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Oryani MA, Tavasoli A, Ghalavand MA, Ashtiani RZ, Rezaee A, Mahmoudi R, Golvari H, Owrangi S, Soleymani-Goloujeh M. Epigenetics and its therapeutic potential in colorectal cancer. Epigenomics 2022; 14:683-697. [PMID: 35473313 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2022-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
It is estimated that colorectal cancer (CRC) is the leading cause of cancer-related death around the globe. 'Epigenetics' refers to changes in the chromosome rather than the DNA sequence, which may be transmitted down to daughter cells. Epigenetics is an essential part of controlling the development and variation of a single cell. ncRNAs have a role in epigenetic regulation in CRC, which will be discussed in this review in the context of DNA methylation and histone modifications. A greater survival rate for CRC patients might be achieved by addressing epigenetic mediators, as the authors show. In this review, they aim to thoroughly examine the role of epigenetics in the prognosis, diagnosis and treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Akbari Oryani
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Tavasoli
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Ghalavand
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Alisam Rezaee
- Faculty of Medical Sciences & Technologies, Science & Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hossein Golvari
- School of Nursing & Paramedical Sciences, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Soroor Owrangi
- Student Research Committee, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Mehdi Soleymani-Goloujeh
- Department of Stem Cells & Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Desaulniers D, Vasseur P, Jacobs A, Aguila MC, Ertych N, Jacobs MN. Integration of Epigenetic Mechanisms into Non-Genotoxic Carcinogenicity Hazard Assessment: Focus on DNA Methylation and Histone Modifications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10969. [PMID: 34681626 PMCID: PMC8535778 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222010969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics involves a series of mechanisms that entail histone and DNA covalent modifications and non-coding RNAs, and that collectively contribute to programing cell functions and differentiation. Epigenetic anomalies and DNA mutations are co-drivers of cellular dysfunctions, including carcinogenesis. Alterations of the epigenetic system occur in cancers whether the initial carcinogenic events are from genotoxic (GTxC) or non-genotoxic (NGTxC) carcinogens. NGTxC are not inherently DNA reactive, they do not have a unifying mode of action and as yet there are no regulatory test guidelines addressing mechanisms of NGTxC. To fil this gap, the Test Guideline Programme of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development is developing a framework for an integrated approach for the testing and assessment (IATA) of NGTxC and is considering assays that address key events of cancer hallmarks. Here, with the intent of better understanding the applicability of epigenetic assays in chemical carcinogenicity assessment, we focus on DNA methylation and histone modifications and review: (1) epigenetic mechanisms contributing to carcinogenesis, (2) epigenetic mechanisms altered following exposure to arsenic, nickel, or phenobarbital in order to identify common carcinogen-specific mechanisms, (3) characteristics of a series of epigenetic assay types, and (4) epigenetic assay validation needs in the context of chemical hazard assessment. As a key component of numerous NGTxC mechanisms of action, epigenetic assays included in IATA assay combinations can contribute to improved chemical carcinogen identification for the better protection of public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Desaulniers
- Environmental Health Sciences and Research Bureau, Hazard Identification Division, Health Canada, AL:2203B, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Paule Vasseur
- CNRS, LIEC, Université de Lorraine, 57070 Metz, France;
| | - Abigail Jacobs
- Independent at the Time of Publication, Previously US Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD 20852, USA;
| | - M. Cecilia Aguila
- Toxicology Team, Division of Human Food Safety, Center for Veterinary Medicine, US Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD 20852, USA;
| | - Norman Ertych
- German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Miriam N. Jacobs
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton OX11 0RQ, UK;
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3
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Li F, Ou Q, Lai Z, Pu L, Chen X, Wang L, Sun L, Liang X, Wang Y, Xu H, Wei J, Wu F, Zhu H, Wang L. The Co-occurrence of Chronic Hepatitis B and Fibrosis Is Associated With a Decrease in Hepatic Global DNA Methylation Levels in Patients With Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Front Genet 2021; 12:671552. [PMID: 34335686 PMCID: PMC8318039 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.671552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Global DNA hypomethylation has been reported in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and non-alcoholic fatty-liver disease (NAFLD). However, the global DNA methylation profile of patients with concurrent NAFLD and CHB (NAFLD + CHB) is still unclear. We aimed to detect the hepatic global DNA methylation levels of NAFLD + CHB patients and assess the associated risk factors. Liver biopsies were collected from 55 NAFLD patients with or without CHB. The histological characteristics of the biopsy were then assessed. Hepatic global DNA methylation levels were quantified by fluorometric method. The hepatic global DNA methylation levels in NAFLD + CHB group were significantly lower than that in NAFLD group. Participants with fibrosis showed lower levels of hepatic global DNA methylation than those without fibrosis. Participants with both CHB and fibrosis had lower levels of hepatic global DNA methylation than those without either CHB or fibrosis. The co-occurrence of CHB and fibrosis was significantly associated with a reduction in global DNA methylation levels compared to the absence of both CHB and fibrosis. Our study suggests that patients with NAFLD + CHB exhibited lower levels of global DNA methylation than patients who had NAFLD alone. The co-occurrence of CHB and liver fibrosis in NAFLD patients was associated with a decrease in global DNA methylation levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- FangYuan Li
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Ou
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - ZhiWei Lai
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - LiuZhen Pu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - XingYi Chen
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - LiRong Wang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - LiuQiao Sun
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - XiaoPing Liang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - YaoYao Wang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hang Xu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Wei
- Department of Science and Technology, Guangzhou Customs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Department of Science and Technology, Guangzhou Customs, Guangzhou, China
| | - HuiLian Zhu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - LiJun Wang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Noe O, Filipiak L, Royfman R, Campbell A, Lin L, Hamouda D, Stanbery L, Nemunaitis J. Adenomatous polyposis coli in cancer and therapeutic implications. Oncol Rev 2021; 15:534. [PMID: 34267890 PMCID: PMC8256374 DOI: 10.4081/oncol.2021.534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inactivating mutations of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene and consequential upregulation of the Wnt signaling pathway are critical initiators in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC), the third most common cancer in the United States for both men and women. Emerging evidence suggests APCmutations are also found in gastric, breast and other cancers. The APC gene, located on chromosome 5q, is responsible for negatively regulating the b-catenin/Wnt pathway by creating a destruction complex with Axin/Axin2, GSK-3b, and CK1. In the event of an APC mutation, b-catenin accumulates, translocates to the cell nucleus and increases the transcription of Wnt target genes that have carcinogenic consequences in gastrointestinal epithelial stem cells. A literature review was conducted to highlight carcinogenesis related to APC mutations, as well as preclinical and clinical studies for potential therapies that target steps in inflammatory pathways, including IL-6 transduction, and Wnt pathway signaling regulation. Although a range of molecular targets have been explored in murine models, relatively few pharmacological agents have led to substantial increases in survival for patients with colorectal cancer clinically. This article reviews a range of molecular targets that may be efficacious targets for tumors with APC mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Noe
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH
| | - Louis Filipiak
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH
| | - Rachel Royfman
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH
| | - Austin Campbell
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH
| | - Leslie Lin
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH
| | - Danae Hamouda
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH
| | - Laura Stanbery
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH
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Moderate DNA hypomethylation suppresses intestinal tumorigenesis by promoting caspase-3 expression and apoptosis. Oncogenesis 2021; 10:38. [PMID: 33947834 PMCID: PMC8096944 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-021-00328-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Global DNA hypomethylation is a most common epigenetic alteration in human neoplasia. However, accumulative evidence shows that global DNA hypomethylation impacts tumorigenesis in a tissue-specific manner, promoting tumorigenesis in some but suppressing tumorigenesis in others including colorectal cancer. The underlying mechanisms, especially how DNA hypomethylation suppresses tumorigenesis, remain largely unknown. Here, we investigate how DNA hypomethylation affects intestinal tumorigenesis by using an Uhrf1 tandem tudor domain knockin mutant mouse model (Uhrf1ki/ki) that exhibits a moderate ~10% reduction of global DNA methylation. We found that both chemical-induced colorectal carcinogenesis and Apc loss of heterozygosity (LOH)-induced intestinal tumorigenesis are substantially suppressed in the Uhrf1 mutant mice. Furthermore, unlike Dnmt1 hypomorphic mice in which DNA hypomethylation suppresses the incidence of macroscopic intestinal tumors but promotes the formation of microadenoma in ApcMin/+ background, Uhrf1ki/ki/ApcMin/+ mice have markedly reduced incidence of both microadenoma and macroadenoma. DNA hypomethylation does not appear to affect Apc LOH, activation of the Wnt or Hippo pathway, or tumor cell proliferation, but acts cooperatively with activated Wnt pathway to enhance the caspase-3 gene expression, activation, and apoptosis. Furthermore, increased caspase-3 expression correlates with DNA hypomethylation within the caspase-3 enhancer regions. Taken together, we present a new mouse model for investigating the role of and the molecular mechanisms by which DNA hypomethylation suppresses intestinal tumorigenesis. Our finding that a moderate DNA hypomethylation is sufficient to suppress intestinal tumorigenesis by promoting caspase-3 expression and apoptosis sheds new light on DNA-methylation inhibitor-based colorectal cancer therapeutics.
