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Alderman C, Anderson R, Zhang L, Hughes CJ, Li X, Ebmeier C, Wagley ME, Ahn NG, Ford HL, Zhao R. Biochemical characterization of the Eya and PP2A-B55α interaction. J Biol Chem 2024:107408. [PMID: 38796066 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The Eyes Absent (Eya) proteins were first identified as co-activators of the Six homeobox family of transcription factors and are critical in embryonic development. These proteins are also re-expressed in cancers after development is complete, where they drive tumor progression. We have previously shown that the Eya3 N-terminal domain (NTD) contains Ser/Thr phosphatase activity through an interaction with the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A)-B55α holoenzyme, and that this interaction increases the half-life of Myc through pT58 dephosphorylation. Here we showed that Eya3 directly interacted with the NTD of Myc, recruiting PP2A-B55α to Myc. We also showed that Eya3 increased the Ser/Thr phosphatase activity of PP2A-B55α but not PP2A-B56α. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the NTD (∼250 amino acids) of Eya3 was completely disordered, and it used a 38-residue segment to interact with B55α. In addition, knockdown and phosphoproteomic analyses demonstrated that Eya3 and B55α affected highly similar phosphosite motifs with a preference for Ser/Thr followed by Pro, consistent with Eya3's apparent Ser/Thr phosphatase activity being mediated through its interaction with PP2A-B55α. Intriguingly, mutating this Pro to other amino acids in a Myc peptide dramatically increased dephosphorylation by PP2A. Not surprisingly, MycP59A, a naturally occurring mutation hotspot in several cancers, enhanced Eya3-PP2A-B55α mediated dephosphorylation of pT58 on Myc, leading to increased Myc stability and cell proliferation, underscoring the critical role of this phosphosite in regulating Myc stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Alderman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045; Molecular Biology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Ryan Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Lingdi Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045; Current address: Arnatar Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121
| | - Connor J Hughes
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045; Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Xueni Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Chris Ebmeier
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Marisa E Wagley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Natalie G Ahn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Heide L Ford
- Molecular Biology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045; Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045; Molecular Biology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
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Hughes CJ, Alderman C, Wolin AR, Fields KM, Zhao R, Ford HL. All eyes on Eya: A unique transcriptional co-activator and phosphatase in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189098. [PMID: 38555001 PMCID: PMC11111358 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
The Eya family of proteins (consisting of Eyas1-4 in mammals) play vital roles in embryogenesis by regulating processes such as proliferation, migration/invasion, cellular survival and pluripotency/plasticity of epithelial and mesenchymal states. Eya proteins carry out such diverse functions through a unique combination of transcriptional co-factor, Tyr phosphatase, and PP2A/B55α-mediated Ser/Thr phosphatase activities. Since their initial discovery, re-expression of Eyas has been observed in numerous tumor types, where they are known to promote tumor progression through a combination of their transcriptional and enzymatic activities. Eya proteins thus reinstate developmental processes during malignancy and represent a compelling class of therapeutic targets for inhibiting tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor J Hughes
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America; Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - Christopher Alderman
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America; Molecular Biology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - Arthur R Wolin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America; Molecular Biology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - Kaiah M Fields
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America; Molecular Biology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - Rui Zhao
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America; Molecular Biology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America.
| | - Heide L Ford
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America; Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America; Molecular Biology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America.
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3
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Rafiq A, Aashaq S, Jan I, Ali M, Rakshan R, Bashir A, Haq E, Beigh MA. GSK3β phosphorylates Six1 transcription factor and regulates its APC/C Cdh1 mediated proteosomal degradation. Cell Signal 2024; 115:111030. [PMID: 38163577 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.111030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Sine oculis homeobox homolog 1 (Six1) is a developmentally important transcription factor that regulates cellular proliferation, apoptosis, and dissemination during embryogenesis. Six1 overexpression as reported in multiple cancers modulates expression of a repertoire of its target genes causing an increase in proliferation, metastasis and survival of cancer cells. Six1 exists as a cell cycle regulated nuclear phosphoprotein and its cellular turnover is regulated by APC/C (Anaphase promoting complex / Cyclosome) complex mediated proteolysis. However, the kinases that regulate Six1 proteolysis have not been identified and the mechanistic details that cause its overproduction in various cancers are lacking. Here, we report that Six1 is a physiological GSK3β substrate. GSK3β interacts with Six1 and phosphorylates it at Ser221 within the conserved consensus sequence in its carboxy terminus. Using pharmacological inhibition, siRNA mediated knockdown and protein overexpression of GSK3β; we show that GSK3β regulates Six1 protein stability. Pulse chase analysis of Six1 revealed that GSK3β regulates its ubiquitin proteolysis such that Six1 phosphomimicking mutant (Six1S221E) for Ser221 site had dramatically increased half-life than its phosphodeficient (Six1S221A) and wild type variants. Furthermore, we demonstrate that GSK3β rescues Six1 from APC dependent proteolysis by regulating its binding with APC/C co-activator protein Cdh1. Importantly, strong positive correlation exists between GSK3β and Six1 protein levels throughout the cell cycle and in multiple cancers indicating that GSK3β activation may in part contribute to Six1 overproduction in a subset of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Rafiq
- Department of Nanotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir-, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Sabreena Aashaq
- Department of Nanotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir-, Srinagar 190006, India; Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, SKIMS, Srinagar 190011, India
| | - Iqra Jan
- Department of Nanotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir-, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Mahvish Ali
- Department of Nanotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir-, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Rabia Rakshan
- Department of Nanotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir-, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Asma Bashir
- Faculty of Biology, Fatima College of Health Sciences, Al-Raqaib 2, Ajman 3798, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ehtishamul Haq
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir-, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Mushtaq A Beigh
- Department of Nanotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir-, Srinagar 190006, India.
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4
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Hughes CJ, Fields KM, Danis EP, Hsu JY, Neelakantan D, Vincent MY, Gustafson AL, Oliphant MJ, Sreekanth V, Zaberezhnyy V, Costello JC, Jedlicka P, Ford HL. SIX1 and EWS/FLI1 co-regulate an anti-metastatic gene network in Ewing Sarcoma. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4357. [PMID: 37468459 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39945-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma (ES), which is characterized by the presence of oncogenic fusion proteins such as EWS/FLI1, is an aggressive pediatric malignancy with a high rate of early dissemination and poor outcome after distant spread. Here we demonstrate that the SIX1 homeoprotein, which enhances metastasis in most tumor types, suppresses ES metastasis by co-regulating EWS/FLI1 target genes. Like EWS/FLI1, SIX1 promotes cell growth/transformation, yet dramatically inhibits migration and invasion, as well as metastasis in vivo. We show that EWS/FLI1 promotes SIX1 protein expression, and that the two proteins share genome-wide binding profiles and transcriptional regulatory targets, including many metastasis-associated genes such as integrins, which they co-regulate. We further show that SIX1 downregulation of integrins is critical to its ability to inhibit invasion, a key characteristic of metastatic cells. These data demonstrate an unexpected anti-metastatic function for SIX1, through coordinate gene regulation with the key oncoprotein in ES, EWS/FLI1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor J Hughes
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Pharmacology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Kaiah M Fields
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Molecular Biology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Etienne P Danis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Jessica Y Hsu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Deepika Neelakantan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Molecular Biology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- OU Health Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Melanie Y Vincent
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Vigeo Therapeutics, 85 Bolton St, Cambridge, MA, 02140, USA
| | - Annika L Gustafson
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Molecular Biology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Michael J Oliphant
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Integrative Physiology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Varsha Sreekanth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Vadym Zaberezhnyy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - James C Costello
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Pharmacology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Paul Jedlicka
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Heide L Ford
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
- Pharmacology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
- Molecular Biology Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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Zhu S, Li W, Zhang H, Yan Y, Mei Q, Wu K. Retinal determination gene networks: from biological functions to therapeutic strategies. Biomark Res 2023; 11:18. [PMID: 36750914 PMCID: PMC9906957 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-023-00459-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The retinal determinant gene network (RDGN), originally discovered as a critical determinator in Drosophila eye specification, has become an important regulatory network in tumorigenesis and progression, as well as organogenesis. This network is not only associated with malignant biological behaviors of tumors, such as proliferation, and invasion, but also regulates the development of multiple mammalian organs. Three members of this conservative network have been extensively investigated, including DACH, SIX, and EYA. Dysregulated RDGN signaling is associated with the initiation and progression of tumors. In recent years, it has been found that the members of this network can be used as prognostic markers for cancer patients. Moreover, they are considered to be potential therapeutic targets for cancer. Here, we summarize the research progress of RDGN members from biological functions to signaling transduction, especially emphasizing their effects on tumors. Additionally, we discuss the roles of RDGN members in the development of organs and tissue as well as their correlations with the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease and coronary heart disease. By summarizing the roles of RDGN members in human diseases, we hope to promote future investigations into RDGN and provide potential therapeutic strategies for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangli Zhu
- grid.412793.a0000 0004 1799 5032Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Wanling Li
- grid.412793.a0000 0004 1799 5032Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China ,grid.470966.aCancer Center, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Science, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032 China
| | - Hao Zhang
- grid.412793.a0000 0004 1799 5032Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Yuheng Yan
- grid.412793.a0000 0004 1799 5032Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Qi Mei
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China. .,Cancer Center, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Science, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China.
