberger CK, Bosse D, Basappa NS, Finelli A, Fallah-Rad N, Breau RH, Lalani AKA, Tanguay S, Graham J, Saleh RR. Impact of Timing of Immunotherapy and Cytoreductive Nephrectomy in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: Real-World Data on Survival Outcomes from the CKCis Database. Curr Oncol 2024; 31:4704-4712. [PMID: 39195334 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol31080351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy-based systemic treatment (ST) is the standard of care for most patients diagnosed with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). Cytoreductive nephrectomy (CN) has historically shown benefit for select patients with mRCC, but its role and timing are not well understood in the era of immunotherapy. The primary objective of this study is to assess outcomes in patients who received ST only, CN followed by ST (CN-ST), and ST followed by CN (ST-CN). The Canadian Kidney Cancer information system (CKCis) database was queried to identify patients with de novo mRCC who received immunotherapy-based ST between January 2014 and June 2023. These patients were classified into three categories as described above. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the impact of the timing of ST and CN on overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS), after adjusting for the International Metastatic RCC Database Consortium (IMDC) risk group, age, and comorbidities. Best overall response and complications of ST and CN for these cohorts were collected. A total of 588 patients were included in this study: 331 patients received ST only, 215 patients received CN-ST, and 42 patients received ST-CN. Patient and disease characteristics including age, gender, performance status, IMDC risk category, comorbidity, histology, type of ST, and metastatic sites are reported. OS analysis favored patients who received ST-CN (hazard ratio [HR] 0.30, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.13-0.68) and CN-ST (HR 0.68, CI 0.47-0.97) over patients who received ST only. PFS analysis showed a similar trend for ST-CN (HR 0.45, CI 0.26-0.77) and CN-ST (HR 0.9, CI 0.68-1.17). This study examined baseline features and outcomes associated with the use and timing of CN and ST using real-world data via a large Canadian real-world cohort. Patients selected to receive CN after ST demonstrated improved outcomes. There were no appreciable differences in perioperative complications across groups. Limitations include the small number of patients in the ST-CN group and residual confounding and selection biases that may influence the outcomes in patients undergoing CN.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Feras Ayman Moria
- McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Sunita Ghosh
- Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Lori Wood
- Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 3A7, Canada
| | | | - Bimal Bhindi
- Southern Alberta Institute of Urology, Calgary, AB T2V 1P9, Canada
| | | | | | - Frederic Pouliot
- Department of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | | | - Dominick Bosse
- Division of Oncology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Naveen S Basappa
- Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Antonio Finelli
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre UHN, Toronto, ON M4W 1H7, Canada
| | | | - Rodney H Breau
- Division of Oncology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Aly-Khan A Lalani
- Juravinski Cancer Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Simon Tanguay
- McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Graham
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Ramy R Saleh
- McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
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Ornstein MC, Rosenblatt LC, Yin X, Del Tejo V, Guttenplan SB, Ejzykowicz F, Beusterien K, Will O, Mackie DS, Skiles G, DeCongelio M. Treatment Preferences Among Patients with Renal Cell Carcinoma: Results from a Discrete Choice Experiment. Patient Prefer Adherence 2024; 18:1729-1739. [PMID: 39161803 PMCID: PMC11332422 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s460994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The treatment landscape for advanced/metastatic renal cell carcinoma (aRCC) has evolved quickly with the introduction of immunotherapies as a first-line treatment option. This study examined the preferences of patients with aRCC to better understand the characteristics of preferred treatments and the tradeoffs patients are willing to make when choosing treatment. Methods and Materials An online, cross-sectional survey was conducted in the US from May to August 2022 with adult patients with aRCC. A discrete-choice experiment assessed treatment preferences for aRCC. Attributes were identified through literature review and qualitative interviews and included progression-free survival, survival time, objective response rate, duration of response, risk of serious side effects, quality of life (QoL), and treatment regimen. Results Survey results from 299 patients with aRCC were analyzed. Patients had a mean age of 55.7 years, were primarily White (50.5%) and were evenly representative of males (49.8%) and females (48.8%). Improvements in all attributes influenced treatment choice. On average, increasing survival time from 10% to 55% was most important, followed by improvements in QoL (ie, from worsens a lot to improves) and improvements to treatment regimen convenience (ie, less frequent infusions). Risk of serious adverse events and increased progression-free time, objective response rate (ORR), and duration of response (DOR) were of lesser importance. Conclusion In this study, patients highlighted that improving survival time was the most important and that QoL is also an important consideration. Discussions during treatment decision-making may benefit from broader conversations around treatment characteristics, including impacts on QoL and convenience of the regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xin Yin