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Redl E, Sheibani-Tezerji R, Cardona CDJ, Hamminger P, Timelthaler G, Hassler MR, Zrimšek M, Lagger S, Dillinger T, Hofbauer L, Draganić K, Tiefenbacher A, Kothmayer M, Dietz CH, Ramsahoye BH, Kenner L, Bock C, Seiser C, Ellmeier W, Schweikert G, Egger G. Requirement of DNMT1 to orchestrate epigenomic reprogramming for NPM-ALK-driven lymphomagenesis. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:e202000794. [PMID: 33310759 PMCID: PMC7768196 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant transformation depends on genetic and epigenetic events that result in a burst of deregulated gene expression and chromatin changes. To dissect the sequence of events in this process, we used a T-cell-specific lymphoma model based on the human oncogenic nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (NPM-ALK) translocation. We find that transformation of T cells shifts thymic cell populations to an undifferentiated immunophenotype, which occurs only after a period of latency, accompanied by induction of the MYC-NOTCH1 axis and deregulation of key epigenetic enzymes. We discover aberrant DNA methylation patterns, overlapping with regulatory regions, plus a high degree of epigenetic heterogeneity between individual tumors. In addition, ALK-positive tumors show a loss of associated methylation patterns of neighboring CpG sites. Notably, deletion of the maintenance DNA methyltransferase DNMT1 completely abrogates lymphomagenesis in this model, despite oncogenic signaling through NPM-ALK, suggesting that faithful maintenance of tumor-specific methylation through DNMT1 is essential for sustained proliferation and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Redl
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Patricia Hamminger
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald Timelthaler
- Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Melanie Rosalia Hassler
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maša Zrimšek
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Lagger
- Unit of Laboratory Animal Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Dillinger
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Applied Diagnostics (LBI AD), Vienna, Austria
| | - Lorena Hofbauer
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Kristina Draganić
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Tiefenbacher
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Applied Diagnostics (LBI AD), Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Kothmayer
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Charles H Dietz
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernard H Ramsahoye
- Centre for Genetic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genomic and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lukas Kenner
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Unit of Laboratory Animal Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Applied Metabolomics (CDL-AM), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine (CBmed), CoreLab 2, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Bock
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Seiser
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wilfried Ellmeier
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabriele Schweikert
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Tübingen, Germany
- Division of Computational Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Gerda Egger
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Applied Diagnostics (LBI AD), Vienna, Austria
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7
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Yazici H, Wu HC, Tigli H, Yilmaz EZ, Kebudi R, Santella RM. High levels of global genome methylation in patients with retinoblastoma. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:715-723. [PMID: 32565997 PMCID: PMC7286142 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is a tumor of the embryonic neural retina in young children. The DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) gene has been demonstrated to be transcriptionally activated in cells lacking retinoblastoma 1 (RB1). Thus, there is a direct interaction between DNMT1 and RB1 in vivo. The present study hypothesized that uncontrolled DNMT1, DNMT2 and DNMT3 expression may lead to a high level of global genome methylation causing a second hit or where both alleles are altered, in RB1 and/or inactivation of other genes in retinal cells. To test this, the global genome methylation levels were analyzed in 69 patients with retinoblastoma, as well as 26 healthy siblings and 18 healthy unrelated children as the control groups. Peripheral blood and tumor tissue samples were obtained from 32 patients. The expression levels of DNMT genes were also determined in cell lines. Based on the median levels of global genome methylation in patients, higher genome-wide methylation levels in peripheral blood were associated with a 3.33-fold increased risk for retinoblastoma in patients compared with all healthy controls (95% confidence interval, 0.98–11.35; P<0.0001). The level of global genome methylation and the expression of DNMT genes were increased in the WERI-RB-1 cell line, which has a mutated RB1 gene, compared with a wild-type RB1-expressing cell line. These results supported the hypothesis that epigenetic alterations, as well as mutations in RB1, may be associated with the oncogenesis and inheritance of retinoblastoma. The repression of genes that interact with RB1, such as the DNMT gene family, may be important in patients with retinoblastoma with alterations in RB1, and may serve a role in the treatment and regression of retinoblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hülya Yazici
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Department of Basic Oncology, Division of Cancer Genetics, Oncology Institute, Istanbul University, Fatih, Istanbul 34093, Turkey
| | - Hui-Chen Wu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Hulya Tigli
- Department of Basic Oncology, Division of Cancer Genetics, Oncology Institute, Istanbul University, Fatih, Istanbul 34093, Turkey.,Department of Molecular Biology, Gelişim University, Avcilar, Istanbul 34315, Turkey
| | - Elif Z Yilmaz
- Department of Basic Oncology, Division of Cancer Genetics, Oncology Institute, Istanbul University, Fatih, Istanbul 34093, Turkey.,Faculty of Medicine, Medipol University, Beykoz, Istanbul 34810, Turkey
| | - Rejin Kebudi
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Fatih, İstanbul 34098, Turkey.,Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Oncology Institute, Istanbul University, Fatih, Istanbul 34093, Turkey
| | - Regina M Santella
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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TIP5 primes prostate luminal cells for the oncogenic transformation mediated by PTEN-loss. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:3637-3647. [PMID: 32024754 PMCID: PMC7035629 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1911673117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell of origin and the temporal order of oncogenic events in tumors play important roles for disease state. This is of particular interest for PCa due to its highly variable clinical outcome. However, these features are difficult to analyze in tumors. We established an in vitro murine PCa organoid model taking into account the cell of origin and the temporal order of events. We found that TIP5 primes luminal prostate cells for Pten-loss mediated oncogenic transformation whereas it is dispensable once the transformation is established. Cross-species transcriptomic analyses revealed a PTEN-loss gene signature that identified a set of aggressive tumors with PTEN-del, or low PTEN expression, and high-TIP5 expression. This paper provides a powerful tool to elucidate PCa mechanisms. Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of cancer death in men. Its clinical and molecular heterogeneities and the lack of in vitro models outline the complexity of PCa in the clinical and research settings. We established an in vitro mouse PCa model based on organoid technology that takes into account the cell of origin and the order of events. Primary PCa with deletion of the tumor suppressor gene PTEN (PTEN-del) can be modeled through Pten-down-regulation in mouse organoids. We used this system to elucidate the contribution of TIP5 in PCa initiation, a chromatin regulator that is implicated in aggressive PCa. High TIP5 expression correlates with primary PTEN-del PCa and this combination strongly associates with reduced prostate-specific antigen (PSA) recurrence-free survival. TIP5 is critical for the initiation of PCa of luminal origin mediated by Pten-loss whereas it is dispensable once Pten-loss mediated transformation is established. Cross-species analyses revealed a PTEN gene signature that identified a group of aggressive primary PCas characterized by PTEN-del, high-TIP5 expression, and a TIP5-regulated gene expression profile. The results highlight the modeling of PCa with organoids as a powerful tool to elucidate the role of genetic alterations found in recent studies in their time orders and cells of origin, thereby providing further optimization for tumor stratification to improve the clinical management of PCa.
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Lai Z, Chen J, Ding C, Wong K, Chen X, Pu L, Huang Q, Chen X, Cheng Z, Liu Y, Tan X, Zhu H, Wang L. Association of Hepatic Global DNA Methylation and Serum One-Carbon Metabolites with Histological Severity in Patients with NAFLD. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020; 28:197-205. [PMID: 31785086 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Clinical relevance of global DNA methylation and one-carbon metabolite levels with histological severity remains uncertain in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This study aimed to evaluate hepatic global DNA methylation and serum one-carbon metabolite concentrations in patients with NAFLD and the possible associations of these parameters with liver histology. METHODS Liver biopsies from 18 control participants and 47 patients with NAFLD were evaluated. RESULTS The hepatic global DNA methylation level was significantly lower in the NAFLD group than in the control group among participants with overweight. Participants with moderate inflammation and mild fibrosis had significantly lower levels of global DNA methylation than those without these characteristics. Participants with borderline nonalcoholic steatohepatitis had significantly lower global DNA methylation levels than controls. The hepatic global DNA methylation level tended to decrease with the increasing hepatic inflammation grade and disease progression. The NAFLD group had a significantly higher serum homocysteine concentration than the control group among participants with overweight. This level tended to increase with increasing hepatic steatosis grade and disease progression. CONCLUSIONS Patients with NAFLD exhibited lower hepatic levels of global DNA methylation and elevated serum homocysteine concentrations, which are associated with the histological severity of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Lai
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Junliang Chen
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenghe Ding
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Kwanshu Wong
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingyi Chen
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Liuzhen Pu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiangwei Huang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zijian Cheng
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Liu
- Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuying Tan
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Huilian Zhu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Abd El Maksoud AI, Taher RF, Gaara AH, Abdelrazik E, Keshk OS, Elawdan KA, Morsy SE, Salah A, Khalil H. Selective Regulation of B-Raf Dependent K-Ras/Mitogen-Activated Protein by Natural Occurring Multi-kinase Inhibitors in Cancer Cells. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1220. [PMID: 31781509 PMCID: PMC6861212 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Cancer is one of the most difficult challenges faced by humanity due to its many associated issues, such as inability to prevent diseases, treatment safety, and high mortality rate. In cancer, a variety of cellular signaling is activated to ensure malignancy transformation, angiogenesis and metastasis. The most efficient signaling pathway in cancer is mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), which controls malignancy and regulates apoptosis. Methods: Four different flavonoid glycosides have been isolated from Pulicaria jaubertii using the phytochemical characterization of hydro-methanol extract. The purified glycosides (PJs) were investigated for their potential repression of cancer development using human lung epithelial cells and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and compared with Sorafenib (SOR), the standard systemic drug for HCC. In PJ-treated cells, the expression profile of K-Ras, B-Raf, and P53 were detected using qRT-PCR, flow cytometry, confocal microscopy and western blot. Steady-state mRNA and levels of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and interleukin 8 (IL-8) were monitored in the fluids media at different time points following treatment. Results: Our results showed that the qurictine glycosides (PJ-1 and PJ-9) selectively inhibited the mutant K-Ras/B-Raf proteins expression and interaction in both cancer cells; while SOR showed obvious depletion of total Raf-1 protein in cancer cells and normal cells as well. Interestingly, the combination of PJ-1 or PJ-9 with SOR exhibited restoring cell viability of normal cells via controlling Raf-1 and P53 genes expression. Further, these identified PJ agents significantly adjusted the levels of TGF-β and IL-8 in cancer treated cells accompanied by restoring the activation of P53 expression. These findings were confirmed by docking analysis of PJs ligand and the crystal structure of K-Ras, B-Raf, and ERK transcription factor. Conclusion: The current data provide novel and natural multi-kinase inhibitors with competitive regulation of the mutant proteins; K-Ras and B-Raf and sustained MAPK signaling without any detectable toxic effect in normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed I Abd El Maksoud
