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Kowalski MK, Domżał-Magrowska D, Małecka-Wojciesko E. Celiac Disease-Narrative Review on Progress in Celiac Disease. Foods 2025; 14:959. [PMID: 40231983 PMCID: PMC11941517 DOI: 10.3390/foods14060959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2025] [Revised: 02/28/2025] [Accepted: 03/09/2025] [Indexed: 04/16/2025] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease is defined as a systemic immunological disorder caused by gluten (gliadin and other prolamin) in genetically predisposed individuals, who present with a variety of gluten-dependent symptoms, specific antibodies, the presence of the HLA DQ2 and DQ8 histocompatibility antigen, and enteropathy. Its prevalence, depending on the studied population and methodology, is estimated at 0.75-1.6% of the general population. During the complex immune reaction it induces, most cells involved in inflammatory processes are activated, which leads to the gradual atrophy of intestinal villi and the proliferation of enterocytes within intestinal crypts. The pathogenesis of celiac disease is extremely complicated and is still the subject of research. According to the current diagnostic guidelines, the following criteria should be taken into account: clinical symptoms (intestinal and extraintestinal), the presence of antibodies against tissue transglutaminase in the IgA class, the level of total IgA, and the presence of typical histological changes in duodenal biopsies. Diet-resistant celiac disease is one of the most important clinical challenges, causing serious complications. Currently, the basic method for treating celiac disease is an elimination diet (i.e., the exclusion of products that may contain gluten from the diet), however, new therapeutic strategies are still being sought, mainly based on supplementation with exogenous endopeptidases, modification of the immune response, and the use of zonulin inhibitors and transglutaminase 2 inhibitors. Clinical trials of new drugs are ongoing. The gradually expanding knowledge about the pathogenesis of celiac disease may allow for the development of new therapeutic strategies for both patients with a mild disease course, as well as those that are diet-resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ewa Małecka-Wojciesko
- Department of Digestive Tract Diseases, Norbert Barlicki University Hospital, 90-153 Lodz, Poland; (M.K.K.); (D.D.-M.)
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2
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Noori E, Hashemi N, Rezaee D, Maleki R, Shams F, Kazemi B, Bandepour M, Rahimi F. Potential therapeutic options for celiac Disease: An update on Current evidence from Gluten-Free diet to cell therapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 133:112020. [PMID: 38608449 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic autoimmune enteropathy and multifactorial disease caused by inappropriate immune responses to gluten in the small intestine. Weight loss, anemia, osteoporosis, arthritis, and hepatitis are among the extraintestinal manifestations of active CD. Currently, a strict lifelong gluten-free diet (GFD) is the only safe, effective, and available treatment. Despite the social burden, high expenses, and challenges of following a GFD, 2 to 5 percent of patients do not demonstrate clinical or pathophysiological improvement. Therefore, we need novel and alternative therapeutic approaches for patients. Innovative approaches encompass a broad spectrum of strategies, including enzymatic degradation of gluten, inhibition of intestinal permeability, modulation of the immune response, inhibition of the transglutaminase 2 (TG2) enzyme, blocking antigen presentation by HLA-DQ2/8, and induction of tolerance. Hence, this review is focused on comprehensive therapeutic strategies ranging from dietary approaches to novel methods such as antigen-based immunotherapy, cell and gene therapy, and the usage of nanoparticles for CD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Effat Noori
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Nader Hashemi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Delsuz Rezaee
- School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Reza Maleki
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Forough Shams
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Bahram Kazemi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojgan Bandepour
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fardin Rahimi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
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3
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Bauer L, Edwards J, Heil A, Dewitt S, Biebermann H, Aeschlimann D, Knäuper V. Mesenchymal Transglutaminase 2 Activates Epithelial ADAM17: Link to G-Protein-Coupled Receptor 56 (ADGRG1) Signalling. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2329. [PMID: 38397010 PMCID: PMC10889368 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
A wound healing model was developed to elucidate the role of mesenchymal-matrix-associated transglutaminase 2 (TG2) in keratinocyte re-epithelialisation. TG2 drives keratinocyte migratory responses by activation of disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17). We demonstrate that epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor ligand shedding leads to EGFR-transactivation and subsequent rapid keratinocyte migration on TG2-positive ECM. In contrast, keratinocyte migration was impaired in TG2 null conditions. We show that keratinocytes express the adhesion G-protein-coupled receptor, ADGRG1 (GPR56), which has been proposed as a TG2 receptor. Using ADAM17 activation as a readout and luciferase reporter assays, we demonstrate that TG2 activates GPR56. GPR56 activation by TG2 reached the same level as observed with an agonistic N-GPR56 antibody. The N-terminal GPR56 domain is required for TG2-regulated signalling response, as the constitutively active C-GPR56 receptor was not activated by TG2. Signalling required the C-terminal TG2 β-barrel domains and involved RhoA-associated protein kinase (ROCK) and ADAM17 activation, which was blocked by specific inhibitors. Cell surface binding of TG2 to the N-terminal GPR56 domain is rapid and is associated with TG2 and GPR56 endocytosis. TG2 and GPR56 represent a ligand receptor pair causing RhoA and EGFR transactivation. Furthermore, we determined a binding constant for the interaction of human TG2 with N-GPR56 and show for the first time that only the calcium-enabled "open" TG2 conformation associates with N-GPR56.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Bauer
- College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK (S.D.)
| | - Jessica Edwards
- College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK (S.D.)
| | - Andreas Heil
- College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK (S.D.)
| | - Sharon Dewitt
- College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK (S.D.)
| | - Heike Biebermann
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Aeschlimann
- College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK (S.D.)
| | - Vera Knäuper
- College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK (S.D.)
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Manara MC, Manferdini C, Cristalli C, Carrabotta M, Santi S, De Feo A, Caldoni G, Pasello M, Landuzzi L, Lollini PL, Salamanna F, Dominici S, Fiori V, Magnani M, Lisignoli G, Scotlandi K. Engagement of CD99 Activates Distinct Programs in Ewing Sarcoma and Macrophages. Cancer Immunol Res 2024; 12:247-260. [PMID: 38051221 PMCID: PMC10835215 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-23-0440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma (EWS) is the second most common pediatric bone tumor. The EWS tumor microenvironment is largely recognized as immune-cold, with macrophages being the most abundant immune cells and their presence associated with worse patient prognosis. Expression of CD99 is a hallmark of EWS cells, and its targeting induces inhibition of EWS tumor growth through a poorly understood mechanism. In this study, we analyzed CD99 expression and functions on macrophages and investigated whether the concomitant targeting of CD99 on both tumor and macrophages could explain the inhibitory effect of this approach against EWS. Targeting CD99 on EWS cells downregulated expression of the "don't eat-me" CD47 molecule but increased levels of the "eat-me" phosphatidyl serine and calreticulin molecules on the outer leaflet of the tumor cell membrane, triggering phagocytosis and digestion of EWS cells by macrophages. In addition, CD99 ligation induced reprogramming of undifferentiated M0 macrophages and M2-like macrophages toward the inflammatory M1-like phenotype. These events resulted in the inhibition of EWS tumor growth. Thus, this study reveals what we believe to be a previously unrecognized function of CD99, which engenders a virtuous circle that delivers intrinsic cell death signals to EWS cells, favors tumor cell phagocytosis by macrophages, and promotes the expression of various molecules and cytokines, which are pro-inflammatory and usually associated with tumor regression. This raises the possibility that CD99 may be involved in boosting the antitumor activity of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Manara
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristina Manferdini
- Laboratorio di Immunoreumatologia e Rigenerazione Tissutale, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Camilla Cristalli
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marianna Carrabotta
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Spartaco Santi
- CNR Institute of Molecular Genetics "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza", Unit of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra De Feo
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Caldoni
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michela Pasello
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorena Landuzzi
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pier-Luigi Lollini
- Laboratory of Immunology and Biology of Metastasis, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Salamanna
- Surgical Sciences and Technologies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - Mauro Magnani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, Italy
| | - Gina Lisignoli
- Laboratorio di Immunoreumatologia e Rigenerazione Tissutale, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Katia Scotlandi
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
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5
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Liu C, Gao X, Shi R, Wang Y, He X, Du H, Hu B, Jiao J, Liu C, Teng Z. Microglial transglutaminase 2 deficiency causes impaired synaptic remodelling and cognitive deficits in mice. Cell Prolif 2023; 56:e13439. [PMID: 36878712 PMCID: PMC10472527 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the primary source of transglutaminase 2 (TGM2) in the brain; however, the roles of microglial TGM2 in neural development and disease are still not well known. The aim of this study is to elucidate the role and mechanisms of microglial TGM2 in the brain. A mouse line with a specific knockout of Tgm2 in microglia was generated. Immunohistochemistry, Western blot and qRT-PCR assays were performed to evaluate the expression levels of TGM2, PSD-95 and CD68. Confocal imaging, immunofluorescence staining and behavioural analyses were conducted to identify phenotypes of microglial TGM2 deficiency. Finally, RNA sequencing, qRT-PCR and co-culture of neurons and microglia were used to explore the potential mechanisms. Deletion of microglial Tgm2 causes impaired synaptic pruning, reduced anxiety and increased cognitive deficits in mice. At the molecular level, the phagocytic genes, such as Cq1a, C1qb and Tim4, are significantly down-regulated in TGM2-deficient microglia. This study elucidates a novel role of microglial TGM2 in regulating synaptic remodelling and cognitive function, indicating that microglia Tgm2 is essential for proper neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and RegenerationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Savaid Medical SchoolUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Ruo‐Xi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Savaid Medical SchoolUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Ying‐Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and RegenerationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Savaid Medical SchoolUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xuan‐Cheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and RegenerationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Hong‐Zhen Du
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and RegenerationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Baoyang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and RegenerationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Savaid Medical SchoolUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jianwei Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and RegenerationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Savaid Medical SchoolUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Chang‐Mei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and RegenerationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Savaid Medical SchoolUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhao‐Qian Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive BiologyInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineBeijingChina
- Institute for Stem Cell and RegenerationChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Savaid Medical SchoolUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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6
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Tissue transglutaminase exacerbates renal fibrosis via alternative activation of monocyte-derived macrophages. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:136. [PMID: 36864028 PMCID: PMC9981766 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05622-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are important components in modulating homeostatic and inflammatory responses and are generally categorized into two broad but distinct subsets: classical activated (M1) and alternatively activated (M2) depending on the microenvironment. Fibrosis is a chronic inflammatory disease exacerbated by M2 macrophages, although the detailed mechanism by which M2 macrophage polarization is regulated remains unclear. These polarization mechanisms have little in common between mice and humans, making it difficult to adapt research results obtained in mice to human diseases. Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) is a known marker common to mouse and human M2 macrophages and is a multifunctional enzyme responsible for crosslinking reactions. Here we sought to identify the role of TG2 in macrophage polarization and fibrosis. In IL-4-treated macrophages derived from mouse bone marrow and human monocyte cells, the expression of TG2 was increased with enhancement of M2 macrophage markers, whereas knockout or inhibitor treatment of TG2 markedly suppressed M2 macrophage polarization. In the renal fibrosis model, accumulation of M2 macrophages in fibrotic kidney was significantly reduced in TG2 knockout or inhibitor-administrated mice, along with the resolution of fibrosis. Bone marrow transplantation using TG2-knockout mice revealed that TG2 is involved in M2 polarization of infiltrating macrophages derived from circulating monocytes and exacerbates renal fibrosis. Furthermore, the suppression of renal fibrosis in TG2-knockout mice was abolished by transplantation of wild-type bone marrow or by renal subcapsular injection of IL4-treated macrophages derived from bone marrow of wild-type, but not TG2 knockout. Transcriptome analysis of downstream targets involved in M2 macrophages polarization revealed that ALOX15 expression was enhanced by TG2 activation and promoted M2 macrophage polarization. Furthermore, the increase in the abundance of ALOX15-expressing macrophages in fibrotic kidney was dramatically suppressed in TG2-knockout mice. These findings demonstrated that TG2 activity exacerbates renal fibrosis by polarization of M2 macrophages from monocytes via ALOX15.