| | - Kongming Wu
- Cancer Center, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Science, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030032, China. .,Cancer Center, Tongji hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Vazirabad AF, Noorolyai S, Baghbani E, Mahboob S, Zargari F, Rahmani S, Sorkhabi A, Montazami N, Sameti P, Baradaran B. Silencing of SiX-4 enhances the chemosensitivity of melanoma cells to Cisplatin. Pathol Res Pract 2022; 240:154194. [PMID: 36370483 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.154194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is the riskiest type of skin cancer. Its prevalence has been rapidly increased over the last three decades. SIX1, SIX2, SIX3, SIX4, SIX5, and SIX6 are members of the sine oculis homeobox (SIX) homolog family. It is imperative to identify new melanoma biomarkers to improve the predictive value for melanoma prognosis, which could enhance our understanding of carcinogenesis and tumor progression. In this study, we investigated whether silencing of SIX4 in a melanoma cell line (A375 cells) in combination with Cisplatin can affect the apoptosis and suppression of cell cycle progression, migration of the melanoma cells. MTT test and colony formation assay was applied to determine the IC50 of Cisplatin and the combined effect of SIX4 siRNA and Cisplatin on the viability and clonogenesis of the A-375 cells. qRT-PCR was performed to determine the c-myc, BCL-2, BAX, MMP-9, CXCR4, and Rock genes expression. Furthermore, flow cytometry was applied to evaluate apoptosis, autophagy, and the cell cycle status in different groups. Finally, wound healing assay was employed to evaluate the effect of this combination therapy on migratory capacity. SIX4 suppression increased the chemosensitivity of A-375 cells to Cisplatin and decreased its efficient dose. Furthermore, SIX4 suppression alongside Cisplatin reduced cell migration rate, arrested the cell cycle at the G1 phase, induced apoptosis by modulating the expression of apoptotic target genes, induced autophagy, and also significantly inhibits clonogenesis of A-375 cells. SIX4 plays a significant role in the chemosensitivity and pathogenesis of melanoma. Therefore, SIX4 suppression, in combination with Cisplatin, may be a promising therapeutic approach in treating melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saeed Noorolyai
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elham Baghbani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Soltanali Mahboob
- Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition Security, Iran; Department of Biochemistry, Higher Education Institute of Rab-Rashid, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Felor Zargari
- Department of Medical Science, Marand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marand, Iran
| | - Shima Rahmani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amin Sorkhabi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nooshin Montazami
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Pouriya Sameti
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Hardy S, Choo YM, Hamann M, Cray J. Manzamine-A Alters In Vitro Calvarial Osteoblast Function. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:647. [PMID: 36286470 PMCID: PMC9604769 DOI: 10.3390/md20100647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Manzamine-A is a marine-derived alkaloid which has anti-viral and anti-proliferative properties and is currently being investigated for its efficacy in the treatment of certain viruses (malaria, herpes, HIV-1) and cancers (breast, cervical, colorectal). Manzamine-A has been found to exert effects via modulation of SIX1 gene expression, a gene critical to craniofacial development via the WNT, NOTCH, and PI3K/AKT pathways. To date little work has focused on Manzamine-A and how its use may affect bone. We hypothesize that Manzamine-A, through SIX1, alters bone cell activity. Here, we assessed the effects of Manzamine-A on cells that are responsible for the generation of bone, pre-osteoblasts and osteoblasts. PCR, qrtPCR, MTS cell viability, Caspase 3/7, and functional assays were used to test the effects of Manzamine-A on these cells. Our data suggests Six1 is highly expressed in osteoblasts and their progenitors. Further, osteoblast progenitors and osteoblasts exhibit great sensitivity to Manzamine-A treatment exhibited by a significant decrease in cell viability, increase in cellular apoptosis, and decrease in alkaline phosphatase activity. In silico binding experiment showed that manzamine A potential as an inhibitor of cell proliferation and survival proteins, i.e., Iκb, JAK2, AKT, PKC, FAK, and Bcl-2. Overall, our data suggests Manzamine-A may have great effects on bone health overall and may disrupt skeletal development, homeostasis, and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Hardy
- Department of Biomedical Education and Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yeun-Mun Choo
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Mark Hamann
- Departments of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Colleges of Pharmacy and Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - James Cray
- Department of Biomedical Education and Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Division of Biosciences, The Ohio State College of Dentistry, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Gartin AK, Frost TC, Cushman CH, Leeper BA, Gokhale PC, DeCaprio JA. Merkel Cell Carcinoma Sensitivity to EZH2 Inhibition Is Mediated by SIX1 Derepression. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:2783-2792.e15. [PMID: 35331717 PMCID: PMC9492898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Polycomb repressive complex 2 has a critical role in the maintenance of bivalent promoters and is often perturbed in cancer, including neuroendocrine tumors. In this study, we investigated the susceptibility of Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), a neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin, to inhibitors of the Polycomb repressive complex 2 catalytic subunit EZH2. We show that a subset of MCC cell lines is sensitive to EZH2 inhibitor-induced cell viability loss. We find that inhibitor treatment of susceptible cells derepresses the Polycomb repressive complex 2 target SIX1, a transcription factor in the PAX-SIX-EYA-DACH network normally involved in inner ear hair cell development, and that PAX-SIX-EYA-DACH network transcription factors are critical contributors to EZH2 inhibitor-induced MCC cell viability loss. Furthermore, we show the EZH2 inhibitor tazemetostat slows the growth of MCC xenografts and derepresses SIX1 and its downstream inner ear transcriptional target MYO6 in vivo. We propose that EZH2 inhibition in MCC leads to SIX1 derepression with dysregulation of hearing-related transcriptional programs and growth inhibition. This study provides evidence that MCC tumors may be specifically susceptible to EZH2 inhibitors, while giving mechanistic insight into the transcriptional programs these inhibitors perturb in MCC, and potentially in other neuroendocrine cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley K Gartin
- Program in Virology, The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas C Frost
- Program in Virology, The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Camille H Cushman
- Program in Virology, The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brittaney A Leeper
- Experimental Therapeutics Core, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Robert and Renée Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Prafulla C Gokhale
- Experimental Therapeutics Core, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Robert and Renée Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James A DeCaprio
- Program in Virology, The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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9
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Chang F, Li J, Sun Q, Wei S, Song Y. Hsa_circ_0017639 regulates cisplatin resistance and tumor growth via acting as a miR-1296-5p molecular sponge and modulating sine oculis homeobox 1 expression in non-small cell lung cancer. Bioengineered 2022; 13:8806-8822. [PMID: 35287543 PMCID: PMC9161884 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2053810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin (DDP)-induced chemoresistance is an important reason for the failure of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) participate in the chemoresistance of diverse cancers. However, the function of hsa_circ_0017639 (circ_0017639) in the DDP resistance of NSCLC is unclear. Forty-one NSCLC samples (21 DDP-resistant samples and 20 DDP-sensitive samples) were utilized in the research. The relative expression levels of some genes were determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT) assay for half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of DDP and cell viability, colony formation and 5-ethynyl-2’-deoxyuridine (EDU) assays for cell proliferation, flow cytometry assay for cell apoptosis, transwell assay for cell invasion and wound-healing assay for cell migration were performed. The regulation mechanism of circ_0017639 was demonstrated by a dual-luciferase reporter assay. We observed higher levels of circ_0017639 in DDP-resistant NSCLC samples and cells. Functionally, circ_0017639 silencing decreased tumor growth and elevated DDP sensitivity in vivo and induced apoptosis, repressed proliferation, invasion, and migration of DDP-resistant NSCLC cells in vitro. Mechanically, circ_0017639 modulated sine oculis homeobox 1 (SIX1) expression via sponging microRNA (miR)-1296-5p. Also, miR-1296-5p inhibitor restored circ_0017639 knockdown-mediated impacts on cell DDP resistance in DDP-resistant NSCLCs. Furthermore, SIX1 overexpression counteracted the inhibiting impact of miR-1296-5p upregulation on DDP resistance and malignant phenotypes of DDP-resistant NSCLC cells. In conclusion, circ_0017639 conferred DDP resistance and promoted tumor growth via elevating SIX1 expression through sequestering miR-1296-5p in NSCLC, providing a new mechanism for understanding the chemoresistance and progression of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyun Chang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital, Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030013, Shanxi, China
| | - Jiali Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital, Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030013, Shanxi, China
| | - Quan Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital, Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030013, Shanxi, China
| | - Shuqing Wei
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital, Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030013, Shanxi, China
| | - Yongming Song
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital, Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030013, Shanxi, China
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10
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Hsu JY, Danis EP, Nance S, O'Brien JH, Gustafson AL, Wessells VM, Goodspeed AE, Talbot JC, Amacher SL, Jedlicka P, Black JC, Costello JC, Durbin AD, Artinger KB, Ford HL. SIX1 reprograms myogenic transcription factors to maintain the rhabdomyosarcoma undifferentiated state. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110323. [PMID: 35108532 PMCID: PMC8917510 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a pediatric muscle sarcoma characterized by expression of the myogenic lineage transcription factors (TFs) MYOD1 and MYOG. Despite high expression of these TFs, RMS cells fail to terminally differentiate, suggesting the presence of factors that alter their functions. Here, we demonstrate that the developmental TF SIX1 is highly expressed in RMS and critical for maintaining a muscle progenitor-like state. SIX1 loss induces differentiation of RMS cells into myotube-like cells and impedes tumor growth in vivo. We show that SIX1 maintains the RMS undifferentiated state by controlling enhancer activity and MYOD1 occupancy at loci more permissive to tumor growth over muscle differentiation. Finally, we demonstrate that a gene signature derived from SIX1 loss correlates with differentiation status and predicts RMS progression in human disease. Our findings demonstrate a master regulatory role of SIX1 in repression of RMS differentiation via genome-wide alterations in MYOD1 and MYOG-mediated transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Y Hsu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (UC-AMC), Aurora, CO, USA; Pharmacology Graduate Program, UC-AMC, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Etienne P Danis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (UC-AMC), Aurora, CO, USA; University of Colorado Cancer Center, UC-AMC, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Stephanie Nance
- Division of Molecular Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jenean H O'Brien
- Department of Biology, College of St. Scholastica, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Annika L Gustafson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (UC-AMC), Aurora, CO, USA; Molecular Biology Graduate Program, UC-AMC, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Andrew E Goodspeed
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (UC-AMC), Aurora, CO, USA; University of Colorado Cancer Center, UC-AMC, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jared C Talbot
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Sharon L Amacher
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Joshua C Black
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (UC-AMC), Aurora, CO, USA; Pharmacology Graduate Program, UC-AMC, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - James C Costello
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (UC-AMC), Aurora, CO, USA; Pharmacology Graduate Program, UC-AMC, Aurora, CO, USA; University of Colorado Cancer Center, UC-AMC, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Adam D Durbin
- Division of Molecular Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kristin B Artinger
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, UC-AMC, Aurora, CO, USA; University of Colorado Cancer Center, UC-AMC, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Heide L Ford
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus (UC-AMC), Aurora, CO, USA; Pharmacology Graduate Program, UC-AMC, Aurora, CO, USA; University of Colorado Cancer Center, UC-AMC, Aurora, CO, USA.
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11
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Rafiq A, Aashaq S, Jan I, Beigh MA. SIX1 transcription factor: A review of cellular functions and regulatory dynamics. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:1151-1164. [PMID: 34742853 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Sine Oculis Homeobox 1 (SIX1) is a member of homeobox transcription factor family having pivotal roles in organismal development and differentiation. This protein functionally acts to regulate the expression of different proteins that are involved in organ development during embryogenesis and in disorders like cancer. Aberrant expression of this homeoprotein has therefore been reported in multiple pathological complexities like hearing impairment and renal anomalies during development and tumorigenesis in adult life. Most of the cellular effects mediated by it are mostly due to its role as a transcription factor. This review presents a concise narrative of its structure, interaction partners and cellular functions vis a vis its role in cancer. We thoroughly discuss the reported molecular mechanisms that govern its function in cellular milieu. Its post-translational regulation by phosphorylation and ubiquitination are also discussed with an emphasis on yet to be explored mechanistic insights regulating its molecular dynamics to fully comprehend its role in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Rafiq
- Department of Nanotechnology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal Campus, Srinagar JK-190006, India
| | - Sabreena Aashaq
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura, Srinagar JK-190011, India
| | - Iqra Jan
- Department of Nanotechnology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal Campus, Srinagar JK-190006, India
| | - Mushtaq A Beigh
- Department of Nanotechnology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal Campus, Srinagar JK-190006, India.
