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Gupta N, Somayajulu M, Gurdziel K, LoGrasso G, Aziz H, Rosati R, McClellan S, Pitchaikannu A, Santra M, Shukkur MFA, Stemmer P, Hazlett LD, Xu S. The miR-183/96/182 cluster regulates sensory innervation, resident myeloid cells and functions of the cornea through cell type-specific target genes. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7676. [PMID: 38561433 PMCID: PMC10985120 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58403-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The conserved miR-183/96/182 cluster (miR-183C) is expressed in both corneal resident myeloid cells (CRMCs) and sensory nerves (CSN) and modulates corneal immune/inflammatory responses. To uncover cell type-specific roles of miR-183C in CRMC and CSN and their contributions to corneal physiology, myeloid-specific miR-183C conditional knockout (MS-CKO), and sensory nerve-specific CKO (SNS-CKO) mice were produced and characterized in comparison to the conventional miR-183C KO. Immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy of flatmount corneas, corneal sensitivity, and tear volume assays were performed in young adult naïve mice; 3' RNA sequencing (Seq) and proteomics in the trigeminal ganglion (TG), cornea and CRMCs. Our results showed that, similar to conventional KO mice, the numbers of CRMCs were increased in both MS-CKO and SNS-CKO vs age- and sex-matched WT control littermates, suggesting intrinsic and extrinsic regulations of miR-183C on CRMCs. The number of CRMCs was increased in male vs female MS-CKO mice, suggesting sex-dependent regulation of miR-183C on CRMCs. In the miR-183C KO and SNS-CKO, but not the MS-CKO mice, CSN density was decreased in the epithelial layer of the cornea, but not the stromal layer. Functionally, corneal sensitivity and basal tear volume were reduced in the KO and SNS-CKO, but not the MS-CKO mice. Tear volume in males is consistently higher than female WT mice. Bioinformatic analyses of the transcriptomes revealed a series of cell-type specific target genes of miR-183C in TG sensory neurons and CRMCs. Our data elucidate that miR-183C imposes intrinsic and extrinsic regulation on the establishment and function of CSN and CRMCs by cell-specific target genes. miR-183C modulates corneal sensitivity and tear production through its regulation of corneal sensory innervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naman Gupta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 E Canfield Street, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Mallika Somayajulu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 E Canfield Street, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | | | - Giovanni LoGrasso
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 E Canfield Street, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Haidy Aziz
- School of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Rita Rosati
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sharon McClellan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 E Canfield Street, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Ahalya Pitchaikannu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 E Canfield Street, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Manoranjan Santra
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 E Canfield Street, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Muhammed Farooq Abdul Shukkur
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 E Canfield Street, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Paul Stemmer
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Linda D Hazlett
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 E Canfield Street, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Shunbin Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 E Canfield Street, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
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2
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Yoshioka N. Roles of dystonin isoforms in the maintenance of neural, muscle, and cutaneous tissues. Anat Sci Int 2024; 99:7-16. [PMID: 37603210 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-023-00739-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Dystonin (DST), also known as bullous pemphigoid antigen 1 (BPAG1), encodes cytoskeletal linker proteins belonging to the plakin family. The DST gene produces several isoforms, including DST-a, DST-b, and DST-e, which are expressed in neural, muscle, and cutaneous tissues, respectively. Pathogenic DST mutations cause hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type 6 (HSAN-VI) and epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS); therefore, it is important to elucidate the roles of DST isoforms in multiple organs. Recently, we have used several Dst mutant mouse strains, in which the expression of Dst isoforms is disrupted in distinct patterns, to gain new insight into how DST functions in multiple tissues. This review provides an overview of the roles played by tissue-specific DST isoforms in neural, muscle, and cutaneous tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomu Yoshioka
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan.
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3
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Zhang Q, Liu X, Gong L, He M. Combinatorial genetic strategies for dissecting cell lineages, cell types, and gene function in the mouse brain. Dev Growth Differ 2023; 65:546-553. [PMID: 37963088 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Research in neuroscience has greatly benefited from the development of genetic approaches that enable lineage tracing, cell type targeting, and conditional gene regulation. Recent advances in combinatorial strategies, which integrate multiple cellular features, have significantly enhanced the spatiotemporal precision and flexibility of these manipulations. In this minireview, we introduce the concept and design of these strategies and provide a few examples of their application in genetic fate mapping, cell type targeting, and reversible conditional gene regulation. These advancements have facilitated in-depth investigation into the developmental principles underlying the assembly of brain circuits, granting experimental access to highly specific cell lineages and subtypes, as well as offering valuable new tools for modeling and studying neurological diseases. Additionally, we discuss future directions aimed at expanding and improving the existing genetic toolkit for a better understanding of the development, structure, and function of healthy and diseased brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Miao He
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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4
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Kalvaitytė M, Balciunas D. Conditional mutagenesis strategies in zebrafish. Trends Genet 2022; 38:856-868. [PMID: 35662532 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2022.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Gene disruption or knockout is an essential tool for elucidating gene function. Conditional knockout methodology was developed to further advance these studies by enabling gene disruption at a predefined time and/or in discrete cells. While the conditional knockout method is widely used in the mouse, technical limitations have stifled direct adoption of this methodology in other animal models including the zebrafish. Recent advances in genome editing have enabled engineering of distinct classes of conditional mutants in zebrafish. To further accelerate the development and application of conditional mutants, we will review diverse methods of conditional knockout engineering and discuss the advantages of different conditional alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Darius Balciunas
- Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania; Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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5
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Suzuki T, Takagi S, Hara T. Multiple Gene Transfer and All-In-One Conditional Knockout Systems in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells for Analysis of Gene Function. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:870629. [PMID: 35419367 PMCID: PMC8995969 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.870629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are powerful tools for functional analysis of stem cell-related genes; however, complex gene manipulations, such as locus-targeted introduction of multiple genes and conditional gene knockout conditional knockout, are technically difficult. Here, we review recent advances in technologies aimed at generating cKO clones in ESCs, including two new methods developed in our laboratory: the simultaneous or sequential integration of multiple genes system for introducing an unlimited number of gene cassettes into a specific chromosomal locus using reciprocal recombinases; and the all-in-one cKO system, which enables introduction of an EGFP reporter expression cassette and FLAG-tagged gene of interest under an endogenous promoter. In addition, methods developed in other laboratories, including conventional approaches to establishment of cKO cell clones, inducible Cas9-mediated cKO generation, and cKO assisted by reporter construct, invertible gene-trap cassette, and conditional protein degradation. Finally, we discuss the advantages of each approach, as well as the remaining issues and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruhiko Suzuki
- Stem Cell Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoko Takagi
- Stem Cell Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiko Hara
- Stem Cell Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Science, Department of Biological Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
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Kdm6a deficiency restricted to mouse hematopoietic cells causes an age- and sex-dependent myelodysplastic syndrome-like phenotype. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255706. [PMID: 34780480 PMCID: PMC8592440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Kdm6a/Utx, a gene on the X chromosome, encodes a histone H3K27me3 demethylase that has an orthologue on the Y chromosome (Uty) (Zheng et al. 2018). We previously identified inactivating mutations of Kdm6a in approximately 50% of mouse acute promyelocytic leukemia samples; however, somatic mutations of KDM6A are more rare in human AML samples, ranging in frequency from 2–15% in different series of patients, where their role in pathogenesis is not yet clear. In this study, we show that female Kdm6aflox/flox mice (with allele inactivation initiated by Vav1-Cre in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) have a sex-specific phenotype that emerges with aging, with features resembling a myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Female Kdm6a-knockout (KO) mice have an age-dependent expansion of their HSPCs with aberrant self-renewal, but they did not differentiate normally into downstream progeny. These mice became mildly anemic and thrombocytopenic, but did not develop overt leukemia, or die from these cytopenias. ChIP-seq and ATAC-seq studies showed only minor changes in H3K27me3, H3K27ac, H3K4me, H3K4me3 and chromatin accessibility between Kdm6a-WT and Kdm6a-KO mice. Utilizing scRNA-seq, Kdm6a loss was linked to the transcriptional repression of genes that mediate hematopoietic cell fate determination. These data demonstrate that Kdm6a plays an important role in normal hematopoiesis, and that its inactivation may contribute to AML pathogenesis.