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7
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Machado MV. New Developments in Celiac Disease Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24020945. [PMID: 36674460 PMCID: PMC9862998 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24020945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is a common autoimmune disease affecting around 1% of the population. It consists of an immune-mediated enteropathy, triggered by gluten exposure in susceptible patients. All patients with CD, irrespective of the presence of symptoms, must endure a lifelong gluten-free diet (GFD). This is not an easy task due to a lack of awareness of the gluten content in foods and the extensive incorporation of gluten in processed foods. Furthermore, a GFD imposes a sense of limitation and might be associated with decreased quality of life in CD patients. This results in gluten contamination in the diet of four out of five celiac patients adhering to a GFD. Furthermore, one in three adult patients will report persistent symptoms and two in three will not achieve full histological recovery when on a GFD. In recent years, there has been extensive research conducted in the quest to find the holy grail of pharmacological treatment for CD. This review will present a concise description of the current rationale and main clinical trials related to CD drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Verdelho Machado
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital de Vila Franca de Xira, Estrada Carlos Lima Costa, Nª 2, 2600-009 Vila Franca de Xira, Portugal; ; Tel.: +351-263-006-500
- Clínica Universitária de Gastrenterologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
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8
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Lénárt K, Bankó C, Ujlaki G, Póliska S, Kis G, Csősz É, Antal M, Bacso Z, Bai P, Fésüs L, Mádi A. Tissue Transglutaminase Knock-Out Preadipocytes and Beige Cells of Epididymal Fat Origin Possess Decreased Mitochondrial Functions Required for Thermogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5175. [PMID: 35563567 PMCID: PMC9105016 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Beige adipocytes with thermogenic function are activated during cold exposure in white adipose tissue through the process of browning. These cells, similar to brown adipocytes, dissipate stored chemical energy in the form of heat with the help of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). Recently, we have shown that tissue transglutaminase (TG2) knock-out mice have decreased cold tolerance in parallel with lower utilization of their epididymal adipose tissue and reduced browning. To learn more about the thermogenic function of this fat depot, we isolated preadipocytes from the epididymal adipose tissue of wild-type and TG2 knock-out mice and differentiated them in the beige direction. Although differentiation of TG2 knock-out preadipocytes is phenotypically similar to the wild-type cells, the mitochondria of the knock-out beige cells have multiple impairments including an altered electron transport system generating lower electrochemical potential difference, reduced oxygen consumption, lower UCP1 protein content, and a higher portion of fragmented mitochondria. Most of these differences are present in preadipocytes as well, and the differentiation process cannot overcome the functional disadvantages completely. TG2 knock-out beige adipocytes produce more iodothyronine deiodinase 3 (DIO3) which may inactivate thyroid hormones required for the establishment of optimal mitochondrial function. The TG2 knock-out preadipocytes and beige cells are both hypometabolic as compared with the wild-type controls which may also be explained by the lower expression of solute carrier proteins SLC25A45, SLC25A47, and SLC25A42 which transport acylcarnitine, Co-A, and amino acids into the mitochondrial matrix. As a consequence, the mitochondria in TG2 knock-out beige adipocytes probably cannot reach the energy-producing threshold required for normal thermogenic functions, which may contribute to the decreased cold tolerance of TG2 knock-out mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Lénárt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (K.L.); (S.P.); (É.C.); (L.F.)
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Csaba Bankó
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Gyula Ujlaki
- NKFIH-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (G.U.); (P.B.)
| | - Szilárd Póliska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (K.L.); (S.P.); (É.C.); (L.F.)
| | - Gréta Kis
- Department of Anatomy, Histology Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (G.K.); (M.A.)
| | - Éva Csősz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (K.L.); (S.P.); (É.C.); (L.F.)
| | - Miklós Antal
- Department of Anatomy, Histology Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (G.K.); (M.A.)
| | - Zsolt Bacso
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Péter Bai
- NKFIH-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (G.U.); (P.B.)
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Fésüs
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (K.L.); (S.P.); (É.C.); (L.F.)
| | - András Mádi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (K.L.); (S.P.); (É.C.); (L.F.)
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9
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Jing Y, Kong Y, McGinty J, Blahnik-Fagan G, Lee T, Orozco-Figueroa S, Bettini ML, James EA, Bettini M. T-Cell Receptor/HLA Humanized Mice Reveal Reduced Tolerance and Increased Immunogenicity of Posttranslationally Modified GAD65 Epitope. Diabetes 2022; 71:1012-1022. [PMID: 35179565 PMCID: PMC9044133 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence supports a critical role for posttranslationally modified (PTM) islet neoantigens in type 1 diabetes. However, our understanding regarding thymic development and peripheral activation of PTM autoantigen-reactive T cells is still limited. Using HLA-DR4 humanized mice, we observed that deamidation of GAD65115-127 generates a more immunogenic epitope that recruits T cells with promiscuous recognition of both the deamidated and native epitopes and reduced frequency of regulatory T cells. Using humanized HLA/T-cell receptor (TCR) mice, we observed that TCRs reactive to the native or deamidated GAD65115-127 led to efficient development of CD4+ effector T cells; however, regulatory T-cell development was reduced in mice expressing the PTM-reactive TCR, which was partially restored with exogenous PTM peptide. Upon priming, both the native-specific and the deamidated-specific T cells accumulated in pancreatic islets, suggesting that both specificities can recognize endogenous GAD65 and contribute to anti-β-cell responses. Collectively, our observations in polyclonal and single TCR systems suggest that while effector T-cell responses can exhibit cross-reactivity between native and deamidated GAD65 epitopes, regulatory T-cell development is reduced in response to the deamidated epitope, pointing to regulatory T-cell development as a key mechanism for loss of tolerance to PTM antigenic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jing
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Yuelin Kong
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - John McGinty
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Thomas Lee
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Stephanie Orozco-Figueroa
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Matthew L. Bettini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Eddie A. James
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA
| | - Maria Bettini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX
- Corresponding author: Maria Bettini,
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10
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Klonarakis M, Andrews CN, Raman M, Panaccione R, Ma C. Review article: therapeutic targets for the pharmacologic management of coeliac disease-the future beyond a gluten-free diet. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2022; 55:1277-1296. [PMID: 35229332 DOI: 10.1111/apt.16846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coeliac disease (CeD) is an immune-mediated small bowel enteropathy resulting from dietary gluten exposure. Presently, the only effective treatment is adoption of a gluten-free diet (GFD), although strict adherence is challenging to maintain, and inadvertent gluten exposures are inevitable for most patients. Hence, there is substantial interest in drug development in CeD and multiple novel therapies are under investigation. AIMS To review existing and upcoming clinical trial programmes for pharmacologic agents for CeD. METHODS A narrative review was performed, informed by a search of MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane CENTRAL Library and clinicaltrials.gov. RESULTS We summarise the pathophysiology of CeD and the specific steps that are potentially amenable to pharmacologic treatment. We evaluate the evidence supporting existing and future drug targets, including trials of peptidases, gluten sequestrants, tight junction regulators, anti-transglutaminase 2 therapies, immune tolerizing agents, advanced biologics and small molecules, and microbiome-targeted strategies. We highlight unique considerations for conducting CeD trials, including identifying appropriate study populations, assessing results in the context of a gluten challenge, and interpreting CeD-specific clinical and histologic outcomes. Understanding these factors is crucial for accurately appraising the evidence. Finally, we outline what the future of CeD therapy may hold with the introduction of pharmacotherapies. CONCLUSIONS There is a need for pharmacologic options for CeD, either used adjunctively with a GFD for accidental or intentional gluten exposures or for refractory disease. Multiple promising agents are in development, and these trials are likely to lead to approvals for the first generation of pharmacologic agents for CeD within the next 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher N Andrews
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Maitreyi Raman
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta's Collaboration of Excellence for Nutrition in Digestive Diseases, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Remo Panaccione
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christopher Ma
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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11
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Aepler J, Wodtke J, Wodtke R, Haase-Kohn C, Löser R, Pietzsch J, Hauser S. The Role of Transglutaminase 2 in the Radioresistance of Melanoma Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081342. [PMID: 35456021 PMCID: PMC9027323 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a protein expressed in many tissues that exerts numerous, sometimes contradictory, intra- and extracellular functions, under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions. In the context of tumor progression, it has been found to be involved in cell adhesion, DNA repair mechanisms, induction of apoptosis, and mesenchymal transdifferentiation, among others. Here, we hypothesized that TG2 also contributes to the radioresistance of two human melanoma cell lines, A375 and MeWo, which can be seen to differ in their basal TG2 biosynthesis by examining their proliferation and clonal expansion after irradiation. For this purpose, cellular TG2 biosynthesis and TG2 activity were modulated by transfection-induced overexpression or TG2 knock-out and application of TG2-selective inhibitors. Proliferation and clonal expansion of TG2-overexpressing cells was not enhanced over wildtype cells, suggesting that increased TG2 biosynthesis does not further enhance the radioresistance of melanoma cells. Conversely, TG2 knock-out in A375 cells reduced their proliferation, as well as clonal and spheroidal expansion after irradiation, which indicates a contribution of TG2 to the radioresistance of melanoma cells. Since TG1, TG3, and partly also, TG6 biosynthesis was detectable in A375 and MeWo cells, it can be assumed that these other members of the TG family may exert a partially compensatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Aepler
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (J.A.); (J.W.); (R.W.); (C.H.-K.); (R.L.); (J.P.)
