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Sun C, Yao J, Xu H, Zhou C, Zang R. Assessing the functional vulnerability of woody plant communities within a large scale tropical rainforest dynamics plot. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1372122. [PMID: 38693923 PMCID: PMC11061514 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1372122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Tropical forests are characterized by intricate mosaics of species-rich and structurally complex forest communities. Evaluating the functional vulnerability of distinct community patches is of significant importance in establishing conservation priorities within tropical forests. However, previous assessments of functional vulnerability in tropical forests have often focused solely on isolated factors or individual disturbance events, with limited consideration for a broad spectrum of disturbances and the responses of diverse species. Methods We assessed the functional vulnerability of woody plant communities in a 60-ha dynamic plot within a tropical montane rainforest by conducting in silico simulations of a wide range disturbances. These simulations combined plant functional traits and community properties, including the distribution of functional redundancy across the entire trait space, the distribution of abundance across species, and the relationship between species trait distinctiveness and species abundance. We also investigated the spatial distribution patterns of functional vulnerability and their scale effects, and employed a spatial autoregressive model to examine the relationships between both biotic and abiotic factors and functional vulnerability at different scales. Results The functional vulnerability of tropical montane rainforest woody plant communities was generally high (the functional vulnerability of observed communities was very close to that of the most vulnerable virtual community, with a value of 72.41% on average at the 20m×20m quadrat scale), and they exhibited significant spatial heterogeneity. Functional vulnerability decreased with increasing spatial scale and the influence of both biotic and abiotic factors on functional vulnerability was regulated by spatial scale, with soil properties playing a dominant role. Discussion Our study provides new specific insights into the comprehensive assessment of functional vulnerability in the tropical rainforest. We highlighted that functional vulnerabilities of woody plant communities and their sensitivity to environmental factors varied significantly within and across spatial scales in the tropical rainforest landscape. Preserving and maintaining the functionality of tropical ecosystems should take into consideration the variations in functional vulnerability among different plant communities and their sensitivity to environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Yao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Han Xu
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaofan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Runguo Zang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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Visscher AM, Meli P, Fonte SJ, Bonari G, Zerbe S, Wellstein C. Agroforestry enhances biological activity, diversity and soil-based ecosystem functions in mountain agroecosystems of Latin America: A meta-analysis. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17036. [PMID: 38273524 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Mountain agroecosystems in Latin America provide multiple ecosystem functions (EFs) and products from global to local scales, particularly for the rural communities who depend on them. Agroforestry has been proposed as a climate-smart farming strategy throughout much of the region to help conserve biodiversity and enhance multiple EFs, especially in mountainous regions. However, large-scale synthesis on the potential of agroforestry across Latin America is lacking. To understand the potential impacts of agroforestry at the continental level, we conducted a meta-analysis examining the effects of agroforestry on biological activity and diversity (BIAD) and multiple EFs across mountain agroecosystems of Latin America. A total of 78 studies were selected based on a formalized literature search in the Web of Science. We analysed differences between (i) silvoarable systems versus cropland, (ii) silvopastoral systems versus pastureland, and (iii) agroforestry versus forest systems, based on response ratios. Response ratios were further used to understand how climate type, precipitation and soil properties (texture) influence key EFs (carbon sequestration, nutrient provision, erosion control, yield production) and BIAD in agroforestry systems. Results revealed that BIAD and EFs related to carbon sequestration and nutrient provisioning were generally higher in agroforestry systems (silvopastoral and silvoarable) compared to croplands and pasturelands without trees. However, the impacts of agroforestry systems on crop yields varied depending on the system considered (i.e., coffee vs. cereals), while forest systems generally provided greater levels of BIAD and EFs than agroforestry systems. Further analysis demonstrated that the impacts of agroforestry systems on BIAD and EFs depend greatly on climate type, soil, and precipitation. For example, silvoarable systems appear to generate the greatest benefits in arid or tropical climates, on sandier soils, and under lower precipitation regimes. Overall, our findings highlight the widespread potential of agroforestry systems to BIAD and multiple EFs across montane regions of Latin America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Visscher
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Piazza Università, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Paula Meli
- Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Laboratorio de Estudios del Antropoceno, Departamento de Manejo de Bosques y Medio Ambiente, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Steven J Fonte
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Gianmaria Bonari
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Piazza Università, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Stefan Zerbe
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Piazza Università, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Camilla Wellstein
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Piazza Università, Bolzano, Italy
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Raveloaritiana E, Wurz A, Osen K, Soazafy MR, Grass I, Martin DA, Bemamy C, Ranarijaona HLT, Borgerson C, Kreft H, Hölscher D, Rakouth B, Tscharntke T. Complementary ecosystem services from multiple land uses highlight the importance of tropical mosaic landscapes. AMBIO 2023; 52:1558-1574. [PMID: 37286920 PMCID: PMC10460756 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-023-01888-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tropical agricultural landscapes often consist of a mosaic of different land uses, yet little is known about the spectrum of ecosystem service bundles and materials they provide to rural households. We interviewed 320 households on the different benefits received from prevalent land-use types in north-eastern Madagascar (old-growth forests, forest fragments, vanilla agroforests, woody fallows, herbaceous fallows, and rice paddies) in terms of ecosystem services and plant uses. Old-growth forests and forest fragments were reported as important for regulating services (e.g. water regulation), whilst fallow lands and vanilla agroforests as important for provisioning services (food, medicine, fodder). Households reported the usage of 285 plant species (56% non-endemics) and collected plants from woody fallows for varying purposes, whilst plants from forest fragments, predominantly endemics, were used for construction and weaving. Multiple land-use types are thus complementary for providing ecosystem services, with fallow lands being particularly important. Hence, balancing societal needs and conservation goals should be based on diversified and comprehensive land management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Raveloaritiana
- Plant Biology and Ecology Department, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar.
- Agroecology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany.
- Sustainable Agricultural Systems and Engineering Laboratory, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Annemarie Wurz
- Agroecology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Conservation Ecology, Department of Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Kristina Osen
- Tropical Silviculture and Forest Ecology, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marie Rolande Soazafy
- Tropical Silviculture and Forest Ecology, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Natural and Environmental Sciences, Regional University Centre of the SAVA Region (CURSA), Antalaha, Madagascar
- Natural Ecosystems (EDEN), University of Mahajanga, Mahajanga, Madagascar
| | - Ingo Grass
- Ecology of Tropical Agricultural Systems, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dominic Andreas Martin
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudine Bemamy
- Diversity Turn in Land Use Sciences Research Project, Sambava, Madagascar
| | | | - Cortni Borgerson
- Department of Anthropology, Montclair State University, Montclair, USA
| | - Holger Kreft
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Centre for Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dirk Hölscher
- Tropical Silviculture and Forest Ecology, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Centre for Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bakolimalala Rakouth
- Plant Biology and Ecology Department, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Teja Tscharntke
- Agroecology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Centre for Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Oliveira S, Raneri JE, Weise SF. Assessing Biodiversity Conditions in Cocoa Agroforests with a Rapid Assessment Method: Outcomes from a Large-Scale Application in Ghana. DIVERSITY 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/d15040503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Cocoa fields in West Africa traditionally kept other tree species to provide shade for cocoa trees and obtain food and other products. Measuring other trees is paramount to monitoring environmental conditions in cocoa agroforests, but it has been difficult to apply at a large scale. This study presents the results of a rapid assessment method applied in Ghana, developed to measure non-cocoa tree characteristics based on easily observed parameters using sample surveys and mapping tools. We collected data from over 8700 cocoa farms and evaluated their biodiversity performance based on 6 indicators classified according to recommended thresholds to benefit biodiversity conditions. Our results show that species richness, shade cover, and potential for tree succession have the lowest proportions of fields with the recommended levels, with variations among regions and districts. The methodological procedure allowed us to identify priority areas and indicators falling behind desirable thresholds, which can inform training and management approaches regarding biodiversity-friendly practices in cocoa fields tailored to the needs of the farmers. The analysis procedure was developed with open-access automated routines, allowing for easy updates and replication to other areas, as well as for other commodities, enabling comparisons at different spatial scales and contributing to monitoring biodiversity over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Oliveira
- Centre of Geographical Studies, Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning, University of Lisbon, 1600-276 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory Terra, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jessica E. Raneri
- Nutrition-Senstive Agriculture Advisor to the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research and the Agriculture Development and Food Security Section, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Canberra, ACT 0221, Australia
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stephan F. Weise
- Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT, Bayan Lepas 11960, Penang, Malaysia
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Xiao J, Xiong K. A review of agroforestry ecosystem services and its enlightenment on the ecosystem improvement of rocky desertification control. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 852:158538. [PMID: 36067859 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Agroforestry (AF) has become an important strategy in reconciling the contradictory requirements of environmental protection and economic development in ecologically fragile areas, and whose multiple ecosystem services provide effective ways to promote the restoration of degraded ecosystems in the region. However, agroforestry ecosystem services (AFES) are usually constrained by their generative elements (vulnerability, structure, function, and ecological assets) and service management-both crucial for informed decision-making which enhances AFES supply capacity and AF sustainable management. Karst rocky desertification (KRD) is a typical case in an ecologically fragile area, and within the KRD region greatly relevant for promoting AFES as a strategy for restoring degraded regional ecosystems and for achieving sustainable development goals. In this study, a total of 164 publications related to AFES that met a set of inclusion criteria were obtained through the Scopus database using the literature review method of searching, appraisal, synthesis, and analysis. From the systematic literature review results, (i) we found that the number of relevant publications generally exhibited a year-on-year growth trend, with AFES generation elements being the most common topic (68.11 % of publications), and service management research being the second most common (31.89 % of publications); (ii) we summarised the main progress and landmark results of AFES generation elements and service management research and explored the relevant key scientific questions; and (iii) the above information enlightened the key improvement areas of KRD control ecosystem within three aspects: natural environment, agricultural development, and human-environment relationship. This study provides agroforestry practitioners and relevant decision-makers with information for improving and managing the supply capacity of AFES, and also presents important insights on the KRD control ecosystem to land degradation restoration technicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xiao
- School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, People's Republic of China; State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification Control, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, People's Republic of China
| | - Kangning Xiong
- School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, People's Republic of China; State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification Control, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, People's Republic of China.