- Global HEOR Oncology, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Oliver Will
- Real World Evidence, Oracle Life Sciences, Austin, TX, USA
| | | | - Grace Skiles
- Real World Evidence, Oracle Life Sciences, Austin, TX, USA
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Ishihara H, Nemoto Y, Mizoguchi S, Nishimura K, Ikeda T, Fukuda H, Yoshida K, Shimmura H, Hashimoto Y, Iizuka J, Kondo T, Takagi T. Changes in outcome of patients with advanced non-clear cell renal cell carcinoma from the tyrosine kinase inhibitor era to the immuno-oncology era. Int J Clin Oncol 2024:10.1007/s10147-024-02606-z. [PMID: 39143429 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-024-02606-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The therapeutic benefit of immuno-oncology (IO) therapy for patients with advanced non-clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (nccRCC) remains unclear. PATIENTS AND METHODS We reviewed clinical data from 93 patients with advanced nccRCC who received first-line systemic therapy including IO combination therapy and tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) monotherapy at our affiliated institutions. Patients were divided based on the period when the treatment was implemented as the standard of care into the IO and TKI eras. Survival and tumor response outcomes were compared between the IO and TKI eras. RESULTS Of the 93 patients, 50 (54%) and 43 (46%) were categorized as IO era and TKI era groups, respectively. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were significantly longer in the IO era than in the TKI era (median PFS: 8.97 vs. 4.96 months, p = 0.0152; median OS: 38.4 vs. 13.5 months, p = 0.0001). After the adjustment using other covariates, the treatment era was an independent factor for PFS (hazard ratio: 0.59, p = 0.0235) and OS (hazard ratio: 0.27, p < 0.0001). Objective response and disease control rates was not significantly different between the treatment eras (26% vs. 16.3%, p = 0.268; 62% vs. 62.8%, p = 0.594). CONCLUSION The implementation of IO therapy was significantly associated with longer survival in the nccRCC population. Further studies are needed to establish a more effective treatment strategy in this population using multiple regimens of IO combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ishihara
- Department of Urology, Saiseikai Kawaguchi General Hospital, 5-11-5 Nishikawaguchi, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan.
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yuki Nemoto
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Urology, Jyoban Hospital, Uenodai 57, Joban Kamiyunagayamachi, Iwaki, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Mizoguchi
- Department of Urology, Saiseikai Kazo Hospital, 1680 Kamitakayanagi, Kazo, Saitama, Japan
| | - Koichi Nishimura
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University Adachi Medical Center, 4-33-1 Kouhoku, Adachi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Ikeda
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hironori Fukuda
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yoshida
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shimmura
- Department of Urology, Jyoban Hospital, Uenodai 57, Joban Kamiyunagayamachi, Iwaki, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Hashimoto
- Department of Urology, Saiseikai Kawaguchi General Hospital, 5-11-5 Nishikawaguchi, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Junpei Iizuka
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsunenori Kondo
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University Adachi Medical Center, 4-33-1 Kouhoku, Adachi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshio Takagi
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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El Zarif T, Semaan K, Xie W, Eid M, Zarba M, Issa W, Zhang T, Nguyen CB, Alva A, Fahey CC, Beckermann KE, Karam JA, Campbell MT, Procopio G, Stellato M, Buti S, Zemankova A, Melichar B, Massari F, Mollica V, Venugopal B, Ebrahimi H, de Velasco G, Gurney HP, De Giorgi U, Parikh O, Winquist E, Master V, Garcia AR, Cutuli HJ, Ferguson TR, Gross-Goupil M, Baca SC, Pal SK, Braun DA, McKay RR, Heng DYC, Choueiri TK. First-line Systemic Therapy Following Adjuvant Immunotherapy in Renal Cell Carcinoma: An International Multicenter Study. Eur Urol 2024:S0302-2838(24)02499-0. [PMID: 39147674 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2024.