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7
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De Dieuleveult M, Bizet M, Colin L, Calonne E, Bachman M, Li C, Stancheva I, Miotto B, Fuks F, Deplus R. The chromatin remodelling protein LSH/HELLS regulates the amount and distribution of DNA hydroxymethylation in the genome. Epigenetics 2021; 17:422-443. [PMID: 33960278 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2021.1917152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ten-Eleven Translocation (TET) proteins convert 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) leading to a dynamic epigenetic state of DNA that can influence transcription and chromatin organization. While TET proteins interact with complexes involved in transcriptional repression and activation, the overall understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in TET-mediated regulation of gene expression still remains limited. Here, we show that TET proteins interact with the chromatin remodelling protein lymphoid-specific helicase (LSH/HELLS) in vivo and in vitro. In mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and embryonic stem cells (ESCs) knock out of Lsh leads to a significant reduction of 5-hydroxymethylation amount in the DNA. Whole genome sequencing of 5hmC in wild-type versus Lsh knock-out MEFs and ESCs showed that in absence of Lsh, some regions of the genome gain 5hmC while others lose it, with mild correlation with gene expression changes. We further show that differentially hydroxymethylated regions did not completely overlap with differentially methylated regions indicating that changes in 5hmC distribution upon Lsh knock-out are not a direct consequence of 5mC decrease. Altogether, our results suggest that LSH, which interacts with TET proteins, contributes to the regulation of 5hmC levels and distribution in MEFs and ESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud De Dieuleveult
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, ULB-Cancer Research Centre (U-CRC), Université Libre De Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Université De Paris, Institut Cochin, Inserm, Cnrs, PARIS, France
| | - Martin Bizet
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, ULB-Cancer Research Centre (U-CRC), Université Libre De Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurence Colin
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, ULB-Cancer Research Centre (U-CRC), Université Libre De Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emilie Calonne
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, ULB-Cancer Research Centre (U-CRC), Université Libre De Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martin Bachman
- Medicines Discovery Catapult, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Chao Li
- , Max Born Crescent, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Irina Stancheva
- , Max Born Crescent, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Benoit Miotto
- Université De Paris, Institut Cochin, Inserm, Cnrs, PARIS, France
| | - François Fuks
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, ULB-Cancer Research Centre (U-CRC), Université Libre De Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rachel Deplus
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, ULB-Cancer Research Centre (U-CRC), Université Libre De Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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8
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Clark JF, Dinsmore CJ, Soriano P. A most formidable arsenal: genetic technologies for building a better mouse. Genes Dev 2021; 34:1256-1286. [PMID: 33004485 PMCID: PMC7528699 DOI: 10.1101/gad.342089.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this review, Clark et al. summarize the history of mice in genetic studies and the development of classic approaches to genome modification, and how they have been used and improved in recent years. They also discuss the recent surge of nuclease-mediated techniques and how they are changing the field of mouse genetics. The mouse is one of the most widely used model organisms for genetic study. The tools available to alter the mouse genome have developed over the preceding decades from forward screens to gene targeting in stem cells to the recent influx of CRISPR approaches. In this review, we first consider the history of mice in genetic study, the development of classic approaches to genome modification, and how such approaches have been used and improved in recent years. We then turn to the recent surge of nuclease-mediated techniques and how they are changing the field of mouse genetics. Finally, we survey common classes of alleles used in mice and discuss how they might be engineered using different methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Clark
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Colin J Dinsmore
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Philippe Soriano
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
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9
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Lindner L, Cayrou P, Rosahl TW, Zhou HH, Birling MC, Herault Y, Pavlovic G. Droplet digital PCR or quantitative PCR for in-depth genomic and functional validation of genetically altered rodents. Methods 2021; 191:107-119. [PMID: 33838271 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene targeting and additive (random) transgenesis have proven to be powerful technologies with which to decipher the mammalian genome. With the advent of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, the ability to inactivate or modify the function of a gene has become even more accessible. However, the impact of each generated modification may be different from what was initially desired. Minimal validation of mutant alleles from genetically altered (GA) rodents remains essential to guarantee the interpretation of experimental results. The protocol described here combines design strategies for genomic and functional validation of genetically modified alleles with droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) or quantitative PCR (qPCR) for target DNA or mRNA quantification. In-depth analysis of the results obtained with GA models through the analysis of target DNA and mRNA quantification is also provided, to evaluate which pitfalls can be detected using these two methods, and we propose recommendations for the characterization of different type of mutant allele (knock-out, knock-in, conditional knock-out, FLEx, IKMC model or transgenic). Our results also highlight the possibility that mRNA expression of any mutated allele can be different from what might be expected in theory or according to common assumptions. For example, mRNA analyses on knock-out lines showed that nonsense-mediated mRNA decay is generally not achieved with a critical-exon approach. Likewise, comparison of multiple conditional lines crossed with the same CreERT2 deleter showed that the inactivation outcome was very different for each conditional model. DNA quantification by ddPCR of G0 to G2 generations of transgenic rodents generated by pronuclear injection showed an unexpected variability, demonstrating that G1 generation rodents cannot be considered as established lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loic Lindner
- PHENOMIN-Institut Clinique de la Souris, CELPHEDIA, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, Strasbourg 67404, France
| | - Pauline Cayrou
- PHENOMIN-Institut Clinique de la Souris, CELPHEDIA, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, Strasbourg 67404, France
| | - Thomas W Rosahl
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Heather H Zhou
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Marie-Christine Birling
- PHENOMIN-Institut Clinique de la Souris, CELPHEDIA, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, Strasbourg 67404, France
| | - Yann Herault
- PHENOMIN-Institut Clinique de la Souris, CELPHEDIA, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, Strasbourg 67404, France
| | - Guillaume Pavlovic
- PHENOMIN-Institut Clinique de la Souris, CELPHEDIA, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, Strasbourg 67404, France.
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10
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Lu H, Liu J, Feng T, Guo Z, Yin Y, Gao F, Cao G, Du X, Wu S. A HIT-trapping strategy for rapid generation of reversible and conditional alleles using a universal donor. Genome Res 2021; 31:900-909. [PMID: 33795333 PMCID: PMC8092013 DOI: 10.1101/gr.271312.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Targeted mutagenesis in model organisms is key for gene functional annotation and biomedical research. Despite technological advances in gene editing by the CRISPR-Cas9 systems, rapid and efficient introduction of site-directed mutations remains a challenge in large animal models. Here, we developed a robust and flexible insertional mutagenesis strategy, homology-independent targeted trapping (HIT-trapping), which is generic and can efficiently target-trap an endogenous gene of interest independent of homology arm and embryonic stem cells. Further optimization and equipping the HIT-trap donor with a site-specific DNA inversion mechanism enabled one-step generation of reversible and conditional alleles in a single experiment. As a proof of concept, we successfully created mutant alleles for 21 disease-related genes in primary porcine fibroblasts with an average knock-in frequency of 53.2%, a great improvement over previous approaches. The versatile HIT-trapping strategy presented here is expected to simplify the targeted generation of mutant alleles and facilitate large-scale mutagenesis in large mammals such as pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengxing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tao Feng
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610200, China
| | - Zihang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yunjun Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Gengsheng Cao
- Henan Engineering Laboratory for Mammary Bioreactor, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Xuguang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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11
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Hansen J, von Melchner H, Wurst W. Mutant non-coding RNA resource in mouse embryonic stem cells. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:14/2/dmm047803. [PMID: 33729986 PMCID: PMC7875499 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.047803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene trapping is a high-throughput approach that has been used to introduce insertional mutations into the genome of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. It is performed with generic gene trap vectors that simultaneously mutate and report the expression of the endogenous gene at the site of insertion and provide a DNA sequence tag for the rapid identification of the disrupted gene. Large-scale international efforts assembled a gene trap library of 566,554 ES cell lines with single gene trap integrations distributed throughout the genome. Here, we re-investigated this unique library and identified mutations in 2202 non-coding RNA (ncRNA) genes, in addition to mutations in 12,078 distinct protein-coding genes. Moreover, we found certain types of gene trap vectors preferentially integrating into genes expressing specific long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) biotypes. Together with all other gene-trapped ES cell lines, lncRNA gene-trapped ES cell lines are readily available for functional in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Hansen
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Harald von Melchner
- Department of Molecular Hematology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany .,Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, c/o Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, D-81377 Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Adolf-Butenandt-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, D-81377 München, Germany
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12
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Charrier A, Xu X, Guan BJ, Ngo J, Wynshaw-Boris A, Hatzoglou M, Buchner DA. Adipocyte-specific deletion of zinc finger protein 407 results in lipodystrophy and insulin resistance in mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 521:111109. [PMID: 33285243 PMCID: PMC7813145 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PPARγ deficiency in humans and model organisms impairs the transcriptional control of adipogenesis and mature adipocyte function resulting in lipodystrophy and insulin resistance. Zinc finger protein 407 (ZFP407) positively regulates PPARγ target gene expression and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in cultured adipocytes. The in vivo physiological role of ZFP407 in mature adipocytes, however, remains to be elucidated. Here we generated adipocyte-specific ZFP407 knockout (AZKO) mice and discovered a partial lipodystrophic phenotype with reduced fat mass, hypertrophic adipocytes in inguinal and brown adipose tissue, and reduced adipogenic gene expression. The lipodystrophy was further exacerbated in AZKO mice fed a high-fat diet. Glucose and insulin tolerance tests revealed decreased insulin sensitivity in AZKO mice compared to control littermates. Cell-based assays demonstrated that ZFP407 is also required for adipogenesis, which may also contribute to the lipodystrophic phenotype. These results demonstrate an essential in vivo role of ZFP407 in brown and white adipose tissue formation and organismal insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Charrier
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Xuan Xu
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Bo-Jhih Guan
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Justine Ngo
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Anthony Wynshaw-Boris
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Maria Hatzoglou
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - David A Buchner
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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Son JW, Shin JJ, Kim MG, Kim J, Son SW. Keratinocyte-specific knockout mice models via Cre–loxP recombination system. Mol Cell Toxicol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-020-00115-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Coku A, McClellan SA, Van Buren E, Back JB, Hazlett LD, Xu S. The miR-183/96/182 Cluster Regulates the Functions of Corneal Resident Macrophages. Immunohorizons 2020; 4:729-744. [PMID: 33208381 PMCID: PMC7891884 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2000091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident macrophages (ResMϕ) play important roles in the normal development and physiological functions as well as tissue repair and immune/inflammatory response to both internal and external insults. In cornea, ResMϕ are critical to the homeostasis and maintenance, wound healing, ocular immune privilege, and immune/inflammatory response to injury and microbial infection. However, the roles of microRNAs in corneal ResMϕ are utterly unknown. Previously, we demonstrated that the conserved miR-183/96/182 cluster (miR-183/96/182) plays important roles in sensory neurons and subgroups of both innate and adaptive immune cells and modulates corneal response to bacterial infection. In this study, we provide direct evidence that the mouse corneal ResMϕ constitutively produce both IL-17f and IL-10. This function is regulated by miR-183/96/182 through targeting Runx1 and Maf, key transcriptional regulators for IL-17f and IL-10 expression, respectively. In addition, we show that miR-183/96/182 has a negative feedback regulation on the TLR4 pathway in mouse corneal ResMϕ. Furthermore, miR-183/96/182 regulates the number of corneal ResMϕ. Inactivation of miR-183/96/182 in mouse results in more steady-state corneal resident immune cells, including ResMϕ, and leads to a simultaneous early upregulation of innate IL-17f and IL-10 production in the cornea after Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Its multiplex regulations on the simultaneous production of IL-17f and IL-10, TLR4 signaling pathway and the number of corneal ResMϕ place miR-183/96/182 in the center of corneal innate immunity, which is key to the homeostasis of the cornea, ocular immune privilege, and the corneal response to microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardian Coku
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201; and
| | - Sharon A McClellan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201; and
| | - Eric Van Buren
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Jessica B Back
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Linda D Hazlett
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201; and
| | - Shunbin Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201; and
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Takeuchi A, Takahashi Y, Iida K, Hosokawa M, Irie K, Ito M, Brown JB, Ohno K, Nakashima K, Hagiwara M. Identification of Qk as a Glial Precursor Cell Marker that Governs the Fate Specification of Neural Stem Cells to a Glial Cell Lineage. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 15:883-897. [PMID: 32976762 PMCID: PMC7562946 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During brain development, neural stem cells (NSCs) initially produce neurons and change their fate to generate glias. While the regulation of neurogenesis is well characterized, specific markers for glial precursor cells (GPCs) and the master regulators for gliogenesis remain unidentified. Accumulating evidence suggests that RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) have significant roles in neuronal development and function, as they comprehensively regulate the expression of target genes in a cell-type-specific manner. We systematically investigated the expression profiles of 1,436 murine RBPs in the developing mouse brain and identified quaking (Qk) as a marker of the putative GPC population. Functional analysis of the NSC-specific Qk-null mutant mouse revealed the key role of Qk in astrocyte and oligodendrocyte generation and differentiation from NSCs. Mechanistically, Qk upregulates gliogenic genes via quaking response elements in their 3′ untranslated regions. These results provide crucial directions for identifying GPCs and deciphering the regulatory mechanisms of gliogenesis from NSCs. Differential expression analysis identified Qk as a glial precursor cell marker Loss of Qk ablated both astrocyte and OL production from neural stem cells Qk−/− NSCs failed to become glia and aberrantly expressed neural genes Qk comprehensively upregulates essential genes for gliogenesis as regulons via QREs
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihide Takeuchi
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Yuji Takahashi
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kei Iida
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Medical Research Support Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Motoyasu Hosokawa
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Koichiro Irie
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Mikako Ito
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - J B Brown
- Laboratory for Molecular Biosciences, Life Science Informatics Research Unit, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kinji Ohno
- Division of Neurogenetics, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kinichi Nakashima
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Hagiwara
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Cell-Type-Specific Gene Inactivation and In Situ Restoration via Recombinase-Based Flipping of Targeted Genomic Region. J Neurosci 2020; 40:7169-7186. [PMID: 32801153 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1044-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Conditional gene inactivation and restoration are powerful tools for studying gene functions in the nervous system and for modeling neuropsychiatric diseases. The combination of the two is necessary to interrogate specific cell types within defined developmental stages. However, very few methods and animal models have been developed for such purpose. Here we present a versatile method for conditional gene inactivation and in situ restoration through reversibly inverting a critical part of its endogenous genomic sequence by Cre- and Flp-mediated recombinations. Using this method, we generated a mouse model to manipulate Mecp2, an X-linked dosage-sensitive gene whose mutations cause Rett syndrome. Combined with multiple Cre- and Flp-expressing drivers and viral tools, we achieved efficient and reliable Mecp2 inactivation and restoration in the germline and several neuronal cell types, and demonstrated phenotypic reversal and prevention on cellular and behavioral levels in male mice. This study not only provides valuable tools and critical insights for Mecp2 and Rett syndrome, but also offers a generally applicable strategy to decipher other neurologic disorders.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Studying neurodevelopment and modeling neurologic disorders rely on genetic tools, such as conditional gene regulation. We developed a new method to combine conditional gene inactivation and restoration on a single allele without disturbing endogenous expression pattern or dosage. We applied it to manipulate Mecp2, a gene residing on X chromosome whose malfunction leads to neurologic disease, including Rett syndrome. Our results demonstrated the efficiency, specificity, and versatility of this new method, provided valuable tools and critical insights for Mecp2 function and Rett syndrome research, and offered a generally applicable strategy to investigate other genes and genetic disorders.
