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Chowdhury MRH, Ahmed F, Oladun C, Adelabu I, Abdurraheem A, Nantogma S, Birchall JR, Gafar TA, Chekmenev YA, Nikolaou P, Barlow MJ, Goodson BM, Shcherbakov A, Chekmenev EY. Low-Cost Purpose-Built Ultra-Low-Field NMR Spectrometer. Anal Chem 2024; 96:16724-16734. [PMID: 39378166 PMCID: PMC11506762 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c03149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2024]
Abstract
Low-field NMR has emerged as a new analytical technique for the investigation of molecular structure and dynamics. Here, we introduce a highly integrated ultralow-frequency NMR spectrometer designed for the purpose of ultralow-field NMR polarimetry of hyperpolarized contrast media. The device measures 10 cm × 10 cm × 2.0 cm and weighs only 370 g. The spectrometer's aluminum enclosure contains all components, including an RF amplifier. The device has four ports for connecting to a high-impedance RF transmit-receive coil, a trigger input, a USB port for connectivity to a PC computer, and an auxiliary RS-485/24VDC port for system integration with other devices. The NMR spectrometer is configured for a pulse-wait-acquire-recover pulse sequence, and key sequence parameters are readily controlled by a graphical user interface (GUI) of a Windows-based PC computer. The GUI also displays the time-domain and Fourier-transformed NMR signal and allows autosaving of NMR data as a CSV file. Alternatively, the RS485 communication line allows for operating the device with sequence parameter control and data processing directly on the spectrometer board in a fully automated and integrated manner. The NMR spectrometer, equipped with a 250 ksamples/s 17-bit analog-to-digital signal converter, can perform acquisition in the 1-125 kHz frequency range. The utility of the device is demonstrated for NMR polarimetry of hyperpolarized 129Xe gas and [1-13C]pyruvate contrast media (which was compared to the 13C polarimetry using a more established technology of benchtop 13C NMR spectroscopy, and yielded similar results), allowing reproducible quantification of polarization values and relaxation dynamics. The cost of the device components is only ∼$200, offering a low-cost integrated NMR spectrometer that can be deployed as a plug-and-play device for a wide range of applications in hyperpolarized contrast media production─and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Raduanul H. Chowdhury
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Wayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Firoz Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Wayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Clementinah Oladun
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Wayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Isaiah Adelabu
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Wayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Abubakar Abdurraheem
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Wayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Shiraz Nantogma
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Wayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Jonathan R. Birchall
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Wayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Tobi Abdulbasit Gafar
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Sciences and Materials Technology Center, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | | | | | - Michael J. Barlow
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Boyd M. Goodson
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Sciences and Materials Technology Center, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Anton Shcherbakov
- XeUS Technologies LTD, Nicosia 2312, Cyprus
- Custom Medical Systems (CMS) LTD, Nicosia 2312, Cyprus
| | - Eduard Y. Chekmenev
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Wayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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Zhou Q, Fan S, Lei KM, Ham D, Martins RP, Mak PI. Miniature Magnetic Resonance Imaging System for in situ Monitoring of Bacterial Growth and Biofilm Formation. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2024; 18:990-1000. [PMID: 38393852 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2024.3369389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
In situ monitoring of bacterial growth can greatly benefit human healthcare, biomedical research, and hygiene management. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers two key advantages in tracking bacterial growth: non-invasive monitoring through opaque sample containers and no need for sample pretreatment such as labeling. However, the large size and high cost of conventional MRI systems are the roadblocks for in situ monitoring. Here, we proposed a small, portable MRI system by combining a small permanent magnet and an integrated radio-frequency (RF) electronic chip that excites and reads out nuclear spin motions in a sample, and utilize this small MRI platform for in situ imaging of bacterial growth and biofilm formation. We demonstrate that MRI images taken by the miniature--and thus broadly deployable for in situ work--MRI system provide information on the spatial distribution of bacterial density, and a sequential set of MRI images taken at different times inform the temporal change of the spatial map of bacterial density, showing bacterial growth.