- Industrial Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Rehab F Taher
- Natural Compounds Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed H Gaara
- Natural Compounds Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Eman Abdelrazik
- The Center for Informatics Science, Nile University, 6th of October City, Egypt
| | - Omar S Keshk
- College of Biotechnology, Misr University for Science and Technology, 6th of October City, Egypt
| | - Khaled A Elawdan
- Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Salwa E Morsy
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Salah
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Hany Khalil
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
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11
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Dreval K, Tryndyak V, de Conti A, Beland FA, Pogribny IP. Gene Expression and DNA Methylation Alterations During Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis-Associated Liver Carcinogenesis. Front Genet 2019; 10:486. [PMID: 31191608 PMCID: PMC6549534 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most aggressive human cancers. HCC is characterized by an acquisition of multiple abnormal phenotypes driven by genetic and epigenetic alterations, especially abnormal DNA methylation. Most of the existing clinical and experimental reports provide only a snapshot of abnormal DNA methylation patterns in HCC rather than their dynamic changes. This makes it difficult to elucidate the significance of these changes in the development of HCC. In the present study, we investigated hepatic gene expression and gene-specific DNA methylation alterations in mice using the Stelic Animal Model (STAM) of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)-derived liver carcinogenesis. Analysis of the DNA methylation status in aberrantly expressed epigenetically regulated genes showed the accumulation of DNA methylation abnormalities during the development of HCC, with the greatest number of aberrantly methylated genes being found in full-fledged HCC. Among these genes, only one gene, tubulin, beta 2B class IIB (Tubb2b), was increasingly hypomethylated and over-expressed during the progression of the carcinogenic process. Furthermore, the TUBB2B gene was also over-expressed and hypomethylated in poorly differentiated human HepG2 cells as compared to well-differentiated HepaRG cells. The results of this study indicate that unique gene-expression alterations mediated by aberrant DNA methylation of selective genes may contribute to the development of HCC and may have diagnostic value as the disease-specific indicator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostiantyn Dreval
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, United States.,Program in Cancer Genetics, Epigenetics and Genomics, Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Volodymyr Tryndyak
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, United States
| | - Aline de Conti
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, United States
| | - Frederick A Beland
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, United States
| | - Igor P Pogribny
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, United States
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12
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Mahmood N, Rabbani SA. Targeting DNA Hypomethylation in Malignancy by Epigenetic Therapies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1164:179-196. [PMID: 31576549 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-22254-3_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation is a chemically reversible epigenetic modification that regulates the chromatin structure and gene expression, and thereby takes part in various cellular processes like embryogenesis, genomic imprinting, X-chromosome inactivation, and genome stability. Alterations in the normal methylation levels of DNA may contribute to the development of pathological conditions like cancer. Even though both hypo- and hypermethylation-mediated abnormalities are prevalent in the cancer genome, the field of cancer epigenetics has been more focused on targeting hypermethylation. As a result, DNA hypomethylation-mediated abnormalities remained relatively less explored, and currently, there are no approved drugs that can be clinically used to target hypomethylation. Understanding the precise role of DNA hypomethylation is not only crucial from a mechanistic point of view but also for the development of pharmacological agents that can reverse the hypomethylated state of the DNA. This chapter focuses on the causes and impact of DNA hypomethylation in the development of cancer and describes the possible ways to pharmacologically target it, especially by using a naturally occurring physiologic agent S-adenosylmethionine (SAM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Niaz Mahmood
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Shafaat A Rabbani
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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13
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Easwaran H, Baylin SB. Origin and Mechanisms of DNA Methylation Dynamics in Cancers. RNA TECHNOLOGIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-14792-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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14
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Sogabe Y, Seno H, Yamamoto T, Yamada Y. Unveiling epigenetic regulation in cancer, aging, and rejuvenation with in vivo reprogramming technology. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:2641-2650. [PMID: 29989289 PMCID: PMC6125454 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming technology has enabled the fate conversion of terminally differentiated somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells or into another differentiated state. A dynamic reorganization of epigenetic regulation takes place during cellular reprogramming. Given that reprogramming does not require changes in the underlying genome, the technology can be used to actively modify epigenetic regulation. Although reprogramming has been investigated mostly at the cellular level in vitro, studies have reported that somatic cells are reprogrammable in multicellular organisms in vivo. In vivo reprogramming provides a potential strategy for regenerative medicine. Notably, recent studies using in vivo reprogramming technology to alter epigenetic regulation at organismal levels have revealed unappreciated epigenetic mechanisms in various biological phenomena, including cancer development, tissue regeneration, aging, and rejuvenation in mammals. Moreover, in vivo reprogramming technology can be applied to abrogate epigenetic aberrations associated with aging and cancer, which raises the possibility that the technology could provide a potential strategy to control the fate of detrimental cells such as senescent cells and cancer cells in vivo. Here, we review recent progress and future perspectives of in vivo reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Sogabe
- Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Seno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,AMED-CREST, AMED, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yamada
- AMED-CREST, AMED, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Stem Cell Pathology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Chernova T, Murphy FA, Galavotti S, Sun XM, Powley IR, Grosso S, Schinwald A, Zacarias-Cabeza J, Dudek KM, Dinsdale D, Le Quesne J, Bennett J, Nakas A, Greaves P, Poland CA, Donaldson K, Bushell M, Willis AE, MacFarlane M. Long-Fiber Carbon Nanotubes Replicate Asbestos-Induced Mesothelioma with Disruption of the Tumor Suppressor Gene Cdkn2a (Ink4a/Arf). Curr Biol 2018; 27:3302-3314.e6. [PMID: 29112861 PMCID: PMC5681354 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mesothelioma is a fatal tumor of the pleura and is strongly associated with asbestos exposure. The molecular mechanisms underlying the long latency period of mesothelioma and driving carcinogenesis are unknown. Moreover, late diagnosis means that mesothelioma research is commonly focused on end-stage disease. Although disruption of the CDKN2A (INK4A/ARF) locus has been reported in end-stage disease, information is lacking on the status of this key tumor suppressor gene in pleural lesions preceding mesothelioma. Manufactured carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are similar to asbestos in terms of their fibrous shape and biopersistent properties and thus may pose an asbestos-like inhalation hazard. Here we show that instillation of either long CNTs or long asbestos fibers into the pleural cavity of mice induces mesothelioma that exhibits common key pro-oncogenic molecular events throughout the latency period of disease progression. Sustained activation of pro-oncogenic signaling pathways, increased proliferation, and oxidative DNA damage form a common molecular signature of long-CNT- and long-asbestos-fiber-induced pathology. We show that hypermethylation of p16/Ink4a and p19/Arf in CNT- and asbestos-induced inflammatory lesions precedes mesothelioma; this results in silencing of Cdkn2a (Ink4a/Arf) and loss of p16 and p19 protein, consistent with epigenetic alterations playing a gatekeeper role in cancer. In end-stage mesothelioma, silencing of p16/Ink4a is sustained and deletion of p19/Arf is detected, recapitulating human disease. This study addresses the long-standing question of which early molecular changes drive carcinogenesis during the long latency period of mesothelioma development and shows that CNT and asbestos pose a similar health hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Chernova
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, PO Box 138, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Fiona A Murphy
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, PO Box 138, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Sara Galavotti
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, PO Box 138, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Xiao-Ming Sun
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, PO Box 138, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Ian R Powley
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, PO Box 138, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Stefano Grosso
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, PO Box 138, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Anja Schinwald
- Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Joaquin Zacarias-Cabeza
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, PO Box 138, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Kate M Dudek
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, PO Box 138, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - David Dinsdale
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, PO Box 138, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - John Le Quesne
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, PO Box 138, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK; University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Jonathan Bennett
- University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Apostolos Nakas
- University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Peter Greaves
- Department of Cancer Studies, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Craig A Poland
- Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Ken Donaldson
- Medical Research Council/University of Edinburgh, Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Martin Bushell
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, PO Box 138, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK.
| | - Anne E Willis
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, PO Box 138, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK.
| | - Marion MacFarlane
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, PO Box 138, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK.
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16
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Early onset sporadic colorectal cancer: Worrisome trends and oncogenic features. Dig Liver Dis 2018; 50:521-532. [PMID: 29615301 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Early onset colorectal cancers, defined as arising before 50 years of age, are a growing health hazard in western and eastern countries alike. The incidence of colon and rectal cancers in young individuals is projected to increase by as much as 90% and 140%, respectively, by 2030. Although several known cancer risk factors (e.g. smoking, alcohol, dietary habits) have been investigated, there is no single compelling explanation for this epidemiological trend. While some early onset colorectal cancers have been associated with germline mutations in cancer predisposition genes, genetic syndromes are implicated in only a fraction of these cancers (20%) and do not explain the rising incidence. Colorectal neoplasms develop through microsatellite instability or chromosomal instability pathways, with most of the early onset colorectal cancers exhibiting microsatellite stable phenotypes. Genome-wide hypomethylation is a feature of a subgroup of early onset cancers, which appears to be correlated with chromosomal instability and poor prognosis.