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Jones TI, Chew GL, Barraza-Flores P, Schreier S, Ramirez M, Wuebbles RD, Burkin DJ, Bradley RK, Jones PL. Transgenic mice expressing tunable levels of DUX4 develop characteristic facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy-like pathophysiology ranging in severity. Skelet Muscle 2020; 10:8. [PMID: 32278354 PMCID: PMC7149937 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-020-00227-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background All types of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) are caused by the aberrant activation of the somatically silent DUX4 gene, the expression of which initiates a cascade of cellular events ultimately leading to FSHD pathophysiology. Typically, progressive skeletal muscle weakness becomes noticeable in the second or third decade of life, yet there are many individuals who are genetically FSHD but develop symptoms much later in life or remain relatively asymptomatic throughout their lives. Conversely, FSHD may clinically present prior to 5–10 years of age, ultimately manifesting as a severe early-onset form of the disease. These phenotypic differences are thought to be due to the timing and levels of DUX4 misexpression. Methods FSHD is a dominant gain-of-function disease that is amenable to modeling by DUX4 overexpression. We have recently created a line of conditional DUX4 transgenic mice, FLExDUX4, that develop a myopathy upon induction of human DUX4-fl expression in skeletal muscle. Here, we use the FLExDUX4 mouse crossed with the skeletal muscle-specific and tamoxifen-inducible line ACTA1-MerCreMer to generate a highly versatile bi-transgenic mouse model with chronic, low-level DUX4-fl expression and cumulative mild FSHD-like pathology that can be reproducibly induced to develop more severe pathology via tamoxifen induction of DUX4-fl in skeletal muscles. Results We identified conditions to generate FSHD-like models exhibiting reproducibly mild, moderate, or severe DUX4-dependent pathophysiology and characterized progression of pathology. We assayed DUX4-fl mRNA and protein levels, fitness, strength, global gene expression, and histopathology, all of which are consistent with an FSHD-like myopathic phenotype. Importantly, we identified sex-specific and muscle-specific differences that should be considered when using these models for preclinical studies. Conclusions The ACTA1-MCM;FLExDUX4 bi-transgenic mouse model has mild FSHD-like pathology and detectable muscle weakness. The onset and progression of more severe DUX4-dependent pathologies can be controlled via tamoxifen injection to increase the levels of mosaic DUX4-fl expression, providing consistent and readily screenable phenotypes for assessing therapies targeting DUX4-fl mRNA and/or protein and are useful to investigate certain conserved downstream FSHD-like pathophysiology. Overall, this model supports that DUX4 expression levels in skeletal muscle directly correlate with FSHD-like pathology by numerous metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako I Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Guo-Liang Chew
- Computational Biology Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.,Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.,Current Address: The Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pamela Barraza-Flores
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Spencer Schreier
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Monique Ramirez
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Ryan D Wuebbles
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Dean J Burkin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Robert K Bradley
- Computational Biology Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.,Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Peter L Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, 89557, USA.
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Hall EG, Wenger LW, Wilson NR, Undurty-Akella SS, Standley J, Augustine-Akpan EA, Kousa YA, Acevedo DS, Goering JP, Pitstick L, Natsume N, Paroya SM, Busch TD, Ito M, Mori A, Imura H, Schultz-Rogers LE, Klee EW, Babovic-Vuksanovic D, Kroc SA, Adeyemo WL, Eshete MA, Bjork BC, Suzuki S, Murray JC, Schutte BC, Butali A, Saadi I. SPECC1L regulates palate development downstream of IRF6. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 29:845-858. [PMID: 31943082 PMCID: PMC7104672 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
SPECC1L mutations have been identified in patients with rare atypical orofacial clefts and with syndromic cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P). These mutations cluster in the second coiled-coil and calponin homology domains of SPECC1L and severely affect the ability of SPECC1L to associate with microtubules. We previously showed that gene-trap knockout of Specc1l in mouse results in early embryonic lethality. We now present a truncation mutant mouse allele, Specc1lΔC510, that results in perinatal lethality. Specc1lΔC510/ΔC510 homozygotes showed abnormal palate rugae but did not show cleft palate. However, when crossed with a gene-trap allele, Specc1lcGT/ΔC510 compound heterozygotes showed a palate elevation delay with incompletely penetrant cleft palate. Specc1lcGT/ΔC510 embryos exhibit transient oral epithelial adhesions at E13.5, which may delay shelf elevation. Consistent with oral adhesions, we show periderm layer abnormalities, including ectopic apical expression of adherens junction markers, similar to Irf6 hypomorphic mutants and Arhgap29 heterozygotes. Indeed, SPECC1L expression is drastically reduced in Irf6 mutant palatal shelves. Finally, we wanted to determine if SPECC1L deficiency also contributed to non-syndromic (ns) CL/P. We sequenced 62 Caucasian, 89 Filipino, 90 Ethiopian, 90 Nigerian and 95 Japanese patients with nsCL/P and identified three rare coding variants (p.Ala86Thr, p.Met91Iso and p.Arg546Gln) in six individuals. These variants reside outside of SPECC1L coiled-coil domains and result in milder functional defects than variants associated with syndromic clefting. Together, our data indicate that palate elevation is sensitive to deficiency of SPECC1L dosage and function and that SPECC1L cytoskeletal protein functions downstream of IRF6 in palatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Everett G Hall
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Luke W Wenger
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Nathan R Wilson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Sraavya S Undurty-Akella
- Department of Pediatrics, Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jennifer Standley
- Department of Pediatrics, Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Eno-Abasi Augustine-Akpan
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine/Dow Institute for Dental Research, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Youssef A Kousa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Diana S Acevedo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Jeremy P Goering
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Lenore Pitstick
- Department of Biochemistry, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Nagato Natsume
- Division of Research and Treatment for Oral and Maxillofacial Congenital Anomalies, Aichi Gakuin University Hospital, 2-11 Suemori-Dori, Nagoya, Chikusa-ku, Japan
| | - Shahnawaz M Paroya
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Tamara D Busch
- Department of Pediatrics, Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Masaaki Ito
- Division of Research and Treatment for Oral and Maxillofacial Congenital Anomalies, Aichi Gakuin University Hospital, 2-11 Suemori-Dori, Nagoya, Chikusa-ku, Japan
| | - Akihiro Mori
- Division of Research and Treatment for Oral and Maxillofacial Congenital Anomalies, Aichi Gakuin University Hospital, 2-11 Suemori-Dori, Nagoya, Chikusa-ku, Japan
| | - Hideto Imura
- Division of Research and Treatment for Oral and Maxillofacial Congenital Anomalies, Aichi Gakuin University Hospital, 2-11 Suemori-Dori, Nagoya, Chikusa-ku, Japan
| | | | - Eric W Klee
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Sarah A Kroc
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Wasiu L Adeyemo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, PMB 12003, Nigeria
| | - Mekonen A Eshete
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, PO Box 26493, Ethiopia
| | - Bryan C Bjork
- Department of Biochemistry, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Satoshi Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics, Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Division of Research and Treatment for Oral and Maxillofacial Congenital Anomalies, Aichi Gakuin University Hospital, 2-11 Suemori-Dori, Nagoya, Chikusa-ku, Japan
| | - Jeffrey C Murray
- Department of Pediatrics, Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Brian C Schutte
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Azeez Butali
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine/Dow Institute for Dental Research, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Irfan Saadi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Lanigan TM, Kopera HC, Saunders TL. Principles of Genetic Engineering. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E291. [PMID: 32164255 PMCID: PMC7140808 DOI: 10.3390/genes11030291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic engineering is the use of molecular biology technology to modify DNA sequence(s) in genomes, using a variety of approaches. For example, homologous recombination can be used to target specific sequences in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell genomes or other cultured cells, but it is cumbersome, poorly efficient, and relies on drug positive/negative selection in cell culture for success. Other routinely applied methods include random integration of DNA after direct transfection (microinjection), transposon-mediated DNA insertion, or DNA insertion mediated by viral vectors for the production of transgenic mice and rats. Random integration of DNA occurs more frequently than homologous recombination, but has numerous drawbacks, despite its efficiency. The most elegant and effective method is technology based on guided endonucleases, because these can target specific DNA sequences. Since the advent of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats or CRISPR/Cas9 technology, endonuclease-mediated gene targeting has become the most widely applied method to engineer genomes, supplanting the use of zinc finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector nucleases, and meganucleases. Future improvements in CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing may be achieved by increasing the efficiency of homology-directed repair. Here, we describe principles of genetic engineering and detail: (1) how common elements of current technologies include the need for a chromosome break to occur, (2) the use of specific and sensitive genotyping assays to detect altered genomes, and (3) delivery modalities that impact characterization of gene modifications. In summary, while some principles of genetic engineering remain steadfast, others change as technologies are ever-evolving and continue to revolutionize research in many fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Lanigan
- Biomedical Research Core Facilities, Vector Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (T.M.L.); (H.C.K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Huira C. Kopera
- Biomedical Research Core Facilities, Vector Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (T.M.L.); (H.C.K.)