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Adjuvant pembrolizumab significantly improved overall survival (OS) in renal cell carcinoma (RCC), but real-world data on sequential treatment are scarce. We sought to evaluate the clinical outcomes of first-line (1L) systemic therapy following adjuvant immune oncology (IO)-based regimens. METHODS A retrospective study including patients with recurrent RCC following adjuvant IO across 29 international institutions was conducted. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS) on 1L systemic therapy estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Preplanned subanalyses of clinical outcomes by type of 1L systemic therapy, recurrence timing, and International Metastatic RCC Database Consortium (IMDC) risk groups were performed. Treatment-related adverse events leading to treatment discontinuation, dose reduction, or corticosteroid use were assessed. KEY FINDINGS AND LIMITATIONS A total of 94 patients were included. Most received adjuvant pembrolizumab (n = 37, 39%), atezolizumab (n = 28, 30%), or nivolumab + ipilimumab (n = 15, 16%). The cohort included 49 (52%) patients who had recurrence within 3 mo of the last adjuvant IO dose, whereas 45 (48%) recurred beyond 3 mo. Bone metastases were significantly higher in tumors recurring at <3 mo (10/49, 20%) than those recurring at >3 mo (1/45, 2.2%; p = 0.008). Most patients received 1L vascular endothelial growth factor-targeted therapy (VEGF-TT; n = 37, 39%), IO + VEGF-TT (n = 26, 28%), or IO + IO (n = 12, 13%). The remaining underwent local therapy. The median follow-up for the 1L systemic therapy cohort was 15 mo. The 18-mo PFS and OS rates were 45% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 34-60) and 85% (95% CI: 75-95), respectively. Treatment-related adverse events occurred in 32 (42%) patients and included skin toxicity (n = 7, 9.2%), fatigue (n = 6, 7.9%), and diarrhea/colitis (n = 4, 5.3%). Limitations included selecting patients from large academic centers and the short follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS A subset of patients with recurrent RCC following adjuvant IO respond to systemic therapies, including VEGF-TT and IO-based regimens. Notably, patients with favorable-risk disease may derive more benefit from VEGF-TT than from IO therapies in this setting. Future approaches utilizing radiographic tools and biomarker-based liquid biopsies are warranted to detect occult metastatic disease and identify candidate patients for adjuvant IO therapy. PATIENT SUMMARY Adjuvant pembrolizumab significantly improved overall survival in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). There are limited data on clinical outcomes after the recurrence of RCC tumors following adjuvant immunotherapy. In this study, we find that patients respond to subsequent systemic therapies across different treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talal El Zarif
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karl Semaan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wanling Xie
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marc Eid
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martin Zarba
- Tom Baker Cancer Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Wadih Issa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Tian Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Charles B Nguyen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ajjai Alva
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Catherine C Fahey
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kathryn E Beckermann
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jose A Karam
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Matthew T Campbell
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Giuseppe Procopio
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Stellato
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Buti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Anezka Zemankova
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Bohuslav Melichar
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Francesco Massari
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Veronica Mollica
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Balaji Venugopal
- Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow, UK; University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Hedyeh Ebrahimi
- Department of Medical Oncology and Experimental Therapeutics, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Ugo De Giorgi
- IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Meldola, Italy
| | - Omi Parikh
- Royal Preston Hospital-Lancashire Teaching Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Preston, UK
| | - Eric Winquist
- The Verspeeten Family Cancer Centre at London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Viraj Master
- Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Thomas Robert Ferguson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Marine Gross-Goupil
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sylvan C Baca
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sumanta K Pal
- Department of Medical Oncology and Experimental Therapeutics, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - David A Braun
- Center of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rana R McKay
- Department of Medical Oncology, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Y C Heng
- Tom Baker Cancer Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Toni K Choueiri