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12
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Wu J, Huang B, He HB, Lu WZ, Wang WG, Liu H. Two naturally derived small molecules disrupt the sineoculis homeobox homolog 1-eyes absent homolog 1 (SIX1-EYA1) interaction to inhibit colorectal cancer cell growth. Chin Med J (Engl) 2021; 134:2340-2352. [PMID: 34561318 PMCID: PMC8509980 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence indicates that the sineoculis homeobox homolog 1-eyes absent homolog 1 (SIX1-EYA1) transcriptional complex significantly contributes to the pathogenesis of multiple cancers by mediating the expression of genes involved in different biological processes, such as cell-cycle progression and metastasis. However, the roles of the SIX1-EYA1 transcriptional complex and its targets in colorectal cancer (CRC) are still being investigated. This study aimed to investigate the roles of SIX1-EYA1 in the pathogenesis of CRC, to screen inhibitors disrupting the SIX1-EYA1 interaction and to evaluate the efficiency of small molecules in the inhibition of CRC cell growth. METHODS Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting were performed to examine gene and protein levels in CRC cells and clinical tissues (collected from CRC patients who underwent surgery in the Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, between 2016 and 2018, n = 24). In vivo immunoprecipitation and in vitro pulldown assays were carried out to determine SIX1-EYA1 interaction. Cell proliferation, cell survival, and cell invasion were determined using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, clonogenic assay, and Boyden chamber assay, respectively. The Amplified Luminescent Proximity Homogeneous Assay Screen (AlphaScreen) method was used to obtain small molecules that specifically disrupted SIX1-EYA1 interaction. CRC cells harboring different levels of SIX1/EYA1 were injected into nude mice to establish tumor xenografts, and small molecules were also injected into mice to evaluate their efficiency to inhibit tumor growth. RESULTS Both SIX1 and EYA1 were overexpressed in CRC cancerous tissues (for SIX1, 7.47 ± 3.54 vs.1.88 ± 0.35, t = 4.92, P = 0.008; for EYA1, 7.61 ± 2.03 vs. 2.22 ± 0.45, t = 6.73, P = 0.005). The SIX1/EYA1 complex could mediate the expression of two important genes including cyclin A1 (CCNA1) and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFB1) by binding to the myocyte enhancer factor 3 consensus. Knockdown of both SIX1 and EYA1 could decrease cell proliferation, cell invasion, tumor growth, and in vivo tumor growth (all P < 0.01). Two small molecules, NSC0191 and NSC0933, were obtained using AlphaScreen and they could significantly inhibit the SIX1-EYA1 interaction with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 12.60 ± 1.15 μmol/L and 83.43 ± 7.24 μmol/L, respectively. Administration of these two compounds could significantly repress the expression of CCNA1 and TGFB1 and inhibit the growth of CRC cells in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Overexpression of the SIX1/EYA1 complex transactivated the expression of CCNA1 and TGFB1, causing the pathogenesis of CRC. Pharmacological inhibition of the SIX1-EYA1 interaction with NSC0191 and NSC0933 significantly inhibited CRC cell growth by affecting cell-cycle progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Bin Huang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Hong-Bo He
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Wen-Zhu Lu
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Wei-Guo Wang
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
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13
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Jin Y, Zhang M, Li M, Zhang H, Zhao L, Qian C, Li S, Zhang H, Gao M, Pan B, Li R, Wan X, Cao C. SIX1 Activation Is Involved in Cell Proliferation, Migration, and Anti-inflammation of Acute Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Mice. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:725319. [PMID: 34513929 PMCID: PMC8427868 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.725319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nephrogenic proteins are re-expressed after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury; however, the role of these proteins is still unknown. We found that sine oculis homeobox 1 (SIX1), a developmentally regulated homeoprotein, is reactivated in tubular epithelial cells after I/R injury associated with cell proliferation/migration and anti-inflammation. We demonstrated that SIX1 promoted cell proliferation by upregulating cyclin and glycolytic genes, and might increase cell migration by upregulating the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) directly or indirectly in the cell model. Notably, SIX1 targeted the promoters of the amino-terminal enhancer of split (AES) and fused in sarcoma (FUS), which are cofactors of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) subunit RELA, and then inhibited the transactivation function of RELA. The expression of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) was decreased by the SIX1-mediated NF-κB pathway. Our results showed that the expression of cyclin, glycolytic genes, and MMP9 were significantly increased, and the infiltration of monocytes/macrophages (Mophs) was suppressed in SIX1 overexpression kidney at 1, 2, and 3 days after reperfusion. The overexpression of SIX1 resulted in reducing kidney damage from I/R injury in mice by promoting cell proliferation and migration and by inhibiting inflammation. Our study provides evidence that SIX1 involved in cell proliferation, migration, and anti-inflammation in the I/R model, which might be a potential therapeutic target that could be used to ameliorate kidney damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Jin
- Department of Nephrology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Manling Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meishuang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lihua Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng Qian
- Department of Nephrology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shensen Li
- Department of Nephrology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Gao
- Department of Nephrology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Binbin Pan
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rongfeng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Wan
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Changchun Cao
- Department of Nephrology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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14
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Meurer L, Ferdman L, Belcher B, Camarata T. The SIX Family of Transcription Factors: Common Themes Integrating Developmental and Cancer Biology. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:707854. [PMID: 34490256 PMCID: PMC8417317 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.707854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The sine oculis (SIX) family of transcription factors are key regulators of developmental processes during embryogenesis. Members of this family control gene expression to promote self-renewal of progenitor cell populations and govern mechanisms of cell differentiation. When the function of SIX genes becomes disrupted, distinct congenital defects develops both in animal models and humans. In addition to the embryonic setting, members of the SIX family have been found to be critical regulators of tumorigenesis, promoting cell proliferation, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and metastasis. Research in both the fields of developmental biology and cancer research have provided an extensive understanding of SIX family transcription factor functions. Here we review recent progress in elucidating the role of SIX family genes in congenital disease as well as in the promotion of cancer. Common themes arise when comparing SIX transcription factor function during embryonic and cancer development. We highlight the complementary nature of these two fields and how knowledge in one area can open new aspects of experimentation in the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan Meurer
- Department of Basic Sciences, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine at Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, United States
| | - Leonard Ferdman
- Department of Basic Sciences, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine at Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, United States
| | - Beau Belcher
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, United States
| | - Troy Camarata
- Department of Basic Sciences, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine at Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, United States
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15
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SIX4 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis through upregulating YAP1 and c-MET. Oncogene 2020; 39:7279-7295. [PMID: 33046796 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01500-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is the main reason for high mortality in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients and the molecular mechanism remains unclear. Therefore, it is important to elucidate the mechanism underlying HCC metastasis. Here, we report a novel role of SIX homeobox 4 (SIX4), one of the SIX gene family, in promoting HCC metastasis. The elevated expression of SIX4 was positively correlated with loss of tumor encapsulation, microvascular invasion, higher TNM stage, and poor prognosis in human HCC. SIX4 expression was an independent and significant risk factor for the recurrence and survival in HCC patients. Upregulation of SIX4 promoted HCC invasion and metastasis, whereas downregulation of SIX4 decreased HCC invasion and metastasis. SIX4 transactivated Yes1 associated transcriptional regulator (YAP1) and MET proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase (MET) expression through directly binding to their promoters. Knockdown of YAP1 and c-MET inhibited SIX4-medicated HCC metastasis, while the stable overexpression of YAP1 and c-MET reversed the decreased metastasis induced by SIX4 knockdown. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), the specific ligand of c-MET, upregulated SIX4 expression through ERK/NF-κB pathway. Knockdown of SIX4 significantly decreased HGF-enhanced HCC metastasis. In human HCC tissues, SIX4 expression was positively correlated with nuclear YAP1, c-MET and HGF expression. Patients with positive coexpression of SIX4/ nuclear YAP1, SIX4/c-MET or HGF/SIX4 had the poorest prognosis. Moreover, the combination treatment of YAP1 inhibitor Verteporfin and c-MET inhibitor Capmatinib significantly suppressed SIX4-mediated HCC metastasis. In conclusion, SIX4 is a prognostic biomarker in HCC patients and targeting the HGF-SIX4-c-MET positive feedback loop may provide a promising strategy for the treatment of SIX4-driven HCC metastasis.
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16
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Chu Y, Jiang M, Wu N, Xu B, Li W, Liu H, Su S, Shi Y, Liu H, Gao X, Fu X, Chen D, Li X, Wang W, Liang J, Nie Y, Fan D. O-GlcNAcylation of SIX1 enhances its stability and promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Proliferation. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:9830-9842. [PMID: 32863962 PMCID: PMC7449927 DOI: 10.7150/thno.45161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is universally accepted that aberrant metabolism facilitates tumor growth. However, how cancer cells coordinate glucose metabolism and tumor proliferation is largely unknown. Sine oculis homeobox homolog 1 (SIX1) is a transcription factor that belongs to the SIX family and is believed to play an important role in the regulation of the Warburg effect in tumors. However, whether the role of SIX1 and the molecular mechanisms that regulate its activity are similar in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) still needs further investigation. Methods: Western blotting was performed to determine the levels of SIX1 and O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) in HCC tissues. Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK8), colony formation and mouse tumor model assays were used to establish the role of SIX1 and O-GlcNAcylation in HCC processes. Mass spectrometry, immunoprecipitation and site-directed mutagenesis were performed to confirm the O-GlcNAcylation of SIX1. Results: Here, we demonstrated that SIX1, the key transcription factor regulating the Warburg effect in cancer, promotes HCC growth in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we revealed that SIX1 could also enhance the levels of a posttranslational modification called O-GlcNAcylation. Importantly, we found that SIX1 was also highly modified by O-GlcNAcylation and that O-GlcNAcylation inhibited the ubiquitination degradation of SIX1. In addition, site-directed mutagenesis at position 276 (T276A) decreased the O-GlcNAcylation level and reversed the protumor effect of SIX1. Conclusions: We conclude that O-GlcNAcylation of SIX1 enhances its stability and promotes HCC proliferation. Our findings illustrate a novel feedback loop of SIX1 and O-GlcNAcylation and show that O-GlcNAcylation of SIX1 is an important way to coordinate glucose metabolism and tumor progression.
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17
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Wu C, Li H, Xiao Y, Deng W, Sun Z. Expression levels of SIX1, ME2, and AP2M1 in adenoid cystic carcinoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Oral Dis 2020; 26:1687-1695. [PMID: 32564485 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cong‐Cong Wu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei‐MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education School & Hospital of Stomatology Wuhan University Wuhan China
| | - Hao Li
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei‐MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education School & Hospital of Stomatology Wuhan University Wuhan China
| | - Yao Xiao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei‐MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education School & Hospital of Stomatology Wuhan University Wuhan China
| | - Wei‐Wei Deng
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei‐MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education School & Hospital of Stomatology Wuhan University Wuhan China
| | - Zhi‐Jun Sun
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei‐MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education School & Hospital of Stomatology Wuhan University Wuhan China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial‐Head Neck Surgery School & Hospital of Stomatology Wuhan University Wuhan China
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Yang C, Xu W, Gong J, Chai F, Cui D, Liu Z. Six1 Overexpression Promotes Glucose Metabolism and Invasion Through Regulation of GLUT3, MMP2 and Snail in Thyroid Cancer Cells. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:4855-4863. [PMID: 32581547 PMCID: PMC7269010 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s227291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sineoculis homeobox homolog 1 (Six1) overexpression has been implicated in several human cancers. To date, its clinical significance and potential function in human thyroid cancer remain unclear. Methods Immunohistochemistry was used to examine the protein expression of BCAT1 in 89 cases of thyroid cancer tissues. We overexpressed and knockdown Six1 in TPC-1 and B-CPAP thyroid cancer cell lines. Biological roles and potential mechanisms of Six1 were examined using CCK-8, colony formation assay, Matrigel invasion assay, Western blot, PCR, ATP assay, and 2-NBDG uptake assay. Results We showed that Six1 protein was upregulated in thyroid cancers and was associated with tumor size and nodal metastasis. Analysis of TCGA dataset indicated that Six1 mRNA was higher in thyroid cancers compared with normal thyroid. CCK-8, colony formation and Matrigel invasion assays demonstrated that Six1 overexpression promoted proliferation, colony number and invasion while Six1 siRNA knockdown inhibited the growth rate, colony formation ability and invasive ability in both cell lines. Notably, Six1 upregulated glucose consumption, lactate production level and ATP level. 2-NBDG uptake analysis showed that Six1 overexpression upregulated glucose uptake while Six1 knockdown inhibited glucose uptake. Further analysis revealed that Six1 overexpression upregulated Snail, MMP2 and GLUT3 at both mRNA and protein levels. TCGA analysis demonstrated positive associations between Six1 and Snail, MMP2 and GLUT3 at the mRNA levels. Conclusion Taken together, our data demonstrated that Six1 was upregulated in human thyroid cancers and promoted cell proliferation and invasion. Our data also revealed new roles of Six1 in thyroid cancer development by modulating glucose metabolism and invasion, possibly through regulation of Snail, MMP2 and GLUT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanjia Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Weixue Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Gong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Life Science and Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Chai