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Thomas L. Saunders
- Biomedical Research Core Facilities, Transgenic Animal Model Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Selective reconstitution of IFN‑γ gene function in Ncr1+ NK cells is sufficient to control systemic vaccinia virus infection. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008279. [PMID: 32023327 PMCID: PMC7028289 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
IFN-γ is an enigmatic cytokine that shows direct anti-viral effects, confers upregulation of MHC-II and other components relevant for antigen presentation, and that adjusts the composition and balance of complex cytokine responses. It is produced during immune responses by innate as well as adaptive immune cells and can critically affect the course and outcome of infectious diseases, autoimmunity, and cancer. To selectively analyze the function of innate immune cell-derived IFN-γ, we generated conditional IFN-γOFF mice, in which endogenous IFN-γ expression is disrupted by a loxP flanked gene trap cassette inserted into the first intron of the IFN-γ gene. IFN-γOFF mice were intercrossed with Ncr1-Cre or CD4-Cre mice that express Cre mainly in NK cells (IFN-γNcr1-ON mice) or T cells (IFN-γCD4-ON mice), respectively. Rosa26RFP reporter mice intercrossed with Ncr1-Cre mice showed selective RFP expression in more than 80% of the NK cells, while upon intercrossing with CD4-Cre mice abundant RFP expression was detected in T cells, but also to a minor extent in other immune cell subsets. Previous studies showed that IFN-γ expression is needed to promote survival of vaccinia virus (VACV) infection. Interestingly, during VACV infection of wild type and IFN-γCD4-ON mice two waves of serum IFN-γ were induced that peaked on day 1 and day 3/4 after infection. Similarly, VACV infected IFN-γNcr1-ON mice mounted two waves of IFN-γ responses, of which the first one was moderately and the second one profoundly reduced when compared with WT mice. Furthermore, IFN-γNcr1-ON as well as IFN-γCD4-ON mice survived VACV infection, whereas IFN-γOFF mice did not. As expected, ex vivo analysis of splenocytes derived from VACV infected IFN-γNcr1-ON mice showed IFN-γ expression in NK cells, but not T cells, whereas IFN-γOFF mice showed IFN-γ expression neither in NK cells nor T cells. VACV infected IFN-γNcr1-ON mice mounted normal cytokine responses, restored neutrophil accumulation, and showed normal myeloid cell distribution in blood and spleen. Additionally, in these mice normal MHC-II expression was detected on peripheral macrophages, whereas IFN-γOFF mice did not show MHC-II expression on such cells. In conclusion, upon VACV infection Ncr1 positive cells including NK cells mount two waves of early IFN-γ responses that are sufficient to promote the induction of protective anti-viral immunity. Viral infections induce interferon (IFN) responses that constitute a first line of defense. Type II IFN (IFN-γ) is required for protection against lethal vaccinia virus (VACV) infection. To address the cellular origin of protective IFN-γ responses during VACV infection, we generated IFN-γOFF mice, in which the endogenous IFN-γ gene function can be reconstituted in a Cre-dependent manner. IFN-γOFF mice were intercrossed with Ncr1-Cre mice that express Cre selectively in Ncr1+ innate cell subsests such as NK cells. Surprisingly, VACV infected IFN-γNcr1-ON mice mounted two waves of IFN-γ responses. Reconstitution of innate IFN-γ was sufficient to restore cytokine responses that supported normal myeloid cell distribution and survival upon VACV infection. In conclusion, IFN-γ derived from Ncr1+ innate immune cells is sufficient to elicit fully effective immune responses upon VACV infection. Our new mouse model is suitable to further address the role of Ncr1+ cell-derived IFN-γ also in other models of infection, as well as of autoimmunity and cancer.
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García-García MJ. A History of Mouse Genetics: From Fancy Mice to Mutations in Every Gene. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1236:1-38. [PMID: 32304067 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-2389-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The laboratory mouse has become the model organism of choice in numerous areas of biological and biomedical research, including the study of congenital birth defects. The appeal of mice for these experimental studies stems from the similarities between the physiology, anatomy, and reproduction of these small mammals with our own, but it is also based on a number of practical reasons: mice are easy to maintain in a laboratory environment, are incredibly prolific, and have a relatively short reproductive cycle. Another compelling reason for choosing mice as research subjects is the number of tools and resources that have been developed after more than a century of working with these small rodents in laboratory environments. As will become obvious from the reading of the different chapters in this book, research in mice has already helped uncover many of the genes and processes responsible for congenital birth malformations and human diseases. In this chapter, we will provide an overview of the methods, scientific advances, and serendipitous circumstances that have made these discoveries possible, with a special emphasis on how the use of genetics has propelled scientific progress in mouse research and paved the way for future discoveries.
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Francis Stewart A, von Melchner H. New methods for extracting function from the mammalian genome. Methods 2019; 164-165:1-2. [PMID: 31265889 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2019.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Francis Stewart
- Genomics, Biotechnology Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Max-Planck-Institute for Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Harald von Melchner
- Department for Molecular Hematology and Loewe Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, University of Frankfurt Medical School, Goethe University Medical School, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Pfeifer M, Brem R, Lippert TP, Boulianne B, Ho HN, Robinson ME, Stebbing J, Feldhahn N. SSB1/SSB2 Proteins Safeguard B Cell Development by Protecting the Genomes of B Cell Precursors. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2019; 202:3423-3433. [PMID: 31085591 PMCID: PMC6545462 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Induction of programmed DNA damage and its recognition and repair are fundamental for B cell development. The ssDNA-binding protein SSB1 has been described in human cells as essential for the recognition and repair of DNA damage. To study its relevance for B cells, we recently developed Ssb1 -/- and conditional Ssb1 -/- mice. Although SSB1 loss did not affect B cell development, Ssb1 -/- cells exhibited compensatory expression of its homolog SSB2. We have now generated Ssb2 -/- mice and show in this study that SSB2 is also dispensable for B cell development and DNA damage response activation. In contrast to the single loss of Ssb1 or Ssb2, however, combined SSB1/2 deficiency caused a defect in early B cell development. We relate this to the sensitivity of B cell precursors as mature B cells largely tolerated their loss. Toxicity of combined genetic SSB1/2 loss can be rescued by ectopic expression of either SSB1 or SSB2, mimicked by expression of SSB1 ssDNA-binding mutants, and attenuated by BCL2-mediated suppression of apoptosis. SSB1/2 loss in B cell precursors further caused increased exposure of ssDNA associated with disruption of genome fragile sites, inefficient cell cycle progression, and increased DNA damage if apoptosis is suppressed. As such, our results establish SSB1/2 as safeguards of B cell development and unveil their differential requirement in immature and mature B lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Pfeifer
- Centre for Hematology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, W12 0NN London, United Kingdom; and
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, W12 0NN London, United Kingdom
| | - Reto Brem
- Centre for Hematology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, W12 0NN London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Timothy P Lippert
- Centre for Hematology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, W12 0NN London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Bryant Boulianne
- Centre for Hematology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, W12 0NN London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Howin Ng Ho
- Centre for Hematology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, W12 0NN London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Mark E Robinson
- Centre for Hematology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, W12 0NN London, United Kingdom; and
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, W12 0NN London, United Kingdom
| | - Justin Stebbing
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, W12 0NN London, United Kingdom
| | - Niklas Feldhahn
- Centre for Hematology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, W12 0NN London, United Kingdom; and
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24
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Currall BB, Chen M, Sallari RC, Cotter M, Wong KE, Robertson NG, Penney KL, Lunardi A, Reschke M, Hickox AE, Yin Y, Wong GT, Fung J, Brown KK, Williamson RE, Sinnott-Armstrong NA, Kammin T, Ivanov A, Zepeda-Mendoza CJ, Shen J, Quade BJ, Signoretti S, Arnos KS, Banks AS, Patsopoulos N, Liberman MC, Kellis M, Pandolfi PP, Morton CC. Loss of LDAH associated with prostate cancer and hearing loss. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:4194-4203. [PMID: 30169630 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Great strides in gene discovery have been made using a multitude of methods to associate phenotypes with genetic variants, but there still remains a substantial gap between observed symptoms and identified genetic defects. Herein, we use the convergence of various genetic and genomic techniques to investigate the underpinnings of a constellation of phenotypes that include prostate cancer (PCa) and sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) in a human subject. Through interrogation of the subject's de novo, germline, balanced chromosomal translocation, we first identify a correlation between his disorders and a poorly annotated gene known as lipid droplet associated hydrolase (LDAH). Using data repositories of both germline and somatic variants, we identify convergent genomic evidence that substantiates a correlation between loss of LDAH and PCa. This correlation is validated through both in vitro and in vivo models that show loss of LDAH results in increased risk of PCa and, to a lesser extent, SNHL. By leveraging convergent evidence in emerging genomic data, we hypothesize that loss of LDAH is involved in PCa and other phenotypes observed in support of a genotype-phenotype association in an n-of-one human subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B Currall
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ming Chen
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Cancer Research Institute, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard C Sallari
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Maura Cotter
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kristen E Wong
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nahid G Robertson
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathryn L Penney
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrea Lunardi
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Cancer Research Institute, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Markus Reschke
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Cancer Research Institute, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ann E Hickox
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Eaton-Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yanbo Yin
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Garrett T Wong
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jacqueline Fung
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kerry K Brown
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Nicholas A Sinnott-Armstrong
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tammy Kammin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew Ivanov
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cinthya J Zepeda-Mendoza
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jun Shen
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Partners HealthCare Personalized Medicine, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School Center for Hereditary Deafness, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bradley J Quade
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sabina Signoretti
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathleen S Arnos
- Department of Science, Technology, & Mathematics, Gallaudet University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Alexander S Banks
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston MA, USA
| | - Nikolaos Patsopoulos
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Charles Liberman
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Eaton-Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Manolis Kellis
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Pier Paolo Pandolfi
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Cancer Research Institute, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cynthia C Morton
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School Center for Hereditary Deafness, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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25
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Sanchez E, Gonzalez EA, Moreno DS, Cardenas RA, Ramos MA, Davalos AJ, Manllo J, Rodarte AI, Petrova Y, Moreira DC, Chavez MA, Tortoriello A, Lara A, Gutierrez BA, Burns AR, Heidelberger R, Adachi R. Syntaxin 3, but not syntaxin 4, is required for mast cell-regulated exocytosis, where it plays a primary role mediating compound exocytosis. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:3012-3023. [PMID: 30563839 PMCID: PMC6398129 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) participate in allergy, inflammation, and defense against pathogens. They release multiple immune mediators via exocytosis, a process that requires SNARE proteins, including syntaxins (Stxs). The identity of the Stxs involved in MC exocytosis remains controversial. Here, we studied the roles of Stx3 and -4 in fully developed MCs from conditional knockout mice by electrophysiology and EM, and found that Stx3, and not Stx4, is crucial for MC exocytosis. The main defect seen in Stx3-deficient MCs was their inability to engage multigranular compound exocytosis, while leaving most single-vesicle fusion events intact. We used this defect to show that this form of exocytosis is not only required to accelerate MC degranulation but also essential to achieve full degranulation. The exocytic defect was severe but not absolute, indicating that an Stx other than Stx3 and -4 is also required for exocytosis in MCs. The removal of Stx3 affected only regulated exocytosis, leaving other MC effector responses intact, including the secretion of cytokines via constitutive exocytosis. Our in vivo model of passive systemic anaphylaxis showed that the residual exocytic function of Stx3-deficient MCs was sufficient to drive a full anaphylactic response in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Sanchez
- From the Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64710, México
| | - Erika A Gonzalez
- From the Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64710, México
| | - David S Moreno
- From the Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64710, México
| | - Rodolfo A Cardenas
- From the Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64710, México
| | - Marco A Ramos
- From the Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64710, México
| | - Alfredo J Davalos
- From the Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64710, México
| | - John Manllo
- From the Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64710, México
| | - Alejandro I Rodarte
- From the Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64710, México