- School of Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Johanna Wodtke
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (J.A.); (J.W.); (R.W.); (C.H.-K.); (R.L.); (J.P.)
| | - Robert Wodtke
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (J.A.); (J.W.); (R.W.); (C.H.-K.); (R.L.); (J.P.)
| | - Cathleen Haase-Kohn
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (J.A.); (J.W.); (R.W.); (C.H.-K.); (R.L.); (J.P.)
| | - Reik Löser
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (J.A.); (J.W.); (R.W.); (C.H.-K.); (R.L.); (J.P.)
- School of Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (J.A.); (J.W.); (R.W.); (C.H.-K.); (R.L.); (J.P.)
- School of Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sandra Hauser
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (J.A.); (J.W.); (R.W.); (C.H.-K.); (R.L.); (J.P.)
- Correspondence:
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12
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Yoosuf S, Therrien A, Leffler DA. Non-dietary therapies for celiac disease. COELIAC DISEASE AND GLUTEN-RELATED DISORDERS 2022:111-160. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-821571-5.00011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2025]
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13
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14
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Kim YC, Kim J, Kim S, Bae B, Kim RL, Jeong EM, Cho SH, Kang HR. Transglutaminase 2 mediates lung inflammation and remodeling by transforming growth factor beta 1 via alveolar macrophage modulation. Exp Lung Res 2021; 47:465-475. [PMID: 34818962 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2021.1998733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) induces pulmonary fibrosis by enhancing epithelial apoptosis and affects the enzymatic activity of transglutaminase 2 (TG2). The aim of this study was to determine the role of TG2 in TGF-β1-induced lung remodeling and alveolar macrophage modulation. We characterized the in vivo effects of TGF-β1 and TG2 on lung inflammation, fibrosis, and macrophage activity using transgenic C57BL/6 mice with wild and null TG2 loci. The effect of TG2 inhibition on in vitro TGF-β1-stimulated alveolar macrophages was assessed through mRNA analysis. TG2 was remarkably upregulated in the lungs of TGF-β1 transgenic (TGF-β1 Tg) mice, especially in alveolar macrophages and epithelial cells. In the absence of TG2, TGF-β1-induced inflammation was suppressed, decreasing the number of macrophages in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. In addition, the alveolar destruction and peribronchial fibrosis induced by TGF-β1 overexpression were significantly reduced, which correlated with decreases in the expression of fibroblast growth factor and matrix metallopeptidase 12, respectively. However, TG2 deficiency did not compromise the phagocytic activity of alveolar macrophages in TGF-β1 Tg mice. At the same time, TG2 contributed to the regulation of TGF-β1-induced macrophage activation. Inhibition of TG2 did not affect the TGF-β1-induced expression of CD86, an M1 marker, in macrophages, but it did reverse the TGF-β1-induced expression of CD206. This result suggests that TG2 mediates TGF-β1-induced M2-like polarization but does not contribute to TGF-β1-induced M1 polarization. In conclusion, TG2 regulates macrophage modulation and plays an important role in TGF-β1-induced lung inflammation, destruction, and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Chan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeonghyeon Kim
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Subin Kim
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Boram Bae
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ruth Lee Kim
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eui-Man Jeong
- Department of Pharmacy, Jeju National University College of Pharmacy, Jeju, Korea
| | - Sang-Heon Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye-Ryun Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
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15
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Budai Z, Al-Zaeed N, Szentesi P, Halász H, Csernoch L, Szondy Z, Sarang Z. Impaired Skeletal Muscle Development and Regeneration in Transglutaminase 2 Knockout Mice. Cells 2021; 10:3089. [PMID: 34831312 PMCID: PMC8623654 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle regeneration is triggered by local inflammation and is accompanied by phagocytosis of dead cells at the injury site. Efferocytosis regulates the inflammatory program in macrophages by initiating the conversion of their inflammatory phenotype into the healing one. While pro-inflammatory cytokines induce satellite cell proliferation and differentiation into myoblasts, growth factors, such as GDF3, released by healing macrophages drive myoblast fusion and myotube growth. Therefore, improper efferocytosis may lead to impaired muscle regeneration. Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a versatile enzyme participating in efferocytosis. Here, we show that TG2 ablation did not alter the skeletal muscle weights or sizes but led to the generation of small size myofibers and to decreased grip force in TG2 null mice. Following cardiotoxin-induced injury, the size of regenerating fibers was smaller, and the myoblast fusion was delayed in the tibialis anterior muscle of TG2 null mice. Loss of TG2 did not affect the efferocytic capacity of muscle macrophages but delayed their conversion to Ly6C-CD206+, GDF3 expressing cells. Finally, TG2 promoted myoblast fusion in differentiating C2C12 myoblasts. These results indicate that TG2 expressed by both macrophages and myoblasts contributes to proper myoblast fusion, and its ablation leads to impaired muscle development and regeneration in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsófia Budai
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Z.B.); (N.A.-Z.); (H.H.)
| | - Nour Al-Zaeed
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Z.B.); (N.A.-Z.); (H.H.)
| | - Péter Szentesi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (P.S.); (L.C.)
| | - Hajnalka Halász
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Z.B.); (N.A.-Z.); (H.H.)
| | - László Csernoch
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (P.S.); (L.C.)
| | - Zsuzsa Szondy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
- Division of Dental Biochemistry, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Sarang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
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16
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Sima LE, Chen S, Cardenas H, Zhao G, Wang Y, Ivan C, Huang H, Zhang B, Matei D. Loss of host tissue transglutaminase boosts antitumor T cell immunity by altering STAT1/STAT3 phosphorylation in ovarian cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-002682. [PMID: 34593619 PMCID: PMC8487211 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue transglutaminase (TG2), an enzyme overexpressed in cancer cells, promotes metastasis and resistance to chemotherapy. Its distinct effects in cancer versus the host compartments have not been elucidated. METHODS Here, by using a TG2-/- syngeneic ovarian cancer mouse model, we assessed the effects of TG2 deficiency in the host tissues on antitumor immunity and tumor progression. Multicolor flow cytometry was used to phenotype immune cell populations in the peritoneal environment. Cancer cells recovered from malignant ascites were characterized by RNA sequencing, proliferation, and apoptosis assays. RESULTS We observed that host TG2 loss delayed tumor growth and ascites accumulation and caused increased infiltration of CD8+ T cells and decreased numbers of myeloid cells in the peritoneal fluid. Tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cell cytotoxic responses were enhanced in ascites from TG2-/- versus TG2+/+ mice and CD8+ T cell depletion caused accelerated ascites accumulation in TG2-/- mice. CD8+ T cells from tumor-bearing TG2-/- mice displayed an effector T cell phenotype, differentiated toward effector memory (Tem). Mechanistically, absence of TG2 augmented signals promoting T cell activation, such as increased cytokine-induced STAT1 and attenuated STAT3 phosphorylation in T cells. Additionally, immune-suppressive myeloid cell populations were reduced in the peritoneal milieu of TG2-/- tumor-bearing mice. In response to the more robust immune response caused by loss of TG2, cancer cells growing intraperitoneally exhibited an interferon-γ(IFN-γ) responsive gene signature and underwent apoptosis. In human specimens, stromal, not tumor, TG2 expression correlated indirectly with numbers of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our data demonstrate decreased tumor burden, increased activation and effector function of T cells, and loss of immunosuppressive signals in the tumor microenvironment of TG2-/- mice. We propose that TG2 acts as an attenuator of antitumor T cell immunity and is a new immunomodulatory target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Elena Sima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Siqi Chen
- Department of Medicine; Hematology/Oncology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Horacio Cardenas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Guangyuan Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yinu Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Cristina Ivan
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hao Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Medicine; Hematology/Oncology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA .,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Daniela Matei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA .,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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17
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Zhao L, Giannou AD, Xu Y, Shiri AM, Liebold I, Steglich B, Bedke T, Zhang T, Lücke J, Scognamiglio P, Kempski J, Woestemeier A, Chen J, Agalioti T, Zazara DE, Lindner D, Janning M, Hennigs JK, Jagirdar RM, Kotsiou OS, Zarogiannis SG, Kobayashi Y, Izbicki JR, Ghosh S, Rothlin CV, Bosurgi L, Huber S, Gagliani N. Efferocytosis fuels malignant pleural effusion through TIMP1. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/33/eabd6734. [PMID: 34389533 PMCID: PMC8363144 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd6734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Malignant pleural effusion (MPE) results from the capacity of several human cancers to metastasize to the pleural cavity. No effective treatments are currently available, reflecting our insufficient understanding of the basic mechanisms leading to MPE progression. Here, we found that efferocytosis through the receptor tyrosine kinases AXL and MERTK led to the production of interleukin-10 (IL-10) by four distinct pleural cavity macrophage (Mφ) subpopulations characterized by different metabolic states and cell chemotaxis properties. In turn, IL-10 acts on dendritic cells (DCs) inducing the production of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP1). Genetic ablation of Axl and Mertk in Mφs or IL-10 receptor in DCs or Timp1 substantially reduced MPE progression. Our results delineate an inflammatory cascade-from the clearance of apoptotic cells by Mφs, to production of IL-10, to induction of TIMP1 in DCs-that facilitates MPE progression. This inflammatory cascade offers a series of therapeutic targets for MPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilan Zhao
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Medical University, 350003 Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Anastasios D Giannou
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Section of Molecular Immunology und Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ahmad Mustafa Shiri
- Section of Molecular Immunology und Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Imke Liebold
- Section of Molecular Immunology und Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Babett Steglich
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Section of Molecular Immunology und Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Bedke
- Section of Molecular Immunology und Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tao Zhang
- Section of Molecular Immunology und Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jöran Lücke
- Section of Molecular Immunology und Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Pasquale Scognamiglio
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Kempski
- Section of Molecular Immunology und Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna Woestemeier
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Dong Fang Hospital (900 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Team), School of Medicine, Xiamen University, 350025 Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Theodora Agalioti
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dimitra E Zazara
- Center for Obstetrics and Pediatrics, Department of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Diana Lindner
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Division of Personalized Medical Oncology (A420), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 33 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Melanie Janning
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Comprehensive Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Division of Personalized Medical Oncology (A420), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Personalized Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim and Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg Theodor-Kutzer Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jan K Hennigs
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Comprehensive Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rajesh M Jagirdar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, Larissa, Greece
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, Larissa, Greece
| | - Ourania S Kotsiou
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, Larissa, Greece
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, Larissa, Greece
| | - Sotirios G Zarogiannis
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, Larissa, Greece
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, Larissa, Greece
| | - Yasushi Kobayashi
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Jacob R Izbicki
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sourav Ghosh
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Carla V Rothlin
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Lidia Bosurgi
- Section of Molecular Immunology und Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Samuel Huber
- Section of Molecular Immunology und Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Nicola Gagliani
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
- Section of Molecular Immunology und Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institute and University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
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18
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Tatsukawa H, Hitomi K. Role of Transglutaminase 2 in Cell Death, Survival, and Fibrosis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071842. [PMID: 34360011 PMCID: PMC8307792 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a ubiquitously expressed enzyme catalyzing the crosslinking between Gln and Lys residues and involved in various pathophysiological events. Besides this crosslinking activity, TG2 functions as a deamidase, GTPase, isopeptidase, adapter/scaffold, protein disulfide isomerase, and kinase. It also plays a role in the regulation of hypusination and serotonylation. Through these activities, TG2 is involved in cell growth, differentiation, cell death, inflammation, tissue repair, and fibrosis. Depending on the cell type and stimulus, TG2 changes its subcellular localization and biological activity, leading to cell death or survival. In normal unstressed cells, intracellular TG2 exhibits a GTP-bound closed conformation, exerting prosurvival functions. However, upon cell stimulation with Ca2+ or other factors, TG2 adopts a Ca2+-bound open conformation, demonstrating a transamidase activity involved in cell death or survival. These functional discrepancies of TG2 open form might be caused by its multifunctional nature, the existence of splicing variants, the cell type and stimulus, and the genetic backgrounds and variations of the mouse models used. TG2 is also involved in the phagocytosis of dead cells by macrophages and in fibrosis during tissue repair. Here, we summarize and discuss the multifunctional and controversial roles of TG2, focusing on cell death/survival and fibrosis.