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongxu Cui
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic of China
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Karan D, Dubey S, Pirisi L, Nagel A, Pina I, Choo YM, Hamann MT. The Marine Natural Product Manzamine A Inhibits Cervical Cancer by Targeting the SIX1 Protein. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:286-295. [PMID: 32022559 PMCID: PMC7161578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Natural products remain an important source of drug leads covering unique chemical space and providing significant therapeutic value for the control of cancer and infectious diseases resistant to current drugs. Here, we determined the antiproliferative activity of a natural product manzamine A (1) from an Indo-Pacific sponge following various in vitro cellular assays targeting cervical cancer (C33A, HeLa, SiHa, and CaSki). Our data demonstrated the antiproliferative effects of 1 at relatively low and non-cytotoxic concentrations (up to 4 μM). Mechanistic investigations confirmed that 1 blocked cell cycle progression in SiHa and CaSki cells at G1/S phase and regulated cell cycle-related genes, including restoration of p21 and p53 expression. In apoptotic assays, HeLa cells showed the highest sensitivity to 1 as compared to other cell types (C33A, SiHa, and CaSki). Interestingly, 1 decreased the levels of the oncoprotein SIX1, which is associated with oncogenesis in cervical cancer. To further investigate the structure-activity relationship among manzamine A (1) class with potential antiproliferative activity, molecular networking facilitated the efficient identification, dereplication, and assignment of structures from the manzamine class and revealed the significant potential in the design of optimized molecules for the treatment of cervical cancer. These data suggest that this sponge-derived natural product class warrants further attention regarding the design and development of novel manzamine analogues, which may be efficacious for preventive and therapeutic treatment of cancer. Additionally, this study reveals the significance of protecting fragile marine ecosystems from climate change-induced loss of species diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dev Karan
- Department
of Pathology, MCW Cancer Center and Prostate Cancer Center of Excellence, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Seema Dubey
- Department
of Pathology, MCW Cancer Center and Prostate Cancer Center of Excellence, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Lucia Pirisi
- Department
of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - Alexis Nagel
- Department
of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States
| | - Ivett Pina
- Department
of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States
| | - Yeun-Mun Choo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mark T Hamann
- Department
of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States
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20
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Yang X, Zhu X, Yan Z, Li C, Zhao H, Ma L, Zhang D, Liu J, Liu Z, Du N, Ye Q, Xu X. miR-489-3p/SIX1 Axis Regulates Melanoma Proliferation and Glycolytic Potential. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2019; 16:30-40. [PMID: 32258386 PMCID: PMC7109510 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sine oculis homeobox 1 (SIX1), a key transcription factor for regulating aerobic glycolysis, participates in the occurrence of various cancer types. However, the role of SIX1 in melanoma and the upstream regulating mechanisms of SIX1 remain to be further investigated. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as key regulators in tumorigenesis and progression. Here, we show that miR-489-3p suppresses SIX1 expression by directly targeting its 3′ untranslated region (3′ UTR) in melanoma cells. miR-489-3p suppressed melanoma cell proliferation, migration, and invasion through inhibition of SIX1. Mechanistically, by targeting SIX1, miR-489-3p dampens glycolysis, with decreased glucose uptake, lactate production, ATP generation, and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR), as well as an increased oxygen consumption rate (OCR). Importantly, glycolysis regulated by the miR-489-3p/SIX1 axis is critical for its regulation of melanoma growth and metastasis both in vitro and in vivo. In melanoma patients, miR-489-3p expression is negatively correlated with SIX1 expression. In addition, patients who had increased glucose uptake in tumors and with metastasis assessed by positron emission tomography (PET) scans showed decreased miR-489-3p expression and increased expression of SIX1. Collectively, our study demonstrates the importance of the miR-489-3p/SIX1 axis in melanoma, which can be a potential and a promising therapeutic target in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Yang
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, No. 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China.,Department of Oncology, the 4th Medical Centre, PLA General Hospital, No. 51 Fucheng Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiang Zhu
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, No. 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Zhifeng Yan
- Department of Oncology, the 4th Medical Centre, PLA General Hospital, No. 51 Fucheng Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chenxi Li
- Department of Oncology, the 4th Medical Centre, PLA General Hospital, No. 51 Fucheng Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Oncology, the 4th Medical Centre, PLA General Hospital, No. 51 Fucheng Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Luyuan Ma
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, No. 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Deyu Zhang
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, No. 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, No. 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Zihao Liu
- Department of Oncology, the 4th Medical Centre, PLA General Hospital, No. 51 Fucheng Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Nan Du
- Department of Oncology, the 4th Medical Centre, PLA General Hospital, No. 51 Fucheng Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qinong Ye
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, No. 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450052, China
| | - Xiaojie Xu
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, No. 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China
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21
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Li HL, Sun JJ, Ma H, Liu SJ, Li N, Guo SJ, Shi Y, Xu YY, Qi ZY, Wang YQ, Wang F, Guo RM, Liu D, Xue FX. MicroRNA-23a inhibits endometrial cancer cell development by targeting SIX1. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:3792-3802. [PMID: 31579409 PMCID: PMC6757317 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study focused on exploring the inhibitory mechanism of microRNA (miR)-23a in endometrial cancer. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to investigate miR-23a expression in endometrial tissues and endometrial cancer cells. A colony formation assay using crystal violet staining was performed to compare cell proliferation, while wound-healing and Transwell assays were performed to compare cell migration and invasion. Subsequently, bioinformatics and a luciferase reporter gene assay were used to investigate the effect of miR-23a on sine oculis homeobox homolog 1 (SIX1) expression, and the biological function of SIX1 was analyzed. Additionally, a nude mouse tumorigenicity assay was performed to test the inhibitory effect of miR-23a and Taxol® therapy in endometrial cancer. Finally, immunohistochemistry and RT-qPCR were used to explore the association between miR-23a and SIX1 expression in endometrial cancer tissues. miR-23a was underexpressed in endometrial cancer tissues compared with in para-carcinoma tissues, and the overexpression of miR-23a inhibited proliferation and invasion of endometrial cancer cells. Furthermore, SIX1 was demonstrated to be a downstream target of miR-23a, and miR-23a reduced SIX1 expression. Additionally, SIX1 inversely promoted cell proliferation, migration and invasion. In addition, the effects of reduced cell proliferation and increased cell invasion following miR-23a overexpression could be reversed by adding SIX1 to in vitro culture. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of miR-23a and Taxol therapy, which reduced SIX1 expression in endometrial cancer, was demonstrated in vivo. Finally, a negative association between miR-23a and SIX1 expression was demonstrated in endometrial cancer tissues. The results of the present study revealed that miR-23a may inhibit endometrial cancer development by targeting SIX1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Lin Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Secondary Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Jie Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Secondary Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Hui Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Secondary Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Shen-Jia Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Secondary Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Secondary Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Su-Jie Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Secondary Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Yang Shi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Secondary Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Ying Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Secondary Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Ying Qi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Secondary Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Quan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Secondary Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Secondary Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Rui-Meng Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Secondary Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Secondary Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Feng-Xia Xue
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
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22
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Yeh HW, Lee SS, Chang CY, Lang YD, Jou YS. A New Switch for TGFβ in Cancer. Cancer Res 2019; 79:3797-3805. [PMID: 31300476 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The TGFβ cytokine plays dichotomous roles during tumor progression. In normal and premalignant cancer cells, the TGFβ signaling pathway inhibits proliferation and promotes cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. However, the activation of this pathway in late-stage cancer cells could facilitate the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, stemness, and mobile features to enhance tumorigenesis and metastasis. The opposite functions of TGFβ signaling during tumor progression make it a challenging target to develop anticancer interventions. Nevertheless, the recent discovery of cellular contextual determinants, especially the binding partners of the transcription modulators Smads, is critical to switch TGFβ responses from proapoptosis to prometastasis. In this review, we summarize the recently identified contextual determinants (such as PSPC1, KLF5, 14-3-3ζ, C/EBPβ, and others) and the mechanisms of how tumor cells manage the context-dependent autonomous TGFβ responses to potentiate tumor progression. With the altered expression of some contextual determinants and their effectors during tumor progression, the aberrant molecular prometastatic switch might serve as a new class of theranostic targets for developing anticancer strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsi-Wen Yeh
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Shuo Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Yu Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yaw-Dong Lang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Shan Jou
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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23
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Song W, Ma J, Lei B, Yuan X, Cheng B, Yang H, Wang M, Feng Z, Wang L. Sine oculis homeobox 1 promotes proliferation and migration of human colorectal cancer cells through activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Cancer Sci 2019; 110:608-616. [PMID: 30548112 PMCID: PMC6361609 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sine oculis homeobox 1 (Six1) is a homeodomain transcription factor that is aberrantly expressed in a variety of human cancers, including colorectal cancer (CRC). Six1 has been reported to play a key role in the proliferation and migration of CRC cells but the underlying molecular mechanisms are still poorly characterized. In the present study, we found that Six1 overexpression promoted the proliferation and migration of CRC cells. Consistently, Six1 knockdown (KD) significantly inhibited proliferation and migration of CRC cells. In addition, we showed that Six1 promoted proliferation and migration of CRC cells through activation of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling, as evidenced by promotion of nuclear localization of β‐catenin. Silencing of β‐catenin expression with siRNA or inhibiting Wnt signaling with a specific inhibitor, xav939, significantly blocked Six1‐induced nuclear localization of β‐catenin and mitigated Six1‐promoted proliferation and migration of CRC cells. We further confirmed the involvement of β‐catenin in Six1‐promoted proliferation and migration of CRC cells by activation of Wnt signaling with lithium chloride (LiCl) in Six1 KD CRC cells and results showed that LiCl restores defective β‐catenin nuclear localization and proliferation and migration of CRC cells. Taken together, these results suggest that Six1 homeoprotein promotes the proliferation and migration of CRC cells by activating the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway, and strategies targeting Six1 may be promising for the treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Song
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jian Ma
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Bingbing Lei
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xin Yuan
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Binfeng Cheng
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Haijie Yang
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Mian Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zhiwei Feng
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
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24
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Kingsbury TJ, Kim M, Civin CI. Regulation of cancer stem cell properties by SIX1, a member of the PAX-SIX-EYA-DACH network. Adv Cancer Res 2019; 141:1-42. [PMID: 30691681 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The PAX-SIX-EYA-DACH network (PSEDN) is a central developmental transcriptional regulatory network from Drosophila to humans. The PSEDN is comprised of four conserved protein families; including paired box (PAX), sine oculis (SIX), eyes absent (EYA), and dachshund (DACH). Aberrant expression of PSEDN members, particularly SIX1, has been observed in multiple human cancers, where SIX1 expression correlates with increased aggressiveness and poor prognosis. In conjunction with its transcriptional activator EYA, the SIX1 transcription factor increases cancer stem cell (CSC) numbers and induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). SIX1 promotes multiple hallmarks and enabling characteristics of cancer via regulation of cell proliferation, senescence, apoptosis, genome stability, and energy metabolism. SIX1 also influences the tumor microenvironment, enhancing recruitment of tumor-associated macrophages and stimulating angiogenesis, to promote tumor development and progression. EYA proteins are multifunctional, possessing a transcriptional activation domain and tyrosine phosphatase activity, that each contributes to cancer stem cell properties. DACH proteins function as tumor suppressors in solid cancers, opposing the actions of SIX-EYA and reducing CSC prevalence. Multiple mechanisms can lead to increased SIX1 expression, including loss of SIX1-targeting tumor suppressor microRNAs (miRs), whose expression correlates inversely with SIX1 expression in cancer patient samples. In this review, we discuss the major mechanisms by which SIX1 confers CSC and EMT features and other important cancer cell characteristics. The roles of EYA and DACH in CSCs and cancer progression are briefly highlighted. Finally, we summarize the clinical significance of SIX1 in cancer to emphasize the potential therapeutic benefits of effective strategies to disrupt PSEDN protein interactions and functions.