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Kasmiatun, Hartke TR, Buchori D, Hidayat P, Siddikah F, Amrulloh R, Hiola MS, Najmi L, Noerdjito WA, Scheu S, Drescher J. Rainforest conversion to smallholder cash crops leads to varying declines of beetles (Coleoptera) on Sumatra. Biotropica 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.13165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kasmiatun
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture IPB University Bogor West Java Indonesia
| | - Tamara R. Hartke
- Animal Ecology, Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany
- Zoological Research Museum Alexander König (ZFMK) Centre for Biodiversity Monitoring Bonn Germany
| | - Damayanti Buchori
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture IPB University Bogor West Java Indonesia
- Center for Transdisciplinary and Sustainability Sciences IPB University Bogor West Java Indonesia
| | - Purnama Hidayat
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture IPB University Bogor West Java Indonesia
| | - Fatimah Siddikah
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture IPB University Bogor West Java Indonesia
| | - Rosyid Amrulloh
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture IPB University Bogor West Java Indonesia
| | | | - Lailatun Najmi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture IPB University Bogor West Java Indonesia
| | - Woro A. Noerdjito
- Research Center for Biology Indonesian Institute of Sciences Bogor West Java Indonesia
| | - Stefan Scheu
- Animal Ecology, Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use Göttingen Germany
| | - Jochen Drescher
- Animal Ecology, Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany
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Ramos D, Hartke TR, Buchori D, Dupérré N, Hidayat P, Lia M, Harms D, Scheu S, Drescher J. Rainforest conversion to rubber and oil palm reduces abundance, biomass and diversity of canopy spiders. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13898. [PMID: 35990898 PMCID: PMC9390325 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Rainforest canopies, home to one of the most complex and diverse terrestrial arthropod communities, are threatened by conversion of rainforest into agricultural production systems. However, little is known about how predatory arthropod communities respond to such conversion. To address this, we compared canopy spider (Araneae) communities from lowland rainforest with those from three agricultural systems in Jambi Province, Sumatra, Indonesia, i.e., jungle rubber (rubber agroforest) and monoculture plantations of rubber and oil palm. Using canopy fogging, we collected 10,676 spider specimens belonging to 36 families and 445 morphospecies. The four most abundant families (Salticidae N = 2,043, Oonopidae N = 1,878, Theridiidae N = 1,533 and Clubionidae N = 1,188) together comprised 62.2% of total individuals, while the four most speciose families, Salticidae (S = 87), Theridiidae (S = 83), Araneidae (S = 48) and Thomisidae (S = 39), contained 57.8% of all morphospecies identified. In lowland rainforest, average abundance, biomass and species richness of canopy spiders was at least twice as high as in rubber or oil palm plantations, with jungle rubber showing similar abundances as rainforest, and intermediate biomass and richness. Community composition of spiders was similar in rainforest and jungle rubber, but differed from rubber and oil palm, which also differed from each other. Canonical Correspondence Analysis showed that canopy openness, aboveground tree biomass and tree density together explained 18.2% of the variation in spider communities at family level. On a morphospecies level, vascular plant species richness and tree density significantly affected the community composition but explained only 6.8% of the variance. While abundance, biomass and diversity of spiders declined strongly with the conversion of rainforest into monoculture plantations of rubber and oil palm, we also found that a large proportion of the rainforest spider community can thrive in extensive agroforestry systems such as jungle rubber. Despite being very different from rainforest, the canopy spider communities in rubber and oil palm plantations may still play a vital role in the biological control of canopy herbivore species, thus contributing important ecosystem services. The components of tree and palm canopy structure identified as major determinants of canopy spider communities may aid in decision-making processes toward establishing cash-crop plantation management systems which foster herbivore control by spiders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ramos
- Department of Animal Ecology, J.-F. Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tamara R. Hartke
- Department of Animal Ecology, J.-F. Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Damayanti Buchori
- Center for Transdisciplinary and Sustainability Sciences, IPB University, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia,Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University Bogor, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Nadine Dupérré
- Center for Taxonomy and Morphology, Zoological Museum Hamburg, Leibnitz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change (LIB), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Purnama Hidayat
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University Bogor, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Mayanda Lia
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University Bogor, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Danilo Harms
- Center for Taxonomy and Morphology, Zoological Museum Hamburg, Leibnitz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change (LIB), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Scheu
- Department of Animal Ecology, J.-F. Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle, Göttingen, Germany,Center for Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jochen Drescher
- Department of Animal Ecology, J.-F. Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle, Göttingen, Germany
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Wurz A, Tscharntke T, Martin DA, Osen K, Rakotomalala AANA, Raveloaritiana E, Andrianisaina F, Dröge S, Fulgence TR, Soazafy MR, Andriafanomezantsoa R, Andrianarimisa A, Babarezoto FS, Barkmann J, Hänke H, Hölscher D, Kreft H, Rakouth B, Guerrero-Ramírez NR, Ranarijaona HLT, Randriamanantena R, Ratsoavina FM, Raveloson Ravaomanarivo LH, Grass I. Win-win opportunities combining high yields with high multi-taxa biodiversity in tropical agroforestry. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4127. [PMID: 35882849 PMCID: PMC9325886 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30866-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Resolving ecological-economic trade-offs between biodiversity and yields is a key challenge when addressing the biodiversity crisis in tropical agricultural landscapes. Here, we focused on the relation between seven different taxa (trees, herbaceous plants, birds, amphibians, reptiles, butterflies, and ants) and yields in vanilla agroforests in Madagascar. Agroforests established in forests supported overall 23% fewer species and 47% fewer endemic species than old-growth forests, and 14% fewer endemic species than forest fragments. In contrast, agroforests established on fallows had overall 12% more species and 38% more endemic species than fallows. While yields increased with vanilla vine density and length, non-yield related variables largely determined biodiversity. Nonetheless, trade-offs existed between yields and butterflies as well as reptiles. Vanilla yields were generally unrelated to richness of trees, herbaceous plants, birds, amphibians, reptiles, and ants, opening up possibilities for conservation outside of protected areas and restoring degraded land to benefit farmers and biodiversity alike. Resolving ecological-economic trade-offs is a challenge in agriculture. Here, Wurz et al. find that in Malagasy vanilla agroforests, vanilla yield is generally not related to tree, herbaceous plant, bird, amphibian, reptile and ant biodiversity, creating opportunities for conservation outside protected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Wurz
- Agroecology, University of Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany. .,Conservation Ecology, Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Teja Tscharntke
- Agroecology, University of Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Centre for Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dominic Andreas Martin
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kristina Osen
- Tropical Silviculture and Forest Ecology, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anjaharinony A N A Rakotomalala
- Agroecology, University of Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Entomology Department Faculty of Science, University of Antananarivo, PO Box 906, Antananarivo, 101, Madagascar
| | - Estelle Raveloaritiana
- Agroecology, University of Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Plant Biology and Ecology Department, University of Antananarivo, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Fanilo Andrianisaina
- Department of Tropical Agriculture and Sustainable Development, Higher School of Agronomic Science,University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Saskia Dröge
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Division of Forest, Nature and Landscape, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thio Rosin Fulgence
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Zoology and Animal Biodiversity, Faculty of Sciences, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar.,Natural and Environmental Sciences, Regional University Centre of the SAVA Region (CURSA), Antalaha, Madagascar
| | - Marie Rolande Soazafy
- Natural and Environmental Sciences, Regional University Centre of the SAVA Region (CURSA), Antalaha, Madagascar.,Doctoral School of Natural Ecosystems (EDEN), University of Mahajanga, Mahajanga, Madagascar
| | - Rouvah Andriafanomezantsoa
- Zoology and Animal Biodiversity, Faculty of Sciences, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Aristide Andrianarimisa
- Zoology and Animal Biodiversity, Faculty of Sciences, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | - Jan Barkmann
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Research Unit Environmental- and Resource Economics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hendrik Hänke
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Research Unit Environmental- and Resource Economics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dirk Hölscher
- Centre for Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Tropical Silviculture and Forest Ecology, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Holger Kreft
- Centre for Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bakolimalala Rakouth
- Plant Biology and Ecology Department, University of Antananarivo, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Nathaly R Guerrero-Ramírez
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Romual Randriamanantena
- Natural and Environmental Sciences, Regional University Centre of the SAVA Region (CURSA), Antalaha, Madagascar
| | | | | | - Ingo Grass
- Ecology of Tropical Agricultural Systems, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 13, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