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19
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Takeuchi T, Tatsukawa H, Shinoda Y, Kuwata K, Nishiga M, Takahashi H, Hase N, Hitomi K. Spatially Resolved Identification of Transglutaminase Substrates by Proteomics in Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2021; 65:319-330. [PMID: 34264172 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2021-0012oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is characterized by the invariably progressive deposition of fibrotic tissue in the lungs and overall poor prognosis. Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is an enzyme that crosslinks glutamine and lysine residues and is involved in IPF pathogenesis. Despite the accumulating evidence implicating TG2 as a critical enzyme, the causative function and direct target of TG2 relating to this pathogenesis remain unelucidated. Here, we clarified the distributions of TG2 protein/activity and conducted quantitative proteomics analyses of possible substrates crosslinked by TG2 on unfixed lung sections in a mouse pulmonary fibrosis model. We identified 126 possible substrates as markedly increased TG2-dependently in fibrotic lung. Gene ontology analysis revealed that these identified proteins were mostly enriched in the lipid metabolic process, immune system process, and protein transport. In addition, these proteins enriched in the 21 pathways including phagosome, lipid metabolism, several immune responses, and protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum. Furthermore, the network analyses screened out the 6 clusters and top 20 hub proteins with higher scores, which are related to ER stress and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signals. Several enriched pathways and categories were identified, and some of which were the same terms based on transcription analysis in IPF. Our results provide novel pathological molecular networks driven by protein crosslinking via TG2, which can lead to the development of new therapeutic targets for IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taishu Takeuchi
- Tokai National Higher Education and Research System, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hideki Tatsukawa
- Tokai National Higher Education and Research System, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan;
| | - Yoshiki Shinoda
- Tokai National Higher Education and Research System, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keiko Kuwata
- Tokai National Higher Education and Research System, Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Kiyotaka Hitomi
- Tokai National Higher Education and Research System, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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20
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Park JY, Bae HC, Pyo SH, Lee MC, Han HS. TGFβ1-Induced Transglutaminase-2 Triggers Catabolic Response in Osteoarthritic Chondrocytes by Modulating MMP-13. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2021; 18:831-840. [PMID: 34014552 PMCID: PMC8440702 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-021-00342-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) plays an essential role in maintaining cartilage homeostasis. TGFβ1 is known to upregulate anabolic processes in articular cartilage, but the role of TGFβ1 in chondrocyte catabolism remains unclear. Thus, we examined whether TGFβ1 increases catabolic processes in the osteoarthritic joint via transglutaminase 2 (TG2). In this study, we investigated whether interplay between TGFβ1 and TG2 mediates chondrocyte catabolism and cartilage degeneration in osteoarthritis. METHODS To investigate the role of TGFβ1 and TG2 in osteoarthritis, we performed immunostaining to measure the levels of TGFβ1 and TG2 in 6 human non-osteoarthritic and 16 osteoarthritic joints. We conducted quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis to investigate the relationship between TGFβ1 and TG2 in chondrocytes and determined whether TG2 regulates the expressions of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13, type II, and type X collagen. We also examined the extent of cartilage degradation after performing anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) and destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) surgery in TG2 knock-out mice. RESULTS We confirmed the overexpression of TGFβ1 and TG2 in human osteoarthritic cartilage compared with non-osteoarthritic cartilage. TGFβ1 treatment significantly increased the expression of TG2 via p38 and ERK activation. TGFβ1-induced TG2 also elevated the level of MMP-13 and type X collagen via NF-κB activation in chondrocytes. Cartilage damage after ACLT and DMM surgery was less severe in TG2 knock-out mice compared with wild-type mice. CONCLUSION TGFβ1 modulated catabolic processes in chondrocytes in a TG2-dependent manner. TGFβ1-induced TG2 might be the therapeutic target for treating cartilage degeneration and osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Young Park
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Cheol Bae
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hee Pyo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Chul Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk-Soo Han
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Kim HJ, Lee JH, Cho SY, Jeon JH, Kim IG. Transglutaminase 2 mediates transcriptional regulation through BAF250a polyamination. Genes Genomics 2021; 43:333-342. [PMID: 33555506 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-021-01055-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) mediates protein modifications by crosslinking or by incorporating polyamine in response to oxidative or DNA-damaging stress, thereby regulating apoptosis, extracellular matrix formation, and inflammation. The regulation of transcriptional activity by TG2-mediated histone serotonylation or by Sp1 crosslinking may also contribute to cellular stress responses. OBJECTIVE In this study, we attempted to identify TG2-interacting proteins to better understand the role of TG2 in transcriptional regulation. METHODS Using a yeast two-hybrid assay to screen a HeLa cell cDNA library, we found that TG2 bound BAF250a, a core subunit of the cBAF chromatin remodeling complex, through an interaction between the TG2 barrel 1 and BAF250a C-terminal domains. RESULTS TG2 was pulled down with a GST-BAF250a C-term fusion protein. Moreover, TG2 and BAF250a were co-fractionated using P11 chromatography, and co-immunoprecipitated. A transamidation reaction showed that TG2 mediated incorporation of polyamine into BAF250a. In glucocorticoid response-element reporter-expressing cells, TG2 overexpression increased the luciferase reporter activity in a transamidation-dependent manner. In addition, a comparison of genome-wide gene expression between wild-type and TG2-deficient primary hepatocytes in response to dexamethasone treatment showed that TG2 further enhanced or suppressed the expression of dexamethasone-regulated genes that were identified by a gene ontology enrichment analysis. CONCLUSION Thus, our results indicate that TG2 regulates transcriptional activity through BAF250a polyamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Jun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Jin-Haeng Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Sung-Yup Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ju-Hong Jeon
- Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - In-Gyu Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Korea.
- Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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22
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Oliverio S, Beltran JSO, Occhigrossi L, Bordoni V, Agrati C, D'Eletto M, Rossin F, Borelli P, Amarante-Mendes GP, Demidov O, Barlev NA, Piacentini M. Transglutaminase Type 2 is Involved in the Hematopoietic Stem Cells Homeostasis. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2021; 85:1159-1168. [PMID: 33202201 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920100041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 transglutaminase (TG2) is a multifunctional protein involved in various biological processes playing a key regulatory role in cell homeostasis such as cell death and autophagy. New evidence is emerging that support an important role of autophagy in regulating normal hematopoiesis. Prompted by these findings, in this study we investigated in vivo involvement of TG2 in mouse hematopoiesis under normal or nutrient deprivation conditions. We found that the number and rate of differentiation of bone marrow hematopoietic stem cell was decreased in the TG2 knockout mice. We present evidence showing that these effects on hematopoietic system are very likely due to the TG2-dependent impairment of autophagy. In fact, stimulation of autophagy by starvation is able to rescue the block of the differentiation of stem cells progenitors in the TG2 KO mice. It was also shown that the RhoA/ERK½ pathway, known to be essential for regulation of the bone marrow progenitor cells homeostasis, was significantly impaired in the absence of TG2. Hence, this study expanded our knowledge about TG2 discovering a role of this enzyme in regulation of hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Oliverio
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - J S O Beltran
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, 00133, Italy.,Clinical and Experimental Hematology Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L Occhigrossi
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - V Bordoni
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases I. R. C. C. S. "Lazzaro Spallanzani" Rome, 00149, Italy
| | - C Agrati
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases I. R. C. C. S. "Lazzaro Spallanzani" Rome, 00149, Italy
| | - M D'Eletto
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - F Rossin
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - P Borelli
- Clinical and Experimental Hematology Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - G P Amarante-Mendes
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - O Demidov
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St.-Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - N A Barlev
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St.-Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - M Piacentini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, 00133, Italy. .,National Institute for Infectious Diseases I. R. C. C. S. "Lazzaro Spallanzani" Rome, 00149, Italy.,Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St.-Petersburg, 194064, Russia
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23
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Gaurav R, Mikuls TR, Thiele GM, Nelson AJ, Niu M, Guda C, Eudy JD, Barry AE, Wyatt TA, Romberger DJ, Duryee MJ, England BR, Poole JA. High-throughput analysis of lung immune cells in a combined murine model of agriculture dust-triggered airway inflammation with rheumatoid arthritis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0240707. [PMID: 33577605 PMCID: PMC7880471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-associated lung disease is a leading cause of mortality in RA, yet the mechanisms linking lung disease and RA remain unknown. Using an established murine model of RA-associated lung disease combining collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) with organic dust extract (ODE)-induced airway inflammation, differences among lung immune cell populations were analyzed by single cell RNA-sequencing. Additionally, four lung myeloid-derived immune cell populations including macrophages, monocytes/macrophages, monocytes, and neutrophils were isolated by fluorescence cell sorting and gene expression was determined by NanoString analysis. Unsupervised clustering revealed 14 discrete clusters among Sham, CIA, ODE, and CIA+ODE treatment groups: 3 neutrophils (inflammatory, resident/transitional, autoreactive/suppressor), 5 macrophages (airspace, differentiating/recruited, recruited, resident/interstitial, and proliferative airspace), 2 T-cells (differentiating and effector), and a single cluster each of inflammatory monocytes, dendritic cells, B-cells and natural killer cells. Inflammatory monocytes, autoreactive/suppressor neutrophils, and recruited/differentiating macrophages were predominant with arthritis induction (CIA and CIA+ODE). By specific lung cell isolation, several interferon-related and autoimmune genes were disproportionately expressed among CIA and CIA+ODE (e.g. Oasl1, Oas2, Ifit3, Gbp2, Ifi44, and Zbp1), corresponding to RA and RA-associated lung disease. Monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells were reduced, while complement genes (e.g. C1s1 and Cfb) were uniquely increased in CIA+ODE mice across cell populations. Recruited and inflammatory macrophages/monocytes and neutrophils expressing interferon-, autoimmune-, and complement-related genes might contribute towards pro-fibrotic inflammatory lung responses following airborne biohazard exposures in setting of autoimmune arthritis and could be predictive and/or targeted to reduce disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Gaurav
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Ted R. Mikuls
- Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Research Service, Omaha, NE, United States of America
- Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
| | - Geoffrey M. Thiele
- Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Research Service, Omaha, NE, United States of America
- Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
| | - Amy J. Nelson
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
| | - Meng Niu
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
| | - Chittibabu Guda
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
| | - James D. Eudy
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
| | - Austin E. Barry
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
| | - Todd A. Wyatt
- Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Research Service, Omaha, NE, United States of America
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural & Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
| | - Debra J. Romberger
- Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Research Service, Omaha, NE, United States of America
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Duryee
- Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Research Service, Omaha, NE, United States of America
- Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
| | - Bryant R. England
- Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Research Service, Omaha, NE, United States of America
- Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
| | - Jill A. Poole
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
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24
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Neuronal and Endothelial Transglutaminase-2 Expression during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis and Multiple Sclerosis. Neuroscience 2020; 461:140-154. [PMID: 33253822 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Transglutiminase-2 (TG2) is a multifunctional enzyme that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and multiple sclerosis (MS) using global knockout mice and TG2 selective inhibitors. Previous studies have identified the expression of TG2 in subsets of macrophages-microglia and astrocytes after EAE. The aims of the current investigation were to examine neuronal expression of TG2 in rodent models of chronic-relapsing and non-relapsing EAE and through co-staining with intracellular and cell death markers, provide insight into the putative role of TG2 in neuronal pathology during disease progression. Here we report that under normal physiological conditions there is a low basal expression of TG2 in the nucleus of neurons, however following EAE or MS, robust induction of cytoplasmic TG2 occurs in most neurons surrounding perivascular lesion sites. Importantly, TG2-positive neurons also labeled for phosphorylated Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and the apoptotic marker cleaved caspase-3. In white and gray matter lesions, high levels of TG2 were also found within the vasculature and endothelial cells as well as in tissue migrating pericytes or fibroblasts, though rarely did TG2 colocalize with cells identified with glial cell markers (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia). TG2 induction occurred concurrently with the upregulation of the blood vessel permeability factor and angiogenic molecule Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF). Extracellular TG2 was found to juxtapose with fibronectin, within and surrounding blood vessels. Though molecular and pharmacological studies have implicated TG2 in the induction and severity of EAE, the cell autonomous functions of this multifunctional enzyme during disease progression remains to be elucidated.
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25
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Wu S, Romero-Ramírez L, Mey J. Retinoic acid increases phagocytosis of myelin by macrophages. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:3929-3945. [PMID: 33165955 PMCID: PMC7984038 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic injuries of the central nervous system (CNS) are followed by the accumulation of cellular debris including proteins and lipids from myelinated fiber tracts. Insufficient phagocytic clearance of myelin debris influences the pathological process because it induces inflammation and blocks axonal regeneration. We investigated whether ligands of nuclear receptor families retinoic acid receptors (RARs), retinoid X receptors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, lipid X receptors, and farnesoid X receptors increase myelin phagocytosis by murine bone marrow-derived macrophages and Raw264.7 cells. Using in vitro assays with 3,3'-dioctadecyloxacarbocyanine perchlorate- and pHrodo-labeled myelin we found that the transcriptional activator all-trans retinoic acid (RA)enhanced endocytosis of myelin involving the induction of tissue transglutaminase-2. The RAR-dependent increase of phagocytosis was not associated with changes in gene expression of receptors FcγR1, FcγR2b, FcγR3, TREM2, DAP12, CR3, or MerTK. The combination of RA and myelin exposure significantly reduced the expression of M1 marker genes inducible nitric oxide synthase and interleukin-1β and increased expression of transmembrane proteins CD36 and ABC-A1, which are involved in lipid transport and metabolism. The present results suggest an additional mechanism for therapeutic applications of RA after CNS trauma. It remains to be studied whether endogenous RA-signaling regulates phagocytosis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Wu
- Laboratorio Regeneración Neuronal e Inmunidad Innata, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Toledo, Spain.,School of Mental Health and Neuroscience and EURON Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lorenzo Romero-Ramírez
- Laboratorio Regeneración Neuronal e Inmunidad Innata, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Toledo, Spain
| | - Jörg Mey
- Laboratorio Regeneración Neuronal e Inmunidad Innata, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Toledo, Spain.,School of Mental Health and Neuroscience and EURON Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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26
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Hirata SI, Sawane K, Adachi J, Isoyama J, Sugiura Y, Matsunaga A, Hosomi K, Tomonaga T, Suematsu M, Nagatake T, Kunisawa J. Vitamin B1 Supports the Differentiation of T Cells through TGF-β Superfamily Production in Thymic Stromal Cells. iScience 2020; 23:101426. [PMID: 32818907 PMCID: PMC7452312 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Homeostatic generation of T cells, which occurs in the thymus, is controlled at least in part by endogenous cytokines and ligands. In addition, nutritional factors are other key regulators for the homeostasis of host immunity, but whether and how nutrition affects the homeostatic generation of thymocytes remains to be established. Here, we showed that vitamin B1 deficiency resulted in a bias toward the maturation of γδ thymocytes accompanied by decreased differentiation into double-positive thymocytes during thymic involution. These events were mediated through the increased production of TGF-β superfamily members due to the accumulation of branched-chain α-keto acids in thymic stromal cells. These findings revealed essential roles of vitamin B1 in the appropriate differentiation of T cells through the metabolism of thymic stromal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-ichiro Hirata
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Asagi Saito, Ibaraki-city, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe-city, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
| | - Kento Sawane
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Asagi Saito, Ibaraki-city, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
- Nippon Flour Mills Co., Ltd., Innovation Center, Midorigaoka, Atsugi-city, Kanagawa 243-0041, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita-city, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jun Adachi
- Laboratory of Proteome Research, NIBIOHN, Asagi Saito, Ibaraki-city, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Junko Isoyama
- Laboratory of Proteome Research, NIBIOHN, Asagi Saito, Ibaraki-city, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Yuki Sugiura
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Honcho, Kawaguchi-city, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Ayu Matsunaga
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Asagi Saito, Ibaraki-city, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Koji Hosomi
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Asagi Saito, Ibaraki-city, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tomonaga
- Laboratory of Proteome Research, NIBIOHN, Asagi Saito, Ibaraki-city, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Makoto Suematsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nagatake
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Asagi Saito, Ibaraki-city, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Jun Kunisawa
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Asagi Saito, Ibaraki-city, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe-city, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita-city, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine and Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita-city, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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27
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Lénárt K, Pap A, Pórszász R, V. Oláh A, Fésüs L, Mádi A. Transglutaminase 2 Has Metabolic and Vascular Regulatory Functions Revealed by In Vivo Activation of Alpha1-Adrenergic Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3865. [PMID: 32485850 PMCID: PMC7312910 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The multifunctional tissue transglutaminase has been demonstrated to act as α1-adrenergic receptor-coupled G protein with GTPase activity in several cell types. To explore further the pathophysiological significance of this function we investigated the in vivo effects of the α1-adrenergic receptor agonist phenylephrine comparing responses in wild type and TG2-/- mice. Injection of phenylephrine, but not a beta3-adrenergic agonist (CL-316,243), resulted in the long-term decline of the respiratory exchange ratio and lower lactate concentration in TG2-/- mice indicating they preferred to utilize fatty acids instead of glucose as fuels. Measurement of tail blood pressure revealed that the vasoconstrictive effect of phenylephrine was milder in TG2-/- mice leading to lower levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzymes in blood. LDH isoenzyme patterns indicated more damage in lung, liver, kidney, skeletal, and cardiac muscle of wild type mice; the latter was confirmed by a higher level of heart-specific CK-MB. Our data suggest that TG2 as an α1-adrenergic receptor-coupled G protein has important regulatory functions in alpha1-adrenergic receptor-mediated metabolic processes and vascular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Lénárt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (K.L.); (A.P.); (L.F.)
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Pap
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (K.L.); (A.P.); (L.F.)
| | - Róbert Pórszász
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Anna V. Oláh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - László Fésüs
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (K.L.); (A.P.); (L.F.)
| | - András Mádi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (K.L.); (A.P.); (L.F.)