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17
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YAMADA Y, YAMADA Y. The causal relationship between epigenetic abnormality and cancer development: in vivo reprogramming and its future application. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2018; 94:235-247. [PMID: 29887568 PMCID: PMC6085517 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.94.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that cancer cells acquire epigenetic abnormalities as well as genetic mutations during cancer initiation, maintenance, and progression. However, the role of epigenetic regulation in cancer development, especially at the organismal level, remains to be elucidated. Here, we describe the causative role of epigenetic abnormalities in cancer, referring to our in vivo studies using induced pluripotent stem cell technology. We first summarize epigenetic reorganization during cellular reprogramming and introduce our in vivo reprogramming system for investigating the impact of dedifferentiation-driven epigenetic disruption in cancer development. Accordingly, we propose that particular types of cancer, in which causative mutations are not often detectable, such as pediatric cancers like Wilms' tumor, may develop mainly through alterations in epigenetic regulation triggered by dedifferentiation. Finally, we discuss issues that still remain to be resolved, and propose possible future applications of in vivo reprogramming to study cancer and other biological phenomena including organismal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke YAMADA
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro YAMADA
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Division of Stem Cell Pathology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- AMED-CREST, AMED, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Tse JWT, Jenkins LJ, Chionh F, Mariadason JM. Aberrant DNA Methylation in Colorectal Cancer: What Should We Target? Trends Cancer 2017; 3:698-712. [PMID: 28958388 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancers (CRCs) are characterized by global hypomethylation and promoter-specific DNA methylation. A subset of CRCs with extensive and co-ordinate patterns of promoter methylation has also been identified, termed the CpG-island methylator phenotype. Some genes methylated in CRC are established tumor suppressors; however, for the majority, direct roles in disease initiation or progression have not been established. Herein, we examine functional evidence of specific methylated genes contributing to CRC pathogenesis, focusing on components of commonly deregulated signaling pathways. We also review current knowledge of the mechanisms underpinning promoter methylation in CRC, including genetic events, altered transcription factor binding, and DNA damage. Finally, we summarize clinical trials of DNA methyltransferase inhibitors in CRC, and propose strategies for enhancing their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janson W T Tse
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; These authors contributed equally
| | - Laura J Jenkins
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia; These authors contributed equally
| | - Fiona Chionh
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - John M Mariadason
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
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19
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Tian YP, Lin AF, Gan MF, Wang H, Yu D, Lai C, Zhang DD, Zhu YM, Lai MD. Global changes of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine and 5-methylcytosine from normal to tumor tissues are associated with carcinogenesis and prognosis in colorectal cancer *. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2017; 18:747-756. [PMCID: PMC5611546 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1600314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant DNA methylation has raised widespread attention in tumorigenesis. In this study, we aimed to investigate the changes of global DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation from normal to tumor tissues in colorectal cancer (CRC) and their association with the prognosis. The levels of genomic 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and 5-methylcytosine (5mC) in cancerous tissues were significantly lower than those in corresponding adjacent normal tissues. The genomic levels of 5mC were significantly positively correlated with 5hmC in normal and cancerous tissues (all P <0.05). The ratio of 5mC in cancerous tissues to matched normal tissues (C/N-5mC) was also significantly positively correlated with the ratio of 5hmC in cancerous tissues to matched normal tissues (C/N-5hmC) (P =0.01). The 5mC levels and C/N-5mC ratios decreased with age (all P <0.05). Higher 5mC and 5hmC levels were found in rectal than in colon tissues (all P <0.05). High levels of 5mC in cancerous tissues and high C/N-5hmC ratios were each associated with lymph node metastasis (all P <0.05). Survival analysis indicated that the C/N-5mC ratio (P =0.04) is an independent protective factor for overall survival. The data showed that patients with a combination of high C/N-5hmC and low C/N-5mC ratios tended to have a worse prognosis (P <0.01). Our findings showed that the C/N-5mC ratio may be an independent prognostic factor for CRC outcome. Patients with both a high C/N-5hmC ratio and a low C/N-5mC ratio exhibited the worst survival, suggesting that 5mC and 5hmC can be used as critical markers in tumorigenesis and prognosis estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-ping Tian
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Pathology Department, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Ai-fen Lin
- Medical Research Center /Human Tissue Bank, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai 317000, China
| | - Mei-fu Gan
- Department of Pathology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai 317000, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dan Yu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chong Lai
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Dan-dan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yi-min Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mao-de Lai
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Abstract
Decades of studies have shown that epigenetic alterations play a significant role on cancer development both in vitro and in vivo. However, considering that many cancers harbor mutations at epigenetic modifier genes and that transcription factor-mediated gene regulations are tightly coupled with epigenetic modifications, the majority of epigenetic alterations in cancers could be the consequence of the dysfunction or dysregulation of epigenetic modifiers caused by genetic abnormalities. Therefore, it remains unclear whether bona fide epigenetic abnormalities have causal roles on cancer development. Reprogramming technologies enable us to actively alter epigenetic regulations while preserving genomic information. Taking advantage, recent studies have provided in vivo evidence for the significant impact of epigenetic abnormalities on the initiation, maintenance and progression of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Ito
- Center for iPS Cell Research & Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yamada
- Center for iPS Cell Research & Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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21
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Tumor-suppressive effect of S-adenosylmethionine supplementation in a murine model of inflammation-mediated hepatocarcinogenesis is dependent on treatment longevity. Oncotarget 2017; 8:104772-104784. [PMID: 29285212 PMCID: PMC5739599 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation precedes the majority of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cases. We investigated the chemopreventive potential of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), an essential donor for all methylation reactions in the cell, at the late precancerous stage of HCC development using the Mdr2-knockout (Mdr2-KO, Abcb4−/−) mice, a model of inflammation-mediated hepatocarcinogenesis. Previously, we revealed down-regulation of the genes regulating SAM metabolism in the liver of these mice at the precancerous stages. Now, we have supplied Mdr2-KO mice at the late precancerous stage with SAM during either a short-term (17 days) or a long-term (51 days) period and explored the effects of such supplementation on tumor development, DNA methylation and gene expression in the liver. The short-term SAM supplementation significantly decreased the number of small tumor nodules, proliferating hepatocytes and the total DNA methylation level, while it increased expression of the tumor suppressor proteins Mat1a and p21. Surprisingly, the long-term SAM supplementation did not affect tumor growth and hepatocyte proliferation, while it increased the total liver DNA methylation. Our results demonstrate that the short-term SAM supplementation in the Mdr2-KO mice inhibited liver tumor development potentially by increasing multiple tumor suppressor mechanisms resulting in cell cycle arrest. The long-term SAM supplementation resulted in a bypass of the cell cycle arrest in this HCC model by a yet unknown mechanism.
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22
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Tian Y, Pan F, Sun X, Gan M, Lin A, Zhang D, Zhu Y, Lai M. Association of TET1 expression with colorectal cancer progression. Scand J Gastroenterol 2017; 52:312-320. [PMID: 27846738 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2016.1253767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The ten-eleven translocation (TET) proteins, as methylcytosine dioxygenases, catalyze 5-methylcytosine (5mC) into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). The altered expression of TET1 disrupts the balance between DNA methylation and demethylation. This alteration has been reported to be associated with carcinogenesis in various malignancies. The aim of the present study was to investigate changes in expression and the role of TET1 in colorectal cancer (CRC). MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 109 CRC patients who underwent radical surgical colon resection were enrolled. The QuantiGene Plex Assay was used to detect the expression of TET1 in CRC tissues and matching adjacent normal tissues. We analyzed the associations between TET1 expression levels and various clinicopathologic features of CRC. TET1 overexpression and depletion cells were constructed to investigate its biological role in CRC. RESULTS Compared to normal tissues, the expression level of TET1 in CRC was significantly lower. The ratio of TET1 in CRC tissues to that in adjacent normal tissues (C/N-TET1) was an independent overall survival predictive factor. Moreover, in vitro studies showed that TET1 could inhibit cell growth and promote cell metastasis and invasion. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicated that TET1 played a multifaceted role in the pathogenesis of CRC, and thereby resulting in multiple effects on tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Tian
- a Department of Pathology , Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , China.,b Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province , Hangzhou , China.,c Pathology Department , Zhejiang Cancer Hospital , Hangzhou , China
| | - Feixia Pan
- d Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , Zhejiang University School of Public Health , Hangzhou , China
| | - Xiaohui Sun
- d Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , Zhejiang University School of Public Health , Hangzhou , China
| | - Meifu Gan
- e Department of Pathology , Taizhou Hospital , Linhai , China
| | - Aifen Lin
- f Medical Research Center, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University , Linhai , China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- a Department of Pathology , Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , China.,b Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province , Hangzhou , China
| | - Yimin Zhu
- c Pathology Department , Zhejiang Cancer Hospital , Hangzhou , China
| | - Maode Lai
- a Department of Pathology , Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , China.,b Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province , Hangzhou , China
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23
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Contribution of epigenetic mechanisms to variation in cancer risk among tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:2230-2234. [PMID: 28193856 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1616556114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, it was suggested that tissue variation in cancer risk originates from differences in the number of stem-cell divisions underlying each tissue, leading to different mutation loads. We show that this variation is also correlated with the degree of aberrant CpG island DNA methylation in normal cells. Methylation accumulates during aging in a subset of molecules, suggesting that the epigenetic landscape within a founder-cell population may contribute to tumor formation.