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
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Beulque Y, Kinget L, Roussel E, Mobaraki S, Laenen A, Debruyne PR, Van Herck Y, Baldewijns M, Wozniak A, Garg AD, Zucman-Rossi J, Couchy G, Albersen M, De Wever L, Haaker L, Beuselinck B. Baseline neutrophil-to-eosinophil-ratio and outcome in metastatic clear-cell renal cell carcinoma treated with nivolumab or ipilimumab/nivolumab. Acta Oncol 2024; 63:658-668. [PMID: 39129249 PMCID: PMC11332468 DOI: 10.2340/1651-226x.2024.40390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE This study aims to evaluate neutrophil-to-eosinophil ratio (NER) as a prognostic and/or predictive biomarker in metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (m-ccRCC) treated with nivolumab or ipilimumab/nivolumab. PATIENTS/MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a retrospective study on m-ccRCC patients treated with nivolumab or ipilimumab/nivolumab (2012-2022). Baseline NER was calculated and correlated with clinical outcomes: response rate (RR), progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Corresponding transcriptomic data were analysed. RESULTS We included 201 m-ccRCC patients, 76 treated with ipilimumab/nivolumab and 125 with nivolumab. Baseline NER was statistically significantly associated with International Metastatic RCC Database Consortium (IMDC) risk groups. Increased NER was associated with shorter PFS and OS in the total patient series and nivolumab-treated patients. In patients treated with ipilimumab/nivolumab, increased NER was only statistically significantly associated with shorter OS. The impact of baseline NER on PFS and OS was independent of IMDC risk stratification. No clear correlation was found between baseline NER and RECIST response or maximal tumour shrinkage. In two additional databases, NER was also associated with PFS and OS in first-line vascular-endothelial-growth-factor-receptor tyrosine-kinase-inhibitors (VEGFR-TKIs), but not to disease-free survival in the post-nephrectomy setting. Lower NER was associated with intratumoural molecular features possibly associated with better outcome on immune checkpoint inhibitors. INTERPRETATION Lower baseline NER is associated with better PFS and OS, independent of IMDC risk score, in m-ccRCC patients treated with ipilimumab/nivolumab or nivolumab. It correlates with intratumoural molecular features possibly associated with better outcome on immune checkpoint inhibitors. The predictive power of this biomarker is probably limited and insufficient for patient selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Beulque
- Department of General Medical Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lisa Kinget
- Department of General Medical Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eduard Roussel
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sajedeh Mobaraki
- Department of General Medical Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Philip R Debruyne
- Department of General Medical Oncology, AZ Groeninge, Kortrijk, Belgium; Medical Technology Research Centre (MTRC), School of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK; School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Yannick Van Herck
- Department of General Medical Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Abhishek D Garg
- Laboratory of Cell Stress & Immunity (CSI), Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jessica Zucman-Rossi
- Inserm, UMRS-1138, Génomique fonctionnelle des tumeurs solides, Centre de recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Gabrielle Couchy
- Inserm, UMRS-1138, Génomique fonctionnelle des tumeurs solides, Centre de recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Maarten Albersen
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth De Wever
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lorenz Haaker
- Department of Medical Oncology, AZ Sint Lucas, Brugge, Belgium
| | - Benoit Beuselinck
- Department of General Medical Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Tannir NM, Formiga MN, Penkov K, Kislov N, Vasiliev A, Gunnar Skare N, Hong W, Dai S, Tang L, Qureshi A, Zalevsky J, Tagliaferri MA, George D, Agarwal N, Pal S. Bempegaldesleukin Plus Nivolumab Versus Sunitinib or Cabozantinib in Previously Untreated Advanced Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Phase III Randomized Study (PIVOT-09). J Clin Oncol 2024; 42:2800-2811. [PMID: 38838287 DOI: 10.1200/jco.23.02082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Bempegaldesleukin (BEMPEG) is a pegylated interleukin (IL)-2 cytokine prodrug engineered to provide controlled and sustained activation of the clinically validated IL-2 pathway, with the goal of preferentially activating and expanding effector CD8+ T cells and natural killer cells over immunosuppressive regulator T cells in the tumor microenvironment. The open-label, phase III randomized controlled PIVOT-09 trial investigated the efficacy and safety of BEMPEG plus nivolumab (NIVO) as first-line treatment for advanced/metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) with intermediate-/poor-risk disease. METHODS Patients with previously untreated advanced/metastatic ccRCC were randomly assigned (1:1) to BEMPEG plus NIVO, or investigator's choice of tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI; sunitinib or cabozantinib). Coprimary