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28
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Amplification of transglutaminase 2 enhances tumor-promoting inflammation in gastric cancers. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:854-864. [PMID: 32467608 PMCID: PMC7272405 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-0444-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-promoting inflammation is a hallmark of cancer and is highly associated with tumor progression, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are major drivers of tumor-promoting inflammation, but due to the complexity of the tumor microenvironment, the detailed regulatory mechanisms are still under investigation. Here, we investigated a novel role for transglutaminase 2 (TGM2) in the development of tumor-promoting inflammation and recruitment of TAMs to gastric cancer (GC) tissues. When estimated by array comparative genomic hybridization and droplet digital PCR, the copy numbers of the TGM2 gene were amplified in 13.6% (14/103) of GC patients and positively associated with TGM2 expression. Gene set enrichment analysis of expression microarray data for GC samples with high or low TGM2 expression showed that increased TGM2 expression was associated with tumor-promoting inflammation in GC. In addition, the expression of TGM2 was correlated with the expression of markers for macrophages, neutrophils, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels. Overexpression of TGM2 in GC cells augmented the IL-1β-induced secretion of macrophage-recruiting chemokines and NF-κB activation. TGM2 protein levels were associated with the expression levels of the macrophage marker CD163 in human GC tissue samples. Moreover, GC patients with high expression of TGM2 had a worse prognosis than those with low expression of TGM2. These results suggest TGM2 as a novel regulator of the tumor microenvironment of GC and provide a promising target for constraining tumor-promoting inflammation. An enzyme linked to harmful inflammation that promotes tumor growth could be a target for stomach cancer treatment. The expression of the enzyme transglutaminase 2 (TGM2) has been shown to increase in several types of cancer, but its precise role has been unclear. Sung-Yup Cho at Seoul National University College of Medicine, Korea and co-workers measured copy numbers and expression levels of TGM2 in gastric cancer cell lines and in tissue samples from patients undergoing gastrectomy. They found that higher levels of TGM2 were closely associated with increases in various genes that promote the recruitment and activity of tumor-associated macrophages, malfunctioning white blood cells that drive tumor-promoting inflammation. In addition, stomach cancer patients with higher expression of TGM2 had poorer prognoses, indicating the potential therapeutic value of targeting this enzyme.
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A Precision Strategy to Cure Renal Cell Carcinoma by Targeting Transglutaminase 2. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072493. [PMID: 32260198 PMCID: PMC7177245 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In a recent report, no significance of transglutaminase 2 (TGase 2) was noted in the analyses of expression differences between normal and clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), although we found that knock down of TGase 2 induced significant p53-mediated cell death in ccRCC. Generally, to find effective therapeutic targets, we need to identify targets that belong specifically to a cancer phenotype that can be differentiated from a normal phenotype. Here, we offer precise reasons why TGase 2 may be the first therapeutic target for ccRCC, according to several lines of evidence. TGase 2 is negatively regulated by von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein (pVHL) and positively regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α (HIF-1α) in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Therefore, most of ccRCC presents high level expression of TGase 2 because over 90% of ccRCC showed VHL inactivity through mutation and methylation. Cell death, angiogenesis and drug resistance were specifically regulated by TGase 2 through p53 depletion in ccRCC because over 90% of ccRCC express wild type p53, which is a cell death inducer as well as a HIF-1α suppressor. Although there have been no detailed studies of the physiological role of TGase 2 in multi-omics analyses of ccRCC, a life-long study of the physiological roles of TGase 2 led to the discovery of the first target as well as the first therapeutic treatment for ccRCC in the clinical field.
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Caio G, Ciccocioppo R, Zoli G, De Giorgio R, Volta U. Therapeutic options for coeliac disease: What else beyond gluten-free diet? Dig Liver Dis 2020; 52:130-137. [PMID: 31831308 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2019.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Coeliac disease is a chronic and systemic autoimmune condition triggered by gluten ingestion in genetically predisposed subjects. Currently, the only effective treatment available is a strict, lifelong gluten-free diet. However, patients perceive gluten withdrawal as an unsustainable burden in their life and some of them can exhibit persistent symptoms despite a strict diet. Thus, gluten-free diet represents a challenge, leading scientists to look for alternative or complementary treatments. This review will focus on non-dietary therapies for coeliac disease highlighting six therapeutic strategies: (1) decreasing gluten immunogenic content before it reaches the intestine; (2) sequestering gluten in the gut lumen before absorption; (3) blocking the passage of gluten through a leaky intestinal barrier; (4) preventing the enhancement of immune response against gliadin; (5) dampening the downstream immune activation; (6) inducing immune tolerance to gluten. Most developing therapies are only in the pre-clinical phase with only a few being tested in phase 2b or 3 trials. Although new approaches raise the hope for coeliacs giving them a chance to come back to gluten, for the time being a cautionary appraisal of new therapies suggests that they may have a complementary role to gluten withdrawal, mainly to prevent inadvertent gluten contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Caio
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Rachele Ciccocioppo
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, A.O.U.I. Policlinico G. B. Rossi and University of Verona, Italy
| | - Giorgio Zoli
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Umberto Volta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Scieces, University of Bologna, Italy
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Transglutaminases, neuronal cell death and neural repair: implications for traumatic brain injury and therapeutics. Curr Opin Neurol 2019; 32:796-801. [DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000000753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Retinol Saturase Knock-Out Mice are Characterized by Impaired Clearance of Apoptotic Cells and Develop Mild Autoimmunity. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9110737. [PMID: 31766264 PMCID: PMC6920856 DOI: 10.3390/biom9110737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis and the proper clearance of apoptotic cells play a central role in maintaining tissue homeostasis. Previous work in our laboratory has shown that when a high number of cells enters apoptosis in a tissue, the macrophages that engulf them produce retinoids to enhance their own phagocytic capacity by upregulating several phagocytic genes. Our data indicated that these retinoids might be dihydroretinoids, which are products of the retinol saturase (RetSat) pathway. In the present study, the efferocytosis of RetSat-null mice was investigated. We show that among the retinoid-sensitive phagocytic genes, only transglutaminase 2 responded in macrophages and in differentiating monocytes to dihydroretinol. Administration of dihydroretinol did not affect the expression of the tested genes differently between differentiating wild type and RetSat-null monocytes, despite the fact that the expression of RetSat was induced. However, in the absence of RetSat, the expression of numerous differentiation-related genes was altered. Among these, impaired production of MFG-E8, a protein that bridges apoptotic cells to the αvβ3/β5 integrin receptors of macrophages, resulted in impaired efferocytosis, very likely causing the development of mild autoimmunity in aged female mice. Our data indicate that RetSat affects monocyte/macrophage differentiation independently of its capability to produce dihydroretinol at this stage.
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Vaquero L, Bernardo D, León F, Rodríguez-Martín L, Alvarez-Cuenllas B, Vivas S. Challenges to drug discovery for celiac disease and approaches to overcome them. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 14:957-968. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1642321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Vaquero
- Gastroenterology Unit, University Hospital of León, León, Spain
| | - David Bernardo
- Mucosal Immunology lab, IBGM (University of Valladolid-CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
- Gut Immunology Research Lab, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP) & Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermdades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Laura Rodríguez-Martín
- Gastroenterology Unit, University Hospital of León, León, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicina (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
| | | | - Santiago Vivas
- Gastroenterology Unit, University Hospital of León, León, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicina (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
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Loss of transglutaminase 2 sensitizes for diet-induced obesity-related inflammation and insulin resistance due to enhanced macrophage c-Src signaling. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:439. [PMID: 31165747 PMCID: PMC6549190 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1677-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a multifunctional protein that promotes clearance of apoptotic cells (efferocytosis) acting as integrin β3 coreceptor. Accumulating evidence indicates that defective efferocytosis contributes to the development of chronic inflammatory diseases. Obesity is characterized by the accumulation of dead adipocytes and inflammatory macrophages in the adipose tissue leading to obesity-related metabolic syndrome. Here, we report that loss of TG2 from bone marrow-derived cells sensitizes for high fat diet (HFD)-induced pathologies. We find that metabolically activated TG2 null macrophages express more phospho-Src and integrin β3, unexpectedly clear dying adipocytes more efficiently via lysosomal exocytosis, but produce more pro-inflammatory cytokines than the wild type ones. Anti-inflammatory treatment with an LXR agonist reverts the HFD-induced phenotype in mice lacking TG2 in bone marrow-derived cells with less hepatic steatosis than in wild type mice proving enhanced lipid clearance. Thus it is interesting to speculate whether LXR agonist treatment together with enhancing lysosomal exocytosis could be a beneficial therapeutic strategy in obesity.
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Abstract
Gluten is known to be the main triggering factor for celiac disease (CeD), an immune-mediated disorder. CeD is therefore managed using a strict and lifelong gluten-free diet (GFD), the only effective treatment available currently. However, the GFD is restrictive. Hence, efforts are being made to explore alternative therapies. Based on their mechanisms of action on various molecular targets involved in the pathogenesis of CeD, these therapies may be classified into one of the following five broad approaches. The first approach focuses on decreasing the immunogenic content of gluten, using strategies like genetically modified wheat, intra-intestinal gluten digestion using glutenases, microwave thermal treatment of hydrated wheat kernels, and gluten pretreatment with either bacterial/ fungal derived endopeptidases or microbial transglutaminase. The second approach involves sequestering gluten in the gut lumen before it is digested into immunogenic peptides and absorbed, using binder drugs like polymer p(HEMA-co-SS), single chain fragment variable (scFv), and anti- gluten antibody AGY. The third approach aims to prevent uptake of digested gluten through intestinal epithelial tight junctions, using a zonulin antagonist. The fourth approach involves tissue transglutaminase (tTG) inhibitors to prevent the enhancement of immunogenicity of digested gluten by the intestinal tTG enzyme. The fifth approach seeks to prevent downstream immune activation after uptake of gluten immunogenic peptides through the intestinal mucosal epithelial layer. Examples include HLA-DQ2 blockers that prevent presentation of gluten derived- antigens by dendritic cells to T cells, immune- tolerizing therapies like the vaccine Nexvax2 and TIMP-Glia, cathepsin inhibitors, immunosuppressants like corticosteroids, azathioprine etc., and anti-cytokine agents targeting TNF-α and interleukin-15. Apart from these approaches, research is being done to evaluate the effectiveness of probiotics/prebiotics, helminth therapy using Necator americanus, low FODMAP diet, and pancreatic enzyme supplementation in CeD symptom control; however, the mechanisms by which they play a beneficial role in CeD are yet to be clearly established. Overall, although many therapies being explored are still in the pre-clinical phase, some like the zonulin antagonist, immune tolerizing therapies and glutenases have reached phase II/III clinical trials. While these potential options appear exciting, currently they may at best be used to supplement rather than supplant the GFD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Govind K. Makharia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune enteropathy triggered by gluten. Gluten-free diets can be challenging because of their restrictive nature, inadvertent cross-contaminations, and the high cost of gluten-free food. Novel nondietary therapies are at the preclinical stage, clinical trial phase, or have already been developed for other indications and are now being applied to CD. These therapies include enzymatic gluten degradation, binding and sequestration of gluten, restoration of epithelial tight junction barrier function, inhibition of tissue transglutaminase-mediated potentiation of gliadin oligopeptide immunogenicity or of human leukocyte antigen-mediated gliadin presentation, induction of tolerance to gluten, and antiinflammatory interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Serena
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, 175 Cambridge Street, CPZS - 574, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Celiac Research Program, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ciaran P Kelly
- Celiac Research Program, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Alessio Fasano
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, 175 Cambridge Street, CPZS - 574, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Celiac Research Program, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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The Role of Tissue Transglutaminase in Cancer Cell Initiation, Survival and Progression. Med Sci (Basel) 2019; 7:medsci7020019. [PMID: 30691081 PMCID: PMC6409630 DOI: 10.3390/medsci7020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (transglutaminase type 2; TG2) is the most ubiquitously expressed member of the transglutaminase family (EC 2.3.2.13) that catalyzes specific post-translational modifications of proteins through a calcium-dependent acyl-transfer reaction (transamidation). In addition, this enzyme displays multiple additional enzymatic activities, such as guanine nucleotide binding and hydrolysis, protein kinase, disulfide isomerase activities, and is involved in cell adhesion. Transglutaminase 2 has been reported as one of key enzymes that is involved in all stages of carcinogenesis; the molecular mechanisms of action and physiopathological effects depend on its expression or activities, cellular localization, and specific cancer model. Since it has been reported as both a potential tumor suppressor and a tumor-promoting factor, the role of this enzyme in cancer is still controversial. Indeed, TG2 overexpression has been frequently associated with cancer stem cells’ survival, inflammation, metastatic spread, and drug resistance. On the other hand, the use of inducers of TG2 transamidating activity seems to inhibit tumor cell plasticity and invasion. This review covers the extensive and rapidly growing field of the role of TG2 in cancer stem cells survival and epithelial–mesenchymal transition, apoptosis and differentiation, and formation of aggressive metastatic phenotypes.