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24
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Furlan D, Trapani D, Berrino E, Debernardi C, Panero M, Libera L, Sahnane N, Riva C, Tibiletti MG, Sessa F, Sapino A, Venesio T. Oxidative DNA damage induces hypomethylation in a compromised base excision repair colorectal tumourigenesis. Br J Cancer 2017; 116:793-801. [PMID: 28141798 PMCID: PMC5355935 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A compromised base excision repair (BER) promotes carcinogenesis by accumulating oxidative DNA-damaged products as observed in MUTYH-associated polyposis, a hereditary colorectal cancer syndrome marked by adenomas and cancers with an accumulation of 8-oxoguanine. Remarkably, DNA global demethylation has been shown to be mediated by BER, suggesting a relevant interplay with early colorectal tumourigenesis. To check this hypothesis, we investigated a cohort of 49 adenomas and 10 carcinomas, derived from 17 MUTYH-associated polyposis patients; as adenoma controls, we used a set of 36 familial adenomatous polyposis and 24 sporadic polyps. Methods: Samples were analysed for their mutational and epigenetic status, measured as global LINE-1 (long interspersed nuclear element) and gene-specific LINE-1 MET methylation by mass spectrometry and pyrosequencing. Results: MUTYH-associated polyposis adenomas were strikingly more hypomethylated than familial adenomatous and sporadic polyps for both DNA demethylation markers (P=0.032 and P=0.007 for LINE-1; P=0.004 and P<0.0001 for LINE-1 MET, respectively) with levels comparable to those of the carcinomas derived from the same patients. They also had mutations due mainly to KRAS/NRAS p.G12C, which was absent in the controls (P<0.0001 for both sets). Conclusions: Our results show that DNA demethylation, together with specific KRAS/NRAS mutations, drives the early steps of oxidative damage colorectal tumourigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Furlan
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese 21100, Italy.,Research Center for the Study of Hereditary and Familial Tumors, University of Insubria, Varese 21100, Italy
| | - Davide Trapani
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese 21100, Italy
| | - Enrico Berrino
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Unit of Pathology, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, Candiolo (Torino) 10060, Italy
| | - Carla Debernardi
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Unit of Pathology, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, Candiolo (Torino) 10060, Italy
| | - Mara Panero
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Unit of Pathology, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, Candiolo (Torino) 10060, Italy
| | - Laura Libera
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese 21100, Italy
| | - Nora Sahnane
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese 21100, Italy
| | - Cristina Riva
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese 21100, Italy.,Research Center for the Study of Hereditary and Familial Tumors, University of Insubria, Varese 21100, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Tibiletti
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese 21100, Italy
| | - Fausto Sessa
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese 21100, Italy.,Research Center for the Study of Hereditary and Familial Tumors, University of Insubria, Varese 21100, Italy
| | - Anna Sapino
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Unit of Pathology, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, Candiolo (Torino) 10060, Italy
| | - Tiziana Venesio
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Unit of Pathology, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, Candiolo (Torino) 10060, Italy
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25
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Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) and DNA methylation are the 2 epigenetic modifications that have emerged in recent years as the most critical players in the regulation of gene expression. Compelling evidence has indicated the roles of miRNAs and DNA methylation in modulating cellular transformation and tumorigenesis. miRNAs act as negative regulators of gene expression and are involved in the regulation of both physiologic conditions and during diseases, such as cancer, inflammatory diseases, and psychiatric disorders, among others. Meanwhile, aberrant DNA methylation manifests in both global genome changes and in localized gene promoter changes, which influences the transcription of cancer genes. In this review, we described the mutual regulation of miRNAs and DNA methylation in human cancers. miRNAs regulate DNA methylation by targeting DNA methyltransferases or methylation-related proteins. On the other hand, both hyper- and hypo-methylation of miRNAs occur frequently in human cancers and represent a new level of complexity in gene regulation. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms underlying the mutual regulation of miRNAs and DNA methylation may provide helpful insights in the development of efficient therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumei Wang
- a Department of Oncology , Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou, Guangdong , P. R. China.,b Department of Systems Biology , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Wanyin Wu
- a Department of Oncology , Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou, Guangdong , P. R. China
| | - Francois X Claret
- b Department of Systems Biology , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA.,c Experimental Therapeutics Academic Program and Cancer Biology Program , The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston , Houston , TX , USA
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26
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Cellular context-dependent consequences of Apc mutations on gene regulation and cellular behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:758-763. [PMID: 28057861 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1614197114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The spectrum of genetic mutations differs among cancers in different organs, implying a cellular context-dependent effect for genetic aberrations. However, the extent to which the cellular context affects the consequences of oncogenic mutations remains to be fully elucidated. We reprogrammed colon tumor cells in an ApcMin/+ (adenomatous polyposis coli) mouse model, in which the loss of the Apc gene plays a critical role in tumor development and subsequently, established reprogrammed tumor cells (RTCs) that exhibit pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-like signatures of gene expression. We show that the majority of the genes in RTCs that were affected by Apc mutations did not overlap with the genes affected in the intestine. RTCs lacked pluripotency but exhibited an increased expression of Cdx2 and a differentiation propensity that was biased toward the trophectoderm cell lineage. Genetic rescue of the mutated Apc allele conferred pluripotency on RTCs and enabled their differentiation into various cell types in vivo. The redisruption of Apc in RTC-derived differentiated cells resulted in neoplastic growth that was exclusive to the intestine, but the majority of the intestinal lesions remained as pretumoral microadenomas. These results highlight the significant influence of cellular context on gene regulation, cellular plasticity, and cellular behavior in response to the loss of the Apc function. Our results also imply that the transition from microadenomas to macroscopic tumors is reprogrammable, which underscores the importance of epigenetic regulation on tumor promotion.
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27
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Jiang G, Luo C, Sun M, Zhao Z, Li W, Chen K, Fan T. Methylation of CDX2 as a Predictor in Poor Clinical Outcome of Patients with Colorectal Cancer. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2016; 20:710-714. [PMID: 27754705 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2016.0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guozhong Jiang
- 1 Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chenglin Luo
- 2 Department of Oncology, The Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou, China
| | - Miaomiao Sun
- 3 Department of Pathology, Henan Tumor Hospital , Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhihua Zhao
- 1 Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wencai Li
- 1 Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kuisheng Chen
- 1 Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tianli Fan
- 4 School of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou, China
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28
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Maiuri AR, O'Hagan HM. Interplay Between Inflammation and Epigenetic Changes in Cancer. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2016; 144:69-117. [PMID: 27865469 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immune responses can suppress tumorigenesis, but also contribute to cancer initiation and progression suggesting a complex interaction between the immune system and cancer. Epigenetic alterations, which are heritable changes in gene expression without changes to the DNA sequence, also play a role in carcinogenesis through silencing expression of tumor suppressor genes and activating oncogenic signaling. Interestingly, epithelial cells at sites of chronic inflammation undergo DNA methylation alterations that are similar to those present in cancer cells, suggesting that inflammation may initiate cancer-specific epigenetic changes in epithelial cells. Furthermore, epigenetic changes occur during immune cell differentiation and participate in regulating the immune response, including the regulation of inflammatory cytokines. Cancer cells utilize epigenetic silencing of immune-related genes to evade the immune response. This chapter will detail the interactions between inflammation and epigenetics in tumor initiation, promotion, and immune evasion and how these connections are being leveraged in cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Maiuri
- Medical Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - H M O'Hagan
- Medical Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN, United States; Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
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29
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Zeng L, Ma H, Pan S, You J, Zhang G, Yu Z, Sheng G, Fu J. LINE-1 gene hypomethylation and p16 gene hypermethylation in HepG2 cells induced by low-dose and long-term triclosan exposure: The role of hydroxyl group. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 34:35-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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30
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Misic V, El-Mogy M, Haj-Ahmad Y. Role of Endonuclease G in Exogenous DNA Stability in HeLa Cells. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2016; 81:163-75. [PMID: 27260396 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297916020103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Endonuclease G (EndoG) is a well-conserved mitochondrial-nuclear nuclease with dual lethal and vital roles in the cell. The aim of our study was to examine whether EndoG exerts its nuclease activity on exogenous DNA substrates such as plasmid DNA (pDNA), considering their importance in gene therapy applications. The effects of EndoG knockdown on pDNA stability and levels of encoded reporter gene expression were evaluated in the cervical carcinoma HeLa cells. Transfection of pDNA vectors encoding short-hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) reduced levels of EndoG mRNA in HeLa cells. In physiological circumstances, EndoG knockdown did not have an effect on the stability of pDNA or the levels of encoded transgene expression as measured over a four-day time course. However, when endogenous expression of EndoG was induced by an extrinsic stimulus, targeting of EndoG by shRNA improved the perceived stability and transgene expression of pDNA vectors. Therefore, EndoG is not a mediator of exogenous DNA clearance, but in non-physiological circumstances, it may nonspecifically cleave intracellular DNA regardless of its origin. These findings make it unlikely that targeting of EndoG is a viable strategy for improving the duration and level of transgene expression from nonviral DNA vectors in gene therapy efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Misic
- Brock University, Department of Biological Sciences, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada.
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31
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Lee KH, Laird PW. All Things in Moderation: Prevention of Intestinal Adenomas by DNA Hypomethylation. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2016; 9:509-11. [PMID: 27190044 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-16-0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
DNA hypomethylation can prevent intestinal tumorigenesis, presumably by reducing epigenetic silencing of tumor-suppressor genes. A study in this issue by Sheaffer and colleagues challenges this notion by showing that severe DNA hypomethylation by tissue-specific Dnmt1 knockout can actually promote intestinal adenoma formation. Cancer Prev Res; 9(7); 509-11. ©2016 AACRSee related article by Sheaffer, et al., p. 534.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Ho Lee
- Van Andel Research Institute, Center for Epigenetics, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | - Peter W Laird
- Van Andel Research Institute, Center for Epigenetics, Grand Rapids, Michigan.
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32
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Negative regulation of DNMT3A de novo DNA methylation by frequently overexpressed UHRF family proteins as a mechanism for widespread DNA hypomethylation in cancer. Cell Discov 2016; 2:16007. [PMID: 27462454 PMCID: PMC4849474 DOI: 10.1038/celldisc.2016.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Global DNA hypomethylation is a most common epigenetic alteration in cancer, but the mechanism remains elusive. Previous studies demonstrate that UHRF1 but not UHRF2 is required for mediating DNA maintenance methylation by DNMT1. Here we report unexpectedly a conserved function for UHRF1 and UHRF2: inhibiting de novo DNA methylation by functioning as E3 ligases promoting DNMT3A degradation. UHRF1/2 are frequently overexpressed in cancers and we present evidence that UHRF1/2 overexpression downregulates DNMT3A proteins and consequently leads to DNA hypomethylation. Abrogating this negative regulation on DNMT3A or overexpression of DNMT3A leads to increased DNA methylation and impaired tumor growth. We propose a working model that UHRF1/2 safeguards the fidelity of DNA methylation and suggests that UHRF1/2 overexpression is likely a causal factor for widespread DNA hypomethylation in cancer via suppressing DNMT3A.