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3
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Azadmousavi T, Ghafar-Zadeh E. Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor-Based Magnetic and Optical Sensors for Life Science Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:6264. [PMID: 39409303 PMCID: PMC11478837 DOI: 10.3390/s24196264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2024] [Revised: 09/24/2024] [Accepted: 09/25/2024] [Indexed: 10/20/2024]
Abstract
Optical and magnetic sensing methods are integral to both research and clinical applications in biological laboratories. The ongoing miniaturization of these sensors has paved the way for the development of point-of-care (PoC) diagnostics and handheld sensing devices, which are crucial for timely and efficient healthcare delivery. Among the various competing sensing and circuit technologies, CMOS (complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor) stands out due to its distinct cost-effectiveness, scalability, and high precision. By leveraging the inherent advantages of CMOS technology, recent developments in optical and magnetic biosensors have significantly advanced their application in life sciences, offering improved sensitivity, integration capabilities, and reduced power consumption. This paper provides a comprehensive review of recent advancements, focusing on innovations in CMOS-based optical and magnetic sensors and their transformative impact on biomedical research and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayebeh Azadmousavi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bonab, Bonab 5551395133, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Ghafar-Zadeh
- Biologically Inspired Sensors and Actuators, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
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4
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Sahin Solmaz N, Farsi R, Boero G. 200 GHz single chip microsystems for dynamic nuclear polarization enhanced NMR spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5485. [PMID: 38942752 PMCID: PMC11213862 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49767-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) is one of the most powerful and versatile hyperpolarization methods to enhance nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signals. A major drawback of DNP is the cost and complexity of the required microwave hardware, especially at high magnetic fields and low temperatures. To overcome this drawback and with the focus on the study of nanoliter and subnanoliter samples, this work demonstrates 200 GHz single chip DNP microsystems where the microwave excitation/detection are performed locally on chip without the need of external microwave generators and transmission lines. The single chip integrated microsystems consist of a single or an array of microwave oscillators operating at about 200 GHz for ESR excitation/detection and an RF receiver operating at about 300 MHz for NMR detection. This work demonstrates the possibility of using the single chip approach for the realization of probes for DNP studies at high frequency, high field, and low temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nergiz Sahin Solmaz
- Institute of Electrical and Micro Engineering (IEM) and Center for Quantum Science and Engineering (QSE) École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Reza Farsi
- Institute of Electrical and Micro Engineering (IEM) and Center for Quantum Science and Engineering (QSE) École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Boero
- Institute of Electrical and Micro Engineering (IEM) and Center for Quantum Science and Engineering (QSE) École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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5
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Yang Q, Zhao J, Dreyer F, Krüger D, Chu A, Kern M, Blümich B, Anders J. A chip-based C-band ODNP platform. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2024; 358:107603. [PMID: 38142565 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2023.107603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a chip-based C-band ODNP platform centered around an NMR-on-a-chip transceiver and a printed microwave (MW) Alderman-Grant (AG) coil with a broadband tunable frequency range of 528MHz. The printable ODNP probe is optimized for a high input-power-to-magnetic-field conversion-efficiency, achieving a measured ODNP enhancement factor of -151 at microwave power levels of 33.3dBm corresponding to 2.1W. NMR measurements with and without microwave irradiation verify the functionality and the state-of-the-art performance of the proposed ODNP platform. The wide tuning range of the system allows for indirect measurements of the EPR signal of the DNP agent by sweeping the microwave excitation frequency and recording the resulting NMR signal. This feature can, e.g., be used to detect line broadening of the DNP agent. Moreover, we demonstrate experimentally that the wide tuning range of the new ODNP platform can be used to perform multi-tone microwave excitation for further signal enhancement: Using a 10mM TEMPOL solution, we improved the enhancement by a factor of two.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yang
- Institute of Smart Sensors, University of Stuttgart, Pfafenwaldring 47, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany
| | - Jianyu Zhao
- Institute of Smart Sensors, University of Stuttgart, Pfafenwaldring 47, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany
| | - Frederik Dreyer
- Institute of Smart Sensors, University of Stuttgart, Pfafenwaldring 47, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany
| | - Daniel Krüger
- Institute of Smart Sensors, University of Stuttgart, Pfafenwaldring 47, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany; John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, 02138, United States
| | - Anh Chu
- Institute of Smart Sensors, University of Stuttgart, Pfafenwaldring 47, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany
| | - Michal Kern
- Institute of Smart Sensors, University of Stuttgart, Pfafenwaldring 47, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany
| | - Bernhard Blümich
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | - Jens Anders
- Institute of Smart Sensors, University of Stuttgart, Pfafenwaldring 47, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany; Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQ(ST)), Stuttgart, Germany; Institute for Microelectronics Stuttgart (IMS CHIPS), Stuttgart, Germany.
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6
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Polishchuk D, Gardeniers H. A compact permanent magnet for microflow NMR relaxometry. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2023; 347:107364. [PMID: 36599254 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2022.107364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We design and demonstrate a compact, robust, and simple to assemble and tune permanent magnet suitable for NMR relaxometry measurements of microfluidic flows. Soft-magnetic stainless-steel plates, incorporated inside the magnet airgap, are key for obtaining substantially improved and tunable field homogeneity. The design is scalable for different NMR probe sizes with the region of suitable field homogeneity, less than 200 ppm, achievable in a capillary length of about 50 % of the total magnet length. The built physical prototype, having 3.5x3.5x8.0 cm3 in size and 5 mm high airgap, provides a field strength of 0.5 T and sufficient field homogeneity for NMR relaxometry measurements in capillaries up to 1.6 mm i.d. and 20 mm long. The magnet was used for test flow rate measurements in a wide range, from 0.001 ml/min to 20 ml/min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmytro Polishchuk
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems Group, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Han Gardeniers
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems Group, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, the Netherlands.