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Rege A, Lee JSH. State-led agricultural subsidies drive monoculture cultivar cashew expansion in northern Western Ghats, India. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269092. [PMID: 35657959 PMCID: PMC9165800 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Agricultural commodity production constitutes an important livelihood source for farmers but significantly contributes to tropical deforestation and biodiversity loss. While the socioecological effects of agricultural commodities such as palm oil, cocoa and coffee are well studied, the effects for commodities such as cashew (Anacardium occidentale) have received less attention. Global cultivated area for cashew increased rapidly from 526,250 ha in 1980 to ~5.9 million ha in 2018. India is the world’s second largest cashew producer, with cashew farms often occurring adjacent to remnant forests. To mitigate deforestation for cashew expansion, it is necessary to understand present-day land use policies and management practices that drive this expansion. Through semi-structured interviews (n = 65) and a literature review on agricultural policies in India, we evaluated the role of state-led land use policies in cashew expansion and characterised present-day cashew farming systems in the Sawantwadi-Dodamarg landscape in India. Agricultural subsidies introduced from 1980s to 1990s encouraged cultivar cashew expansion and influenced land use conversion from rice and privately owned forest to cashew. Farmers preferred cultivar cashew as they produced higher yields faster, although they required more agrochemical inputs and were susceptible to pests and wildlife depredation. About 80% of farmers had planted cashew farms by clearing forests in the past 30 years and expressed interest to continue the same. Farmers avoided applying for government-sponsored compensation for crop losses due to wildlife depredation and chose instead to expand cultivar cashew into forested areas. Our study deepens the understanding of how government-led agricultural subsidies drive farmers’ uptake of cashew cultivars, farmers’ cashew management practices, and how these factors drive deforestation in this landscape at the state and farm level. We recommend further research with equitable stakeholder participation in cashew farming systems to devise sound planning for forest conservation and sustainability standards for the cashew industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushka Rege
- Asian School of the Environment and Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
| | - Janice Ser Huay Lee
- Asian School of the Environment and Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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10
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The Coffee Compromise: Is Agricultural Expansion into Tree Plantations a Sustainable Option? SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14053019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In tropical regions, land-use pressures between natural forest, commercial tree plantations, and agricultural land for rural communities are widespread. One option is to increase the functionality of commercial plantations by allowing agroforestry within them by rural communities. Such land-sharing options could address wider societal and environmental issues and reduce pressure on natural forest. To investigate the trade-offs involved, we used InVEST to model the ecosystem services provided by growing coffee under commercial pine plantations in Indonesia against other land-use options. Pine–coffee agroforestry provided worse supporting and regulating services (carbon, sediment and nitrogen retention, catchment runoff) than natural forest; however, it provided greater provisioning services (product yield) directly to smallholders. Converting pine monoculture into pine-coffee agroforestry led to increases in all ecosystem services, although there was an increased risk to water quality. Compared with coffee and root crop monocultures, pine–coffee agroforestry provided higher levels of supporting and regulating services; however, product yields were lower. Thus, opening up pine plantations for agroforestry realises additional income-generating opportunities for rural communities, provides wider ecosystem service benefits, and reduces pressure for land-use change. Lower smallholder yields could be addressed through the management of shade levels or through Payments for Ecosystem Services schemes.
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11
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Zewdie B, Tack AJM, Ayalew B, Wondafrash M, Nemomissa S, Hylander K. Plant biodiversity declines with increasing coffee yield in Ethiopia’s coffee agroforests. J Appl Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beyene Zewdie
- Department of Ecology Environment and Plant Sciences Stockholm University Svante Arrhenius väg 20A Stockholm Sweden
| | - Ayco J. M. Tack
- Department of Ecology Environment and Plant Sciences Stockholm University Svante Arrhenius väg 20A Stockholm Sweden
| | - Biruk Ayalew
- Department of Ecology Environment and Plant Sciences Stockholm University Svante Arrhenius väg 20A Stockholm Sweden
| | - Melaku Wondafrash
- Department of Plant Biology and Biodiversity Management Addis Ababa University College of Natural and Computational Sciences PO Box 3434 Addis Ababa Ethiopia
| | - Sileshi Nemomissa
- Department of Plant Biology and Biodiversity Management Addis Ababa University College of Natural and Computational Sciences PO Box 3434 Addis Ababa Ethiopia
| | - Kristoffer Hylander
- Department of Ecology Environment and Plant Sciences Stockholm University Svante Arrhenius väg 20A Stockholm Sweden
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12
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Santos M, Cajaiba RL, Bastos R, Gonzalez D, Petrescu Bakış AL, Ferreira D, Leote P, Barreto da Silva W, Cabral JA, Gonçalves B, Mosquera-Losada MR. Why Do Agroforestry Systems Enhance Biodiversity? Evidence From Habitat Amount Hypothesis Predictions. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.630151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering the present ecological crisis, land use-biodiversity relationships have become a major topic in landscape planning, ecosystem management and ecological restoration. In this scope, consistent patterns of outstanding biodiversity have been identified in agroforestry systems within diverse biogeographic regions and types of management. Empirical work has revealed that agroforestry higher structural complexity, when compared with current simplified agricultural systems, might be partially responsible for the observed patterns. The recently developed Habitat Amount Hypothesis predicts diversity for a local habitat patch, from the amount of the same habitat within the local landscape. We have expanded the previous hypothesis to the landscape level, computing the influence of the dominant land uses on the diversity of coexisting guilds. As a case study, we have considered archetypal landscapes dominated (or co-dominated) by crops or trees, which were compared using normalized diversities. The results obtained show that agroforestry systems substantially increase functional diversity and overall biodiversity within landscapes. We highlight that the normalized values should be parametrized to real conditions where the type of crop, tree and agroecological management will make a difference. Most importantly, our findings provide additional evidence that agroforestry has a critical role in enhancing biodiversity in agricultural landscapes and, in this way, should be regarded as a priority measure in European Agri-environmental funding schemes.
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13
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Edwards DP, Cerullo GR, Chomba S, Worthington TA, Balmford AP, Chazdon RL, Harrison RD. Upscaling tropical restoration to deliver environmental benefits and socially equitable outcomes. Curr Biol 2021; 31:R1326-R1341. [PMID: 34637743 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration offers immense potential to return hundreds of millions of hectares of degraded tropical landscapes to functioning ecosystems. Well-designed restoration can tackle multiple Sustainable Development Goals, driving synergistic benefits for biodiversity, ecosystem services, agricultural and timber production, and local livelihoods at large spatial scales. To deliver on this potential, restoration efforts must recognise and reduce trade-offs among objectives, and minimize competition with food production and conservation of native ecosystems. Restoration initiatives also need to confront core environmental challenges of climate change and inappropriate planting in savanna biomes, be robustly funded over the long term, and address issues of poor governance, inadequate land tenure, and socio-cultural disparities in benefits and costs. Tackling these issues using the landscape approach is vital to realising the potential for restoration to break the cycle of land degradation and poverty, and deliver on its core environmental and social promises.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Edwards
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
| | | | | | | | - Andrew P Balmford
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Robin L Chazdon
- Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia
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14
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Balmford A. Concentrating vs. spreading our footprint: how to meet humanity's needs at least cost to nature. J Zool (1987) 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Balmford
- Conservation Science Group Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
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15
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Hamer KC, Sasu MA, Ofosuhene L, Asare R, Ossom B, Parr CL, Scriven SA, Asante W, Addico R, Hill JK. Proximity to forest mediates trade‐offs between yields and biodiversity of birds in oil palm smallholdings. Biotropica 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael A. Sasu
- School of Biology University of Leeds Leeds UK
- Nature Conservation Research Centre Accra Ghana
| | - Linda Ofosuhene
- School of Biology University of Leeds Leeds UK
- Nature Conservation Research Centre Accra Ghana
| | | | | | - Catherine L. Parr
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Ecological Sciences University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
| | - Sarah A. Scriven
- Leverhulme Centre for Anthropocene Biodiversity Department of Biology University of York York UK
| | - Winston Asante
- Department of Silviculture and Forest Management Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi Ghana
| | | | - Jane K. Hill
- Leverhulme Centre for Anthropocene Biodiversity Department of Biology University of York York UK
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16
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Does Traditional Agroforestry a Sustainable Production System in Bangladesh? An Analysis of Socioeconomic and Ecological Perspectives. CONSERVATION 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/conservation1010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the tropics, products and services provided by the traditional agroforestry systems (TAS) support the basic needs and promote the livelihood of millions of rural people. However, the outcomes and mitigation of TAS, in particular, the social and environmental issues are not systematically addressed. Thus, the objective of the study was to assess the economic, social and environmental outcomes of two important TAS in Bangladesh. This study reports results on prospective analyses using the Date palm and Jackfruit-based TAS practiced in the Jashore and Mymensingh districts of Bangladesh. The results revealed that the TAS enhanced farm productivity and the benefit–cost ratio of both systems were much higher than the general agricultural practices in Bangladesh. The TAS also improved resilience of rural farmers through more efficient water utilization, enhancing soil fertility, improving microclimate, controlling pests and diseases, and diversifying products. At the same time, the farmers’ problems were neglected due to the absence of farmers’ platforms, and also tradeoffs may arise; thus, the social aspects of the TAS farmers had not developed equally. Therefore, the study would recommend minimizing the tradeoffs through enhancing the conservation strategies at farmers’ levels to make the TAS more viable and sustainable land-use practices.