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33
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Chappell G, Pogribny IP, Guyton KZ, Rusyn I. Epigenetic alterations induced by genotoxic occupational and environmental human chemical carcinogens: A systematic literature review. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2016; 768:27-45. [PMID: 27234561 PMCID: PMC4884606 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that epigenetic alterations play an important role in chemically-induced carcinogenesis. Although the epigenome and genome may be equally important in carcinogenicity, the genotoxicity of chemical agents and exposure-related transcriptomic responses have been more thoroughly studied and characterized. To better understand the evidence for epigenetic alterations of human carcinogens, and the potential association with genotoxic endpoints, we conducted a systematic review of published studies of genotoxic carcinogens that reported epigenetic endpoints. Specifically, we searched for publications reporting epigenetic effects for the 28 agents and occupations included in Monograph Volume 100F of the International Agency for the Research on Cancer (IARC) that were classified as "carcinogenic to humans" (Group 1) with strong evidence of genotoxic mechanisms of carcinogenesis. We identified a total of 158 studies that evaluated epigenetic alterations for 12 of these 28 carcinogenic agents and occupations (1,3-butadiene, 4-aminobiphenyl, aflatoxins, benzene, benzidine, benzo[a]pyrene, coke production, formaldehyde, occupational exposure as a painter, sulfur mustard, and vinyl chloride). Aberrant DNA methylation was most commonly studied, followed by altered expression of non-coding RNAs and histone changes (totaling 85, 59 and 25 studies, respectively). For 3 carcinogens (aflatoxins, benzene and benzo[a]pyrene), 10 or more studies reported epigenetic effects. However, epigenetic studies were sparse for the remaining 9 carcinogens; for 4 agents, only 1 or 2 published reports were identified. While further research is needed to better identify carcinogenesis-associated epigenetic perturbations for many potential carcinogens, published reports on specific epigenetic endpoints can be systematically identified and increasingly incorporated in cancer hazard assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Chappell
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Igor P Pogribny
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | | | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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34
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Sheaffer KL, Elliott EN, Kaestner KH. DNA Hypomethylation Contributes to Genomic Instability and Intestinal Cancer Initiation. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2016; 9:534-46. [PMID: 26883721 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-15-0349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal cancer is a heterogeneous disease driven by genetic mutations and epigenetic changes. Approximately 80% of sporadic colorectal cancers are initiated by mutation and inactivation of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene, which results in unrestrained intestinal epithelial growth and formation of adenomas. Aberrant DNA methylation promotes cancer progression by the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes via promoter methylation. In addition, global DNA hypomethylation is often seen before the formation of adenomas, suggesting that it contributes to neoplastic transformation. Previous studies employed mice with a hypomorphic mutation in DNA methyltransferase 1 (Dnmt1), which exhibited constitutive global DNA hypomethylation and decreased tumorigenesis in the Apc(Min/+) mouse model of intestinal cancer. However, the consequences of intestinal epithelial-specific acute hypomethylation during Apc(Min/+) tumor initiation have not been reported. Using temporally controlled intestinal epithelial-specific gene ablation, we show that total loss of Dnmt1 in the Apc(Min/+) mouse model of intestinal cancer causes accelerated adenoma initiation. Deletion of Dnmt1 precipitates an acute response characterized by hypomethylation of repetitive elements and genomic instability, which surprisingly is followed by remethylation with time. Two months post-Dnmt1 ablation, mice display increased macroadenoma load, consistent with a role for Dnmt1 and DNA methylation in maintaining genomic stability. These data suggest that DNA hypomethylation plays a previously unappreciated role in intestinal adenoma initiation. Cancer Prev Res; 9(7); 534-46. ©2016 AACRSee related article by Lee and Laird, p. 509.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyn L Sheaffer
- Department of Genetics and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ellen N Elliott
- Department of Genetics and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Klaus H Kaestner
- Department of Genetics and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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35
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Qasim BJ, Al-Wasiti EA, Azzal HS. Association of global DNA hypomethylation with clinicopathological variables in colonic tumors of Iraqi patients. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:139-47. [PMID: 26997221 PMCID: PMC4817298 DOI: 10.4103/1319-3767.178525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks sixth among the most common 10 cancers in Iraq. It is a foremost public health dilemma and there is improved interest in understanding the fundamental principles of its molecular biology. DNA methylation in cancer has become the issue of passionate investigation. As compared with normal cells, the malignant cells show major disruptions in their DNA methylation patterns. We aimed to assess the association of global DNA hypomethylation in colonic adenomas and carcinomas of Iraqi patients, measured by immunohistochemistry of 5-methylcytosin, with different clinicopathological variables. PATIENTS AND METHODS Thirty tissue paraffin blocks from patients with colorectal adenomas, 30 tissue paraffin blocks from patients with colorectal adenocarcinomas, and 30 samples of apparently normal colonic tissue taken from autopsy cases as a control group were included in the present study. From each block, two sections of 5 μm thickness were taken, one section was stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin for revision of histopathological diagnosis and one section was immunohistochemically stained for 5-methylcytosine (5mC) and digitally analyzed by AperioImageScope software. RESULTS The mean digital value of 5mC immunohistochemical expression was sequentially decreased during neoplastic progression from normal colonic tissue into adenoma and then to carcinoma. The mean digital value of 5mC expression was significantly lower in large size adenomas (≥1 cm), and those with severe dysplasia. Concerning carcinoma cases, 5mC expression was significantly lower in stage C2. CONCLUSIONS The immunohistochemical evaluation of 5mC yields refined information on colorectal tumor biology in adenoma and carcinoma. Global DNA hypomethylation reflected by low immunohistochemical expression of 5-mC is associated with advanced colorectal adenomatous polyps suggesting that it is an early event in colorectal carcinogenesis. Also this hypomethylation can reflect bad prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer by its correlation to higher tumor stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ban J. Qasim
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq,Address for correspondence: Dr. Ban J. Qasim, Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq. E-mail:
| | - Estabraq A. Al-Wasiti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Hayder S. Azzal
- Department of Chemistry, Chemist in the Ministry of Health, Baghdad, Iraq
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36
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Sahnane N, Magnoli F, Bernasconi B, Tibiletti MG, Romualdi C, Pedroni M, Ponz de Leon M, Magnani G, Reggiani-Bonetti L, Bertario L, Signoroni S, Capella C, Sessa F, Furlan D. Aberrant DNA methylation profiles of inherited and sporadic colorectal cancer. Clin Epigenetics 2015; 7:131. [PMID: 26697123 PMCID: PMC4687378 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-015-0165-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aberrant DNA methylation has been widely investigated in sporadic colorectal carcinomas (CRCs), and extensive work has been performed to characterize different methylation profiles of CRC. Less information is available about the role of epigenetics in hereditary CRC and about the possible clinical use of epigenetic biomarkers in CRC, regardless of the etiopathogenesis. Long interspersed nucleotide element 1 (LINE-1) hypomethylation and gene-specific hypermethylation of 38 promoters were analyzed in multicenter series of 220 CRCs including 71 Lynch (Lynch colorectal cancer with microsatellite instability (LS-MSI)), 23 CRCs of patients under 40 years in which the main inherited CRC syndromes had been excluded (early-onset colorectal cancer with microsatellite stability (EO-MSS)), and 126 sporadic CRCs, comprising 28 cases with microsatellite instability (S-MSI) and 98 that were microsatellite stable (S-MSS). All tumor methylation patterns were integrated with clinico-pathological and genetic characteristics, namely chromosomal instability (CIN), TP53 loss, BRAF, and KRAS mutations. Results LS-MSI mainly showed absence of extensive DNA hypo- and hypermethylation. LINE-1 hypomethylation was observed in a subset of LS-MSI that were associated with the worse prognosis. Genetically, they commonly displayed G:A transition in the KRAS gene and absence of a CIN phenotype and of TP53 loss. S-MSI exhibited a specific epigenetic profile showing low rates of LINE-1 hypomethylation and extensive gene hypermethylation. S-MSI were mainly characterized by MLH1 methylation, BRAF mutation, and absence of a CIN phenotype and of TP53 loss. By contrast, S-MSS showed a high frequency of LINE-1 hypomethylation and of CIN, and they were associated with a worse prognosis. EO-MSS were a genetically and epigenetically heterogeneous group of CRCs. Like LS-MSI, some EO-MSS displayed low rates of DNA hypo- or hypermethylation and frequent G:A transitions in the KRAS gene, suggesting that a genetic syndrome might still be unrevealed in these patients. By contrast, some EO-MSS showed similar features to those observed in S-MSS, such as LINE-1 hypomethylation, CIN, and TP53 deletion. In all four classes, hypermethylation of ESR1, GATA5, and WT1 was very common. Conclusions Aberrant DNA methylation analysis allows the identification of different subsets of CRCs. This study confirms the potential utility of methylation tests for early detection of CRC and suggests that LINE-1 hypomethylation may be a useful prognostic marker in both sporadic and inherited CRCs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13148-015-0165-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Sahnane
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, University of Insubria, Via O. Rossi, 9, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Francesca Magnoli
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, University of Insubria, Via O. Rossi, 9, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Barbara Bernasconi
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, University of Insubria, Via O. Rossi, 9, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Romualdi
- CRIBI Biotechnology Center, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Monica Pedroni
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine, Clinical and Public Health, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ponz de Leon
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine, Clinical and Public Health, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Giulia Magnani
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine, Clinical and Public Health, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Lucio Bertario
- Unit of Hereditary Digestive Tract Tumours, Fondazione IRCCS-Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Milan, Modena, Italy