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7
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Molecular magneto-ionic proton sensor in solid-state proton battery. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7056. [PMID: 36396649 PMCID: PMC9672057 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34874-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
High proton conductivity originated from its small size and the diffusion-free Grotthuss mechanism offers immense promise for proton-based magneto-ionic control of magnetic materials. Despite such promise, the realization of proton magneto-ionics is hampered by the lack of proton-responsive magnets as well as the solid-state sensing method. Here, we report the proton-based magneto-ionics in molecule-based magnet which serves as both solid-state proton battery electrode and radiofrequency sensing medium. The three-dimensional hydrogen-bonding network in such a molecule-based magnet yields a high proton conductivity of 1.6 × 10-3 S cm-1. The three-dimensional printed vascular hydrogel provides the on-demand proton stimulus to enable magneto-ionics, where the Raman spectroscopy shows the redox behavior responsible for the magnetism control. The radiofrequency proton sensor shows high sensitivity in a wide proton concentration range from 10-6 to 1 molar under a low working radiofrequency and magnetic field of 1 GHz and 405 Oe, respectively. The findings shown here demonstrate the promising sensing application of proton-based magneto-ionics.
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8
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DeVience SJ, Rosen MS. Homonuclear J-coupling spectroscopy using J-synchronized echo detection. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2022; 341:107244. [PMID: 35667308 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2022.107244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the strong coupling regime with J-coupling much larger than chemical shift differences, J-coupling spectroscopy enables spectral identification of molecules even when conventional NMR fails. While this classically required the presence of a heteronucleus, we recently showed that J-coupling spectra can be acquired in many homonuclear systems using spin-lock induced crossing (SLIC). Here, we present an alternative method using a spin echo train in lieu of a spin-locking SLIC pulse, which has a number of advantages. In particular, spin echo acquisition within the pulse train enables simultaneous collection of time and frequency data. The resulting 2D spectrum can be used to study dynamic spin evolution, and the time domain data can be averaged to create a 1D J-coupling spectrum with increased signal-to-noise ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J DeVience
- Scalar Magnetics, LLC, 3 Harolwood Ct., Apt C, Windsor Mill, MD 21244, USA.
| | - Matthew S Rosen
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Engineering, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149(th) Thirteenth St., Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Physics, Harvard University, 17 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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9
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Yang Q, Zhao J, Dreyer F, Krüger D, Anders J. A portable NMR platform with arbitrary phase control and temperature compensation. MAGNETIC RESONANCE (GOTTINGEN, GERMANY) 2022; 3:77-90. [PMID: 37905179 PMCID: PMC10539832 DOI: 10.5194/mr-3-77-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a custom-designed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) platform based on a broadband complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) NMR-on-a-chip transceiver and a synchronous reference signal generator, which features arbitrary phase control of the excitation pulse in combination with phase-coherent detection at a non-zero intermediate frequency (IF). Moreover, the presented direct digital synthesis (DDS)-based frequency generator enables a digital temperature compensation scheme similar to classical field locking without the need for additional hardware. NMR spectroscopy and relaxometry measurements verify the functionality of the proposed frequency reference and temperature compensation scheme as well as the overall state-of-the-art performance of the presented system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yang
- Institute of Smart Sensors, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 47, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jianyu Zhao
- Institute of Smart Sensors, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 47, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Frederik Dreyer
- Institute of Smart Sensors, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 47, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Daniel Krüger
- Institute of Smart Sensors, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 47, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard
University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States
| | - Jens Anders
- Institute of Smart Sensors, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 47, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQ), Stuttgart, Germany
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10
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Gao Y, Hou L, Gao J, Li D, Tian Z, Fan B, Wang F, Li S. Metabolomics Approaches for the Comprehensive Evaluation of Fermented Foods: A Review. Foods 2021; 10:2294. [PMID: 34681343 PMCID: PMC8534989 DOI: 10.3390/foods10102294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fermentation is an important process that can provide new flavors and nutritional and functional foods, to deal with changing consumer preferences. Fermented foods have complex chemical components that can modulate unique qualitative properties. Consequently, monitoring the small molecular metabolites in fermented food is critical to clarify its qualitative properties and help deliver personalized nutrition. In recent years, the application of metabolomics to nutrition research of fermented foods has expanded. In this review, we examine the application of metabolomics technologies in food, with a primary focus on the different analytical approaches suitable for food metabolomics and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these approaches. In addition, we summarize emerging studies applying metabolomics in the comprehensive analysis of the flavor, nutrition, function, and safety of fermented foods, as well as emphasize the applicability of metabolomics in characterizing the qualitative properties of fermented foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Gao
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.G.); (L.H.); (J.G.); (D.L.); (Z.T.); (B.F.)
| | - Lizhen Hou
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.G.); (L.H.); (J.G.); (D.L.); (Z.T.); (B.F.)
| | - Jie Gao
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.G.); (L.H.); (J.G.); (D.L.); (Z.T.); (B.F.)
| | - Danfeng Li
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.G.); (L.H.); (J.G.); (D.L.); (Z.T.); (B.F.)
| | - Zhiliang Tian
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.G.); (L.H.); (J.G.); (D.L.); (Z.T.); (B.F.)
| | - Bei Fan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.G.); (L.H.); (J.G.); (D.L.); (Z.T.); (B.F.)