| | - Youlia Petrova
- From the Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Daniel C Moreira
- From the Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64710, México
| | - Miguel A Chavez
- From the Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64710, México
| | - Alejandro Tortoriello
- From the Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64710, México
| | - Adolfo Lara
- the Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030, and
| | - Berenice A Gutierrez
- From the Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64710, México
| | - Alan R Burns
- the College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204
| | - Ruth Heidelberger
- the Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030, and
| | - Roberto Adachi
- From the Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030,
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26
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Hara T, Maejima I, Akuzawa T, Hirai R, Kobayashi H, Tsukamoto S, Tsunoda M, Ono A, Yamakoshi S, Oikawa S, Sato K. Rer1-mediated quality control system is required for neural stem cell maintenance during cerebral cortex development. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007647. [PMID: 30260951 PMCID: PMC6159856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rer1 is a retrieval receptor for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention of various ER membrane proteins and unassembled or immature components of membrane protein complexes. However, its physiological functions during mammalian development remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the role of Rer1-mediated quality control system in mammalian development. We show that Rer1 is required for the sufficient cell surface expression and activity of γ-secretase complex, which modulates Notch signaling during mouse cerebral cortex development. When Rer1 was depleted in the mouse cerebral cortex, the number of neural stem cells decreased significantly, and malformation of the cerebral cortex was observed. Rer1 loss reduced γ-secretase activity and downregulated Notch signaling in the developing cerebral cortex. In Rer1-deficient cells, a subpopulation of γ-secretase complexes and components was transported to and degraded in lysosomes, thereby significantly reducing the amount of γ-secretase complex on the cell surface. These results suggest that Rer1 maintains Notch signaling by maintaining sufficient expression of the γ-secretase complex on the cell surface and regulating neural stem cell maintenance during cerebral cortex development. We showed that Rer1 functions as an early-Golgi quality control pathway that maintains γ-secretase activity by maintaining sufficient cell surface expression of γ-secretase complex during cerebral cortex development, thereby modulating Notch signaling.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport
- Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/metabolism
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal
- CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cerebral Cortex/growth & development
- Cerebral Cortex/metabolism
- Chromosome Deletion
- Chromosome Disorders/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Humans
- Lysosomes/metabolism
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Neural Stem Cells
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Receptors, Notch/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Hara
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
- Laboratory of Cellular Regulation, Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ikuko Maejima
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tomoko Akuzawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Rika Hirai
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hisae Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tsukamoto
- Laboratory Animal and Genome Sciences Section, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mika Tsunoda
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Aguri Ono
- Laboratory of Cellular Regulation, Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shota Yamakoshi
- Laboratory of Cellular Regulation, Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Oikawa
- Laboratory of Cellular Regulation, Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ken Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
- * E-mail:
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27
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A single reporter mouse line for Vika, Flp, Dre, and Cre-recombination. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14453. [PMID: 30262904 PMCID: PMC6160450 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32802-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Site-specific recombinases (SSR) are utilized as important genome engineering tools to precisely modify the genome of mice and other model organisms. Reporter mice that mark cells that at any given time had expressed the enzyme are frequently used for lineage tracing and to characterize newly generated mice expressing a recombinase from a chosen promoter. With increasing sophistication of genome alteration strategies, the demand for novel SSR systems that efficiently and specifically recombine their targets is rising and several SSR-systems are now used in combination to address complex biological questions in vivo. Generation of reporter mice for each one of these recombinases is cumbersome and increases the number of mouse lines that need to be maintained in animal facilities. Here we present a multi-reporter mouse line for loci-of-recombination (X) (MuX) that streamlines the characterization of mice expressing prominent recombinases. MuX mice constitutively express nuclear green fluorescent protein after recombination by either Cre, Flp, Dre or Vika recombinase, rationalizing the number of animal lines that need to be maintained. We also pioneer the use of the Vika/vox system in mice, illustrating its high efficacy and specificity, thereby facilitating future designs of sophisticated recombinase-based in vivo genome engineering strategies.
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28
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Jones T, Jones PL. A cre-inducible DUX4 transgenic mouse model for investigating facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192657. [PMID: 29415061 PMCID: PMC5802938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Double homeobox 4 (DUX4) gene is an important regulator of early human development and its aberrant expression is causal for facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD). The DUX4-full length (DUX4-fl) mRNA splice isoform encodes a transcriptional activator; however, DUX4 and its unique DNA binding preferences are specific to old-world primates. Regardless, the somatic cytotoxicity caused by DUX4 expression is conserved when expressed in cells and animals ranging from fly to mouse. Thus, viable animal models based on DUX4-fl expression have been difficult to generate due in large part to overt developmental toxicity of low DUX4-fl expression from leaky transgenes. We have overcome this obstacle and here we report the generation and initial characterization of a line of conditional floxed DUX4-fl transgenic mice, FLExDUX4, that is viable and fertile. In the absence of cre, these mice express a very low level of DUX4-fl mRNA from the transgene, resulting in mild phenotypes. However, when crossed with appropriate cre-driver lines of mice, the double transgenic offspring readily express DUX4-fl mRNA, protein, and target genes with the spatiotemporal pattern of nuclear cre expression dictated by the chosen system. When cre is expressed from the ACTA1 skeletal muscle-specific promoter, the double transgenic animals exhibit a developmental myopathy. When crossed with tamoxifen-inducible cre lines, DUX4-mediated pathology can be induced in adult animals. Thus, the appearance and progression of pathology can be controlled to provide readily screenable phenotypes useful for assessing therapeutic approaches targeting DUX4-fl mRNA and protein. Overall, the FLExDUX4 line of mice is quite versatile and will allow new investigations into mechanisms of DUX4-mediated pathophysiology as well as much-needed pre-clinical testing of DUX4-targeted FSHD interventions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Peter L. Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
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29
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Chang KT, Guo J, di Ronza A, Sardiello M. Aminode: Identification of Evolutionary Constraints in the Human Proteome. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1357. [PMID: 29358731 PMCID: PMC5778061 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19744-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionarily constrained regions (ECRs) are a hallmark for sites of critical importance for a protein's structure or function. ECRs can be inferred by comparing the amino acid sequences from multiple protein homologs in the context of the evolutionary relationships that link the analyzed proteins. The compilation and analysis of the datasets required to infer ECRs, however, are time consuming and require skills in coding and bioinformatics, which can limit the use of ECR analysis in the biomedical community. Here, we developed Aminode, a user-friendly webtool for the routine and rapid inference of ECRs. Aminode is pre-loaded with the results of the analysis of the whole human proteome compared with proteomes from 62 additional vertebrate species. Profiles of the relative rates of amino acid substitution and ECR maps of human proteins are available for immediate search and download on the Aminode website. Aminode can also be used for custom analyses of protein families of interest. Interestingly, mapping of known missense variants shows great enrichment of pathogenic variants and depletion of non-pathogenic variants in Aminode-generated ECRs, suggesting that ECR analysis may help evaluate the potential pathogenicity of variants of unknown significance. Aminode is freely available at http://www.aminode.org .
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T Chang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Junyan Guo
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Microsoft Corporation, 1 Microsoft Way, Redmond, WA, 98052, USA
| | - Alberto di Ronza
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Marco Sardiello
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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30
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Burn SF, Washkowitz AJ, Gavrilov S, Papaioannou VE. Postimplantation Mga expression and embryonic lethality of two gene-trap alleles. Gene Expr Patterns 2018; 27:31-35. [PMID: 29066359 PMCID: PMC5835168 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dual-specificity T-box/basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper transcription factor MGA is part of the MAX-interacting network of proteins. In the mouse, MGA is necessary for the survival of the pluripotent epiblast cells of the peri-implantation embryo and a null, gene-trap allele MgaGt results in embryonic lethality shortly after implantation. We have used this allele to document expression of Mga in postimplantation embryos and also investigated a second, hypomorphic gene-trap allele, MgaInv. RESULTS Compound heterozygotes, MgaGt/MgaInv, die prior to midgestation. The extraembryonic portion of the embryos appears to develop relatively normally while the embryonic portion, including the pluripotent cells of the epiblast, is severely retarded by E7.5. Mga expression is initially limited to the pluripotent inner cell mass of the blastocyst and epiblast, but during organogenesis it is widely expressed, notably in the central nervous system and sensory organs, reproductive and excretory systems, heart, somites and limbs. CONCLUSIONS Widespread yet specific areas of expression of Mga during organogenesis raise the possibility that the transcription factor may play roles in controlling proliferation and potency in the progenitor cell populations of different organ systems. Documentation of these patterns sets the stage for the investigation of specific progenitor cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally F Burn
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Andrew J Washkowitz
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Svetlana Gavrilov
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065-6007, USA
| | - Virginia E Papaioannou
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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31
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Lüningschrör P, Binotti B, Dombert B, Heimann P, Perez-Lara A, Slotta C, Thau-Habermann N, R von Collenberg C, Karl F, Damme M, Horowitz A, Maystadt I, Füchtbauer A, Füchtbauer EM, Jablonka S, Blum R, Üçeyler N, Petri S, Kaltschmidt B, Jahn R, Kaltschmidt C, Sendtner M. Plekhg5-regulated autophagy of synaptic vesicles reveals a pathogenic mechanism in motoneuron disease. Nat Commun 2017; 8:678. [PMID: 29084947 PMCID: PMC5662736 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00689-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy-mediated degradation of synaptic components maintains synaptic homeostasis but also constitutes a mechanism of neurodegeneration. It is unclear how autophagy of synaptic vesicles and components of presynaptic active zones is regulated. Here, we show that Pleckstrin homology containing family member 5 (Plekhg5) modulates autophagy of synaptic vesicles in axon terminals of motoneurons via its function as a guanine exchange factor for Rab26, a small GTPase that specifically directs synaptic vesicles to preautophagosomal structures. Plekhg5 gene inactivation in mice results in a late-onset motoneuron disease, characterized by degeneration of axon terminals. Plekhg5-depleted cultured motoneurons show defective axon growth and impaired autophagy of synaptic vesicles, which can be rescued by constitutively active Rab26. These findings define a mechanism for regulating autophagy in neurons that specifically targets synaptic vesicles. Disruption of this mechanism may contribute to the pathophysiology of several forms of motoneuron disease. Accumulating evidence suggests that disruption of autophagy is associated with neurodegeneration. Here the authors show that Plekhg5 acts as a GEF for Rab26, a small GTPase that promotes the autophagy of synaptic vesicles in neurons; mice lacking Plekgh5 develop late-onset motoneuron degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Lüningschrör
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97078, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Beyenech Binotti
- Department of Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Dombert
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Peter Heimann
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Angel Perez-Lara
- Department of Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Carsten Slotta
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | - Cora R von Collenberg
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Karl
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Damme
- Institut für Biochemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Arie Horowitz
- Cardeza Vascular Biology Center, Departments of Medicine and Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Isabelle Maystadt
- Centre de Génétique Humaine, Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, 6041, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Annette Füchtbauer
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Sibylle Jablonka
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Robert Blum
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nurcan Üçeyler
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Petri
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,Integrated Research and Treatment Center Transplantation (IFB-Tx) Hannover, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Barbara Kaltschmidt
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany.,Molecular Neurobiology, University of Bielefeld, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Reinhard Jahn
- Department of Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Michael Sendtner
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97078, Würzburg, Germany.