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25
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Zhao Z, Li L, Du P, Ma L, Zhang W, Zheng L, Lan B, Zhang B, Ma F, Xu B, Zhan Q, Song Y. Transcriptional Downregulation of miR-4306 serves as a New Therapeutic Target for Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Theranostics 2019; 9:1401-1416. [PMID: 30867840 PMCID: PMC6401504 DOI: 10.7150/thno.30701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterized by the absence of estrogen receptor alpha (ER-α), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and progesterone receptor (PR) expression, but the effect of lacking the three factors on TNBC is unclear. Whether loss of the three factors contributes to deregulate genes that participate in the progress of TNBC remains unknown. Methods: We performed microRNA arrays and comprehensive analysis to screen for miRNAs that are transcriptionally regulated by ER-α, HER2 and PR. Functional assays and molecular mechanism studies were used to investigate the role of miR-4306 in TNBC. An orthotopic mouse model of TNBC was used to evaluate the therapeutic potential of a cholesterol-conjugated miR-4306 mimic. Results: We found that miR-4306 is transcriptionally regulated by ER-α, HER2 and PR, and the downregulation of miR-4306 in TNBC is caused by the loss of ER-α, HER2 and PR. Clinically, low miR-4306 expression is strongly associated with lymph node metastasis and poor survival for TNBC. Upregulation of miR-4306 greatly suppresses TNBC cell proliferation, migration and invasion and abrogates angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in vitro. According to in vivo models, miR-4306 overexpression considerably inhibits TNBC growth, lung metastasis, angiogenesis and lymph node metastasis. Mechanistic analyses indicate that miR-4306 directly targets SIX1/Cdc42/VEGFA to inactivate the signaling pathways mediated by SIX1/Cdc42/VEGFA. Finally, the orthotopic mouse model of TNBC reveals that miR-4306 mimic can be used for TNBC treatment in combination with cisplatin. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that miR-4306 acts as a tumor suppressor in TNBC and is a potential therapeutic target for TNBC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zitong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Lin Li
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
| | - Peina Du
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
| | - Liying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Weimin Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Leilei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Bo Lan
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Bailin Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Fei Ma
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Bo Xu
- Breast Cancer Center and the Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Qimin Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China.,Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Yongmei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
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26
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Fisk HA, Thomas JL, Nguyen TB. Breaking Bad: Uncoupling of Modularity in Centriole Biogenesis and the Generation of Excess Centrioles in Cancer. Results Probl Cell Differ 2019; 67:391-411. [PMID: 31435805 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23173-6_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Centrosomes are tiny yet complex cytoplasmic structures that perform a variety of roles related to their ability to act as microtubule-organizing centers. Like the genome, centrosomes are single copy structures that undergo a precise semi-conservative replication once each cell cycle. Precise replication of the centrosome is essential for genome integrity, because the duplicated centrosomes will serve as the poles of a bipolar mitotic spindle, and any number of centrosomes other than two will lead to an aberrant spindle that mis-segregates chromosomes. Indeed, excess centrosomes are observed in a variety of human tumors where they generate abnormal spindles in situ that are thought to participate in tumorigenesis by driving genomic instability. At the heart of the centrosome is a pair of centrioles, and at the heart of centrosome duplication is the replication of this centriole pair. Centriole replication proceeds through a complex macromolecular assembly process. However, while centrosomes may contain as many as 500 proteins, only a handful of proteins have been shown to be essential for centriole replication. Our observations suggest that centriole replication is a modular, bottom-up process that we envision akin to building a house; the proper site of assembly is identified, a foundation is assembled at that site, and subsequent modules are added on top of the foundation. Here, we discuss the data underlying our view of modularity in the centriole assembly process, and suggest that non-essential centriole assembly factors take on greater importance in cancer cells due to their function in coordination between centriole modules, using the Monopolar spindles 1 protein kinase and its substrate Centrin 2 to illustrate our model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold A Fisk
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Thomas
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Tan B Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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27
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Zhang LS, Kang X, Lu J, Zhang Y, Wu X, Wu G, Zheng J, Tuladhar R, Shi H, Wang Q, Morlock L, Yao H, Huang LJS, Maire P, Kim J, Williams N, Xu J, Chen C, Zhang CC, Lum L. Installation of a cancer promoting WNT/SIX1 signaling axis by the oncofusion protein MLL-AF9. EBioMedicine 2019; 39:145-158. [PMID: 30528456 PMCID: PMC6354558 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromosomal translocation-induced expression of the chromatin modifying oncofusion protein MLL-AF9 promotes acute myelocytic leukemia (AML). Whereas WNT/β-catenin signaling has previously been shown to support MLL-AF9-driven leukemogenesis, the mechanism underlying this relationship remains unclear. METHODS We used two novel small molecules targeting WNT signaling as well as a genetically modified mouse model that allow targeted deletion of the WNT protein chaperone Wntless (WLS) to evaluate the role of WNT signaling in AML progression. ATAC-seq and transcriptome profiling were deployed to understand the cellular consequences of disrupting a WNT signaling in leukemic initiating cells (LICs). FINDINGS We identified Six1 to be a WNT-controlled target gene in MLL-AF9-transformed leukemic initiating cells (LICs). MLL-AF9 alters the accessibility of Six1 DNA to the transcriptional effector TCF7L2, a transducer of WNT/β-catenin gene expression changes. Disruption of WNT/SIX1 signaling using inhibitors of the Wnt signaling delays the development of AML. INTERPRETATION By rendering TCF/LEF-binding elements controlling Six1 accessible to TCF7L2, MLL-AF9 promotes WNT/β-catenin-dependent growth of LICs. Small molecules disrupting WNT/β-catenin signaling block Six1 expression thereby disrupting leukemia driven by MLL fusion proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Shu Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xunlei Kang
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jianming Lu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yuannyu Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Wu
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Guojin Wu
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Junke Zheng
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Rubina Tuladhar
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Heping Shi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Qiaoling Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lorraine Morlock
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Huiyu Yao
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lily Jun-Shen Huang
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Pascal Maire
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris-Descartes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR, 8104, Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1016, Paris, France
| | - James Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Noelle Williams
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Chuo Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Cheng Cheng Zhang
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lawrence Lum
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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28
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Xie Y, Jin P, Sun X, Jiao T, Zhang Y, Li Y, Sun M. SIX1 is upregulated in gastric cancer and regulates proliferation and invasion by targeting the ERK pathway and promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Cell Biochem Funct 2018; 36:413-419. [PMID: 30379332 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sine oculis homeobox homologue 1 (SIX1) is a Six class homeobox gene conserved throughout many species. It has been reported to act as an oncogene and is overexpressed in many cancers. However, the function and regulatory mechanism of SIX1 in gastric cancer (GC) remains unclear. In our study, we detected protein levels of SIX1 via immunohistochemistry (IHC) and its proliferation and invasion effects via CCK8 and transwell assays. Additionally, expression of cyclin D1, MMP2, p-ERK, and EMT-related proteins was measured by western blotting. We found that SIX1 had significantly higher expression in GC tissues and that it could promote GC cell proliferation and invasion. Also, overexpression of SIX1 increased the expression of cyclin D1, MMP2, p-ERK, and EMT-related proteins, which could all be inhibited by knocking down SIX1. In conclusion, SIX1 is upregulated in GC tissues. It can promote GC cell proliferation by targeting cyclin D1, invasion via ERK signalling, and EMT pathways by targeting MMP2 and E-cadherin. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: Our study showed that SIX1 was upregulated in GC tissues, and promoted GC cell proliferation by targeting cyclin D1, invasion via ERK signalling, and EMT pathways by targeting MMP2 and E-cadherin. These results suggested the potential regulatory mechanism of SIX1 in proliferation and invasion of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Jin
- Department of the Third Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuren Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Taiwei Jiao
- Department of Endoscopy, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yining Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingjun Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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29
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Vartuli RL, Zhou H, Zhang L, Powers RK, Klarquist J, Rudra P, Vincent MY, Ghosh D, Costello JC, Kedl RM, Slansky JE, Zhao R, Ford HL. Eya3 promotes breast tumor-associated immune suppression via threonine phosphatase-mediated PD-L1 upregulation. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:2535-2550. [PMID: 29757193 DOI: 10.1172/jci96784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Eya proteins are critical developmental regulators that are highly expressed in embryogenesis but downregulated after development. Amplification and/or re-expression of Eyas occurs in many tumor types. In breast cancer, Eyas regulate tumor progression by acting as transcriptional cofactors and tyrosine phosphatases. Intriguingly, Eyas harbor a separate threonine (Thr) phosphatase activity, which was previously implicated in innate immunity. Here we describe what we believe to be a novel role for Eya3 in mediating triple-negative breast cancer-associated immune suppression. Eya3 loss decreases tumor growth in immune-competent mice and is associated with increased numbers of infiltrated CD8+ T cells, which, when depleted, reverse the effects of Eya3 knockdown. Mechanistically, Eya3 utilizes its Thr phosphatase activity to dephosphorylate Myc at pT58, resulting in a stabilized form. We show that Myc is required for Eya3-mediated increases in PD-L1, and that rescue of PD-L1 in Eya3-knockdown cells restores tumor progression. Finally, we demonstrate that Eya3 significantly correlates with PD-L1 in human breast tumors, and that tumors expressing high levels of Eya3 have a decreased CD8+ T cell signature. Our data uncover a role for Eya3 in mediating tumor-associated immune suppression, and suggest that its inhibition may enhance checkpoint therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Vartuli
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Molecular Biology Program
| | - Hengbo Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Cancer Biology Program
| | - Lingdi Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics
| | - Rani K Powers
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Computational Bioscience Graduate Program
| | | | - Pratyaydipta Rudra
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Melanie Y Vincent
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Debashis Ghosh
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - James C Costello
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Cancer Biology Program.,Computational Bioscience Graduate Program
| | - Ross M Kedl
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and
| | - Jill E Slansky
- Cancer Biology Program.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and
| | - Rui Zhao
- Molecular Biology Program.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics
| | - Heide L Ford
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Molecular Biology Program.,Cancer Biology Program.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics
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30
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Chu Y, Jiang M, Du F, Chen D, Ye T, Xu B, Li X, Wang W, Qiu Z, Liu H, Nie Y, Liang J, Fan D. miR-204-5p suppresses hepatocellular cancer proliferation by regulating homeoprotein SIX1 expression. FEBS Open Bio 2018; 8:189-200. [PMID: 29435409 PMCID: PMC5794460 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Fewer than 30% of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are eligible to receive curative therapies, and so a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of HCC is needed to identify potential therapeutic targets. The role of microRNA (miRNA) in modulating tumour progression has been demonstrated, and therapies targeting miRNA appear promising. miR‐204‐5p has been shown to function in numerous types of cancer, but its role in HCC remains unclear. In this study, we found that miR‐204‐5p expression was downregulated in cancerous HCC tissues compared to nontumour tissues. Kaplan–Meier survival curve analysis also showed that low expression of miR‐204‐5p predicted worse outcomes of HCC patients. In addition, miR‐204‐5p expression was significantly lower in HCC cell lines. The function of miR‐204‐5p was also assessed both in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrated that ectopic expression of miR‐204‐5p in HCC cell lines inhibited HCC cell proliferation and clonogenicity using CCK8, BrdU and colony‐forming assays, while the inhibition of miR‐204‐5p enhanced proliferation and clonogenicity. Further in vivo studies in mice further confirmed the proliferation capacity of miR‐204‐5p. We also identified sine oculis homeobox homologue 1 (SIX1) as a direct target of miR‐204‐5p and showed that it was inversely correlated with miR‐204‐5p in both human and mouse HCC tissues. Transfection of miR‐204‐5p mimics in BEL‐7404 cells blocked the cell cycle by inhibiting the expression of cyclin‐D1 and cyclin‐A1, cell cycle‐related factors regulated by SIX1. More importantly, overexpression of the 3′UTR mutant SIX1 but not the wild‐type SIX1 abolished the suppressive effect of miR‐204‐5p, and downregulated SIX1 in BEL‐7402 cells that transfected with miR‐204 inhibitors could partly block the inhibitory effect of miR‐204‐5p on proliferation. Thus, we have demonstrated that miR‐204‐5p suppresses HCC proliferation by directly regulating SIX1 and its downstream factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Institute of Digestive Diseases Xijing Hospital The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - Mingzuo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Institute of Digestive Diseases Xijing Hospital The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - Feng Du
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Institute of Digestive Diseases Xijing Hospital The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - Di Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Institute of Digestive Diseases Xijing Hospital The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - Tao Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Shannxi key Laboratory of Oral Diseases School of Stomatology The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - Bing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Institute of Digestive Diseases Xijing Hospital The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Institute of Digestive Diseases Xijing Hospital The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - Weijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Institute of Digestive Diseases Xijing Hospital The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - Zhaoyan Qiu