| | - Stefano Signoroni
- Unit of Hereditary Digestive Tract Tumours, Fondazione IRCCS-Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Milan, Modena, Italy
| | - Carlo Capella
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, University of Insubria, Via O. Rossi, 9, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Fausto Sessa
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, University of Insubria, Via O. Rossi, 9, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Daniela Furlan
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, University of Insubria, Via O. Rossi, 9, 21100 Varese, Italy
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37
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Elliott EN, Kaestner KH. Epigenetic regulation of the intestinal epithelium. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:4139-56. [PMID: 26220502 PMCID: PMC4607638 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1997-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is an ideal model system for the study of normal and pathological differentiation processes. The mammalian intestinal epithelium is a single cell layer comprising proliferative crypts and differentiated villi. The crypts contain both proliferating and quiescent stem cell populations that self-renew and produce all the differentiated cell types, which are replaced every 3-5 days. The genetics of intestinal development, homeostasis, and disease are well defined, but less is known about the contribution of epigenetics in modulating these processes. Epigenetics refers to heritable phenotypic traits, including gene expression, which are independent of mutations in the DNA sequence. We have known for several decades that human colorectal cancers contain hypomethylated DNA, but the causes and consequences of this phenomenon are not fully understood. In contrast, tumor suppressor gene promoters are often hypermethylated in colorectal cancer, resulting in decreased expression of the associated gene. In this review, we describe the role that epigenetics plays in intestinal homeostasis and disease, with an emphasis on results from mouse models. We highlight the importance of producing and analyzing next-generation sequencing data detailing the epigenome from intestinal stem cell to differentiated intestinal villus cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen N Elliott
- Department of Genetics and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 12-126 Translational Research Center, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Klaus H Kaestner
- Department of Genetics and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 12-126 Translational Research Center, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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38
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Dekervel J, van Pelt J, Verslype C. DNA methylation in hepatocellular carcinoma: what is the use? Hepat Oncol 2015; 2:321-323. [PMID: 30191011 DOI: 10.2217/hep.15.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Dekervel
- Department of Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven & Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jos van Pelt
- Department of Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven & Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chris Verslype
- Department of Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven & Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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39
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Abstract
Cancer arises through the accumulation of both genetic and epigenetic alterations. Although the causal role of genetic mutations on cancer development has been established in vivo, similar evidence for epigenetic alterations is limited. Moreover, mutual interactions between genetic mutations and epigenetic alterations remain unclear. Cellular reprogramming technology can be used to actively modify the epigenome without affecting the underlying genomic sequences. Here we introduce recent studies that have utilized this property for cancer research. We propose that just as it has potential for regenerative medicine and disease modeling, cell reprogramming could also be a powerful tool for dissecting the role of the cancer epigenome in the development and maintenance of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Semi
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Oncology, Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yamada
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Oncology, Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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40
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Stoyanov E, Ludwig G, Mizrahi L, Olam D, Schnitzer-Perlman T, Tasika E, Sass G, Tiegs G, Jiang Y, Nie T, Kohler J, Schinazi RF, Vertino PM, Cedar H, Galun E, Goldenberg D. Chronic liver inflammation modifies DNA methylation at the precancerous stage of murine hepatocarcinogenesis. Oncotarget 2015; 6:11047-60. [PMID: 25918251 PMCID: PMC4484438 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver inflammation precedes the majority of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC). Here, we explore the connection between chronic inflammation and DNA methylation in the liver at the late precancerous stages of HCC development in Mdr2(-/-) (Mdr2/Abcb4-knockout) mice, a model of inflammation-mediated HCC. Using methylated DNA immunoprecipitation followed by hybridization with "CpG islands" (CGIs) microarrays, we found specific CGIs in 76 genes which were hypermethylated in the Mdr2(-/-) liver compared to age-matched healthy controls. The observed hypermethylation resulted mainly from an age-dependent decrease of methylation of the specific CGIs in control livers with no decrease in mutant mice. Chronic inflammation did not change global levels of DNA methylation in Mdr2(-/-) liver, but caused a 2-fold decrease of the global 5-hydroxymethylcytosine level in mutants compared to controls. Liver cell fractionation revealed, that the relative hypermethylation of specific CGIs in Mdr2(-/-) livers affected either hepatocyte, or non-hepatocyte, or both fractions without a correlation between changes of gene methylation and expression. Our findings demonstrate that chronic liver inflammation causes hypermethylation of specific CGIs, which may affect both hepatocytes and non-hepatocyte liver cells. These changes may serve as useful markers of an increased regenerative activity and of a late precancerous stage in the chronically inflamed liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniy Stoyanov
- The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Guy Ludwig
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lina Mizrahi
- The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Devorah Olam
- The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Temima Schnitzer-Perlman
- The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Elena Tasika
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gabriele Sass
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gisa Tiegs
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yong Jiang
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Ting Nie
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - James Kohler
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Raymond F. Schinazi
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Paula M. Vertino
- Department of Radiation Oncology and the Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Howard Cedar
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eithan Galun
- The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Daniel Goldenberg
- The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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Hatano Y, Semi K, Hashimoto K, Lee MS, Hirata A, Tomita H, Kuno T, Takamatsu M, Aoki K, Taketo MM, Kim YJ, Hara A, Yamada Y. Reducing DNA methylation suppresses colon carcinogenesis by inducing tumor cell differentiation. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36:719-29. [PMID: 25939752 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The forced reduction of global DNA methylation suppresses tumor development in several cancer models in vivo. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying these suppressive effects remain unclear. In this report, we describe our findings showing that a genome-wide reduction in the DNA methylation levels induces cellular differentiation in association with decreased cell proliferation in Apc (Min/+) mouse colon tumor cells in vivo. Colon tumor-specific DNA methylation at Cdx1 is reduced in the DNA-hypomethylated tumors accompanied by Cdx1 derepression and an increased expression of intestinal differentiation-related genes. Furthermore, a histological analysis revealed that Cdx1 derepression in the DNA-hypomethylated tumors is correlated with the differentiation of colon tumor cells. Similarly, the treatment of human colon cancer cell lines with a hypomethylating agent induces differentiation-related genes, including CDX1. We herein propose that DNA demethylation exerts a tumor suppressive effect in the colon by inducing tumor cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Hatano
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Katsunori Semi
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kyoichi Hashimoto
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Myeong Sup Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 138-736, Korea
| | - Akihiro Hirata
- Division of Animal Experiment, Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tomita
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Toshiya Kuno
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Manabu Takamatsu
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Koji Aoki
- Division of Pharmacology, University of Fukui School of Medicine, 23-3 Matsuokashimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Makoto M Taketo
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan and
| | - Young-Joon Kim
- Department of Integrated Omics for Biomedical Sciences, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Akira Hara
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yamada
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan,
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Pon JR, Marra MA. Driver and Passenger Mutations in Cancer. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2015; 10:25-50. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-012414-040312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia R. Pon
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada V5Z 1L3;
| | - Marco A. Marra
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada V5Z 1L3;
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z4;
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Dynamic Alu methylation during normal development, aging, and tumorigenesis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:784706. [PMID: 25243180 PMCID: PMC4163490 DOI: 10.1155/2014/784706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation primarily occurs on CpG dinucleotides and plays an important role in transcriptional regulations during tissue development and cell differentiation. Over 25% of CpG dinucleotides in the human genome reside within Alu elements, the most abundant human repeats. The methylation of Alu elements is an important mechanism to suppress Alu transcription and subsequent retrotransposition. Decades of studies revealed that Alu methylation is highly dynamic during early development and aging. Recently, many environmental factors were shown to have a great impact on Alu methylation. In addition, aberrant Alu methylation has been documented to be an early event in many tumors and Alu methylation levels have been associated with tumor aggressiveness. The assessment of the Alu methylation has become an important approach for early diagnosis and/or prognosis of cancer. This review focuses on the dynamic Alu methylation during development, aging, and tumor genesis. The cause and consequence of Alu methylation changes will be discussed.