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32
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A reversible haploid mouse embryonic stem cell biobank resource for functional genomics. Nature 2017; 550:114-118. [PMID: 28953874 DOI: 10.1038/nature24027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability to directly uncover the contributions of genes to a given phenotype is fundamental for biology research. However, ostensibly homogeneous cell populations exhibit large clonal variance that can confound analyses and undermine reproducibility. Here we used genome-saturated mutagenesis to create a biobank of over 100,000 individual haploid mouse embryonic stem (mES) cell lines targeting 16,970 genes with genetically barcoded, conditional and reversible mutations. This Haplobank is, to our knowledge, the largest resource of hemi/homozygous mutant mES cells to date and is available to all researchers. Reversible mutagenesis overcomes clonal variance by permitting functional annotation of the genome directly in sister cells. We use the Haplobank in reverse genetic screens to investigate the temporal resolution of essential genes in mES cells, and to identify novel genes that control sprouting angiogenesis and lineage specification of blood vessels. Furthermore, a genome-wide forward screen with Haplobank identified PLA2G16 as a host factor that is required for cytotoxicity by rhinoviruses, which cause the common cold. Therefore, clones from the Haplobank combined with the use of reversible technologies enable high-throughput, reproducible, functional annotation of the genome.
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33
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Navarro G, Abdolazimi Y, Zhao Z, Xu H, Lee S, Armstrong NA, Annes JP. Genetic Disruption of Adenosine Kinase in Mouse Pancreatic β-Cells Protects Against High-Fat Diet-Induced Glucose Intolerance. Diabetes 2017; 66:1928-1938. [PMID: 28468960 PMCID: PMC5482077 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Islet β-cells adapt to insulin resistance through increased insulin secretion and expansion. Type 2 diabetes typically occurs when prolonged insulin resistance exceeds the adaptive capacity of β-cells. Our prior screening efforts led to the discovery that adenosine kinase (ADK) inhibitors stimulate β-cell replication. Here, we evaluated whether ADK disruption in mouse β-cells affects β-cell mass and/or protects against high-fat diet (HFD)-induced glucose dysregulation. Mice targeted at the Adk locus were bred to Rip-Cre and Ins1-Cre/ERT1Lphi mice to enable constitutive (βADKO) and conditional (iβADKO) disruption of ADK expression in β-cells, respectively. Weight gain, glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) were longitudinally monitored in normal chow (NC)-fed and HFD-fed mice. In addition, β-cell mass and replication were measured by immunofluorescence-based islet morphometry. NC-fed adult βADKO and iβADKO mice displayed glucose tolerance, insulin tolerance and β-cell mass comparable to control animals. By contrast, HFD-fed βADKO and iβADKO animals had improved glucose tolerance and increased in vivo GSIS. Improved glucose handling was associated with increased β-cell replication and mass. We conclude that ADK expression negatively regulates the adaptive β-cell response to HFD challenge. Therefore, modulation of ADK activity is a potential strategy for enhancing the adaptive β-cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Navarro
- Department of Medicine and Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Yassan Abdolazimi
- Department of Medicine and Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Zhengshan Zhao
- Department of Medicine and Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Haixia Xu
- Department of Medicine and Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Sooyeon Lee
- Department of Medicine and Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Neali A Armstrong
- Department of Medicine and Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Justin P Annes
- Department of Medicine and Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
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34
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Garfinkel BP, Arad S, Neuner SM, Netser S, Wagner S, Kaczorowski CC, Rosen CJ, Gal M, Soreq H, Orly J. HP1BP3 expression determines maternal behavior and offspring survival. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2017; 15:678-88. [PMID: 27470444 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Maternal care is an indispensable behavioral component necessary for survival and reproductive success in mammals, and postpartum maternal behavior is mediated by an incompletely understood complex interplay of signals including effects of epigenetic regulation. We approached this issue using our recently established mice with targeted deletion of heterochromatin protein 1 binding protein 3 (HP1BP3), which we found to be a novel epigenetic repressor with critical roles in postnatal growth. Here, we report a dramatic reduction in the survival of pups born to Hp1bp3(-/-) deficient mouse dams, which could be rescued by co-fostering with wild-type dams. Hp1bp3(-/-) females failed to retrieve both their own pups and foster pups in a pup retrieval test, and showed reduced anxiety-like behavior in the open-field and elevated-plus-maze tests. In contrast, Hp1bp3(-/-) females showed no deficits in behaviors often associated with impaired maternal care, including social behavior, depression, motor coordination and olfactory capability; and maintained unchanged anxiety-associated hallmarks such as cholinergic status and brain miRNA profiles. Collectively, our results suggest a novel role for HP1BP3 in regulating maternal and anxiety-related behavior in mice and call for exploring ways to manipulate this epigenetic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Garfinkel
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel. .,Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - S Arad
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,Biomedical Sciences, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - S M Neuner
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - S Netser
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - S Wagner
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - C C Kaczorowski
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - C J Rosen
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA
| | - M Gal
- Biomedical Sciences, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,The IVF Unit - Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - H Soreq
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - J Orly
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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35
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Strassman A, Schnütgen F, Dai Q, Jones JC, Gomez AC, Pitstick L, Holton NE, Moskal R, Leslie ER, von Melchner H, Beier DR, Bjork BC. Generation of a multipurpose Prdm16 mouse allele by targeted gene trapping. Dis Model Mech 2017; 10:909-922. [PMID: 28424158 PMCID: PMC5536910 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.029561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene trap mutagenesis is a powerful tool to create loss-of-function mutations in mice and other model organisms. Modifications of traditional gene trap cassettes, including addition of conditional features in the form of Flip-excision (FlEx) arrays to enable directional gene trap cassette inversions by Cre and Flpe site-specific recombinases, greatly enhanced their experimental potential. By taking advantage of these conditional gene trap cassettes, we developed a generic strategy for generating conditional mutations and validated this strategy in mice carrying a multipurpose allele of the Prdm16 transcription factor gene. We demonstrate that the gene trap insertion creates a null mutation replicating the Pierre Robin sequence-type cleft palate phenotype of other Prdm16 mutant mice. Consecutive breeding to Flpe and Emx1IREScre deleter mice spatially restricted Prdm16 loss to regions of the forebrain expressing the homeobox gene Emx1, demonstrating the utility of the technology for the analysis of tissue-specific gene functions. Summary: Described is the first targeting of an invertible gene trap to generate a conditional Prdm16 mouse allele and its use to assess phenotypic consequences of Prdm16 loss during craniofacial and brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Strassman
- Department of Biochemistry, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Frank Schnütgen
- Department for Molecular Hematology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Qi Dai
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The University of Stockholm, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jennifer C Jones
- Department of Biochemistry, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Angela C Gomez
- Department of Biochemistry, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Lenore Pitstick
- Department of Biochemistry, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Nathan E Holton
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Russell Moskal
- Department of Anatomy, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Erin R Leslie
- Department of Anatomy, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Harald von Melchner
- Department for Molecular Hematology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - David R Beier
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.,Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Bryan C Bjork
- Department of Biochemistry, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
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36
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McLellan MA, Rosenthal NA, Pinto AR. Cre-loxP-Mediated Recombination: General Principles and Experimental Considerations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 7:1-12. [DOI: 10.1002/cpmo.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Micheal A. McLellan
- The Jackson Laboratory; Bar Harbor Maine
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Nadia A. Rosenthal
- The Jackson Laboratory; Bar Harbor Maine
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University; Melbourne Victoria Australia
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London; London United Kingdom
| | - Alexander R. Pinto
- The Jackson Laboratory; Bar Harbor Maine
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University; Melbourne Victoria Australia
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37
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Wittmann A, Grimm MOW, Scherthan H, Horsch M, Beckers J, Fuchs H, Gailus-Durner V, Hrabě de Angelis M, Ford SJ, Burton NC, Razansky D, Trümbach D, Aichler M, Walch AK, Calzada-Wack J, Neff F, Wurst W, Hartmann T, Floss T. Sphingomyelin Synthase 1 Is Essential for Male Fertility in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164298. [PMID: 27788151 PMCID: PMC5082796 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids and the derived gangliosides have critical functions in spermatogenesis, thus mutations in genes involved in sphingolipid biogenesis are often associated with male infertility. We have generated a transgenic mouse line carrying an insertion in the sphingomyelin synthase gene Sms1, the enzyme which generates sphingomyelin species in the Golgi apparatus. We describe the spermatogenesis defect of Sms1-/- mice, which is characterized by sloughing of spermatocytes and spermatids, causing progressive infertility of male homozygotes. Lipid profiling revealed a reduction in several long chain unsaturated phosphatidylcholins, lysophosphatidylcholins and sphingolipids in the testes of mutants. Multi-Spectral Optoacoustic Tomography indicated blood-testis barrier dysfunction. A supplementary diet of the essential omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid diminished germ cell sloughing from the seminiferous epithelium and restored spermatogenesis and fertility in 50% of previously infertile mutants. Our findings indicate that SMS1 has a wider than anticipated role in testis polyunsaturated fatty acid homeostasis and for male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Wittmann
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marcus O. W. Grimm
- Saarland University, Experimentelle Neurologie, 66424 Homburg/Saar; Germany
| | - Harry Scherthan
- Institut für Radiobiologie der Bundeswehr in Verb. mit der Univ. Ulm, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Marion Horsch
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Beckers
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Technische Universität München, Co Helmholtz-Zentrum München
| | - Helmut Fuchs
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Valerie Gailus-Durner
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabě de Angelis
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Technische Universität München, Co Helmholtz-Zentrum München
| | - Steven J. Ford
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Technische Universität München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Neal C. Burton
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Technische Universität München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Razansky
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Technische Universität München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dietrich Trümbach
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michaela Aichler
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Axel Karl Walch
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Julia Calzada-Wack
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Pathology, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Frauke Neff