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17
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Raveloaritiana E, Wurz A, Grass I, Osen K, Soazafy MR, Martin DA, Faliniaina L, Rakotomalala NH, Vorontsova MS, Tscharntke T, Rakouth B. Land‐use intensification increases richness of native and exotic herbaceous plants, but not endemics, in Malagasy vanilla landscapes. DIVERS DISTRIB 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Raveloaritiana
- Plant Biology and Ecology Department University of Antananarivo Antananarivo Madagascar
- Agroecology, Department of Crop Sciences University of Goettingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Annemarie Wurz
- Agroecology, Department of Crop Sciences University of Goettingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Ingo Grass
- Ecology of Tropical Agricultural Systems Group University of Hohenheim Stuttgart Germany
| | - Kristina Osen
- Tropical Silviculture and Forest Ecology University of Goettingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Marie Rolande Soazafy
- Natural and Environmental Sciences Regional University Centre of the SAVA Region (CURSA) Antalaha Madagascar
- Natural Ecosystems (EDEN) University of Mahajanga Mahajanga Madagascar
| | - Dominic A. Martin
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography University of Goettingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Lucien Faliniaina
- Plant Biology and Ecology Department University of Antananarivo Antananarivo Madagascar
| | | | - Maria S. Vorontsova
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Richmond Surrey UK
| | - Teja Tscharntke
- Agroecology, Department of Crop Sciences University of Goettingen Göttingen Germany
- Centre for Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL) University of Goettingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Bakolimalala Rakouth
- Plant Biology and Ecology Department University of Antananarivo Antananarivo Madagascar
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18
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Fostering a Wildlife-Friendly Program for Sustainable Coffee Farming: The Case of Small-Holder Farmers in Indonesia. LAND 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/land10020121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for a global transition to sustainable and wildlife-friendly farming systems that provide social and economic equity and protect ecosystem services on which agriculture depends. Java is home to 60% of Indonesia’s population and harbors many endemic species; thus, managing agriculture alongside human well-being and biodiversity is vital. Within a community of ~400 coffee farmers in the province of West Java, we assessed the steps to develop a wildlife-friendly program until reaching certification between February 2019 and October 2020. We adopted an adaptive management approach that included developing common objectives through a process of stakeholder consultation and co-learning. We firstly investigated via interviews the expectations and the issues encountered by 25 farmers who converted to organic production in 2016. Their main expectations were an increase in income and an increase in coffee quality, while they had issues mainly in finding high quality fertilizers, reducing pests, and increasing productivity. We used this information to establish a problem-solving plan for the transition to community-wide wildlife-friendly practices. As part of the adaptive evaluation, we assessed the quality of coffee plantations before and after the implementation of coproduced actions. The quality of coffee significantly improved after our interventions to reduce the coffee berry borer, especially in the fields that started as inorganic and converted to organic. We uncovered additional issues to meet the standards for certification, including banning hunting and trapping activities and increasing coffee quality for international export. We describe the coproduced actions (agroforestry, conservation education, local law, organic alternatives) and phases of the program and discuss the potential barriers. We provide novel evidence of adaptive management framework successfully used to implement management actions and reach shared goals.
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19
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Shade-Tree Rehabilitation in Vanilla Agroforests is Yield Neutral and May Translate into Landscape-Scale Canopy Cover Gains. Ecosystems 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-020-00586-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAgroforestry can contribute to an increase in tree cover in historically forested tropical landscapes with associated gains in biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, but only if established on open land instead of underneath a forest canopy. However, declines in yields with increasing shade are common across agroforestry crops, driving shade-tree removal in forest-derived agroforests and hindering tree regrowth in open-land-derived agroforests. To understand trajectories of change in tree cover in forest- and open-land-derived agroforests, and the impacts of tree cover on vanilla yields, we studied 209 vanilla agroforests along an 88-year chronosequence in Madagascar. Additionally, we used remotely sensed canopy cover data to investigate tree cover change in the agricultural landscape. We found yields to vary widely but independently of canopy cover and land-use history (forest- vs. open-land-derived), averaging at 154.6 kg ha−1 year−1 (SD = 186.9). Furthermore, we found that forest- and open-land-derived vanilla agroforests gained canopy cover over time, but that only open-land-derived agroforests gained canopy height. Canopy cover increased also at the landscape scale: areas in the agricultural landscape with medium initial canopy cover gained 6.4% canopy cover over 10 years, but canopy cover decreased in areas with high initial canopy cover. These opposing trends suggest tree cover rehabilitation across areas covered by vanilla agroforests, whereas remnant forest fragments in the agricultural landscape were transformed or degraded. Our results indicate that yield-neutral tree rehabilitation through open-land-derived agroforestry could, if coupled with effective forest protection, provide benefits for both ecosystem functions and agricultural production in a smallholder-dominated agricultural landscape.
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20
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Elagib NA, Al-Saidi M. Balancing the benefits from the water-energy-land-food nexus through agroforestry in the Sahel. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 742:140509. [PMID: 33167296 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Regions affected by resource scarcity, poverty, and land-use conflicts need to advocate the merits of practices strongly grounded in sustainable land management. This review paper provides an analysis of agroforestry as an integrated system embedded in complex relations between resource uses in the Water-Energy-Land-Food (WELF) nexus. Using the African Sahel region as a case study, the paper explains the need for understanding land management practices, such as agroforestry, through the lens of trade-offs and benefits inherent in the WELF nexus. Agroforestry practices are demonstrated to be valuable interventions leading to i) resilience to climate stresses, ii) water, energy, and food securities, iii) mitigation of resource-oriented harbingers of conflicts and iv) development opportunities. These goals can also yield valuable results in terms of promoting sustainable development, i.e. functional ecosystems, livelihoods, and human security. Two overarching sub-nexuses, namely agroforestry-food-energy and agroforestry-food-water-climate, are identified in the Sahelian context and conceptualized. Primarily, the trade-offs outlined within these sub-nexuses are fuelwood vs. crops, use of land for more forests vs. more cropping, and water availability for agroforestry vs. agroforestry impacts on the water cycle. Despite the positive outcomes and opportunities, agroforestry systems in the Sahel still face some challenges such as vague land use rights, inadequate capacities and lack of investments. Policy recommendations are synthesized at three levels. This synthesis involves remedies to lessen pressures at the interlinks of WELF resource use, overarching remedies in the two sub-nexuses, and remedies across all the sectors and issues for improving agroforestry outcomes. Optimal remedies stress the importance of choosing the right land, water and plant combinations as well as incorporating efficiency measures and alternative sources. A successful agroforestry system is characterized by a conducive environment at the farm level in terms of institutions, management, enhancing the farmer's capacity, and good infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Al-Saidi
- Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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21
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Stratton AE, Kuhl L, Blesh J. Ecological and Nutritional Functions of Agroecosystems as Indicators of Smallholder Resilience. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2020.543914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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22
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Lázár AN, Adams H, Adger WN, Nicholls RJ. Modelling household well-being and poverty trajectories: An application to coastal Bangladesh. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238621. [PMID: 32886732 PMCID: PMC7473571 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Resource-based livelihoods are uncertain and potentially unstable due to variability over time, including seasonal variation: this instability threatens marginalised populations who may fall into poverty. However, empirical understanding of trajectories of household well-being and poverty is limited. Here, we present a new household-level model of poverty dynamics based on agents and coping strategies-the Household Economy And Poverty trajectory (HEAP) model. HEAP is based on established economic and social insights into poverty dynamics, with a demonstration of the model calibrated with a qualitative and quantitative household survey in coastal Bangladesh. Economic activity in Bangladesh is highly dependent on natural resources; poverty is widespread; and there is high variability in ecosystem services at multiple temporal scales. The results show that long-term decreases in poverty are predicated more on the stability of, and returns from, livelihoods rather than their diversification. Access to natural resources and ecosystem service benefits are positively correlated with stable income and multidimensional well-being. Households that remain in poverty are those who experience high seasonality of income and are involved in small scale enterprises. Hence, seasonal variability in income places significant limits on natural resources providing routes out of poverty. Further, projected economic trends to 2030 lead to an increase in well-being and a reduction in poverty for most simulated household types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila N. Lázár
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Adams
- Department of Geography, King’s College London, Strand Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - W. Neil Adger
- Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J. Nicholls
- Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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Abstract
One of humanity’s most significant challenges in the process of attaining the established sustainability goals is balancing the growing human demand for food and the need to conserve biodiversity. This challenge requires appropriate land uses that are able to conserve biodiversity while ensuring ample food supply. This study compares bird species diversity and abundance in areas undergoing land sharing and land sparing in northeastern Bangladesh (West Bhanugach Reserved Forest). Birds serve as useful biologic indicators because of their presence within different trophic levels and their well-studied ecology. To survey birds, we selected a total of 66 sampling sites within land-sharing (33) and land-sparing (33) land-use areas. Between May and June 2017, we observed and recorded bird calls within a 50-m radius around each sampling site. We counted 541 individuals from 46 species of birds. The Shannon bird diversity was higher in the land-sparing sites (1.52) than in the land-sharing sites (1.23). We found approximately 30% more bird species (39 vs. 30) and 40% more individuals (318 vs. 223) in the land-sparing areas than land-sharing areas. Three bird species, Arachnothera longirostra, Micropternus brachyurus and Copsychus malabaricus, were significantly associated with the land-sparing sites. This study shows that land sharing negatively affects bird diversity, richness and abundance compared to land-sparing. The use of chemical fertilizers and the lack of food, such as insects, for birds can explain the lower diversity, richness and abundance of birds in the land-sharing areas. Although land sharing is an effective means of producing food, land sparing is the most effective land-use practice for preserving bird diversity in northeastern Bangladesh.