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fengzhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuying Li
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.G.); (L.H.); (J.G.); (D.L.); (Z.T.); (B.F.)
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11
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DeVience SJ, Greer M, Mandal S, Rosen MS. Homonuclear J-Coupling Spectroscopy at Low Magnetic Fields using Spin-Lock Induced Crossing*. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:2128-2137. [PMID: 34324780 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy usually requires high magnetic fields to create spectral resolution among different proton species. Although proton signals can also be detected at low fields the spectrum exhibits a single line if J-coupling is stronger than chemical shift dispersion. In this work, we demonstrate that the spectra can nevertheless be acquired in this strong-coupling regime using a novel pulse sequence called spin-lock induced crossing (SLIC). This techniques probes energy level crossings induced by a weak spin-locking pulse and produces a unique J-coupling spectrum for most organic molecules. Unlike other forms of low-field J-coupling spectroscopy, our technique does not require the presence of heteronuclei and can be used for most compounds in their native state. We performed SLIC spectroscopy on a number of small molecules at 276 kHz and 20.8 MHZ and show that the simulated SLIC spectra agree well with measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mason Greer
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Systems Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Soumyajit Mandal
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Matthew S Rosen
- Athinoula A Martinos Center for Biomedical Engineering, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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12
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Kelz JI, Uribe JL, Martin RW. Reimagining magnetic resonance instrumentation using open maker tools and hardware as protocol. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE OPEN 2021; 6-7:100011. [PMID: 34085051 PMCID: PMC8171197 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmro.2021.100011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Over the course of its history, the field of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been characterized by alternating periods of intensive instrumentation development and rapid expansion into new chemical application areas. NMR is now both a mainstay of routine analysis for laboratories at all levels of education and research. On the other hand, new instrumentation and methodological advances promise expanded functionality in the future. At the core of this success is a community fundamentally dedicated to sharing ideas and collaborative advancements, as exemplified by the extensive remixing and repurposing of pulse sequences. Recent progress in modularity, automation, and 3D printing have reignited the tinkering spirit and demonstrate great promise to mature into a maker space that will enable similarly facile sharing of new applications and broader access to magnetic resonance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica I. Kelz
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine 92697-2025
| | - Jose L. Uribe
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine 92697-2025
| | - Rachel W. Martin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine 92697-2025
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine 92697-3900
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13
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Blümich B, Anders J. When the MOUSE leaves the house. MAGNETIC RESONANCE (GOTTINGEN, GERMANY) 2021; 2:149-160. [PMID: 37904756 PMCID: PMC10539780 DOI: 10.5194/mr-2-149-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Change is inherent to time being transient. With the NMR-MOUSE (MObile Universal Surface Explorer) having matured into an established NMR tool for nondestructive testing of materials, this forward-looking retrospective assesses the challenges the NMR-MOUSE faced when deployed outside a protected laboratory and how its performance quality can be maintained and improved when operated under adverse conditions in foreign environments. This work is dedicated to my dear colleague and friend Geoffrey Bodenhausen on the occasion of his crossing an honorable timeline in appreciation of his ever-continuing success of fueling the dynamics of magnetic resonance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Blümich
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen
University, 52159 Roetgen, Germany
| | - Jens Anders
- Institute of Smart Sensors, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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14
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Keller T, Maly T. Overhauser dynamic nuclear polarization (ODNP)-enhanced two-dimensional proton NMR spectroscopy at low magnetic fields. MAGNETIC RESONANCE (GOTTINGEN, GERMANY) 2021; 2:117-128. [PMID: 35465650 PMCID: PMC9030190 DOI: 10.5194/mr-2-117-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
The majority of low-field Overhauser dynamic nuclear polarization (ODNP) experiments reported so far have been 1D NMR experiments to study molecular dynamics and in particular hydration dynamics. In this work, we demonstrate the application of ODNP-enhanced 2D J-resolved (JRES) spectroscopy to improve spectral resolution beyond the limit imposed by the line broadening introduced by the paramagnetic polarizing agent. Using this approach, we are able to separate the overlapping multiplets of ethyl crotonate into a second dimension and clearly identify each chemical site individually. Crucial to these experiments is interleaved spectral referencing, a method introduced to compensate for temperature-induced field drifts over the course of the NMR acquisition. This method does not require additional hardware such as a field-frequency lock, which is especially challenging when designing compact systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Keller
- Bridge12 Technologies Inc., 37 Loring Drive, Framingham, MA 01702, USA
| | - Thorsten Maly
- Bridge12 Technologies Inc., 37 Loring Drive, Framingham, MA 01702, USA
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15
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Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance at low field strength is an insensitive spectroscopic technique, precluding portable applications with small sample volumes, such as needed for biomarker detection in body fluids. Here we report a compact double resonant chip stack system that implements in situ dynamic nuclear polarisation of a 130 nL sample volume, achieving signal enhancements of up to - 60 w.r.t. the thermal equilibrium level at a microwave power level of 0.5 W. This work overcomes instrumental barriers to the use of NMR detection for point-of-care applications.