end points were objective response rate (ORR) by blinded independent central review and overall survival (OS) in patients with International Metastatic RCC Database Consortium (IMDC) intermediate-/poor-risk disease. RESULTS Overall, 623 patients were randomly assigned to BEMPEG plus NIVO (n = 311) or TKI (n = 312; sunitinib n = 225, cabozantinib n = 87), of whom 514 (82.5%) had IMDC intermediate-/poor-risk disease. In patients with IMDC intermediate-/poor-risk disease, ORR with BEMPEG plus NIVO versus TKI was 23.0% (95% CI, 18.0 to 28.7) versus 30.6% (95% CI, 25.1 to 36.6; difference, -7.7 [95% CI, -15.2 to -0.2]; P = .0489), and median OS was 29.0 months versus not estimable (hazard ratio, 0.82 [95% CI, 0.61 to 1.10]; P = .192), respectively. More frequent all-grade treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) with BEMPEG plus NIVO versus TKI included pyrexia (32.6% v 2.0%) and pruritus (31.3% v 8.8%). Grade 3/4 TRAEs were less frequent with BEMPEG plus NIVO (25.8%) versus TKI (56.5%). CONCLUSION First-line BEMPEG plus NIVO for advanced/metastatic ccRCC did not improve efficacy in patients with intermediate-/poor-risk disease but led to fewer grade 3/4 TRAEs versus TKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nizar M Tannir
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | - Konstantin Penkov
- Private Medical Institution Euromedservice, St Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Nikolay Kislov
- Regional Clinical Oncology Hospital, Yaroslavl, Russian Federation
| | | | - Nils Gunnar Skare
- Paraná Institute of Oncology, and Hospital Erasto Gaertner, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | | | - Lily Tang
- Nektar Therapeutics, San Francisco, CA
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Du EX, Betts KA, Wang T, Kitchen SA, He X, Yin X, Guttenplan SB, Beauchamp K, Delgado A, Rosenblatt L. Long-Term Temporal Trends of Real-World Healthcare Costs Associated with Nivolumab Plus Ipilimumab and Pembrolizumab Plus Axitinib as First-Line Treatment for Advanced or Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma. Oncol Ther 2024:10.1007/s40487-024-00297-0. [PMID: 39127872 DOI: 10.1007/s40487-024-00297-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nivolumab plus ipilimumab (NIVO + IPI) and pembrolizumab plus axitinib (PEM + AXI) are first-line (1L) treatments for advanced or metastatic renal cell carcinoma (aRCC), although the long-term trends in their associated real-world healthcare costs are not well defined. We compared the real-world healthcare costs of patients with aRCC who received 1L NIVO + IPI or PEM + AXI over 24 months. METHODS Adults with RCC and secondary malignancy who initiated 1L NIVO + IPI or PEM + AXI were identified in the Merative MarketScan Commercial and Medicare Supplemental Databases (01/01/2004 to 09/30/2021). All-cause and RCC-related healthcare costs (unadjusted and adjusted) were assessed per patient per month (PPPM) at 6-month intervals post-treatment initiation (index date) up to 24 months, and differences between the NIVO + IPI and PEM + AXI cohorts were compared. RESULTS Of 325 patients with aRCC, 219 received NIVO + IPI and 106 received PEM + AXI as the 1L treatment. According to patients' follow-up length, the analyses for months 7-12 included 210 patients in the NIVO + IPI cohort and 103 in the PEM + AXI cohort; months 13-18 included 119 and 48 patients, respectively; and months 19-24 included 81 and 25 patients. PPPM unadjusted all-cause total costs were $46,348 for NIVO + IPI and $38,097 for PEM + AXI in months 1-6; $26,840 versus $27,983, respectively, in months 7-12; $22,899 versus $25,137 in months 13-18; and $22,279 versus $27,947 in months 19-24. PPPM unadjusted RCC-related costs were $44,059 for NIVO + IPI and $36,456 for PEM + AXI in months 1-6; $25,144 versus $26,692, respectively, in months 7-12; $21,645 versus $23,709 in months 13-18; and $20,486 versus $25,515 in months 19-24. PPPM costs declined more rapidly for patients receiving NIVO + IPI compared to those receiving PEM + AXI, resulting in significantly lower all-cause costs associated with NIVO + IPI during months 19-24 (difference - $10,914 [95% confidence interval - $21,436, - $1091]) and RCC-related costs during months 7-12 (- $4747 [(- $8929, - $512]) and 19-24 (- $10,261 [- $20,842, - $421]) after adjustment. Cost savings for NIVO + IPI versus PEM + AXI were driven by differences in drug costs which, after adjustment, were significantly lower in months 7-12 (difference - $5555 [all-cause], - $5689 [RCC-related]); 13-18 (- $7217 and - $6870, respectively); and 19-24 (- $16,682 and - $16,125). CONCLUSION Although the real-world PPPM healthcare costs of 1L NIVO + IPI were higher compared with PEM + AXI in the first 6 months of treatment, the costs associated with NIVO + IPI rapidly declined thereafter, resulting in significantly lower costs vs. PEM + AXI from months 7 to 24.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xuanhao He
- Analysis Group, Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xin Yin
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