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Almeida‐Rocha JM, Peres CA, Monsalvo JAB, Oliveira LDC. Habitat determinants of golden‐headed lion tamarin (
Leontopithecus chrysomelas
) occupancy of cacao agroforests: Gloomy conservation prospects for management intensification. Am J Primatol 2020; 82:e23179. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana M. Almeida‐Rocha
- Departamento de Ecologia, Applied Ecology and Conservation Lab, Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz Ilhéus Bahia Brazil
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, School of Environmental Sciences University of East Anglia, Norwich Norfolk UK
| | - Carlos A. Peres
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, School of Environmental Sciences University of East Anglia, Norwich Norfolk UK
- Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia Universidade Federal da Paraíba João Pessoa Paraíba Brazil
| | - Julio A. B. Monsalvo
- Departamento de Ecologia, Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação de Aves, Programa de Pós‐graduação em Ecologia Universidade de Brasília Brasília Distrito Federal Brazil
| | - Leonardo De C. Oliveira
- Departamento de Ecologia, Applied Ecology and Conservation Lab, Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz Ilhéus Bahia Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências, Faculdade de Formação de Professores Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro São Gonçalo Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Bicho do Mato Instituto de Pesquisa Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
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25
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Tschora H, Cherubini F. Co-benefits and trade-offs of agroforestry for climate change mitigation and other sustainability goals in West Africa. Glob Ecol Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e00919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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26
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Magrach A, Sanz MJ. Environmental and social consequences of the increase in the demand for ‘superfoods’ world‐wide. PEOPLE AND NATURE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Magrach
- Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3), Edificio Sede 1, Planta 1 Parque Científico UPV-EHU Barrio Sarriena Leioa Spain
- IKERBASQUE Basque Foundation for Science Bilbao Spain
| | - María José Sanz
- Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3), Edificio Sede 1, Planta 1 Parque Científico UPV-EHU Barrio Sarriena Leioa Spain
- IKERBASQUE Basque Foundation for Science Bilbao Spain
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Abstract
Growing domestic and international ethanol demand is expected to result in increased sugarcane cultivation in Brazil. Sugarcane expansion currently results in land-use changes mainly in the Cerrado and Atlantic Forest biomes, two severely threatened biodiversity hotspots. This study quantifies potential biodiversity impacts of increased ethanol demand in Brazil in a spatially explicit manner. We project changes in potential total, threatened, endemic, and range-restricted mammals’ species richness up to 2030. Decreased potential species richness due to increased ethanol demand in 2030 was projected for about 19,000 km2 in the Cerrado, 17,000 km2 in the Atlantic Forest, and 7000 km2 in the Pantanal. In the Cerrado and Atlantic Forest, the biodiversity impacts of sugarcane expansion were mainly due to direct land-use change; in the Pantanal, they were largely due to indirect land-use change. The biodiversity impact of increased ethanol demand was projected to be smaller than the impact of other drivers of land-use change. This study provides a first indication of biodiversity impacts related to increased ethanol production in Brazil, which is useful for policy makers and ethanol producers aiming to mitigate impacts. Future research should assess the impact of potential mitigation options, such as nature protection, agroforestry, or agricultural intensification.
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Zheng H, Wang L, Wu T. Coordinating ecosystem service trade-offs to achieve win-win outcomes: A review of the approaches. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 82:103-112. [PMID: 31133255 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ecosystem service (ES) trade-offs have been broadly recognized and studied over the past decade. However, how to coordinate the relationships among ES trade-offs to achieve win-win outcomes remains a considerable challenge for decision makers. Here, we summarize the current approaches applied to minimize ES trade-offs for win-wins and analyze the trade-offs among different ESs and their drivers. Based on a systematic review of the literature from 2005 to 2018, we identified 170 potentially relevant articles, 47 of which were selected for the review, recording 70 actual or potential trade-offs. Analysis of these case studies showed that trade-off pairs between provisioning services and regulating services/biodiversity accounted for 80% of total pairs. Furthermore, more than half of the ES trade-offs were driven by land use/land cover changes. Harvest and resource demand, natural resource management, and policy instruments were also among the main drivers. Four approaches to coordinate ES trade-offs were identified, including ecosystem, landscape-scale, multi-objective optimization, and policy intervention (and other) approaches. Based on the above, we recommend a rigorous understanding of the roles of different stakeholders, spatial scales of management, trade-off dynamics, and integrated implementation of diverse approaches to coordinate ES trade-offs in order to better achieve win-win outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Lijuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Abstract
Declining biodiversity (BD) is aecting food security, agricultural sustainability,and environmental quality. Agroforestry (AF) is recognized as a possible partial solution forBD conservation and improvement. This manuscript uses published peer-reviewed manuscripts,reviews, meta-analysis, and federal and state agency documents to evaluate relationships betweenAF and BD and how AF can be used to conserve BD. The review revealed that floral, faunal, and soilmicrobial diversity were significantly greater in AF as compared to monocropping, adjacent croplands, and within crop alleys and some forests. Among the soil organisms, arbuscular mycorrhizaefungi (AMF), bacteria, and enzyme activities were significantly greater in AF than crop and livestockpractices. Agroforestry also creates spatially concentrated high-density BD near trees due to favorablesoil-plant-water-microclimate conditions. The greater BD was attributed to heterogeneous vegetation,organic carbon, microclimate, soil conditions, and spatial distribution of trees. Dierences in BDbetween AF and other management types diminished with time. Evenly distributed leaves, litter,roots, dead/live biological material, and microclimate improve soil and microclimate in adjacentcrop and pasture areas as the system matures. Results of the study prove that integration of AFcan improve BD in agricultural lands. Selection of site suitable tree/shrub/grass-crop combinationscan be used to help address soil nutrient deficiencies or environmental conditions. Future studieswith standardized management protocols may be needed for all regions to further strengthen thesefindings and to develop AF establishment criteria for BD conservation and agricultural sustainability.
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Cannon PG, Gilroy JJ, Tobias JA, Anderson A, Haugaasen T, Edwards DP. Land-sparing agriculture sustains higher levels of avian functional diversity than land sharing. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:1576-1590. [PMID: 30793430 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The ecological impacts of meeting rising demands for food production can potentially be mitigated by two competing land-use strategies: off-setting natural habitats through intensification of existing farmland (land sparing), or elevating biodiversity within the agricultural matrix via the integration of "wildlife-friendly" habitat features (land sharing). However, a key unanswered question is whether sparing or sharing farming would best conserve functional diversity, which can promote ecosystem stability and resilience to future land-use change. Focusing on bird communities in tropical cloud forests of the Colombian Andes, we test the performance of each strategy in conserving functional diversity. We show that multiple components of avian functional diversity in farmland are positively related to the proximity and extent of natural forest. Using landscape and community simulations, we also show that land-sparing agriculture conserves greater functional diversity and predicts higher abundance of species supplying key ecological functions than land sharing, with sharing becoming progressively inferior with increasing isolation from remnant forest. These results suggest low-intensity agriculture is likely to conserve little functional diversity unless large blocks of adjacent natural habitat are protected, consistent with land sparing. To ensure the retention of functionally diverse ecosystems, we urgently need to implement mechanisms for increasing farmland productivity whilst protecting spared land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G Cannon
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - James J Gilroy
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
| | - Joseph A Tobias
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK
| | - Alex Anderson
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management (MINA), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Torbjørn Haugaasen
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management (MINA), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - David P Edwards
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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31
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Can Multifunctional Landscapes Become Effective Conservation Strategies? Challenges and Opportunities From a Mexican Case Study. LAND 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/land8010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Protected Areas (PA) are the main strategy for nature conservation. However, PA are not always efficient for ecological conservation and social wellbeing. A possible alternative for conservation in human-dominated landscapes are Multifunctional Landscapes (ML), which allow the coexistence of multiple objectives, such as nature conservation and resource use. Using the activity system framework, we analyzed whether the ML concept was an operative alternative to PA within an area of interest for conservation in Veracruz, Mexico. Activity systems refer to the set of productive strategies that result from the mobilization of resources and which, within particular environmental governance contexts, shape the landscape. To understand the challenges and opportunities of our case study, we: (1) delimited the landscape according to local conservation interests; and (2) analyzed the role of stakeholders in shaping this landscape. The delimited landscape included areas considered wildlife reservoirs and water provisioning zones. Our results suggested that the existence of local conservation areas (private and communal), combined with shaded-coffee agroforestry practices, made this region an example of ML. Although local conservation initiatives are perceived as more legitimate than top-down approaches, agreements amongst stakeholders are essential to strengthen environmental governance. In specific socio-ecological contexts, ML can be effective strategies for conservation through agroecosystems that maintain a high-quality landscape matrix, allowing nature preservation and delivering economic benefits.