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Pathology, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Technische Universität München, Co Helmholtz-Zentrum München
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e.V. (DZNE), Site Munich, Schillerstrasse 44, 80336 München, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2–10, 80804 München, Germany
| | - Tobias Hartmann
- Saarland University, Experimentelle Neurologie, 66424 Homburg/Saar; Germany
| | - Thomas Floss
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Technische Universität München, Co Helmholtz-Zentrum München
- * E-mail:
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38
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Santos R, Kawauchi S, Jacobs RE, Lopez-Burks ME, Choi H, Wikenheiser J, Hallgrimsson B, Jamniczky HA, Fraser SE, Lander AD, Calof AL. Conditional Creation and Rescue of Nipbl-Deficiency in Mice Reveals Multiple Determinants of Risk for Congenital Heart Defects. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e2000197. [PMID: 27606604 PMCID: PMC5016002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2000197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidating the causes of congenital heart defects is made difficult by the complex morphogenesis of the mammalian heart, which takes place early in development, involves contributions from multiple germ layers, and is controlled by many genes. Here, we use a conditional/invertible genetic strategy to identify the cell lineage(s) responsible for the development of heart defects in a Nipbl-deficient mouse model of Cornelia de Lange Syndrome, in which global yet subtle transcriptional dysregulation leads to development of atrial septal defects (ASDs) at high frequency. Using an approach that allows for recombinase-mediated creation or rescue of Nipbl deficiency in different lineages, we uncover complex interactions between the cardiac mesoderm, endoderm, and the rest of the embryo, whereby the risk conferred by genetic abnormality in any one lineage is modified, in a surprisingly non-additive way, by the status of others. We argue that these results are best understood in the context of a model in which the risk of heart defects is associated with the adequacy of early progenitor cell populations relative to the sizes of the structures they must eventually form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaysela Santos
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America.,Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Shimako Kawauchi
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America.,Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Russell E Jacobs
- Biological Imaging Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Martha E Lopez-Burks
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America.,Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Hojae Choi
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Jamie Wikenheiser
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Benedikt Hallgrimsson
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Heather A Jamniczky
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Scott E Fraser
- Departments of Biology and Bioengineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Arthur D Lander
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America.,Biological Imaging Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Anne L Calof
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America.,Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
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39
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Gelb BD. The Hole and the Whole: Lessons from Manipulation of Nipbl Deficiency. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e2000494. [PMID: 27606622 PMCID: PMC5015829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2000494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart defects (CHDs) affect 2%–3% of newborns and remain challenging clinically. There is an ongoing project to elucidate the causes of CHDs, focusing primarily on genetics as dictated by the epidemiology. In a paper published in this issue, Santos and colleagues describe studies of Cornelia de Lange syndrome-associated secundum atrial septal defects (ASDs) caused by NIPBL mutations, undertaken with a targeted trapping allele in mice. They show that Nipbl haploinsufficiency in either of two cell populations was sufficient to engender ASDs but that expression solely in either one of those populations was sufficient to rescue them. This work provides novel insights into incomplete penetrance and oligogenic effects underlying CHDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce D. Gelb
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute and the Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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40
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Development of Inducible Molecular Switches Based on All-in-One Lentiviral Vectors Equipped with Drug Controlled FLP Recombinase. Methods Mol Biol 2016. [PMID: 27317170 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3753-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Drug-inducible recombination based on flippase (FLP) is frequently used in animal models and in transgenic cell lines to initiate or to abrogate gene expression. Although the system is highly efficient, functional gene analyses depend on the availability of suitable animal models. In contrast, lentiviral vectors are readily available and versatile tools for the transfer of genetic information into a wide variety of target cells, and can be produced at high titer in a timely manner. To combine the advantages of both approaches, we generated a tight, drug-controlled FLP recombinase consisting of a 5' FKBP12 derived conditional destruction domain and a 3' estrogen receptor ligand binding (ERT2) domain. We successfully constructed lentiviral vectors expressing drug-controlled FLP in combination with a fluorescent reporter for recombination of FLP recognition target (FRT) sites located in trans as well as with target alleles located in cis (all-in-one configuration). In this chapter, we describe the design of the drug controlled FLP recombinase, the construction of molecular switches consisting of FLP expressing lentiviral vectors for inducible recombination of target sites located in cis and in trans, as well as the details for the characterization of lentiviral FLP vectors in cell lines.
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41
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Kinsella E, Dora N, Mellis D, Lettice L, Deveney P, Hill R, Ditzel M. Use of a Conditional Ubr5 Mutant Allele to Investigate the Role of an N-End Rule Ubiquitin-Protein Ligase in Hedgehog Signalling and Embryonic Limb Development. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157079. [PMID: 27299863 PMCID: PMC4907512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signalling is a potent regulator of cell fate and function. While much is known about the events within a Hh-stimulated cell, far less is known about the regulation of Hh-ligand production. Drosophila Hyperplastic Discs (Hyd), a ubiquitin-protein ligase, represents one of the few non-transcription factors that independently regulates both hh mRNA expression and pathway activity. Using a murine embryonic stem cell system, we revealed that shRNAi of the mammalian homologue of hyd, Ubr5, effectively prevented retinoic-acid-induced Sonic hedgehog (Shh) expression. We next investigated the UBR5:Hh signalling relationship in vivo by generating and validating a mouse bearing a conditional Ubr5 loss-of-function allele. Conditionally deleting Ubr5 in the early embryonic limb-bud mesenchyme resulted in a transient decrease in Indian hedgehog ligand expression and decreased Hh pathway activity, around E13.5. Although Ubr5-deficient limbs and digits were, on average, shorter than control limbs, the effects were not statistically significant. Hence, while loss of UBR5 perturbed Hedgehog signalling in the developing limb, there were no obvious morphological defects. In summary, we report the first conditional Ubr5 mutant mouse and provide evidence for a role for UBR5 in influencing Hh signalling, but are uncertain to whether the effects on Hedgehog signaling were direct (cell autonomous) or indirect (non-cell-autonomous). Elaboration of the cellular/molecular mechanism(s) involved may help our understanding on diseases and developmental disorders associated with aberrant Hh signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Kinsella
- Edinburgh CRUK Cancer Research Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at the University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Natalie Dora
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at the University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David Mellis
- Edinburgh CRUK Cancer Research Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at the University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Laura Lettice
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at the University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Paul Deveney
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at the University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Robert Hill
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at the University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark Ditzel
- Edinburgh CRUK Cancer Research Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at the University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
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Muraleedharan CK, McClellan SA, Barrett RP, Li C, Montenegro D, Carion T, Berger E, Hazlett LD, Xu S. Inactivation of the miR-183/96/182 Cluster Decreases the Severity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa-Induced Keratitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 57:1506-17. [PMID: 27035623 PMCID: PMC4819431 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-19134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The microRNA-183/96/182 cluster (miR-183/96/182) plays important roles in sensory organs. Because the cornea is replete with sensory innervation, we hypothesized that miR-183/96/182 modulates the corneal response to bacterial infection through regulation of neuroimmune interactions. METHODS Eight-week-old miR-183/96/182 knockout (ko) mice and their wild-type littermates (wt) were used. The central cornea of anesthetized mice was scarred and infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA), strain 19660. Corneal disease was graded at 1, 3, and 5 days postinfection (dpi). Corneal RNA was harvested for quantitative RT-PCR. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) were enumerated by myeloperoxidase assays; the number of viable bacteria was determined by plate counts, and ELISA assays were performed to determine cytokine protein levels. A macrophage (Mϕ) cell line and elicited peritoneal PMN were used for in vitro functional assays. RESULTS MicroRNA-183/96/182 is expressed in the cornea, and in Mϕ and PMN of both mice and humans. Inactivation of miR-183/96/182 resulted in decreased corneal nerve density compared with wt mice. Overexpression of miR-183/96/182 in Mϕ decreased, whereas knockdown or inactivation of miR-183/96/182 in Mϕ and PMN increased their capacity for phagocytosis and intracellular killing of PA. In PA-infected corneas, ko mice showed decreased proinflammatory neuropeptides such as substance P and chemoattractant molecules, MIP-2, MCP1, and ICAM1; decreased number of PMN at 1 and 5 dpi; increased viable bacterial load at 1 dpi, but decreased at 5 dpi; and markedly decreased corneal disease. CONCLUSIONS MicroRNA-183/96/182 modulates the corneal response to bacterial infection through its regulation of corneal innervation and innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chithra K. Muraleedharan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Sharon A. McClellan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Ronald P. Barrett
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Cui Li
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Daniel Montenegro
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Thomas Carion
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Elizabeth Berger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Linda D. Hazlett
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Shunbin Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
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Yan W, Scoumanne A, Jung YS, Xu E, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Ren C, Sun P, Chen X. Mice deficient in poly(C)-binding protein 4 are susceptible to spontaneous tumors through increased expression of ZFP871 that targets p53 for degradation. Genes Dev 2016; 30:522-34. [PMID: 26915821 PMCID: PMC4782047 DOI: 10.1101/gad.271890.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Poly(C)-binding protein 4 (PCBP4), also called MCG10 and a target of p53, plays a role in the cell cycle and is implicated in lung tumor suppression. Here, we found that PCBP4-deficient mice are prone to lung adenocarcinoma, lymphoma, and kidney tumor and that PCBP4-deficient mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) exhibit enhanced cell proliferation but decreased cellular senescence. We also found that p53 expression is markedly reduced in PCBP4-deficient MEFs and mouse tissues, suggesting that PCBP4 in turn regulates p53 expression. To determine how PCBP4 regulates p53 expression, PCBP4 targets were identified by RNA immunoprecipitation followed by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). We found that the transcript encoding ZFP871 (zinc finger protein 871; also called ZNF709 in humans) interacts with and is regulated by PCBP4 via mRNA stability. Additionally, we found that ZFP871 physically interacts with p53 and MDM2 proteins. Consistently, ectopic expression of ZFP871 decreases-whereas knockdown of ZFP871 increases-p53 protein stability through a proteasome-dependent degradation pathway. Moreover, loss of ZFP871 reverses the reduction of p53 expression by lack of PCBP4, and thus increased expression of ZFP871 is responsible for decreased expression of p53 in the PCBP4-deficient MEFs and mouse tissues. Interestingly, we found that, like PCBP4, ZFP871 is also regulated by DNA damage and p53. Finally, we showed that knockdown of ZFP871 markedly enhances p53 expression, leading to growth suppression and apoptosis in a p53-dependent manner. Thus, the p53-PCBP4-ZFP871 axis represents a novel feedback loop in the p53 pathway. Together, we hypothesize that PCBP4 is a potential tissue-specific tumor suppressor and that ZFP871 is part of MDM2 and possibly other ubiquitin E3 ligases that target p53 for degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensheng Yan