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Su X, Li J, Xu X, Ye Y, Wang C, Pang G, Liu W, Liu A, Zhao C, Hao X. Strategies to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of anti-PD-1 antibody, anti-PD-L1 antibody and anti-CTLA-4 antibody in cancer therapy. J Transl Med 2024; 22:751. [PMID: 39123227 PMCID: PMC11316358 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05552-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Although immune checkpoint inhibitors (anti-PD-1 antibody, anti-PD-L1 antibody, and anti-CTLA-4 antibody) have displayed considerable success in the treatment of malignant tumors, the therapeutic effect is still unsatisfactory for a portion of patients. Therefore, it is imperative to develop strategies to enhance the effect of these ICIs. Increasing evidence strongly suggests that the key to this issue is to transform the tumor immune microenvironment from a state of no or low immune infiltration to a state of high immune infiltration and enhance the tumor cell-killing effect of T cells. Therefore, some combination strategies have been proposed and this review appraise a summary of 39 strategies aiming at enhancing the effectiveness of ICIs, which comprise combining 10 clinical approaches and 29 foundational research strategies. Moreover, this review improves the comprehensive understanding of combination therapy with ICIs and inspires novel ideas for tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Su
- The First Clinical Medical College of Gansu University of Chinese Medicine (Gansu Provincial Hospital), Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Department of General Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital, No. 204 Donggang West Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jian Li
- The First Clinical Medical College of Gansu University of Chinese Medicine (Gansu Provincial Hospital), Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Department of General Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital, No. 204 Donggang West Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- The First Clinical Medical College of Gansu University of Chinese Medicine (Gansu Provincial Hospital), Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Department of General Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital, No. 204 Donggang West Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Youbao Ye
- The First Clinical Medical College of Gansu University of Chinese Medicine (Gansu Provincial Hospital), Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Department of General Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital, No. 204 Donggang West Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Cailiu Wang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Gansu University of Chinese Medicine (Gansu Provincial Hospital), Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Department of General Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital, No. 204 Donggang West Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Guanglong Pang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Gansu University of Chinese Medicine (Gansu Provincial Hospital), Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Department of General Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital, No. 204 Donggang West Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Wenxiu Liu
- The First Clinical Medical College of Gansu University of Chinese Medicine (Gansu Provincial Hospital), Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Department of General Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital, No. 204 Donggang West Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Ang Liu
- The First Clinical Medical College of Gansu University of Chinese Medicine (Gansu Provincial Hospital), Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Department of General Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital, No. 204 Donggang West Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Changchun Zhao
- The First Clinical Medical College of Gansu University of Chinese Medicine (Gansu Provincial Hospital), Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Department of General Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital, No. 204 Donggang West Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiangyong Hao
- Department of General Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital, No. 204 Donggang West Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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Koirala M, DiPaola M. Overcoming Cancer Resistance: Strategies and Modalities for Effective Treatment. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1801. [PMID: 39200265 PMCID: PMC11351918 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12081801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Resistance to cancer drugs is a complex phenomenon that poses a significant challenge in the treatment of various malignancies. This review comprehensively explores cancer resistance mechanisms and discusses emerging strategies and modalities to overcome this obstacle. Many factors contribute to cancer resistance, including genetic mutations, activation of alternative signaling pathways, and alterations in the tumor microenvironment. Innovative approaches, such as targeted protein degradation, immunotherapy combinations, precision medicine, and novel drug delivery systems, hold promise for improving treatment outcomes. Understanding the intricacies of cancer resistance and leveraging innovative modalities are essential for advancing cancer therapy.