- Department of General Surgery the General Hospital of the people's Liberation Army Beijing China
| | - Haiming Liu
- College of Computer Science and Technology Symbolic Computation and Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education Jilin University Changchun China
| | - Yongzhan Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Institute of Digestive Diseases Xijing Hospital The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - Jie Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Institute of Digestive Diseases Xijing Hospital The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - Daiming Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Institute of Digestive Diseases Xijing Hospital The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
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31
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Siddiqui ZI, Farooqui SR, Azam SA, Afroz M, Wajid S, Parveen S, Kazim SN. A comparative study of hepatitis B virus X protein mutants K130M, V131I and KV130/131MI to investigate their roles in fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. J Viral Hepat 2017; 24:1121-1131. [PMID: 28654219 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genomic mutations A1762T, G1764A and AG1762/1764TA cause production of HBV X protein (HBx) mutants, namely K130M, V131I and KV130/131MI. These mutations are important biomarkers for the development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in chronic HBV patients. This study comparatively analyses the impact of intracellular expression of HBx mutants on HCC cell line Huh7. It was found that expression of KV130/131MI induced: cell proliferation, altered expression of cell cycle regulatory genes in favour of cell proliferation, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and mitochondrial depolarization. KV130/131MI may be directly involved in host cell proliferation and hepatocarcinogenesis via altering expression of cell cycle regulatory genes. KV130/131MI may also play pivotal roles in fibrosis and cirrhosis via inducing ROS production and mitochondrial depolarization. Furthermore, these might be the possible reasons for higher occurrence of AG1762/1764TA as compared to A1762T and G1764A in cirrhosis and HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z I Siddiqui
- Hepatitis Research Lab, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - S R Farooqui
- Hepatitis Research Lab, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - S A Azam
- Hepatitis Research Lab, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - M Afroz
- Hepatitis Research Lab, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - S Wajid
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - S Parveen
- Hepatitis Research Lab, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - S N Kazim
- Hepatitis Research Lab, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
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32
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Wen Z, Liang C, Pan Q, Wang Y. Eya2 overexpression promotes the invasion of human astrocytoma through the regulation of ERK/MMP9 signaling. Int J Mol Med 2017; 40:1315-1322. [PMID: 28901379 PMCID: PMC5627874 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The overexpression of eyes absent (Eya) 2 has been found in several human cancers. However, its biological roles and clinical significance in human astrocytoma have not yet been explored. This study investigated the clinical significance and biological roles of Eya2 in human astrocytoma tissues and cell lines. Using immunohistochemistry, we found Eya2 overexpression in 33 out of 90 (36.7%) astrocytoma specimens. The rate of Eya2 overexpression was higher in grade III-IV (48.1%) than in grade Ⅰ+Ⅱ astrocytomas (21.1%). Transfection with an Eya2 expression plasmid was performed in A172 cells with a low endogenous expression of Eya2 and the knockdown of Eya2 was carried out in U251 cells with a high endogenous expression using siRNA. Eya2 overexpression induced A172 cell proliferation and invasion, while the knockdown of Eya2 using siRNA decreased the proliferation and invasion of U251 cells. In addition, we found that transfection with the Eya2 expression plasmid facilitated cell cycle progression, and that the knockdown of Eya2 inhibited cell cycle progression, accompanied by a change in the expression of cell cycle-related proteins, including cyclin D1 and cyclin E. Eya2 also positively regulated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activity and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)9 expression. The blockade of ERK signaling using an inhibitor abolished the effects of Eya2 on A172 cell invasion and MMP9 production. In addition, we found that there was a positive correlation between Eya2 and Six1 in the astrocytoma cell lines. Immunoprecipitation revealed that Eya2 interacted with Six1 protein in the U251 cell line, which exhibited a high expression of both proteins. Eya2 failed to upregulate MMP expression in the A172 cells in which Six1 was silenced. On the whole, our data indicate that Eya2 may serve as a potential oncoprotein in human astrocytoma. Eya2 regulates astrocytoma cell proliferation and invasion, possibly through the regulation of ERK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Wen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Chuansheng Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Qichen Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yunjie Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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33
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Ye M, Fang Z, Gu H, Song R, Ye J, Li H, Wu Z, Zhou S, Li P, Cai X, Ding X, Yu S. Histone deacetylase 5 promotes the migration and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma via increasing the transcription of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α under hypoxia condition. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317705034. [PMID: 28653891 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317705034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia plays a critical role in the progression and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma by activating the key transcription factor, hypoxia-inducible factor-1. This study aims to identify the novel mechanisms underlying the dysregulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in hepatocellular carcinoma. We found that histone deacetylase 5, a highly expressed histone deacetylase in hepatocellular carcinoma, strengthened the migration and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma cells under hypoxia but not normoxia condition. Furthermore, histone deacetylase 5 induced the transcription of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α by silencing homeodomain-interacting protein kinase-2 expression, which was also dependent on hypoxia. And then knockdown of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α decreased the expressions of mesenchymal markers, N-cadherin, and Vimentin, as well as matrix metalloproteinases, MMP7 and MMP9; however, the epithelial marker, E-cadherin, increased. Phenotype experiments showed that the migration and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma cells were impaired by knockdown of histone deacetylase 5 or hypoxia-inducible factor-1α but rescued when eliminating homeodomain-interacting protein kinase-2 in hepatocellular carcinoma cells, which suggested the critical role of histone deacetylase 5-homeodomain-interacting protein kinase-2-hypoxia-inducible factor-1α pathway in hypoxia-induced metastasis. Finally, clinical analysis confirmed the positive correlation between histone deacetylase 5 and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in hepatocellular carcinoma specimens and a relatively poor prognosis for the patients with high levels of histone deacetylase 5 and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α. Taken together, our findings demonstrated a novel mechanism underlying the crosstalk between histone deacetylase 5 and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 in hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ye
- 1 Department of General Surgery, Sanmen People's Hospital of Zhejiang, Sanmen, China
| | - Zejun Fang
- 2 Central Laboratory, Sanmen People's Hospital of Zhejiang, Sanmen, China
| | - Hongqian Gu
- 1 Department of General Surgery, Sanmen People's Hospital of Zhejiang, Sanmen, China
| | - Rui Song
- 3 Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiangwei Ye
- 1 Department of General Surgery, Sanmen People's Hospital of Zhejiang, Sanmen, China
| | - Hongzhang Li
- 4 Department of Gastroenterology, Sanmen People's Hospital of Zhejiang, Sanmen, China
| | - Zhiguang Wu
- 1 Department of General Surgery, Sanmen People's Hospital of Zhejiang, Sanmen, China
| | - Shenghui Zhou
- 1 Department of General Surgery, Sanmen People's Hospital of Zhejiang, Sanmen, China
| | - Peng Li
- 1 Department of General Surgery, Sanmen People's Hospital of Zhejiang, Sanmen, China
| | - Xiang Cai
- 1 Department of General Surgery, Sanmen People's Hospital of Zhejiang, Sanmen, China
| | - Xiaokun Ding
- 1 Department of General Surgery, Sanmen People's Hospital of Zhejiang, Sanmen, China
| | - Songshan Yu
- 2 Central Laboratory, Sanmen People's Hospital of Zhejiang, Sanmen, China
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34
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Davis TL, Rebay I. Antagonistic regulation of the second mitotic wave by Eyes absent-Sine oculis and Combgap coordinates proliferation and specification in the Drosophila retina. Development 2017; 144:2640-2651. [PMID: 28619818 DOI: 10.1242/dev.147231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The transition from proliferation to specification is fundamental to the development of appropriately patterned tissues. In the developing Drosophila eye, Eyes absent (Eya) and Sine oculis (So) orchestrate the progression of progenitor cells from asynchronous cell division to G1 arrest and neuronal specification at the morphogenetic furrow. Here, we uncover a novel role for Eya and So in promoting cell cycle exit in the second mitotic wave (SMW), a synchronized, terminal cell division that occurs several hours after passage of the furrow. We show that Combgap (Cg), a zinc-finger transcription factor, antagonizes Eya-So function in the SMW. Based on the ability of Cg to attenuate Eya-So transcriptional output in vivo and in cultured cells and on meta analysis of their chromatin occupancy profiles, we speculate that Cg limits Eya-So activation of select target genes posterior to the furrow to ensure properly timed mitotic exit. Our work supports a model in which context-specific modulation of transcriptional activity enables Eya and So to promote both entry into and exit from the cell cycle in a distinct spatiotemporal sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor L Davis
- Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ilaria Rebay
- Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA .,Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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35
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Yu Z, Sun Y, She X, Wang Z, Chen S, Deng Z, Zhang Y, Liu Q, Liu Q, Zhao C, Li P, Liu C, Feng J, Fu H, Li G, Wu M. SIX3, a tumor suppressor, inhibits astrocytoma tumorigenesis by transcriptional repression of AURKA/B. J Hematol Oncol 2017; 10:115. [PMID: 28595628 PMCID: PMC5465582 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-017-0483-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SIX homeobox 3 (SIX3) is a member of the sine oculis homeobox transcription factor family. It plays a vital role in the nervous system development. Our previous study showed that the SIX3 gene is hypermethylated, and its expression is decreased in astrocytoma, but the role of SIX3 remains unknown. METHODS Chromatin-immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and luciferase reporter assay were used to confirm the binding of SIX3 to the promoter regions of aurora kinase A (AURKA) and aurora kinase B (AURKB). Confocal imaging and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) were used to detect the interaction between AURKA and AURKB. Flow cytometry was performed to assess the effect of SIX3 on cell cycle distribution. Colony formation, EdU incorporation, transwell, and intracranial xenograft assays were performed to demonstrate the effect of SIX3 on the malignant phenotype of astrocytoma cells. RESULTS SIX3 is identified as a novel negative transcriptional regulator of AURKA and AURKB, and it decreases the expression of AURKA and AURKB in a dose-dependent manner in astrocytoma cells. Importantly, interactions between AURKA and AURKB stabilize and protect AURKA/B from degradation, and overexpression of SIX3 does not affect these interactions; SIX3 also acts as a tumor suppressor, and it increases p53 activity and expression at the post-translational level by the negative regulation of AURKA or AURKB, reduces the events of numerical centrosomal aberrations and misaligned chromosomes, and significantly inhibits the proliferation, invasion, and tumorigenesis of astrocytoma in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, experiments using primary cultured astrocytoma cells indicate that astrocytoma patients with a low expression of SIX3 and mutant p53 are more sensitive to treatment with aurora kinase inhibitors. CONCLUSION SIX3 is a novel negative transcriptional regulator and acts as a tumor suppressor that directly represses the transcription of AURKA and AURKB in astrocytoma. For the first time, the functional interaction of AURKA and AURKB has been found, which aids in the protection of their stability, and partially explains their constant high expression and activity in cancers. SIX3 is a potential biomarker that could be used to predict the response of astrocytoma patients to aurora kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Yu
- Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Yingnan Sun
- Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoling She
- The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Zeyou Wang
- The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Zhiyong Deng
- Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Qing Liu
- The Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Chunhua Zhao
- Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Peiyao Li
- Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Changhong Liu
- Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Jianbo Feng
- Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Haijuan Fu
- Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Guiyuan Li
- Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Minghua Wu
- Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
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36
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Nishimura T, Tamaoki M, Komatsuzaki R, Oue N, Taniguchi H, Komatsu M, Aoyagi K, Minashi K, Chiwaki F, Shinohara H, Tachimori Y, Yasui W, Muto M, Yoshida T, Sakai Y, Sasaki H. SIX1 maintains tumor basal cells via transforming growth factor-β pathway and associates with poor prognosis in esophageal cancer. Cancer Sci 2017; 108:216-225. [PMID: 27987372 PMCID: PMC5329162 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors. Although improvement in both surgical techniques and neoadjuvant chemotherapy has been achieved, the 5-year survival rate of locally advanced tumors was, at best, still 55%. Therefore, elucidation of mechanisms of the malignancy is eagerly awaited. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) has been reported to have critical biological roles for cancer cell stemness, whereas little is known about it in ESCC. In the current study, a transcriptional factor SIX1 was found to be aberrantly expressed in ESCCs. SIX1 cDNA transfection induced overexpression of transforming growth factors (TGFB1 and TGFB2) and its receptor (TGFBR2). Cell invasion was reduced by SIX1 knockdown and was increased in stable SIX1-transfectants. Furthermore, the SIX1-transfectants highly expressed tumor basal cell markers such as NGFR, SOX2, ALDH1A1, and PDPN. Although mock-transfectants had only a 20% PDPN-high population, SIX1-transfectants had 60-70%. In two sets of 42 and 85 ESCC patients receiving surgery alone or neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery, the cases with high SIX1 mRNA and protein expression level significantly showed a poor prognosis compared with those with low levels. These SIX1 high cases also expressed the above basal cell markers, but suppressed the differentiation markers. Finally, TGF-β signaling blockade suppressed ESCC cell growth in association with the reduction of PDPN-positive tumor basal cell population. The present results suggest that SIX1 accelerates self-renewal of tumor basal cells, resulting in a poor prognosis for ESCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Nishimura
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masashi Tamaoki
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rie Komatsuzaki
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naohide Oue
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | - Masayuki Komatsu
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Aoyagi
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Minashi
- Department of Clinical Trial Promotion, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Fumiko Chiwaki