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Ariane Scoumanne
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Yong-Sam Jung
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Enshun Xu
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Jin Zhang
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Yanhong Zhang
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Cong Ren
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Pei Sun
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Xinbin Chen
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Fossat N, Radziewic T, Jones V, Tourle K, Tam PPL. Conditional restoration and inactivation of Rbm47 reveal its tissue-context requirement for viability and growth. Genesis 2016; 54:115-22. [PMID: 26789794 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Rbm47 encodes a RNA binding protein that is necessary for Cytidine to Uridine RNA editing. Rbm47(gt/gt) mutant mice that harbor inactivated Rbm47 display poor viability. Here it was determined that the loss of Rbm47(gt/gt) offspring is due to embryonic lethality at mid-gestation. It was further showed that growth of the surviving Rbm47(gt/gt) mutants is impaired. Rbm47 is expressed in both the visceral endoderm and the definitive endoderm. Using the utility of the switchable FlEx gene-trap cassette and the activity of Cre and FLP recombinases to generate mice that conditionally inactivate and restore Rbm47 function in tissue-specific manner, it was demonstrated that Rbm47 function is required in the embryo proper, and not the visceral endoderm, for viability and growth. genesis 54:115-122, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Fossat
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, New South Wales, 2145, Australia.,Discipline of Medicine, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Tania Radziewic
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, New South Wales, 2145, Australia
| | - Vanessa Jones
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, New South Wales, 2145, Australia
| | - Karin Tourle
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, New South Wales, 2145, Australia
| | - Patrick P L Tam
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, New South Wales, 2145, Australia.,Discipline of Medicine, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
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Nechiporuk T, McGann J, Mullendorff K, Hsieh J, Wurst W, Floss T, Mandel G. The REST remodeling complex protects genomic integrity during embryonic neurogenesis. eLife 2016; 5:e09584. [PMID: 26745185 PMCID: PMC4728133 DOI: 10.7554/elife.09584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The timely transition from neural progenitor to post-mitotic neuron requires down-regulation and loss of the neuronal transcriptional repressor, REST. Here, we have used mice containing a gene trap in the Rest gene, eliminating transcription from all coding exons, to remove REST prematurely from neural progenitors. We find that catastrophic DNA damage occurs during S-phase of the cell cycle, with long-term consequences including abnormal chromosome separation, apoptosis, and smaller brains. Persistent effects are evident by latent appearance of proneural glioblastoma in adult mice deleted additionally for the tumor suppressor p53 protein (p53). A previous line of mice deleted for REST in progenitors by conventional gene targeting does not exhibit these phenotypes, likely due to a remaining C-terminal peptide that still binds chromatin and recruits co-repressors. Our results suggest that REST-mediated chromatin remodeling is required in neural progenitors for proper S-phase dynamics, as part of its well-established role in repressing neuronal genes until terminal differentiation. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.09584.001 In the brain, cells called neurons connect to each other to form complex networks through which information is rapidly processed. These cells start to form in the developing brains of animal embryos when “neural” stem cells divide in a process called neurogenesis. For this process to proceed normally, particular genes in the stem cells have to be switched on or off at different times. This ensures that the protein products of the genes are only made when they are needed. Proteins called transcription factors can bind to DNA to activate or inactivate particular genes; for example, a transcription factor called REST inactivates thousands of genes that are needed by neurons. During neurogenesis, the production of REST normally declines, and some studies have shown that if the production of this protein is artificially increased, the formation of neurons is delayed. However, other studies suggest that REST may not play a major role in neurogenesis. Here, Nechiporuk et al. re-examine the role of REST in mice. The experiments used genetically modified mice in which the gene that encodes REST was prematurely switched off in neural stem cells. Compared with normal mice, these mutant mice had much smaller brains that contained fewer neurons because the stem cells stopped dividing earlier than normal. Unexpectedly, many genes that are normally switched off by REST, were not significantly changed, while genes that are not normally regulated by REST – such as the gene that encodes a protein called p53 – were active. It is known from previous work that p53 is expressed when cells are exposed to harmful conditions that can damage DNA. This helps to prevent cells from becoming cancerous. Nechiporuk et al. found that cells that lacked REST had higher levels of DNA damage than normal cells due to errors during the process of copying DNA before a cell divides. Furthermore, when both REST and p53 were absent, the neural stem cells became cancerous and formed tumors in the mice. Nechiporuk et al.’s findings suggest that REST protects the DNA of genes that are needed for neurons to form and work properly. The new challenge is to understand where in the genome the damage is occurring. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.09584.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamilla Nechiporuk
- Vollum Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
| | - James McGann
- Vollum Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Karin Mullendorff
- Vollum Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Jenny Hsieh
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Floss
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gail Mandel
- Vollum Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
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Kaloff C, Anastassiadis K, Ayadi A, Baldock R, Beig J, Birling MC, Bradley A, Brown S, Bürger A, Bushell W, Chiani F, Collins F, Doe B, Eppig J, Finnell R, Fletcher C, Flicek P, Fray M, Friedel R, Gambadoro A, Gates H, Hansen J, Herault Y, Hicks G, Hörlein A, Hrabé de Angelis M, Iyer V, de Jong P, Koscielny G, Kühn R, Liu P, Lloyd K, Lopez R, Marschall S, Martínez S, McKerlie C, Meehan T, von Melchner H, Moore M, Murray S, Nagy A, Nutter L, Pavlovic G, Pombero A, Prosser H, Ramirez-Solis R, Ringwald M, Rosen B, Rosenthal N, Rossant J, Ruiz Noppinger P, Ryder E, Skarnes W, Schick J, Schnütgen F, Schofield P, Seisenberger C, Selloum M, Smedley D, Simpson E, Stewart A, Teboul L, Tocchini Valentini G, Valenzuela D, West A, Wurst W. Genome wide conditional mouse knockout resources. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmod.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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47
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Jungke P, Hans S, Gupta M, Machate A, Zöller D, Brand M. Generation of a conditionallima1aallele in zebrafish using the FLEx switch technology. Genesis 2015; 54:19-28. [DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peggy Jungke
- Biotechnology Center and Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden University of Technology; Tatzberg Dresden 47-49, 01307 Germany
| | - Stefan Hans
- Biotechnology Center and Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden University of Technology; Tatzberg Dresden 47-49, 01307 Germany
| | - Mansi Gupta
- Biotechnology Center and Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden University of Technology; Tatzberg Dresden 47-49, 01307 Germany
| | - Anja Machate
- Biotechnology Center and Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden University of Technology; Tatzberg Dresden 47-49, 01307 Germany
| | - Daniela Zöller
- Biotechnology Center and Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden University of Technology; Tatzberg Dresden 47-49, 01307 Germany
| | - Michael Brand
- Biotechnology Center and Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden University of Technology; Tatzberg Dresden 47-49, 01307 Germany
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48
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Recombinase-based conditional and reversible gene regulation via XTR alleles. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8783. [PMID: 26537451 PMCID: PMC4635517 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic biological tools that enable precise regulation of gene function within in vivo systems have enormous potential to discern gene function in diverse physiological settings. Here we report the development and characterization of a synthetic gene switch that, when targeted in the mouse germline, enables conditional inactivation, reports gene expression and allows inducible restoration of the targeted gene. Gene inactivation and reporter expression is achieved through Cre-mediated stable inversion of an integrated gene-trap reporter, whereas inducible gene restoration is afforded by Flp-dependent deletion of the inverted gene trap. We validate our approach by targeting the p53 and Rb genes and establishing cell line and in vivo cancer model systems, to study the impact of p53 or Rb inactivation and restoration. We term this allele system XTR, to denote each of the allelic states and the associated expression patterns of the targeted gene: eXpressed (XTR), Trapped (TR) and Restored (R).
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49
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Rosen B, Schick J, Wurst W. Beyond knockouts: the International Knockout Mouse Consortium delivers modular and evolving tools for investigating mammalian genes. Mamm Genome 2015; 26:456-66. [PMID: 26340938 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-015-9598-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The International Knockout Mouse Consortium (IKMC; http://www.mousephenotype.org ) has generated mutations in almost every protein-coding mouse gene and is completing the companion Cre driver resource to expand tissue-specific conditional mutagenesis. Accordingly, the IKMC has carried out high-throughput gene trapping and targeting producing conditional mutations in murine embryonic stem cells in more than 18,500 genes, from which at least 4900 mutant mouse lines have been established to date. This resource is currently being upgraded with more powerful tools, such as visualization and manipulation cassettes that can be easily introduced into IKMC alleles for multifaceted functional studies. In addition, we discuss how existing IKMC products can be used in combination with CRISPR technology to accelerate genome engineering projects. All information and materials from this extraordinary biological resource together with coordinated phenotyping efforts can be retrieved at www.mousephenotype.org . The comprehensive IKMC knockout resource in combination with an extensive set of modular gene cassettes will continue to enhance functional gene annotation in the future and solidify its impact on biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Rosen
- Stem Cell Engineering, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - J Schick
- German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - W Wurst
- German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany. .,Technische Universität München-Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl für Entwicklungsgenetik, c/o Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany. .,Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e. V. (DZNE), Standort München Feodor-Lynen Strasse 17, 81377, Munich, Germany. .,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Adolf-Butenandt-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen Strasse 17, 81377, Munich, Germany.
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50
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Greenlees R, Mihelec M, Yousoof S, Speidel D, Wu SK, Rinkwitz S, Prokudin I, Perveen R, Cheng A, Ma A, Nash B, Gillespie R, Loebel DA, Clayton-Smith J, Lloyd IC, Grigg JR, Tam PP, Yap AS, Becker TS, Black GC, Semina E, Jamieson RV. Mutations inSIPA1L3cause eye defects through disruption of cell polarity and cytoskeleton organization. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:5789-804. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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