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Sullivan CD, Slade EM, Bai M, Shi K, Riordan P. Evidence of forest restoration success and the conservation value of community-owned forests in Southwest China using dung beetles as indicators. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204764. [PMID: 30408034 PMCID: PMC6224038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protection of the world’s remaining forests and biodiversity is a matter of global concern. Yunnan, China is home to China’s only mainland tropical rainforests, and 20% of China’s total biodiversity. Despite restoration measures and establishment of new protected areas, this region is still experiencing biodiversity loss due to inadequate management and monitoring. We evaluate restoration success of China’s tropical forests in Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve (XSBN-NNR), Yunnan, China using dung beetles as an indicator taxon. We sampled across a land-use gradient of human alteration: protected forest, restored forest, community owned forest, and rubber plantation. We collected 3,748 dung beetles from 21 species over a 3 month period. Multivariate analyses revealed unique assemblages in each land-use category, but with restored forest most similar to protected areas, suggesting restoration success in this region. Community forests were more diverse than plantations, suggesting that community forests may be a valuable and practical conservation tool in this region. Most species were generalists, although some had dietary and habitat preferences. Furthermore, dietary niche breadths were, on average, higher in disturbed areas, suggesting that disturbance may result in dietary changes. We show that restoration of tropical forests appears to be successful for a key ecological and biological indicator group- dung beetles. Furthermore, community-owned forests appear to be valuable and practical method of maintaining ecosystem health and biodiversity in the region. Future management in this region would likely benefit from encouragement to maintain community-owned forests, economic incentives for restoring farmland to forest, and increased environmental monitoring across the land-use gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey D. Sullivan
- The Wildlife Institute at Beijing Forestry University, School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Eleanor M. Slade
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ming Bai
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Shi
- The Wildlife Institute at Beijing Forestry University, School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Haidian District, Beijing, China
- Eco-Bridge Continental, Huizhi Tower, Haidian District, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Philip Riordan
- The Wildlife Institute at Beijing Forestry University, School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Haidian District, Beijing, China
- Marwell Wildlife, Thompsons Lane, Hampshire, United Kingdom
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Ferreira AS, Peres CA, Bogoni JA, Cassano CR. Use of agroecosystem matrix habitats by mammalian carnivores (Carnivora): a global-scale analysis. Mamm Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aluane S. Ferreira
- Applied Ecology and Conservation Lab; Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade; Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz; Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, Km16 Salobrinho 45662-000 Ilhéus Bahia Brazil
| | - Carlos A. Peres
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Conservation; School of Environmental Sciences; University of East Anglia, Norfolk; Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Juliano André Bogoni
- Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; 88040-900 Florianópolis Brazil
| | - Camila Righetto Cassano
- Applied Ecology and Conservation Lab; Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade; Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz; Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, Km16 Salobrinho 45662-000 Ilhéus Bahia Brazil
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Climate change could threaten cocoa production: Effects of 2015-16 El Niño-related drought on cocoa agroforests in Bahia, Brazil. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200454. [PMID: 29990360 PMCID: PMC6039034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate models predict a possible increase in the frequency of strong climate events such as El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), which in parts of the tropics are the cause of exceptional droughts, these threaten global food production. Agroforestry systems are often suggested as promising diversification options to increase farmers' resilience to extreme climatic events. In the Northeastern state of Bahia, where most Brazilian cocoa is grown in wildlife-friendly agroforests, ENSOs cause severe droughts which negatively affect forest and agriculture. Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) is described as being sensitive to drought but there are no field-studies of the effect of ENSO-related drought on adult cocoa trees in the America's; there is one study of an experimentally-imposed drought in Indonesia which resulted in 10 to 46% yield loss. In our study, in randomly chosen farms in Bahia, Brazil, we measured the effect of the 2015–16 severe ENSO, which caused an unprecedented drought in cocoa agroforests. We show that drought caused high cocoa tree mortality (15%) and severely decreased cocoa yield (89%); the drought also increased infection rate of the chronic fungal disease witches' broom (Moniliophthora perniciosa). Ours findings showed that Brazilian cocoa agroforests are at risk and that increasing frequency of strong droughts are likely to cause decreased cocoa yields in the coming decades. Furthermore, because cocoa, like many crops, is grown somewhat beyond its climatic limits, it and other crops could be the 'canaries in the coalmine' warning of forthcoming major drought effects on semi-natural and natural vegetation.
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35
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Luskin MS, Lee JS, Edwards DP, Gibson L, Potts MD. Study context shapes recommendations of land-sparing and sharing; a quantitative review. GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY-AGRICULTURE POLICY ECONOMICS AND ENVIRONMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gfs.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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36
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Suárez Salazar JC, Ngo Bieng MA, Melgarejo LM, Di Rienzo JA, Casanoves F. First typology of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) systems in Colombian Amazonia, based on tree species richness, canopy structure and light availability. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191003. [PMID: 29401499 PMCID: PMC5798779 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim and background We present a typology of cacao agroforest systems in Colombian Amazonia. These systems had yet to be described in the literature, especially their potential in terms of biodiversity conservation. The systems studied are located in a post-conflict area, and a deforestation front in Colombian Amazonia. Cacao cropping systems are of key importance in Colombia: cacao plays a prime role in post conflict resolution, as cacao is a legal crop to replace illegal crops; cacao agroforests are expected to be a sustainable practice, promoting forest-friendly land use. Material and methods We worked in 50 x 2000 m2 agroforest plots, in Colombian Amazonia. A cluster analysis was used to build a typology based on 28 variables characterised in each plot, and related to diversity, composition, spatial structure and light availability for the cacao trees. We included variables related to light availability to evaluate the amount of transmitted radiation to the cacao trees in each type, and its suitability for cacao ecophysiological development. Main results We identified 4 types of cacao agroforests based on differences concerning tree species diversity and the impact of canopy spatial structure on light availability for the cacao trees in the understorey. We found 127 tree species in the dataset, with some exclusive species in each type. We also found that 3 out of the 4 types identified displayed an erosion of tree species diversity. This reduction in shade tree species may have been linked to the desire to reduce shade, but we also found that all the types described were compatible with good ecophysiological development of the cacao trees. Main conclusions and prospects Cacao agroforest systems may actually be achieving biodiversity conservation goals in Colombian Amazonia. One challenging prospect will be to monitor and encourage the conservation of tree species diversity in cacao agroforest systems during the development of these cropping systems, as a form of forest-friendly management enhancing sustainable peace building in Colombia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Suárez Salazar
- Universidad de la Amazonia, Facultad de Ingeniería, Campus Porvenir Calle 17 Diagonal 17 con Carrera 3F - Barrio Porvenir, Florencia, Caquetá, Colombia
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de ciencias, Departamento de Biología, Laboratorio de Fisiología y Bioquímica vegetal, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Marie Ange Ngo Bieng
- CIRAD, UR Forêts et Sociétés, CIRAD Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier Cedex 5 France
- CATIE: Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza, CATIE, Turrialba, Cartago, Costa Rica
- * E-mail:
| | - Luz Marina Melgarejo
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de ciencias, Departamento de Biología, Laboratorio de Fisiología y Bioquímica vegetal, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Julio A. Di Rienzo
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Valparaiso s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Fernando Casanoves
- CATIE: Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza, CATIE, Turrialba, Cartago, Costa Rica
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37
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Barrios E, Valencia V, Jonsson M, Brauman A, Hairiah K, Mortimer PE, Okubo S. Contribution of trees to the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIODIVERSITY SCIENCE, ECOSYSTEM SERVICES & MANAGEMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/21513732.2017.1399167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Edmundo Barrios
- World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Headquarters, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Vivian Valencia
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mattias Jonsson
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Ecology, Uppsale, Sweden
| | - Alain Brauman
- World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), East & Central Asia Regional Office, Kunming, China
| | | | - Peter E. Mortimer
- World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), East and Central Asia Office, Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming, China
| | - Satoru Okubo
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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38
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Williams DR, Alvarado F, Green RE, Manica A, Phalan B, Balmford A. Land-use strategies to balance livestock production, biodiversity conservation and carbon storage in Yucatán, Mexico. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:5260-5272. [PMID: 28614629 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Balancing the production of food, particularly meat, with preserving biodiversity and maintaining ecosystem services is a major societal challenge. Research into the contrasting strategies of land sparing and land sharing has suggested that land sparing-combining high-yield agriculture with the protection or restoration of natural habitats on nonfarmed land-will have lower environmental impacts than other strategies. Ecosystems with long histories of habitat disturbance, however, could be resilient to low-yield agriculture and thus fare better under land sharing. Using a wider suite of species (birds, dung beetles and trees) and a wider range of livestock-production systems than previous studies, we investigated the probable impacts of different land-use strategies on biodiversity and aboveground carbon stocks in the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico-a region with a long history of habitat disturbance. By modelling the production of multiple products from interdependent land uses, we found that land sparing would allow larger estimated populations of most species and larger carbon stocks to persist than would land sharing or any intermediate strategy. This result held across all agricultural production targets despite the history of disturbance and despite species richness in low- and medium-yielding agriculture being not much lower than that in natural habitats. This highlights the importance, in evaluating the biodiversity impacts of land use, of measuring population densities of individual species, rather than simple species richness. The benefits of land sparing for both biodiversity and carbon storage suggest that safeguarding natural habitats for biodiversity protection and carbon storage alongside promoting areas of high-yield cattle production would be desirable. However, delivering such landscapes will probably require the explicit linkage of livestock yield increases with habitat protection or restoration, as well as a deeper understanding of the long-term sustainability of yields, and research into how other societal outcomes vary across land-use strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Williams
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fredy Alvarado
- División de Posgrado, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Rhys E Green
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, The Lodge, Sandy, UK
| | - Andrea Manica
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ben Phalan
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Andrew Balmford