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Furini G, Verderio EAM. Spotlight on the Transglutaminase 2-Heparan Sulfate Interaction. Med Sci (Basel) 2019; 7:E5. [PMID: 30621228 PMCID: PMC6359630 DOI: 10.3390/medsci7010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), syndecan-4 (Sdc4) especially, have been suggested as potential partners of transglutaminase-2 (TG2) in kidney and cardiac fibrosis, metastatic cancer, neurodegeneration and coeliac disease. The proposed role for HSPGs in the trafficking of TG2 at the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix (ECM) has been linked to the fibrogenic action of TG2 in experimental models of kidney fibrosis. As the TG2-HSPG interaction is largely mediated by the heparan sulfate (HS) chains of proteoglycans, in the past few years a number of studies have investigated the affinity of TG2 for HS, and the TG2 heparin binding site has been mapped with alternative outlooks. In this review, we aim to provide a compendium of the main literature available on the interaction of TG2 with HS, with reference to the pathological processes in which extracellular TG2 plays a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Furini
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK.
| | - Elisabetta A M Verderio
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK.
- BiGeA, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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Sun H, Kaartinen MT. Transglutaminases in Monocytes and Macrophages. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 6:medsci6040115. [PMID: 30545030 PMCID: PMC6313455 DOI: 10.3390/medsci6040115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are key players in various inflammatory disorders and pathological conditions via phagocytosis and orchestrating immune responses. They are highly heterogeneous in terms of their phenotypes and functions by adaptation to different organs and tissue environments. Upon damage or infection, monocytes are rapidly recruited to tissues and differentiate into macrophages. Transglutaminases (TGs) are a family of structurally and functionally related enzymes with Ca2+-dependent transamidation and deamidation activity. Numerous studies have shown that TGs, particularly TG2 and Factor XIII-A, are extensively involved in monocyte- and macrophage-mediated physiological and pathological processes. In the present review, we outline the current knowledge of the role of TGs in the adhesion and extravasation of monocytes, the expression of TGs during macrophage differentiation, and the regulation of TG2 expression by various pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators in macrophages. Furthermore, we summarize the role of TGs in macrophage phagocytosis and the understanding of the mechanisms involved. Finally, we review the roles of TGs in tissue-specific macrophages, including monocytes/macrophages in vasculature, alveolar and interstitial macrophages in lung, microglia and infiltrated monocytes/macrophages in central nervous system, and osteoclasts in bone. Based on the studies in this review, we conclude that monocyte- and macrophage-derived TGs are involved in inflammatory processes in these organs. However, more in vivo studies and clinical studies during different stages of these processes are required to determine the accurate roles of TGs, their substrates, and the mechanisms-of-action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Sun
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0C7, Canada.
| | - Mari T Kaartinen
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0C7, Canada.
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0C7, Canada.
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Lee SH, Lee WK, Kim N, Kang JH, Kim KH, Kim SG, Lee JS, Lee S, Lee J, Joo J, Kwon WS, Rha SY, Kim SY. Renal Cell Carcinoma Is Abrogated by p53 Stabilization through Transglutaminase 2 Inhibition. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10110455. [PMID: 30463244 PMCID: PMC6267221 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10110455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In general, expression of transglutaminase 2 (TGase 2) is upregulated in renal cell carcinoma (RCC), resulting in p53 instability. Previous studies show that TGase 2 binds to p53 and transports it to the autophagosome. Knockdown or inhibition of TGase 2 in RCC induces p53-mediated apoptosis. Here, we screened a chemical library for TGase 2 inhibitors and identified streptonigrin as a potential therapeutic compound for RCC. Surface plasmon resonance and mass spectroscopy were used to measure streptonigrin binding to TGase 2. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that streptonigrin binds to the N-terminus of TGase 2 (amino acids 95–116), which is associated with inhibition of TGase 2 activity in vitro and with p53 stabilization in RCC. The anti-cancer effects of streptonigrin on RCC cell lines were demonstrated in cell proliferation and cell death assays. In addition, a single dose of streptonigrin (0.2 mg/kg) showed marked anti-tumor effects in a preclinical RCC model by stabilizing p53. Inhibition of TGase 2 using streptonigrin increased p53 stability, which resulted in p53-mediated apoptosis of RCC. Thus, targeting TGase 2 may be a new therapeutic approach to RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Hyeong Lee
- Tumor Microenvironment Research Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Korea.
| | - Won-Kyu Lee
- Tumor Microenvironment Research Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Korea.
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28160, Korea.
| | - Nayeon Kim
- Tumor Microenvironment Research Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Korea.
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 2-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Korea.
| | - Joon Hee Kang
- Tumor Microenvironment Research Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Korea.
| | - Kyung-Hee Kim
- Omics Core Lab, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Korea.
| | - Seul-Gi Kim
- Tumor Microenvironment Research Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Korea.
| | - Jae-Seon Lee
- Tumor Microenvironment Research Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Korea.
| | - Soohyun Lee
- Tumor Microenvironment Research Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Korea.
| | - Jongkook Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24341, Korea.
| | - Jungnam Joo
- Biometric Research Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Korea.
| | - Woo Sun Kwon
- Songdang Institute for Cancer Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Sun Young Rha
- Songdang Institute for Cancer Research, Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Soo-Youl Kim
- Tumor Microenvironment Research Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Korea.
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Kim SY. New Insights into Development of Transglutaminase 2 Inhibitors as Pharmaceutical Lead Compounds. Med Sci (Basel) 2018; 6:medsci6040087. [PMID: 30297644 PMCID: PMC6313797 DOI: 10.3390/medsci6040087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (EC 2.3.2.13; TG2 or TGase 2) plays important roles in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cancers, neurodegeneration, and inflammatory disorders. Under normal conditions, however, mice lacking TGase 2 exhibit no obvious abnormal phenotype. TGase 2 expression is induced by chemical, physical, and viral stresses through tissue-protective signaling pathways. After stress dissipates, expression is normalized by feedback mechanisms. Dysregulation of TGase 2 expression under pathologic conditions, however, can potentiate pathogenesis and aggravate disease severity. Consistent with this, TGase 2 knockout mice exhibit reversal of disease phenotypes in neurodegenerative and chronic inflammatory disease models. Accordingly, TGase 2 is considered to be a potential therapeutic target. Based on structure–activity relationship assays performed over the past few decades, TGase 2 inhibitors have been developed that target the enzyme’s active site, but clinically applicable inhibitors are not yet available. The recently described the small molecule GK921, which lacks a group that can react with the active site of TGase 2, and efficiently inhibits the enzyme’s activity. Mechanistic studies revealed that GK921 binds at an allosteric binding site in the N-terminus of TGase 2 (amino acids (a.a.) 81–116), triggering a conformational change that inactivates the enzyme. Because the binding site of GK921 overlaps with the p53-binding site of TGase 2, the drug induces apoptosis in renal cell carcinoma by stabilizing p53. In this review, we discuss the possibility of developing TGase 2 inhibitors that target the allosteric binding site of TGase 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Youl Kim
- Tumor Microenvironment Research Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea.
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Role of Transglutaminase 2 in Migration of Tumor Cells and How Mouse Models Fit. Med Sci (Basel) 2018; 6:medsci6030070. [PMID: 30200219 PMCID: PMC6164270 DOI: 10.3390/medsci6030070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A search for the "magic bullet", a molecule, the targeting abilities of which could stop the migration of tumor cells, is currently underway, but remains in the early stages. There are still many unknowns regarding the cell migration. The main approach is the employment of mouse models, that are sources of valuable information, but still cannot answer all of the questions. One of the molecules of interest is Transglutaminase 2 (TG2). It is a well-described molecule involved in numerous pathways and elevated in metastatic tumors. The question remains whether mice and humans can give the same answer considering TG2.