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16
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FEAST of biosensors: Food, environmental and agricultural sensing technologies (FEAST) in North America. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 178:113011. [PMID: 33517232 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We review the challenges and opportunities for biosensor research in North America aimed to accelerate translational research. We call for platform approaches based on: i) tools that can support interoperability between food, environment and agriculture, ii) open-source tools for analytics, iii) algorithms used for data and information arbitrage, and iv) use-inspired sensor design. We summarize select mobile devices and phone-based biosensors that couple analytical systems with biosensors for improving decision support. Over 100 biosensors developed by labs in North America were analyzed, including lab-based and portable devices. The results of this literature review show that nearly one quarter of the manuscripts focused on fundamental platform development or material characterization. Among the biosensors analyzed for food (post-harvest) or environmental applications, most devices were based on optical transduction (whether a lab assay or portable device). Most biosensors for agricultural applications were based on electrochemical transduction and few utilized a mobile platform. Presently, the FEAST of biosensors has produced a wealth of opportunity but faces a famine of actionable information without a platform for analytics.
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17
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Keller TJ, Maly T. Overhauser dynamic nuclear polarization (ODNP)-enhanced two-dimensional proton NMR spectroscopy at low magnetic fields. MAGNETIC RESONANCE (GOTTINGEN, GERMANY) 2021. [PMID: 35465650 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4479048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
The majority of low-field Overhauser dynamic nuclear polarization (ODNP) experiments reported so far have been 1D NMR experiments to study molecular dynamics and in particular hydration dynamics. In this work, we demonstrate the application of ODNP-enhanced 2D J-resolved (JRES) spectroscopy to improve spectral resolution beyond the limit imposed by the line broadening introduced by the paramagnetic polarizing agent. Using this approach, we are able to separate the overlapping multiplets of ethyl crotonate into a second dimension and clearly identify each chemical site individually. Crucial to these experiments is interleaved spectral referencing, a method introduced to compensate for temperature-induced field drifts over the course of the NMR acquisition. This method does not require additional hardware such as a field-frequency lock, which is especially challenging when designing compact systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Keller
- Bridge12 Technologies Inc., 37 Loring Drive, Framingham, MA 01702, USA
| | - Thorsten Maly
- Bridge12 Technologies Inc., 37 Loring Drive, Framingham, MA 01702, USA
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18
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Anders J, Dreyer F, Krüger D, Schwartz I, Plenio MB, Jelezko F. Progress in miniaturization and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2021; 322:106860. [PMID: 33423757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2020.106860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we review the latest developments in miniaturization of NMR systems with an emphasis on low-field NMR. We briefly cover the topics of magnet and coil miniaturization, elaborating on the advantages and disadvantages of miniaturized coils for different applications. The main part of the article is dedicated to progress in NMR electronics. Here, we touch upon software-defined radios as an emerging gadget for NMR before we provide a detailed discussion of NMR-on-a-chip transceivers as the ultimate solution in terms of miniaturization of NMR electronics. In addition to discussing the miniaturization capabilities of the NMR-on-a-chip approach, we also investigate the potential use of NMR-on-a-chip devices for an improved NMR system performance. Here, we also discuss the possibility of combining the NMR-on-a-chip approach with EPR-on-a-chip spectrometers to form compact DNP-on-a-chip systems that can provide a significant sensitivity boost, especially for low-field NMR systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Anders
- Institute of Smart Sensors, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 47, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany; Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQ(ST)), Germany.