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Drescher J, Rembold K, Allen K, Beckschäfer P, Buchori D, Clough Y, Faust H, Fauzi AM, Gunawan D, Hertel D, Irawan B, Jaya INS, Klarner B, Kleinn C, Knohl A, Kotowska MM, Krashevska V, Krishna V, Leuschner C, Lorenz W, Meijide A, Melati D, Nomura M, Pérez-Cruzado C, Qaim M, Siregar IZ, Steinebach S, Tjoa A, Tscharntke T, Wick B, Wiegand K, Kreft H, Scheu S. Ecological and socio-economic functions across tropical land use systems after rainforest conversion. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 371:rstb.2015.0275. [PMID: 27114577 PMCID: PMC4843696 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropical lowland rainforests are increasingly threatened by the expansion of agriculture and the extraction of natural resources. In Jambi Province, Indonesia, the interdisciplinary EFForTS project focuses on the ecological and socio-economic dimensions of rainforest conversion to jungle rubber agroforests and monoculture plantations of rubber and oil palm. Our data confirm that rainforest transformation and land use intensification lead to substantial losses in biodiversity and related ecosystem functions, such as decreased above- and below-ground carbon stocks. Owing to rapid step-wise transformation from forests to agroforests to monoculture plantations and renewal of each plantation type every few decades, the converted land use systems are continuously dynamic, thus hampering the adaptation of animal and plant communities. On the other hand, agricultural rainforest transformation systems provide increased income and access to education, especially for migrant smallholders. Jungle rubber and rubber monocultures are associated with higher financial land productivity but lower financial labour productivity compared to oil palm, which influences crop choice: smallholders that are labour-scarce would prefer oil palm while land-scarce smallholders would prefer rubber. Collecting long-term data in an interdisciplinary context enables us to provide decision-makers and stakeholders with scientific insights to facilitate the reconciliation between economic interests and ecological sustainability in tropical agricultural landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Drescher
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Berliner Strasse 28, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katja Rembold
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Conservation Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kara Allen
- Soil Science of Tropical and Subtropical Ecosystems, Büsgen Institute, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Philip Beckschäfer
- Chair of Forest Inventory and Remote Sensing, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 5, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Damayanti Buchori
- Department of Plant Protection, Bogor Agricultural University, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Yann Clough
- Agroecology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Göttingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany Centre for Environmental and Climate Research, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Heiko Faust
- Department of Human Geography, University of Göttingen, Goldschmidtstrasse 5, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anas M Fauzi
- Department of Agroindustrial Technology, Bogor Agricultural University, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Dodo Gunawan
- Centre for Climate Change and Air Quality, Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics (BMKG), Jln Angkasa I No. 2, Jakarta 10720, Indonesia
| | - Dietrich Hertel
- Department of Plant Ecology and Ecosystem Research, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bambang Irawan
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Jambi, Jln Raya Jambi-Muara Bulian km 15, Mendalo Darat, Jambi 36361, Indonesia
| | - I Nengah S Jaya
- Forest Resources Inventory and Remote Sensing, Bogor Agricultural University, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Bernhard Klarner
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Berliner Strasse 28, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Kleinn
- Chair of Forest Inventory and Remote Sensing, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 5, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Knohl
- Bioclimatology, Büsgen Institute, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martyna M Kotowska
- Department of Plant Ecology and Ecosystem Research, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Valentyna Krashevska
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Berliner Strasse 28, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Vijesh Krishna
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, University of Göttingen, Platz der Göttinger Sieben 5, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Leuschner
- Department of Plant Ecology and Ecosystem Research, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wolfram Lorenz
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Berliner Strasse 28, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ana Meijide
- Bioclimatology, Büsgen Institute, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dian Melati
- Chair of Forest Inventory and Remote Sensing, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 5, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Miki Nomura
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tokohu University, Aroba 6-3, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-85478, Japan
| | - César Pérez-Cruzado
- Chair of Forest Inventory and Remote Sensing, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 5, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matin Qaim
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, University of Göttingen, Platz der Göttinger Sieben 5, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Iskandar Z Siregar
- Department of Silviculture, Bogor Agricultural University, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Stefanie Steinebach
- Institute of Social and Cultural Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Theaterplatz 15, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Aiyen Tjoa
- Agriculture Faculty of Tadulako University, Jln Soekarno Hatta km 09, Tondo, Palu 94118, Indonesia
| | - Teja Tscharntke
- Agroecology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Göttingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Barbara Wick
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Berliner Strasse 28, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Wiegand
- Ecosystem Modelling, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Holger Kreft
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Conservation Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Scheu
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Berliner Strasse 28, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
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Trophic niches, diversity and community composition of invertebrate top predators (Chilopoda) as affected by conversion of tropical lowland rainforest in Sumatra (Indonesia). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180915. [PMID: 28763453 PMCID: PMC5538669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Conversion of tropical rainforests into plantations fundamentally alters ecological niches of animal species. Generalist predators such as centipedes (Chilopoda) may be able to persist in converted ecosystems due to their ability to adapt and switch to alternative prey populations. We investigated variations in community composition and trophic niches of soil and litter living centipedes in a range of ecosystems including rainforests, jungle rubber agroforests, and rubber and oil palm monocultures in two landscapes in Sumatra, Indonesia. Including information on environmental factors in the soil and litter habitat, we explored drivers shaping ecological niches of soil living invertebrate predators in one of the world's hotspots of rainforest conversion. Conversion of rainforests into agroforests and plantations was associated with a marked change in the composition of centipede communities. However, irrespective of major differences in habitat characteristics, changes in total abundances were small and the overall diversity and biomass of centipedes was similar in each of the systems investigated, suggesting that the number of ecological niches for this group of predators remains unchanged. By using stable isotope analysis (15N and 13C), we investigated trophic niche shifts of the centipede community; lower δ13C values of centipedes in oil palm plantations as compared to other ecosystems suggests that centipedes switch from decomposer prey to other prey, presumably understory associated herbivores, due to reduced availability of litter associated prey species. The results suggest that the ability to utilize alternative prey is a key feature enabling invertebrate predators to persist in ecosystems undergoing major structural changes due to anthropogenic land use change.
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Kelley LC, Evans SG, Potts MD. Richer histories for more relevant policies: 42 years of tree cover loss and gain in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:830-839. [PMID: 27421109 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Understandings of contemporary forest cover loss are critical for policy but have come at the expense of long-term, multidirectional analyses of land cover change. This is a critical gap given (i) profound reconfigurations in land use and land control over the past several decades and (ii) evidence of widespread 'woodland resurgence' throughout the tropics. In this study, we argue that recent advancements within the field of land change science provide new opportunities to address this gap. In turn, we suggest that multidecadal and multidirectional analyses of land cover change can facilitate richer social analyses of land cover change and more relevant conservation policies and practice. Our argument is grounded in a case study from Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. Using a novel analytical platform, Google Earth Engine, and open access to high-quality Landsat data, we map land cover change in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia, from 1972 to 2014. We find that tree cover loss constitutes the single largest net change over the period 1972-2014 but that gross rates of tree cover gain were three times higher than gross loss rates from 1972 to 1995 and equivalent to loss rates from 1995 to 2014. We suggest the smallholder tree crop economy likely produced both forest loss and Imperata grassland restoration in this region. This case points to the need to expand rather than collapse the baselines used to study carbon and biodiversity change in tropical regions. It also demonstrates the possible utility of applying such methods to other regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa C Kelley
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, UC Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3114, USA
| | - Samuel G Evans
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, UC Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3114, USA
| | - Matthew D Potts
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, UC Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3114, USA
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Conservation Benefits of Tropical Multifunctional Land-Uses in and Around a Forest Protected Area of Bangladesh. LAND 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/land6010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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43
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Vallejo-Ramos M, Moreno-Calles AI, Casas A. TEK and biodiversity management in agroforestry systems of different socio-ecological contexts of the Tehuacán Valley. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2016; 12:31. [PMID: 27449507 PMCID: PMC4957363 DOI: 10.1186/s13002-016-0102-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Transformation of natural ecosystems into intensive agriculture is a main factor causing biodiversity loss worldwide. Agroforestry systems (AFS) may maintain biodiversity, ecosystem benefits and human wellbeing, they have therefore high potential for concealing production and conservation. However, promotion of intensive agriculture and disparagement of TEK endanger their permanence. A high diversity of AFS still exist in the world and their potentialities vary with the socio-ecological contexts. We analysed AFS in tropical, temperate, and arid environments, of the Tehuacan Valley, Mexico, to investigate how their capacity varies to conserve biodiversity and role of TEK influencing differences in those contexts. We hypothesized that biodiversity in AFS is related to that of forests types associated and the vigour of TEK and management. We conducted studies in a matrix of environments and human cultures in the Tehuacán Valley. In addition, we reviewed, systematized and compared information from other regions of Mexico and the world with comparable socio-ecological contexts in order to explore possible general patterns. Our study found from 26 % to nearly 90 % of wild plants species richness conserved in AFS, the decreasing proportion mainly associated to pressures for intensifying agricultural production and abandoning traditional techniques. Native species richness preserved in AFS is influenced by richness existing in the associated forests, but the main driver is how people preserve benefits of components and functions of ecosystems. Elements of modern agricultural production may coexist with traditional management patterns, but imposition of modern models may break possible balances. TEK influences decisions on what and how modern techniques may be advantageous for preserving biodiversity, ecosystem integrity in AFS and people's wellbeing. TEK, agroecology and other sciences may interact for maintaining and improving traditional AFS to increase biodiversity and ecosystem integrity while improving quality of life of people managing the AFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Vallejo-Ramos
- Centro de Investigaciones en Geografía Ambiental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 27-3 (Santa María Guido), Morelia, Michoacán, 58190, Mexico
| | - Ana I Moreno-Calles
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apartado Postal 27-3 (Santa María Guido), Morelia, Michoacán, 58190, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Casas
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, UNAM, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro 8701, Morelia, Michoacán, 58190, Mexico.