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Angulo JC, Larrinaga G, Lecumberri D, Iturregui AM, Solano-Iturri JD, Lawrie CH, Armesto M, Dorado JF, Nunes-Xavier CE, Pulido R, Manini C, López JI. Predicting Survival of Metastatic Clear Cell Renal Cell Cancer Treated with VEGFR-TKI-Based Sequential Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2786. [PMID: 39199559 PMCID: PMC11352619 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16162786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Revised: 08/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Objective: To develop a clinically useful nomogram that may provide a more individualized and accurate estimation of cancer-specific survival (CSS) for patients with clear-cell (CC) metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) treated with nephrectomy and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (VEGFR-TKI)-based sequential therapy. (2) Methods: A prospectively maintained database of 145 patients with mRCC treated between 2008 and 2018 was analyzed to predict the CSS of patients receiving sunitinib and second- and third-line therapies according to current standards of practice. A nomogram based on four independent clinical predictors (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group status, International Metastatic RCC Database Consortium score, the Morphology, Attenuation, Size and Structure criteria and Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors response criteria) was calculated. The corresponding 1- to 10-year CSS probabilities were then determined from the nomogram. (3) Results: The median age was 60 years (95% CI 57.9-61.4). The disease was metastatic at diagnosis in 59 (40.7%), and 86 (59.3%) developed metastasis during follow-up. Patients were followed for a median 48 (IQR 72; 95% CI 56-75.7) months after first-line VEGFR-TKI initiation. The concordance probability estimator value for the nomogram is 0.778 ± 0.02 (mean ± SE). (4) Conclusions: A nomogram to predict CSS in patients with CC mRCC that incorporates patient status, clinical risk classification and response criteria to first-line VEGFR-TKI at 3 months is presented. This new tool may be useful to clinicians assessing the risk and prognosis of patients with mRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier C. Angulo
- Clinical Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, European University of Madrid, 28905 Getafe, Spain
| | - Gorka Larrinaga
- Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (C.E.N.-X.); (R.P.); (J.I.L.)
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - David Lecumberri
- Department of Urology, Urduliz University Hospital, 48610 Urduliz, Spain; (D.L.); (A.M.I.)
| | - Ane Miren Iturregui
- Department of Urology, Urduliz University Hospital, 48610 Urduliz, Spain; (D.L.); (A.M.I.)
| | | | - Charles H. Lawrie
- Molecular Oncology Group, Biogipuzkoa Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain; (C.H.L.); (M.A.)
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Sino-Swiss Institute of Advanced Technology (SSIAT), Shanghai University, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - María Armesto
- Molecular Oncology Group, Biogipuzkoa Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain; (C.H.L.); (M.A.)
| | - Juan F. Dorado
- PeRTICA Statistical Solutions, Plaza de la Constitución, 2, 28943 Fuenlabrada, Spain;
| | - Caroline E. Nunes-Xavier
- Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (C.E.N.-X.); (R.P.); (J.I.L.)
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Rafael Pulido
- Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (C.E.N.-X.); (R.P.); (J.I.L.)