| | - Frederik Dreyer
- Institute of Smart Sensors, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 47, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Daniel Krüger
- Institute of Smart Sensors, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 47, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany; John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States
| | - Ilai Schwartz
- NVision Imaging Technologies GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin B Plenio
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany; Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQ(ST)), Germany
| | - Fedor Jelezko
- Institute for Quantum Optics, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 D-89081 Ulm, Germany; Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQ(ST)), Germany
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19
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Sahin Solmaz N, Grisi M, Matheoud AV, Gualco G, Boero G. Single-Chip Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Microsystem. Anal Chem 2020; 92:9782-9789. [PMID: 32530638 PMCID: PMC9559634 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Integration
of the sensitivity-relevant electronics of nuclear
magnetic resonance (NMR) and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometers
on a single chip is a promising approach to improve the limit of detection,
especially for samples in the nanoliter and subnanoliter range. Here,
we demonstrate the cointegration on a single silicon chip of the front-end
electronics of NMR and ESR detectors. The excitation/detection planar
spiral microcoils of the NMR and ESR detectors are concentric and
interrogate the same sample volume. This combination of sensors allows
one to perform dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) experiments using
a single-chip-integrated microsystem having an area of about 2 mm2. In particular, we report 1H DNP-enhanced NMR
experiments on liquid samples having a volume of about 1 nL performed
at 10.7 GHz(ESR)/16 MHz(NMR). NMR enhancements as large as 50 are
achieved on TEMPOL/H2O solutions at room temperature. The
use of state-of-the-art submicrometer integrated circuit technologies
should allow the future extension of the single-chip DNP microsystem
approach proposed here up the THz(ESR)/GHz(NMR) region, corresponding
to the strongest static magnetic fields currently available. Particularly
interesting is the possibility to create arrays of such sensors for
parallel DNP-enhanced NMR spectroscopy of nanoliter and subnanoliter
samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nergiz Sahin Solmaz
- School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marco Grisi
- School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro V. Matheoud
- School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gabriele Gualco
- School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Boero
- School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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20
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Keller TJ, Laut AJ, Sirigiri J, Maly T. High-resolution Overhauser dynamic nuclear polarization enhanced proton NMR spectroscopy at low magnetic fields. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2020; 313:106719. [PMID: 32217425 PMCID: PMC7172445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2020.106719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) has gained large interest due to its ability to increase signal intensities in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments by several orders of magnitude. Currently, DNP is typically used to enhance high-field, solid-state NMR experiments. However, the method is also capable of dramatically increasing the observed signal intensities in solution-state NMR spectroscopy. In this work, we demonstrate the application of Overhauser dynamic nuclear polarization (ODNP) spectroscopy at an NMR frequency of 14.5 MHz (0.35 T) to observe DNP-enhanced high-resolution NMR spectra of small molecules in solutions. Using a compact hybrid magnet with integrated shim coils to improve the magnetic field homogeneity we are able to routinely obtain proton linewidths of less than 4 Hz and enhancement factors >30. The excellent field resolution allows us to perform chemical-shift resolved ODNP experiments on ethyl crotonate to observe proton J-coupling. Furthermore, recording high-resolution ODNP-enhanced NMR spectra of ethylene glycol allows us to characterize the microwave induced sample heating in-situ, by measuring the separation of the OH and CH2 proton peaks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Thorsten Maly
- Bridge12 Technologies, 37 Loring Drive, Framingham, MA 01702, USA
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21
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Jin L, Li T, Wu B, Yang T, Zou D, Liang X, Hu L, Huang G, Zhang J. Rapid detection of Salmonella in milk by nuclear magnetic resonance based on membrane filtration superparamagnetic nanobiosensor. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.107011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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22
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Lei KM, Ha D, Song YQ, Westervelt RM, Martins R, Mak PI, Ham D. Portable NMR with Parallelism. Anal Chem 2020; 92:2112-2120. [PMID: 31894967 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Portable NMR combining a permanent magnet and a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) integrated circuit has recently emerged to offer the long desired online, on-demand, or in situ NMR analysis of small molecules for chemistry and biology. Here we take this cutting-edge technology to the next level by introducing parallelism to a state-of-the-art portable NMR platform to accelerate its experimental throughput, where NMR is notorious for inherently low throughput. With multiple (N) samples inside a single magnet, we perform simultaneous NMR analyses using a single silicon electronic chip, going beyond the traditional single-sample-per-magnet paradigm. We execute the parallel analyses via either time-interleaving or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In the time-interleaving method, the N samples occupy N separate NMR coils: we connect these N NMR coils to the single silicon chip one after another and repeat these sequential NMR scans. This time-interleaving is an effective parallelization, given a long recovery time of a single NMR scan. To demonstrate this time-interleaved parallelism, we use N = 2 for high-resolution multidimensional spectroscopy such as J-coupling resolved free induction decay spectroscopy and correlation spectroscopy (COSY) with the field homogeneity carefully optimized (<0.16 ppm) and N = 4 for multidimensional relaxometry such as diffusion-edited T2 mapping and T1-T2 correlation mapping, expediting the throughput by 2-4 times. In the MRI technique, the N samples (N = 18 in our demonstration) share 1 NMR coil connected to the single silicon chip and are imaged all at once multiple times, which reveals the relaxation time of all N samples simultaneously. This imaging-based approach accelerates the relaxation time measurement by 4.5 times, and it could be by 18 times if the signal-to-noise were not limited. Overall, this work demonstrates the first portable high-resolution multidimensional NMR with throughput-accelerating parallelism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Meng Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI , University of Macau , Macau , P. R. China.,John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - Dongwan Ha
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - Yi-Qiao Song
- Schlumberger-Doll Research Center , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Robert M Westervelt
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States.,Department of Physics , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - Rui Martins