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Kang H, Seely B, Wang G, Innes J, Zheng D, Chen P, Wang T, Li Q. Evaluating management tradeoffs between economic fiber production and other ecosystem services in a Chinese-fir dominated forest plantation in Fujian Province. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 557-558:80-90. [PMID: 26994796 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) is not only a valuable timber species, but also plays an important role in the provision of ecosystem services. Forest management decisions to increase the production of fiber for economic gain may have negative impacts on the long-term flow of ecosystem services from forest resources. Such tradeoffs should be taken into account to fulfill the requirements of sustainable forest management. Here we employed an established, ecosystem-based, stand-level model (FORECAST) in combination with a simplified harvest-scheduling model to evaluate the potential tradeoffs among indicators of provisional, regulating and supporting ecosystem services in a Chinese-fir-dominated landscape located in Fujian Province as a case study. Indicators included: merchantable volume harvested, biomass harvested, ecosystem carbon storage, CO2 fixation, O2 released, biomass nitrogen content, pollutant absorption, and soil fertility. A series of alternative management scenarios, representing different combinations of rotation length and harvest intensity, were simulated to facilitate the analysis. Results from the analysis were summarized in the form of a decision matrix designed to provide a method for forest managers to evaluate management alternatives and tradeoffs in the context of key indicators of ecosystem services. The scenario analysis suggests that there are considerable tradeoffs in terms of ecosystem services associated with stand and landscape-level management decisions. Longer rotations and increased retention tended to favor regulating and supporting services while the opposite was true for provisional services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Kang
- Forestry College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Brad Seely
- Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Guangyu Wang
- Forestry College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - John Innes
- Forestry College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Dexiang Zheng
- Forestry College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
| | - Pingliu Chen
- Forestry College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
| | - Tongli Wang
- Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Qinglin Li
- Forest Analysis and Inventory Branch, Ministry of Forests, Lands, and Natural Resource Operations, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 9C2, Canada.
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Abou Rajab Y, Leuschner C, Barus H, Tjoa A, Hertel D. Cacao Cultivation under Diverse Shade Tree Cover Allows High Carbon Storage and Sequestration without Yield Losses. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149949. [PMID: 26927428 PMCID: PMC4771168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the main drivers of tropical forest loss is their conversion to oil palm, soy or cacao plantations with low biodiversity and greatly reduced carbon storage. Southeast Asian cacao plantations are often established under shade tree cover, but are later converted to non-shaded monocultures to avoid resource competition. We compared three co-occurring cacao cultivation systems (3 replicate stands each) with different shade intensity (non-shaded monoculture, cacao with the legume Gliricidia sepium shade trees, and cacao with several shade tree species) in Sulawesi (Indonesia) with respect to above- and belowground biomass and productivity, and cacao bean yield. Total biomass C stocks (above- and belowground) increased fivefold from the monoculture to the multi-shade tree system (from 11 to 57 Mg ha-1), total net primary production rose twofold (from 9 to 18 Mg C ha-1 yr-1). This increase was associated with a 6fold increase in aboveground biomass, but only a 3.5fold increase in root biomass, indicating a clear shift in C allocation to aboveground tree organs with increasing shade for both cacao and shade trees. Despite a canopy cover increase from 50 to 93%, cacao bean yield remained invariant across the systems (variation: 1.1-1.2 Mg C ha-1 yr-1). The monocultures had a twice as rapid leaf turnover suggesting that shading reduces the exposure of cacao to atmospheric drought, probably resulting in greater leaf longevity. Thus, contrary to general belief, cacao bean yield does not necessarily decrease under shading which seems to reduce physical stress. If planned properly, cacao plantations under a shade tree cover allow combining high yield with benefits for carbon sequestration and storage, production system stability under stress, and higher levels of animal and plant diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Abou Rajab
- Plant Ecology and Ecosystems Research, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Leuschner
- Plant Ecology and Ecosystems Research, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Henry Barus
- Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Tadulako University, Palu, Sulawesi Tengah, Indonesia
| | - Aiyen Tjoa
- Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Tadulako University, Palu, Sulawesi Tengah, Indonesia
| | - Dietrich Hertel
- Plant Ecology and Ecosystems Research, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Andres C, Comoé H, Beerli A, Schneider M, Rist S, Jacobi J. Cocoa in Monoculture and Dynamic Agroforestry. SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE REVIEWS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-26777-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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47
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Modeling the status, trends, and impacts of wild bee abundance in the United States. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 113:140-5. [PMID: 26699460 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1517685113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild bees are highly valuable pollinators. Along with managed honey bees, they provide a critical ecosystem service by ensuring stable pollination to agriculture and wild plant communities. Increasing concern about the welfare of both wild and managed pollinators, however, has prompted recent calls for national evaluation and action. Here, for the first time to our knowledge, we assess the status and trends of wild bees and their potential impacts on pollination services across the coterminous United States. We use a spatial habitat model, national land-cover data, and carefully quantified expert knowledge to estimate wild bee abundance and associated uncertainty. Between 2008 and 2013, modeled bee abundance declined across 23% of US land area. This decline was generally associated with conversion of natural habitats to row crops. We identify 139 counties where low bee abundances correspond to large areas of pollinator-dependent crops. These areas of mismatch between supply (wild bee abundance) and demand (cultivated area) for pollination comprise 39% of the pollinator-dependent crop area in the United States. Further, we find that the crops most highly dependent on pollinators tend to experience more severe mismatches between declining supply and increasing demand. These trends, should they continue, may increase costs for US farmers and may even destabilize crop production over time. National assessments such as this can help focus both scientific and political efforts to understand and sustain wild bees. As new information becomes available, repeated assessments can update findings, revise priorities, and track progress toward sustainable management of our nation's pollinators.
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Konopik O, Steffan-Dewenter I, Grafe TU. Effects of Logging and Oil Palm Expansion on Stream Frog Communities on Borneo, Southeast Asia. Biotropica 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Konopik
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology; University of Wuerzburg; Theodor-Boveri-Institut; Biozentrum, Am Hubland D-97074 Wuerzburg Germany
| | - Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology; University of Wuerzburg; Theodor-Boveri-Institut; Biozentrum, Am Hubland D-97074 Wuerzburg Germany
| | - T. Ulmar Grafe
- Faculty of Science; University Brunei Darussalam; BE 1410 Tungku Link Gadong Brunei Darussalam
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Abstract
Conservation biologists are devoting an increasing amount of energy to debating whether land sparing (high-yielding agriculture on a small land footprint) or land sharing (low-yielding, wildlife-friendly agriculture on a larger land footprint) will promote better outcomes for local and global biodiversity. In turn, concerns are mounting about how to feed the world, given increasing demands for food. In this review, I evaluate the land-sparing/land-sharing framework--does the framework stimulate research and policy that can reconcile agricultural land use with biodiversity conservation, or is a revised framing needed? I review (1) the ecological evidence in favor of sparing versus sharing; (2) the evidence from land-use change studies that assesses whether a relationship exists between agricultural intensification and land sparing; and (3) how that relationship may be affected by socioeconomic and political factors. To address the trade-off between biodiversity conservation and food production, I then ask which forms of agricultural intensification can best feed the world now and in the future. On the basis of my review, I suggest that the dichotomy of the land-sparing/land-sharing framework limits the realm of future possibilities to two, largely undesirable, options for conservation. Both large, protected regions and favorable surrounding matrices are needed to promote biodiversity conservation; they work synergistically and are not mutually exclusive. A "both-and" framing of large protected areas surrounded by a wildlife-friendly matrix suggests different research priorities from the "either-or" framing of sparing versus sharing. Furthermore, wildlife-friendly farming methods such as agroecology may be best adapted to provide food for the world's hungry people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Kremen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California
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50
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Law EA, Wilson KA. Providing Context for the Land-Sharing and Land-Sparing Debate. Conserv Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Law
- The University of Queensland; School of Biological Sciences; Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Kerrie A. Wilson
- The University of Queensland; School of Biological Sciences; Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
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