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Claudia Manini
- Pathology Department, S. Giovanni Bosco Hospital, 10154 Turin, Italy;
| | - José I. López
- Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (C.E.N.-X.); (R.P.); (J.I.L.)
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Yu J, Park R, Tojjari A, Sadeghipour A, Saeed A, Saeed A. Zanzalintinib (XL092): a next-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor-comprehensive review of early safety & efficacy data. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2024:1-9. [PMID: 39099411 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2024.2388571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Zanzalintinib (XL092) is a next-generation anti-VEGFR-related multi-targeted TKI that exhibits immunomodulatory effects. AREAS COVERED This review explores preclinical and clinical data, along with the future directions associated with zanzalintinib and its combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). EXPERT OPINION In addition to its anti-VEGFR activity, zanzalintinib demonstrates potential synergistic effects with ICIs through its immunomodulatory impact, attributed to its inhibition of MET and TAM kinases. Recent preclinical studies provide compelling evidence supporting this synergistic potential. Furthermore, a recent phase 1 dose escalation study confirmed the tolerability of the zanzalintinib and anti-PDL1 combination without major safety concerns.Multiple ongoing clinical trials are investigating the combination of zanzalintinib and ICIs across various solid tumor types, including phase 3 studies for renal cell carcinoma, colorectal, and head and neck cancer. These trials aim to elucidate the therapeutic role of this new-generation TKI and ICI combination.However, the identification of reliable predictive biomarkers for the zanzalintinib and ICI combination presents significant challenges. Given the intricate nature of their mechanistic rationale and the difficulties in identifying reliable biomarkers for combined anti-angiogenesis and ICI therapies, addressing this challenge remains a priority for ongoing and future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Yu
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Robin Park
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Alireza Tojjari
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Arezoo Sadeghipour
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Saeed
- Department of Medicine, Ochsner Lafayette General Medical Center, Lafayette, LA, USA
| | - Anwaar Saeed
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Kim NH, Lee J, Kim SH, Kang SH, Bae S, Yu CH, Seo J, Kim HT. ALK5/VEGFR2 dual inhibitor TU2218 alone or in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors enhances immune-mediated antitumor effects. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2024; 73:190. [PMID: 39105882 PMCID: PMC11303640 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-024-03777-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) is present in blood of patients who do not respond to anti-programmed cell death (ligand) 1 [PD-(L)1] treatment, and through synergy with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), it helps to create an environment that promotes tumor immune evasion and immune tolerance. Therefore, simultaneous inhibition of TGFβ/VEGF is more effective than targeting TGFβ alone. In this study, the dual inhibitory mechanism of TU2218 was identified through in vitro analysis mimicking the tumor microenvironment, and its antitumor effects were analyzed using mouse syngeneic tumor models. TU2218 directly restored the activity of damaged cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer cells inhibited by TGFβ and suppressed the activity and viability of regulatory T cells. The inactivation of endothelial cells induced by VEGF stimulation was completely ameliorated by TU2218, an effect not observed with vactosertib, which inhibits only TGFβ signaling. The combination of TU2218 and anti-PD1 therapy had a significantly greater antitumor effect than either drug alone in the poorly immunogenic B16F10 syngeneic tumor model. The mechanism of tumor reduction was confirmed by flow cytometry, which showed upregulated VCAM-1 expression in vascular cells and increased influx of CD8 + CTLs into the tumor. As another strategy, combination of anti-CTLA4 therapy and TU2218 resulted in high complete regression (CR) rates in CT26 and WEHI-164 tumor models. In particular, immunological memory generated by the combination of anti-CTLA4 and TU2218 in the CT26 model prevented the development of tumors after additional tumor cell transplantation, suggesting that the TU2218-based combination has therapeutic potential in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam-Hoon Kim
- TiumBio Co., Ltd. Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Lee
- TiumBio Co., Ltd. Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Kim
- TiumBio Co., Ltd. Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Ho Kang
- TiumBio Co., Ltd. Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sowon Bae
- TiumBio Co., Ltd. Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Hee Yu
- TiumBio Co., Ltd. Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongmin Seo
- TiumBio Co., Ltd. Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun-Taek Kim
- TiumBio Co., Ltd. Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
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