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Yamada Y, Haga H, Yamada Y. Concise review: dedifferentiation meets cancer development: proof of concept for epigenetic cancer. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 3:1182-7. [PMID: 25122691 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The technology for generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has made significant contributions to various scientific fields, and the field of cancer biology is no exception. Although cancer is generally believed to develop through accumulation of multiple genetic mutations, there is increasing evidence that cancer cells also acquire epigenetic abnormalities during development, maintenance, and progression. Because the epigenetic status of somatic cells changes dynamically through reprogramming, iPSC technology can be utilized to actively and globally alter the epigenetic status of differentiated cells. Using this technology, a recent study has revealed that some types of cancer can develop mainly through disruption of the epigenetic status triggered by dedifferentiation. In this paper, we outline the reprograming process and the epigenetic mechanism associated with the maintenance or conversion of cell identity. We then describe several observations suggesting that dedifferentiation can play an important role in cancer development. Finally, we introduce the system responsible for in vivo reprogramming to demonstrate the involvement of dedifferentiation-driven epigenetic disruption in cancer development, and propose that particular types of cancer can develop predominantly through epigenetic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Yamada
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hironori Haga
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yamada
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
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Abstract
Heart failure has become a huge public health problem. The treatment options for heart failure, however, are considerably limited. The significant disparity between the scope of a prominent health problem and the restricted means of therapy propagates heart failure epidemics. Delineating novel mechanisms of heart failure is imperative. Emerging evidence suggests that epigenetic regulation may take part in the pathogenesis of heart failure. Epigenetic regulation involves DNA and histone modifications that lead to changes in DNA-based transcriptional programs without altering the DNA sequence. Although more and more mechanisms are being discovered, the best understood epigenetic modifications are achieved through covalent biochemical reactions including histone acetylation, histone methylation and DNA methylation. Connecting environmental stimuli with genomic programs, epigenetic regulation remains important in maintaining homeostases and the pathogeneses of diseases. This review summarizes the most recent developments regarding individual epigenetic modifications and their implications in the pathogenesis of heart failure. Understanding this strategically important mechanism is potentially the key for developing powerful interventions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian J Cao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Division, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas VA Medical Center, 4500 S Lancaster Rd, Dallas, TX 75216, USA
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46
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King WD, Ashbury JE, Taylor SA, Tse MY, Pang SC, Louw JA, Vanner SJ. A cross-sectional study of global DNA methylation and risk of colorectal adenoma. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:488. [PMID: 24998982 PMCID: PMC4227295 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The methylation of DNA is recognized as a key epigenetic mechanism and evidence for its role in the development of several malignancies is accumulating. We evaluated the relationship between global methylation in DNA derived from normal appearing colon mucosal tissue and blood leukocytes, and colorectal adenoma risk. Methods Patients, aged 40 to 65, scheduled for a screening colonoscopy were recruited. During the colonoscopy, two pinch biopsies of healthy, normal appearing mucosa were obtained from the descending colon. A fasting blood sample was also collected. The methylation status of LINE-1 (long interspersed nuclear element-1) repetitive sequences, as a surrogate measure of global methylation, was quantified in DNA extracted from normal colon mucosa and blood leukocytes. Statistical analysis of the relationship between global DNA methylation and adenoma risk was conducted on 317 participants, 108 subjects with at least one pathologically confirmed adenoma and 209 subjects with a normal colonoscopy. Results A statistically significant inverse relationship was observed between LINE-1 methylation in colon tissue DNA and adenoma risk for males and for both sexes combined for the lowest methylation quartile compared to the highest (adjusted ORs = 2.94 and 2.26 respectively). For blood, although the overall pattern of odds ratio estimates was towards an increase in risk for lower methylation quartiles compared to the highest methylation quartile, there were no statistically significant relationships observed. A moderate correlation was found between LINE-1 methylation levels measured in tissue and blood (Pearson correlation 0.36). Conclusions We observed that lower levels of LINE-1 DNA methylation in normal appearing background colon mucosa were associated with increased adenoma risk for males, and for both sexes combined. Though these findings provide some support for a relationship between LINE-1 DNA methylation in colon mucosal tissue and adenoma risk, large prospective cohort studies are needed to confirm results. Until such investigations are done, the clinical usefulness of LINE-1 methylation as a biomarker of increased adenoma risk is uncertain. Regardless, this study contributes to a better understanding of the role of global DNA methylation as an early event in CR carcinogenesis with implications for future etiologic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will D King
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
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Weis B, Schmidt J, Maamar H, Raj A, Lin H, Tóth C, Riedmann K, Raddatz G, Seitz HK, Ho AD, Lyko F, Linhart HG. Inhibition of intestinal tumor formation by deletion of the DNA methyltransferase 3a. Oncogene 2014; 34:1822-30. [PMID: 24837369 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant de novo methylation of DNA is considered an important mediator of tumorigenesis. To investigate the role of de novo DNA methyltransferase 3a (Dnmt3a) in intestinal tumor development, we analyzed the expression of Dnmt3a in murine colon crypts, murine colon adenomas and human colorectal cancer using RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), quantitative PCR and immunostaining. Following conditional deletion of Dnmt3a in the colon of APC((Min/+)) mice, we analyzed tumor numbers, genotype of macroadenomas and laser dissected microadenomas, global and regional DNA methylation and gene expression. Our results showed increased Dnmt3a expression in colon adenomas of APC((Min/+)) mice and human colorectal cancer samples when compared with control tissue. Interestingly, in tumor tissue, RNA FISH analysis showed highest Dnmt3a expression in Lgr5-positive stem/progenitor cells. Deletion of Dnmt3a in APC((Min/+)) mice reduced colon tumor numbers by ~40%. Remaining adenomas and microadenomas almost exclusively contained the non-recombined Dnmt3a allele; no tumors composed of the inactivated Dnmt3a allele were detected. DNA methylation was reduced at the Oct4, Nanog, Tff2 and Cdkn1c promoters and expression of the tumor-suppressor genes Tff2 and Cdkn1c was increased. In conclusion, our results show that Dnmt3a is predominantly expressed in the stem/progenitor cell compartment of tumors and that deletion of Dnmt3a inhibits the earliest stages of intestinal tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Weis
- Division of Epigenetics (A130), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J Schmidt
- Division of Epigenetics (A130), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - H Maamar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A Raj
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - H Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C Tóth
- 1] Department of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Tissue Bank, Heidelberg, Germany [2] Department of Pathology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - K Riedmann
- Division of Epigenetics (A130), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - G Raddatz
- Division of Epigenetics (A130), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - H-K Seitz
- Department of Medicine, Salem Medical Center, Alcohol Research Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A D Ho
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of Heidelberg Medical Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - F Lyko
- Division of Epigenetics (A130), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - H G Linhart
- 1] Department of Medicine, Salem Medical Center, Alcohol Research Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany [2] Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of Heidelberg Medical Center, Heidelberg, Germany [3] Division of Epigenetics (A130), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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48
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Premature termination of reprogramming in vivo leads to cancer development through altered epigenetic regulation. Cell 2014; 156:663-77. [PMID: 24529372 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is believed to arise primarily through accumulation of genetic mutations. Although induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) generation does not require changes in genomic sequence, iPSCs acquire unlimited growth potential, a characteristic shared with cancer cells. Here, we describe a murine system in which reprogramming factor expression in vivo can be controlled temporally with doxycycline (Dox). Notably, transient expression of reprogramming factors in vivo results in tumor development in various tissues consisting of undifferentiated dysplastic cells exhibiting global changes in DNA methylation patterns. The Dox-withdrawn tumors arising in the kidney share a number of characteristics with Wilms tumor, a common pediatric kidney cancer. We also demonstrate that iPSCs derived from Dox-withdrawn kidney tumor cells give rise to nonneoplastic kidney cells in mice, proving that they have not undergone irreversible genetic transformation. These findings suggest that epigenetic regulation associated with iPSC derivation may drive development of particular types of cancer.
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49
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Matsusaka K, Funata S, Fukayama M, Kaneda A. DNA methylation in gastric cancer, related to Helicobacter pylori and Epstein-Barr virus. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:3916-3926. [PMID: 24744581 PMCID: PMC3983447 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i14.3916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide, and significant effort has been focused on clarifying the pathology of gastric cancer. In particular, the development of genome-wide analysis tools has enabled the detection of genetic and epigenetic alterations in gastric cancer; for example, aberrant DNA methylation in gene promoter regions is thought to play a crucial role in gastric carcinogenesis. The etiological viewpoint is also essential for the study of gastric cancers, and two distinct pathogens, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), are known to participate in gastric carcinogenesis. Chronic inflammation of the gastric epithelium due to H. pylori infection induces aberrant polyclonal methylation that may lead to an increased risk of gastric cancer. In addition, EBV infection is known to cause extensive methylation, and EBV-positive gastric cancers display a high methylation epigenotype, in which aberrant methylation extends to not only Polycomb repressive complex (PRC)-target genes in embryonic stem cells but also non-PRC-target genes. Here, we review aberrant DNA methylation in gastric cancer and the association between methylation and infection with H. pylori and EBV.
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50
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Mudbhary R, Hoshida Y, Chernyavskaya Y, Jacob V, Villanueva A, Fiel MI, Chen X, Kojima K, Thung S, Bronson RT, Lachenmayer A, Revill K, Alsinet C, Sachidanandam R, Desai A, SenBanerjee S, Ukomadu C, Llovet JM, Sadler KC. UHRF1 overexpression drives DNA hypomethylation and hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Cell 2014; 25:196-209. [PMID: 24486181 PMCID: PMC3951208 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitin-like with PHD and RING finger domains 1 (UHRF1) is an essential regulator of DNA methylation that is highly expressed in many cancers. Here, we use transgenic zebrafish, cultured cells, and human tumors to demonstrate that UHRF1 is an oncogene. UHRF1 overexpression in zebrafish hepatocytes destabilizes and delocalizes Dnmt1 and causes DNA hypomethylation and Tp53-mediated senescence. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) emerges when senescence is bypassed. tp53 mutation both alleviates senescence and accelerates tumor onset. Human HCCs recapitulate this paradigm, as UHRF1 overexpression defines a subclass of aggressive HCCs characterized by genomic instability, TP53 mutation, and abrogation of the TP53-mediated senescence program. We propose that UHRF1 overexpression is a mechanism underlying DNA hypomethylation in cancer cells and that senescence is a primary means of restricting tumorigenesis due to epigenetic disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raksha Mudbhary
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yujin Hoshida
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Liver Cancer Program/Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yelena Chernyavskaya
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Vinitha Jacob
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Augusto Villanueva
- HCC Translational Research Laboratory, IDIBAPS, CIBEREHD, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Catalonia 08036, Spain; Institute of Liver Studies, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - M Isabel Fiel
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Xintong Chen
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Liver Cancer Program/Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kensuke Kojima
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Liver Cancer Program/Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Swan Thung
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Roderick T Bronson
- Rodent Histopathology Core Dana Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anja Lachenmayer
- Liver Cancer Program/Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kate Revill
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Liver Cancer Program/Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Clara Alsinet
- HCC Translational Research Laboratory, IDIBAPS, CIBEREHD, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Catalonia 08036, Spain
| | - Ravi Sachidanandam
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Anal Desai
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sucharita SenBanerjee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chinweike Ukomadu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Josep M Llovet
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Liver Cancer Program/Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; HCC Translational Research Laboratory, IDIBAPS, CIBEREHD, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Catalonia 08036, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats Lluís Companys, Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - Kirsten C Sadler
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Liver Cancer Program/Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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