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisashi Shinohara
- Department of Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuji Tachimori
- Department of Esophageal Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Yasui
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Manabu Muto
- Department of Therapeutic Oncology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Yoshida
- Division of Genetics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Sakai
- Department of Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sasaki
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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Chao L, Liu J, Zhao D. Increased Six1 expression is associated with poor prognosis in patients with osteosarcoma. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:2891-2896. [PMID: 28521394 PMCID: PMC5431299 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sine oculis homeobox homolog 1 (Six1) is an evolutionarily conserved transcription factor that acts as master regulator of development and is frequently dysregulated in various types of cancer. Six1 has been demonstrated to be upregulated in human osteosarcoma cell lines compared with osteoblastic cell lines. However, the association of Six1 expression with the progression and prognosis of osteosarcoma patients remains unclear. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the association between Six1 expression and the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of osteosarcoma. Six1 protein was detected by immunohistochemistry in a series of 100 osteosarcoma patients, and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed to assess prognosis. The results revealed that increased Six1 protein expression was prevalent in osteosarcoma and was significantly associated with Enneking stage (P=0.002) and tumor size (P=0.010). Additionally, according to the log-rank test and Cox regression model, expression of Six1 is indicated to be an independent prognostic factor in osteosarcoma patients. In summary, positive expression of Six1 protein is closely associated with the tumor progression and poor survival of osteosarcoma patients. The results suggest that Six1 is a overexpressed in individuals with poor prognosis, and may thus be used as a prognostic biomarker in patients with osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lemeng Chao
- Graduate College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 010017, P.R. China
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116001, P.R. China
| | - Dewei Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116001, P.R. China
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38
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He Z, Li G, Tang L, Li Y. SIX1 overexpression predicts poor prognosis and induces radioresistance through AKT signaling in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:1071-1079. [PMID: 28260921 PMCID: PMC5328293 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s125330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sineoculis homeobox homolog 1 (SIX1) protein has been found to be overexpressed in several human cancers. However, its expression pattern and biological roles in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remain unexplored. This study examined the clinical significance of SIX1 in 119 ESCC tissues. It was found that SIX1 protein was upregulated in 36.9% (44/119) cases. SIX1 overexpression was an independent predictor for short survival of ESCC patients. siRNA knockdown and plasmid transfection were carried out in ESCC cell lines. SIX1 depletion inhibited cell growth, invasion, and colony formation, whereas its overexpression facilitated in vivo and in vitro cell growth, invasion, and colony formation. The apoptosis rate induced by X-ray irradiation was substantially increased by SIX1 knockdown in Eca-109 cells. Ectopic overexpression of SIX1 in TE-1 cells dramatically enhanced resistance to irradiation. Western blot analysis showed that SIX1 depletion downregulated cyclin E, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), Bcl-2 expression and upregulated Bim expression. SIX1 overexpression exhibited the opposite effect on these proteins. In addition, it was found that SIX1 could positively regulate extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and AKT signaling pathway. ERK inhibitor abolished the effect of SIX1 on MMP-2 expression. AKT inhibitor treatment blocked the role of SIX1 on anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that SIX1 overexpression predicts poor survival in ESCC patients and confers radioresistance through activation of AKT signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng He
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guang Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lingrong Tang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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39
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Zhang X, Xu R. Six1 expression is associated with a poor prognosis in patients with glioma. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:1293-1298. [PMID: 28454249 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most common human brain cancer and has poor prognosis. Messenger RNA profiling identified that sineoculis homeobox homolog 1 (Six1) is dysregulated in glioma tumor progenitor cells from glial progenitor cells isolated from normal white matter. However, the expression and role of Six1 in glioma remains unclear. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the expression level of Six1 in glioma tissues and the association between Six1 expression and clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of gliomas. The Six1 protein was detected by immunohistochemistry in 163 glioma tissues of distinct malignancy grades, and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed to assess the prognosis of the patients. The Six1 protein was stained in 49.1% (80 out of 163) of the glioma tissues, including 34.2% of low-grade [World Health Organization (WHO) I/II] gliomas and 80.8% of high-grade (WHO III/IV) gliomas. Normal brain tissues rarely expressed the Six1 protein. In addition, Six1 expression was significantly associated with WHO grade (P<0.001). According to the log-rank test and Cox regression model, Six1 may be suggested as an independent prognostic factor, in addition to the WHO grade. Overall, Six1 protein expression varies between different grades of glioma and is associated with the WHO grade. Upregulation of Six1 is more frequent in high-grade glioma and is an independent prognostic factor of poor clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, Affiliated General Hospital of Beijing Military Region, Southern Medical University, Beijing 100700, P.R. China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 010017, P.R. China
| | - Ruxiang Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, Affiliated General Hospital of Beijing Military Region, Southern Medical University, Beijing 100700, P.R. China.,Neurosurgery Institute of Beijing Military Region, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
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40
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Liu Q, Li A, Tian Y, Liu Y, Li T, Zhang C, Wu JD, Han X, Wu K. The expression profile and clinic significance of the SIX family in non-small cell lung cancer. J Hematol Oncol 2016; 9:119. [PMID: 27821176 PMCID: PMC5100270 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-016-0339-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The SIX family homeobox genes have been demonstrated to be involved in the tumor initiation and progression, but their clinicopathological features and prognostic values in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have not been well defined. We analyzed relevant datasets and performed a systemic review and a meta-analysis to assess the profile of SIX family members in NSCLC and evaluate their importance as biomarkers for diagnosis and prediction of NSCLC. METHODS This meta-analysis included 17 studies with 2358 patients. Hazard ratio (HR) and 95 % confidence interval (CI) were calculated to represent the prognosis of NSCLC with expression of the SIX family genes. Heterogeneity of the ORs and HRs was assessed and quantified using the Cochrane Q and I 2 test. Begg's rank correlation method and Egger's weighted regression method were used to screen for potential publication bias. Bar graphs of representative datasets were plotted to show the correlation between the SIX expression and clinicopathological features of NSCLC. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to validate our prognostic analysis by pooled HR. RESULTS The systematic meta-analysis unveiled that the higher expressions of SIX1-5 were associated with the greater possibility of the tumorigenesis. SIX4 and SIX6 were linked to the lymph node metastasis (LNM). SIX2, SIX3, and SIX4 were correlated with higher TNM stages. Furthermore, the elevated expressions of SIX2, SIX4, and SIX6 predicted poor overall survival (OS) in NSCLC (SIX2: HR = 1.14, 95 % CI, 1.00-1.31; SIX4: HR = 1.39, 95 % CI, 1.16-1.66; SIX6: HR = 1.18, 95 % CI, 1.00-1.38) and poor relapse-free survival (RFS) in lung adenocarcinoma (ADC) (SIX2: HR = 1.42, 95 % CI, 1.14-1.77; SIX4: HR = 1.52, 95 % CI, 1.09-2.11; SIX6: HR = 1.25, 95 % CI, 1.01-1.56). CONCLUSIONS Our report demonstrated that the SIX family members play distinct roles in the tumorigenesis of NSCLC and can be potential biomarkers in predicting prognosis of NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Anping Li
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yijun Tian
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Geriatric, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Tengfei Li
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Cuntai Zhang
- Department of Geriatric, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jennifer D Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Xinwei Han
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Kongming Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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41
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Xin X, Li Y, Yang X. SIX1 is overexpressed in endometrial carcinoma and promotes the malignant behavior of cancer cells through ERK and AKT signaling. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:3435-3440. [PMID: 27900017 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The sineoculis homeobox homolog 1 (SIX1) protein has been found to be important for cancer progression. However, its biological role in human endometrial carcinomas remains unexplored. The potential mechanism of SIX1-induced cancer progression remains unclear. In the present study, SIX1 protein expression was examined in 84 cases of endometrial carcinoma tissues using immunohistochemisty, and SIX1 was found to be overexpressed in 51.1% (43/84) of cervical cancer cells. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown of SIX1 was also performed in Ishikawa cells with high endogenous SIX1 expression, and SIX1 was overexpressed in the HEC1B cell line with low endogenous expression. SIX1 overexpression promoted cell growth rate and colony formation ability, whereas SIX1 depletion inhibited cell growth and colony formation. Further analysis showed that SIX1 knockdown downregulated, and SIX1 overexpression upregulated, cyclin D1, cyclin E, phosphorylated (p-)extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and p-protein kinase B (AKT) expression. The ERK inhibitor, U0126, and AKT inhibitor treatments blocked the effect of SIX1 on proliferation. In conclusion, the present study found that SIX1 overexpression promotes cancer cell growth in endometrial carcinoma, possibly through ERK- and AKT-mediated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochuan Xin
- Department of Pathology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Pathology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Xianghong Yang
- Department of Pathology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
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42
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Suen AA, Jefferson WN, Wood CE, Padilla-Banks E, Bae-Jump VL, Williams CJ. SIX1 Oncoprotein as a Biomarker in a Model of Hormonal Carcinogenesis and in Human Endometrial Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2016; 14:849-58. [PMID: 27259717 PMCID: PMC5025359 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-16-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The oncofetal protein sine oculis-related homeobox 1 (SIX1) is a developmental transcription factor associated with carcinogenesis in several human cancer types but has not been investigated in human endometrial cancer. In a model of hormonal carcinogenesis, mice neonatally exposed to the soy phytoestrogen genistein (GEN) or the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES) develop endometrial cancer as adults. Previously, we demonstrated that SIX1 becomes aberrantly expressed in the uteri of these mice. Here, we used this mouse model to investigate the role of SIX1 expression in endometrial carcinoma development and used human tissue microarrays to explore the utility of SIX1 as a biomarker in human endometrial cancer. In mice neonatally exposed to GEN or DES, the Six1 transcript level increased dramatically over time in uteri at 6, 12, and 18 months of age and was associated with development of endometrial carcinoma. SIX1 protein localized within abnormal basal cells and all atypical hyperplastic and neoplastic lesions. These findings indicate that developmental estrogenic chemical exposure induces persistent endometrial SIX1 expression that is strongly associated with abnormal cell differentiation and cancer development. In human endometrial tissue specimens, SIX1 was not present in normal endometrium but was expressed in a subset of endometrial cancers in patients who were also more likely to have late-stage disease. These findings identify SIX1 as a disease biomarker in a model of hormonal carcinogenesis and suggest that SIX1 plays a role in endometrial cancer development in both mice and women. IMPLICATIONS The SIX1 oncoprotein is aberrantly expressed in the endometrium following developmental exposure to estrogenic chemicals, correlates with uterine cancer, and is a biomarker in human endometrial cancers. Mol Cancer Res; 14(9); 849-58. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa A. Suen
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
- Curriculum in Toxicology, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Wendy N. Jefferson
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Charles E. Wood
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC 27709
| | - Elizabeth Padilla-Banks
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Victoria L. Bae-Jump
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514
| | - Carmen J. Williams
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
- Curriculum in Toxicology, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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Riddiford N, Schlosser G. Dissecting the pre-placodal transcriptome to reveal presumptive direct targets of Six1 and Eya1 in cranial placodes. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27576864 PMCID: PMC5035141 DOI: 10.7554/elife.17666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pre-placodal ectoderm, marked by the expression of the transcription factor Six1 and its co-activator Eya1, develops into placodes and ultimately into many cranial sensory organs and ganglia. Using RNA-Seq in Xenopus laevis we screened for presumptive direct placodal target genes of Six1 and Eya1 by overexpressing hormone-inducible constructs of Six1 and Eya1 in pre-placodal explants, and blocking protein synthesis before hormone-inducing nuclear translocation of Six1 or Eya1. Comparing the transcriptome of explants with non-induced controls, we identified hundreds of novel Six1/Eya1 target genes with potentially important roles for placode development. Loss-of-function studies confirmed that target genes encoding known transcriptional regulators of progenitor fates (e.g. Sox2, Hes8) and neuronal/sensory differentiation (e.g. Ngn1, Atoh1, Pou4f1, Gfi1) require Six1 and Eya1 for their placodal expression. Our findings provide insights into the gene regulatory network regulating placodal neurogenesis downstream of Six1 and Eya1 suggesting new avenues of research into placode development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Riddiford
- School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.,Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Gerhard Schlosser
- School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.,Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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44