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Walentynowicz KA, Ochocka N, Pasierbinska M, Wojnicki K, Stepniak K, Mieczkowski J, Ciechomska IA, Kaminska B. In Search for Reliable Markers of Glioma-Induced Polarization of Microglia. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1329. [PMID: 29963047 PMCID: PMC6013650 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cells accumulating in the microenvironment of malignant tumors are tumor educated and contribute to its growth, progression, and evasion of antitumor immune responses. Glioblastoma (GBM), the common and most malignant primary brain tumor in adults, shows considerable accumulation of resident microglia and peripheral macrophages, and their polarization into tumor-supporting cells. There are controversies regarding a functional phenotype of glioma-associated microglia/macrophages (GAMs) due to a lack of consistent markers. Previous categorization of GAM polarization toward the M2 phenotype has been found inaccurate because of oversimplification of highly complex and heterogeneous responses. In this study, we characterized functional responses and gene expression in mouse and human microglial cultures exposed to fresh conditioned media [glioma-conditioned medium (GCM)] from human U87 and LN18 glioma cells. Functional analyses revealed mutual communication reflected by strong stimulation of glioma invasion by microglial cells and increased microglial phagocytosis after GCM treatment. To define transcriptomic markers of GCM-activated microglia, we performed selected and global gene expression analyses of stimulated microglial cells. We found activated pathways associated with immune evasion and TGF signaling. We performed computational comparison of the expression patterns of GAMs from human GBMs and rodent experimental gliomas to select genes consistently changed in different datasets. The analyses of marker genes in GAMs from different experimental models and clinical samples revealed only a small set of common genes, which reflects variegated responses in clinical and experimental settings. Tgm2 and Gpnmb were the only two genes common in the analyzed data sets. We discuss potential sources of the observed differences and stress a great need for definitive elucidation of a functional state of GAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacper A Walentynowicz
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Ochocka
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Pasierbinska
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Glia Sp. z o.o, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kamil Wojnicki
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Stepniak
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Mieczkowski
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona A Ciechomska
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bozena Kaminska
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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44
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Spotlight on the transglutaminase 2 gene: a focus on genomic and transcriptional aspects. Biochem J 2018; 475:1643-1667. [PMID: 29764956 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The type 2 isoenzyme is the most widely expressed transglutaminase in mammals displaying several intra- and extracellular activities depending on its location (protein modification, modulation of gene expression, membrane signalling and stabilization of cellular interactions with the extracellular matrix) in relation to cell death, survival and differentiation. In contrast with the appreciable knowledge about the regulation of the enzymatic activities, much less is known concerning its inducible expression, which is altered in inflammatory and neoplastic diseases. In this context, we first summarize the gene's basic features including single-nucleotide polymorphism characterization, epigenetic DNA methylation and identification of regulatory regions and of transcription factor-binding sites at the gene promoter, which could concur to direct gene expression. Further aspects related to alternative splicing events and to ncRNAs (microRNAs and lncRNAs) are involved in the modulation of its expression. Notably, this important gene displays transcriptional variants relevant for the protein's function with the occurrence of at least seven transcripts which support the synthesis of five isoforms with modified catalytic activities. The different expression of the TG2 (type 2 transglutaminase) variants might be useful for dictating the multiple biological features of the protein and their alterations in pathology, as well as from a therapeutic perspective.
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45
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Willis WL, Wang L, Wada TT, Gardner M, Abdouni O, Hampton J, Valiente G, Young N, Ardoin S, Agarwal S, Freitas MA, Wu LC, Jarjour WN. The proinflammatory protein HMGB1 is a substrate of transglutaminase-2 and forms high-molecular weight complexes with autoantigens. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:8394-8409. [PMID: 29618516 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a chromatin-associated protein that, in response to stress or injury, translocates from the nucleus to the extracellular milieu, where it functions as an alarmin. HMGB1's function is in part determined by the complexes (HMGB1c) it forms with other molecules. However, structural modifications in the HMGB1 polypeptide that may regulate HMGB1c formation have not been previously described. In this report, we observed high-molecular weight, denaturing-resistant HMGB1c in the plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of individuals with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and, to a much lesser extent, in healthy subjects. Differential HMGB1c levels were also detected in mouse tissues and cultured cells, in which these complexes were induced by endotoxin or the immunological adjuvant alum. Of note, we found that HMGB1c formation is catalyzed by the protein-cross-linking enzyme transglutaminase-2 (TG2). Cross-link site mapping and MS analysis revealed that HMGB1 can be cross-linked to TG2 as well as a number of additional proteins, including human autoantigens. These findings have significant functional implications for studies of cellular stress responses and innate immunity in SLE and other autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L Willis
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine, .,The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Linan Wang
- The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210.,Cancer Biology and Genetics, and
| | - Takuma Tsuzuki Wada
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine.,The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Mark Gardner
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine.,The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Omar Abdouni
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine.,The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Jeffrey Hampton
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine.,The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Giancarlo Valiente
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine.,The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Nicholas Young
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine.,The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Stacy Ardoin
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine.,The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Sudha Agarwal
- Division of Biosciences, The Ohio State University College of Dentistry, Columbus, Ohio 43210.,the Department of Orthopedics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210, and
| | - Michael A Freitas
- The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210.,Cancer Biology and Genetics, and
| | - Lai-Chu Wu
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine.,Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology and
| | - Wael N Jarjour
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine, .,The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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46
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Shinde AV, Su Y, Palanski BA, Fujikura K, Garcia MJ, Frangogiannis NG. Pharmacologic inhibition of the enzymatic effects of tissue transglutaminase reduces cardiac fibrosis and attenuates cardiomyocyte hypertrophy following pressure overload. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2018; 117:36-48. [PMID: 29481819 PMCID: PMC5892840 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (tTG) is a multifunctional protein with a wide range of enzymatic and non-enzymatic functions. We have recently demonstrated that tTG expression is upregulated in the pressure-overloaded myocardium and exerts fibrogenic actions promoting diastolic dysfunction, while preventing chamber dilation. Our current investigation dissects the in vivo and in vitro roles of the enzymatic effects of tTG on fibrotic remodeling in pressure-overloaded myocardium. Using a mouse model of transverse aortic constriction, we demonstrated perivascular and interstitial tTG activation in the remodeling pressure-overloaded heart. tTG inhibition through administration of the selective small molecule tTG inhibitor ERW1041E attenuated left ventricular diastolic dysfunction and reduced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and interstitial fibrosis in the pressure-overloaded heart, without affecting chamber dimensions and ejection fraction. In vivo, tTG inhibition markedly reduced myocardial collagen mRNA and protein levels and attenuated transcription of fibrosis-associated genes. In contrast, addition of exogenous recombinant tTG to fibroblast-populated collagen pads had no significant effects on collagen transcription, and instead increased synthesis of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)3 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)1 through transamidase-independent actions. However, enzymatic effects of matrix-bound tTG increased the thickness of pericellular collagen in fibroblast-populated pads. tTG exerts distinct enzymatic and non-enzymatic functions in the remodeling pressure-overloaded heart. The enzymatic effects of tTG are fibrogenic and promote diastolic dysfunction, but do not directly modulate the pro-fibrotic transcriptional program of fibroblasts. Targeting transamidase-dependent actions of tTG may be a promising therapeutic strategy in patients with heart failure and fibrosis-associated diastolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arti V Shinde
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Ya Su
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Brad A Palanski
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Kana Fujikura
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Mario J Garcia
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.
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47
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Kárpáti S, Sárdy M, Németh K, Mayer B, Smyth N, Paulsson M, Traupe H. Transglutaminases in autoimmune and inherited skin diseases: The phenomena of epitope spreading and functional compensation. Exp Dermatol 2018; 27:807-814. [PMID: 28940785 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminases (TGs) are structurally and functionally related enzymes that modify the post-translational structure and activity of proteins or peptides, and thus are able to turn on or switch off their function. Depending on location and activities, TGs are able to modify the signalling, the function and the fate of cells and extracellular connective tissues. Besides mouse models, human diseases enable us to appreciate the function of various TGs. In this study, skin diseases induced by genetic damages or autoimmune targeting of these enzymes will be discussed. TG1, TG3 and TG5 contribute to the cutaneous barrier and thus to the integrity and function of epidermis. TGM1 mutations related to autosomal recessive ichthyosis subtypes, TGM5 mutations to a mild epidermolysis bullosa phenotype and as novelty TGM3 mutation to uncombable hair syndrome will be discussed. Autoimmunity to TG2, TG3 and TG6 may develop in a few of those genetically determined individuals who lost tolerance to gluten, and manifest as coeliac disease, dermatitis herpetiformis or gluten-dependent neurological symptoms, respectively. These gluten responder diseases commonly occur in combination. In autoimmune diseases, the epitope spreading is remarkable, while in some inherited pathologies, a unique compensation of the lost enzyme function is noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarolta Kárpáti
- Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Sárdy
- Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Németh
- Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Mayer
- Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Neil Smyth
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Mats Paulsson
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Heiko Traupe
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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48
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Haridy J, Lewis D, Newnham ED. Investigational drug therapies for coeliac disease - where to from here? Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2018; 27:225-233. [PMID: 29411655 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2018.1438407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite decades of research and a detailed knowledge of the immunopathological basis of coeliac disease (CD), adherence to a lifelong gluten-free diet (GFD) remains the single proven and available treatment. The increasing prevalence of CD combined with variable adherence to the GFD in a significant proportion of patients demands new therapeutic strategies. AREAS COVERED Trial registries, clinicaltrials.gov, pharmaceutical company website searches as well as published data from PubMed and conference proceedings were used to extract the most recent outcomes for CD therapeutics. This article aims to review the available therapies from a pathophysiological approach, and propose future directions in this interesting yet largely unfulfilled area of research. EXPERT OPINION Increasingly, the GFD is being challenged by its availability, palatability, practicality and now even efficacy in some populations. Whilst the causative antigens have been well described, it is clear that treatment based on the removal of these immunostimulatory peptides from the diet is far more complex than early experience in CD treatment implied. Despite burgeoning interest and research in experimental therapies for CD over the past twenty years, the only therapy showing promise as a true alternative to a GFD is that of the induction of tolerance via a vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Haridy
- a Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Monash University, Eastern Health Clinical School , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Diana Lewis
- a Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Monash University, Eastern Health Clinical School , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Evan D Newnham
- a Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Monash University, Eastern Health Clinical School , Melbourne , Australia
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49
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Abstract
Adenosine is an ancient extracellular signaling molecule that regulates various biological functions via activating four G-protein-coupled receptors, A1, A2A, A2B, and A3 adenosine receptors. As such, several studies have highlighted a role for adenosine signaling in affecting the T cell development in the thymus. Recent studies indicate that adenosine is produced in the context of apoptotic thymocyte clearance. This review critically discusses the involvement of adenosine and its receptors in the complex interplay that exists between the developing thymocytes and the thymic macrophages which engulf the apoptotic cells. This crosstalk contributes to the effective and immunologically silent removal of apoptotic thymocytes, as well as affects the TCR-driven T-cell selection processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Köröskényi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences of Dental Faculty, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gergely Joós
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences of Dental Faculty, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa Szondy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences of Dental Faculty, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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50
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Sóñora C, Arbildi P, Miraballes-Martínez I, Hernández A. Development of novel fluorescent particles applicable for phagocytosis assays with human macrophages. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2018; 39:70-83. [DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2017.1397018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Sóñora
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Instituto de Química Biológica - Facultad de Ciencias y Departamento de Biociencias - Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Escuela Universitaria de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Paula Arbildi
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Instituto de Química Biológica - Facultad de Ciencias y Departamento de Biociencias - Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Iris Miraballes-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Instituto Polo Tecnológico de Pando, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ana Hernández
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Instituto de Química Biológica - Facultad de Ciencias y Departamento de Biociencias - Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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