- State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI , University of Macau , Macau , P. R. China.,Instituto Superior Técnico , Universidade de Lisboa , Lisbon 1049-001 , Portugal
| | - Pui-In Mak
- State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI , University of Macau , Macau , P. R. China
| | - Donhee Ham
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
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23
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Guo J, Jiang D, Feng S, Ren C, Guo J. µ‐NMR at the point of care testing. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:319-327. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiuchuan Guo
- School of Information and Communication EngineeringUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu P. R. China
| | - Di Jiang
- School of Information and Communication EngineeringUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu P. R. China
| | - Shilun Feng
- School of EEENanyang Technological University Singapore
| | - Chunhui Ren
- School of Information and Communication EngineeringUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu P. R. China
| | - Jinhong Guo
- School of Information and Communication EngineeringUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu P. R. China
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24
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Realtime optimization of multidimensional NMR spectroscopy on embedded sensing devices. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17486. [PMID: 31767936 PMCID: PMC6877539 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53929-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasingly ubiquitous use of embedded devices calls for autonomous optimizations of sensor performance with meager computing resources. Due to the heavy computing needs, such optimization is rarely performed, and almost never carried out on-the-fly, resulting in a vast underutilization of deployed assets. Aiming at improving the measurement efficiency, we show an OED (Optimal Experimental Design) routine where quantities of interest of probable samples are partitioned into distinctive classes, with the corresponding sensor signals learned by supervised learning models. The trained models, digesting the compressed live data, are subsequently executed at the constrained device for continuous classification and optimization of measurements. We demonstrate the closed-loop method with multidimensional NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) relaxometry, an analytical technique seeing a substantial growth of field applications in recent years, on a wide range of complex fluids. The realtime portion of the procedure demands minimal computing load, and is ideally suited for instruments that are widely used in remote sensing and IoT networks.
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25
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Handwerker J, Pérez-Rodas M, Beyerlein M, Vincent F, Beck A, Freytag N, Yu X, Pohmann R, Anders J, Scheffler K. A CMOS NMR needle for probing brain physiology with high spatial and temporal resolution. Nat Methods 2019; 17:64-67. [PMID: 31768059 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-019-0640-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy are versatile methods for probing brain physiology, but their intrinsically low sensitivity limits the achievable spatial and temporal resolution. Here, we introduce a monolithically integrated NMR-on-a-chip needle that combines an ultra-sensitive 300 µm NMR coil with a complete NMR transceiver, enabling in vivo measurements of blood oxygenation and flow in nanoliter volumes at a sampling rate of 200 Hz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Handwerker
- Institute of Smart Sensors, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany. .,Institute of Microelectronics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Marlon Pérez-Rodas
- Department for High-field Magnetic Resonance, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany.,Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, IMPRS for Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Beyerlein
- Department for Physiology of Cognitive Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Armin Beck
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Fällanden, Switzerland
| | | | - Xin Yu
- Department for High-field Magnetic Resonance, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rolf Pohmann
- Department for High-field Magnetic Resonance, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jens Anders
- Institute of Smart Sensors, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany. .,Institute of Microelectronics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany. .,Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Klaus Scheffler
- Department for High-field Magnetic Resonance, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany. .,Department for Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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26
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Blümich B. Low-field and benchtop NMR. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2019; 306:27-35. [PMID: 31311709 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2019.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
NMR started at low field. Important discoveries like the first observation of NMR in condensed matter, the spin echo, NMR for chemical analysis, Fourier NMR spectroscopy, 2D NMR spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging happened at field strengths considered low today. With time the footprint of the NMR instruments at these field strengths shrunk from the laboratory floor to the tabletop. The first commercial tabletop NMR instruments were compact relaxometers for food analysis followed by mobile relaxometers for materials testing and oil-well exploration culminating in tabletop spectrometers for chemical analysis, capable of performing nearly the whole methodical portfolio of today's high-field instruments. The increasing sensitivity afforded by the lower noise of modern electronics and the unfolding richness of hyperpolarization scenarios along with detection schemes alternative to nuclear induction enable NMR at ultra-low field strengths down to zero applied field, where spin-spin couplings in local fields dominate the residual Zeeman interaction. Miniaturization and cost-reduction of NMR instruments outline current development goals along with the development of smart-phone-like apps to conduct standard NMR analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Blümich
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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27
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Anders J, Lips K. MR to go. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2019; 306:118-123. [PMID: 31327536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we provide a review of the recent advances in miniaturizing nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrometers for portable magnetic resonance (MR) applications. We focus the discussion on the application of integrated circuit technology for the miniaturization of the NMR and EPR spectrometer hardware and/or the detector and we will briefly touch on magnet technology. Finally, we will summarize current challenges of chip-integrated spectrometers and give an outlook on future applications of mobile MR spectrometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Anders
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Smart Sensors and IQ(ST) (Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology), Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - K Lips
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Berlin Joint EPR Lab, Institute Nanospectroscopy, Berlin, Germany.