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Xu HX, Wu KJ, Tian YJ, Liu Q, Han N, He XL, Yuan X, Wu GS, Wu KM. Expression profile of SIX family members correlates with clinic-pathological features and prognosis of breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e4085. [PMID: 27399099 PMCID: PMC5058828 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000004085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sineoculis homeobox homolog (SIX) family proteins, including SIX1, SIX2, SIX3, SIX4, SIX5, and SIX6, have been implicated in the initiation and progression of breast cancer, but the role of each member in breast tumor is not fully understood. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the association between the mRNA levels of all 6 members and clinic-pathological characteristics and clinical outcome of breast cancer patients based on the PRISMA statement criteria.ArrayExpress and Oncomine were searched for eligible databases published up to December 10, 2015. The association between the mRNA expression of SIX family members and clinic-pathological features and prognosis was measured by the odds ratio (OR), hazard ratio (HR), and the corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI), respectively. All statistical analyses were performed using STATA software.In total, 20 published Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases with 3555 patients were analyzed. Our analysis revealed that patients with SIX1 overexpression had worse overall survival (OS) (HR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.03-1.58) and shorter relapse-free survival (RFS) (HR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.05-1.56), and much worse prognosis for luminal breast cancer patients with SIX1 overexpression (OS: HR: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.13-2.39; RFS: HR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.06-1.93). We found that patients with higher SIX2 level had shorter time to both relapse and metastasis. However, high SIX3 mRNA level was a protective factor for OS and RFS of basal-like breast cancer patients.Our study suggested that members of SIX family played distinct roles in breast cancer. Detailed analysis of the expression of the SIX family members might provide useful information to predict breast cancer progression and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Xiao Xu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei
| | - Kong-Ju Wu
- Nursing School of Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan, Henan
| | - Yi-Jun Tian
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei
| | - Na Han
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei
| | - Xue-Lian He
- Clinical Research Center, Wuhan Medical and Healthcare Center for Women and Children, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xun Yuan
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei
- Departments of Oncology and Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Gen Sheng Wu
- Departments of Oncology and Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Kong-Ming Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei
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Kawasaki T, Takahashi M, Yajima H, Mori Y, Kawakami K. Six1 is required for mouse dental follicle cell and human periodontal ligament-derived cell proliferation. Dev Growth Differ 2016; 58:530-45. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuki Kawasaki
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Jichi Medical University; 3311-1, Yakushiji Shimotsuke Tochigi 329-0498 Japan
- Division of Biology; Center for Molecular Medicine; Jichi Medical University; 3311-1, Yakushiji Shimotsuke Tochigi 329-0498 Japan
| | - Masanori Takahashi
- Division of Biology; Center for Molecular Medicine; Jichi Medical University; 3311-1, Yakushiji Shimotsuke Tochigi 329-0498 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yajima
- Division of Biology; Center for Molecular Medicine; Jichi Medical University; 3311-1, Yakushiji Shimotsuke Tochigi 329-0498 Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Mori
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Jichi Medical University; 3311-1, Yakushiji Shimotsuke Tochigi 329-0498 Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Kawakami
- Division of Biology; Center for Molecular Medicine; Jichi Medical University; 3311-1, Yakushiji Shimotsuke Tochigi 329-0498 Japan
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46
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Arsenic R, Braicu EI, Letsch A, Dietel M, Sehouli J, Keilholz U, Ochsenreither S. Cancer-testis antigen cyclin A1 is broadly expressed in ovarian cancer and is associated with prolonged time to tumor progression after platinum-based therapy. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:784. [PMID: 26499264 PMCID: PMC4619521 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1824-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclin A1 is essential for male gametopoiesis. In acute myeloid leukemia, it acts as a leukemia-associated antigen. Cyclin A1 expression has been reported in several epithelial malignancies, including testicular, endometrial, and epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). We analyzed Cyclin A1 expression in EOC and its correlation with clinical features to evaluate Cyclin A1 as a T-cell target in EOC. METHODS Cyclin A1 mRNA expression in EOC and healthy tissues was quantified by microarray analysis and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Protein expression in clinical samples was assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and was correlated to clinical features. RESULTS Cyclin A1 protein was homogeneously expressed in 43 of 62 grade 3 tumor samples and in 1 of 10 grade 2 specimens (p < 0.001). Survival analysis showed longer time to progression (TTP) among patients with at least moderate Cyclin A1 expression (univariate: p = 0.018, multivariate: p = 0.035). FIGO stage, grading, age, macroscopic residual tumor after debulking, and peritoneal carcinomatosis / distant metastasis had no impact on TTP or overall survival (OS). CONCLUSION Cyclin A1 is highly expressed in most EOCs. The mechanism behind the prolonged TTP in patients with high Cyclin A1 expression warrants further investigation. The frequent, selectively high expression of Cyclin A1 in EOC makes it a promising target for T-cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruza Arsenic
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Charité - University Hospital Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Elena Ilona Braicu
- Departement of Gynecology, University Hospital Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Anne Letsch
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology - University Hospital Berlin, 12200, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Manfred Dietel
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Charité - University Hospital Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jalid Sehouli
- Departement of Gynecology, University Hospital Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Keilholz
- Charité Cancer Comprehensive Center, Charité, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Ochsenreither
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology - University Hospital Berlin, 12200, Berlin, Germany.
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47
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Wang L, Liu H. microRNA-188 is downregulated in oral squamous cell carcinoma and inhibits proliferation and invasion by targeting SIX1. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:4105-13. [PMID: 26490981 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4246-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
microRNA-188 expression is downregulated in several tumors. However, its function and mechanism in human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains obscure. The present study aims to identify the expression pattern, biological roles, and potential mechanism by which miR-188 dysregulation is associated with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Significant downregulation of miR-188 was observed in OSCC tissues compared with paired normal tissues. In vitro, gain-of-function, loss-of-function experiments were performed to examine the impact of miR-188 on cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and cell cycle progression. Transfection of miR-188 mimics suppressed Detroit 562 cell proliferation, cell cycle progression and invasion, with downregulation of cyclin D1, MMP9, and p-ERK. Transfection of miR-188 inhibitor in FaDu cell line with high endogenous expression exhibited the opposite effects. Using fluorescence reporter assays, we confirmed that SIX1 was a direct target of miR-188 in OSCC cells. Transfection of miR-188 mimics downregulated SIX1 expression. SIX1 siRNA treatment abrogated miR-188 inhibitor-induced cyclin D1 and MMP9 upregulation. In addition, we found that SIX1 was overexpressed in 32 of 80 OSCC tissues. In conclusion, this study indicates that miR-188 downregulation might be associated with oral squamous cell carcinoma progression. miR-188 suppresses proliferation and invasion by targeting SIX1 in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wang
- Institute of Stomatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.,Department of Prosthodontics, the Affiliated hospital of Stomatology and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Liaoning Medical University, Guta District, Jinzhou, 121001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Hongchen Liu
- Institute of Stomatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
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Zeng J, Wei M, Shi R, Cai C, Liu X, Li T, Ma W. MiR-204-5p/Six1 feedback loop promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:2729-35. [PMID: 26408179 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4039-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a vital process in epithelial cancer invasion and metastasis. The induction of EMT by Six1 has been described as a common mode of cancer progression, which could promote breast cancer migration and invasion. In the study, we found that miR-204-5p could suppress the migration and invasion of breast cancer cell lines. Since overexpression of Six1 promote EMT, we identified a mechanism by which miR-204-5p inhibited the EMT by downregulating the Six1, which was mediated by a conserved miR-204-5p seed-matching sequence in the 3'-UTR of Six1 mRNA. We also identified that upregulation of Six1 could downregulate miR-204-5p expression, affecting the migration and invasion of breast cancer cell lines. In conclusion, the frequent upregulation of Six1 and/or downregulation of miR-204-5p in breast cancer may shift the equilibrium of these reciprocal regulations and lock breast cancer cells in the mesenchymal state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zeng
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Southern Medical University, No.1838, Baiyun Road North, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Wei
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Southern Medical University, No.1838, Baiyun Road North, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Shi
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Southern Medical University, No.1838, Baiyun Road North, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuixia Cai
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Southern Medical University, No.1838, Baiyun Road North, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinrui Liu
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Southern Medical University, No.1838, Baiyun Road North, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Taoping Li
- Sleep Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenli Ma
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Southern Medical University, No.1838, Baiyun Road North, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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49
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Emadi-Baygi M, Nikpour P, Emadi-Andani E. SIX1 overexpression in diffuse-type and grade III gastric tumors: Features that are associated with poor prognosis. Adv Biomed Res 2015; 4:139. [PMID: 26322287 PMCID: PMC4544127 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.161540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Gastric cancer is the second most common cancer worldwide. In Iran, the incidence of gastric cancer is well above the world average, and is the first common cancer in Iranian men and the third one in women. Located at chromosome 14q23, SIX1 is a homolog of the Drosophila ‘sine oculis’ (so) gene and is highly conserved in numerous species. In addition to the role of SIX1 in the development, its expression is frequently dysregulated in multiple cancers. This study aimed to evaluate the clinicopathological features of the expression of SIX1 gene in gastric adenocarcinoma. Materials and Methods: Thirty pairs of gastric tissue samples from patients with gastric adenocarcinoma were evaluated for SIX1 gene expression using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. A paired t-test or one-way ANOVA with post hoc multiple comparisons were used to analyze the differences between groups. Statistical significance was defined as P ≤ 0.05. Results: SIX1 expression was decreased in tumoral samples. However, its expression increased significantly in diffuse-type gastric cancer. Furthermore, there was a trend toward statistical significance in increasing SIX1 gene expression with higher grades. Of note, the difference was significant between grades I and III. Conclusions: The results suggest that SIX1 gene expression might be used in the future as a potential biomarker to predict the outcome of the disease as diffuse-type and grade III of gastric tumors are associated with poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Modjtaba Emadi-Baygi
- Department of Genetics, Research Institute of Biotechnology, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Nikpour
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran ; Pediatric Inherited Diseases Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran ; Child Growth and Development Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Elaheh Emadi-Andani
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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50
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Zeng J, Shi R, Cai CX, Liu XR, Song YB, Wei M, Ma WL. Increased expression of Six1 correlates with progression and prognosis of prostate cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2015; 15:63. [PMID: 26161040 PMCID: PMC4497425 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-015-0215-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sineoculis homeobox homolog 1 (Six1), normally a developmentally restricted transcriptional regulator, is frequently dysregulated in mutiple cancers. Increasing evidences show that overexpression of Six1 plays a key role in tumorigenesis. However, the Six1 expression status and its relationship with the clinicopathological characteristics in prostate cancer were unclear. In this study, the mRNA and protein levels of Six1 in prostate cancer tissues and normal prostate tissues were evaluated. The clinicopathological significance of Six1 was investigated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) on a prostate cancer tissue microarray. The cut-off score for high expression of Six1 was determined by the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. The correlation between Six1 protein expression and clinicopathological characteristics of prostate cancer was analyzed by Chi-square test. Increased expression of Six1 protein was observed in the majority of prostate cancer, compared with their paired adjacent normal prostate tissues. When Six1 high expression percentage was determined to be above 55 % (area under ROC curve = 0.881, P = 0.000), high expression of Six1 was observed in 55.6 % (80/144) of prostate cancer tissues and low expression of Six1 was observed in all normal prostate tissues by IHC. Increased expression of Six1 in patients was correlated with high histological grade (χ2 = 58.651, P = 0.00), advanced clinical stage (χ2 = 57.330, P = 0.000), high Gleason score (χ2 = 63.480, P = 0.000), high primary tumor grade (χ2 = 57.330, P = 0.000) and positive regional lymph node metastasis (χ2 = 19.294, P = 0.000). Furthermore, univariate and multivariate survival analysis suggested that Six1 was an independent prognostic indicator for overall survival (P < 0.05). This study suggests that Six1 could be served as an additional biomarker in identifying prostate cancer patients at risk of tumor progression, might potentially be used for predicting survival outcome of patients with prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zeng
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Southern Medical University, No.1838, Baiyun Road North, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Shi
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Southern Medical University, No.1838, Baiyun Road North, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Cui-Xia Cai
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Southern Medical University, No.1838, Baiyun Road North, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Rui Liu
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Southern Medical University, No.1838, Baiyun Road North, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Bin Song
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Southern Medical University, No.1838, Baiyun Road North, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Wei
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Southern Medical University, No.1838, Baiyun Road North, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Li Ma
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Southern Medical University, No.1838, Baiyun Road North, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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