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28
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Song YQ, Utsuzawa S, Tang Y. Low fields but high impact: Ex-situ NMR and MRI. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2019; 306:109-111. [PMID: 31320229 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2019.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
"There's plenty of room at the bottom". This was the title of Richard Feynman's well-known lecture in 1959, often considered a seminal event in the history of nano-sciences and technologies. For magnetic resonance (MR), we borrow the statement to suggest a plethora of opportunities in low-field NMR/MRI with miniaturized apparatus, particularly the ex-situ type. We argue that a widespread use of MR technology is only possible at low fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Qiao Song
- Schlumberger-Doll Research, 1 Hampshire Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Shin Utsuzawa
- Schlumberger-Doll Research, 1 Hampshire Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yiqiao Tang
- Schlumberger-Doll Research, 1 Hampshire Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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29
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Tang Y, McCowan D, Song YQ. A miniaturized spectrometer for NMR relaxometry under extreme conditions. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11174. [PMID: 31371756 PMCID: PMC6673705 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47634-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advent of integrated electronics, microfabrication and novel chemistry, NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) methods, embodied in miniaturized spectrometers, have found profound uses in recent years that are beyond their conventional niche. In this work, we extend NMR relaxometry on a minute sample below 20 μL to challenging environment of 150 °C in temperature and 900 bar in pressure. Combined with a single-board NMR spectrometer, we further demonstrate multidimensional NMR relaxometries capable of resolving compositions of complex fluids. The confluence of HTHP (high-pressure high-temperature) capability, minimal sample volume, and reduced sensor envelop and power budget creates a new class of mobile NMR platforms, bringing the powerful analytical toolkit in a miniaturized footprint to extreme operating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqiao Tang
- Schlumberger-Doll Research, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - David McCowan
- Schlumberger-Doll Research, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Yi-Qiao Song
- Schlumberger-Doll Research, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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30
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Thamarath SS, Xiong A, Lin PH, Preiser PR, Han J. Enhancing the sensitivity of micro magnetic resonance relaxometry detection of low parasitemia Plasmodium falciparum in human blood. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2555. [PMID: 30796262 PMCID: PMC6385492 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38805-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon Plasmodium falciparum infection of the red blood cells (RBCs), the parasite replicates and consumes haemoglobin resulting in the release of free heme which is rapidly converted to hemozoin crystallites. The bulk magnetic susceptibility of infected RBCs (iRBCs) is changed due to ferric (Fe3+) paramagnetic state in hemozoin crystallites which induce a measurable change in spin-spin relaxation (transverse relaxation) rate in proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) of iRBCs. Earlier, our group reported that this transverse relaxation rate (R2) can be measured by an inexpensive, portable 0.5 Tesla bench top magnetic resonance relaxometry (MRR) system with minimum sample preparation and is able to detect very low levels of parasitemia in both blood cultures as well as animal models. However, it was challenging to diagnose malaria in human blood using MRR, mainly due to the inherent variation of R2 values of clinical blood samples, caused by many physiological and genotypic differences not related to the parasite infection. To resolve the problem of baseline R2 rates, we have developed an improved lysis protocol for removing confounding molecular and cellular background for MRR detection. With this new protocol and by processing larger volume of blood (>1 ml), we are able to reliably detect very low level of parasitemia (representing early stage of infection, ~0.0001%) with a stable baseline and improved sensitivity using the current MRR system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smitha Surendran Thamarath
- BioSystems & Micromechanics Interdisciplinary Research Group (IRG), Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aoli Xiong
- BioSystems & Micromechanics Interdisciplinary Research Group (IRG), Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Po-Han Lin
- BioSystems & Micromechanics Interdisciplinary Research Group (IRG), Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter Rainer Preiser
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jongyoon Han
- BioSystems & Micromechanics Interdisciplinary Research Group (IRG), Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
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31
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Huber S, Min C, Staat C, Oh J, Castro CM, Haase A, Weissleder R, Gleich B, Lee H. Multichannel digital heteronuclear magnetic resonance biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 126:240-248. [PMID: 30445298 PMCID: PMC6483068 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Low-field, mobile NMR systems are increasingly used across diverse fields, including medical diagnostics, food quality control, and forensics. The throughput and functionality of these systems, however, are limited due to their conventional single-channel detection: one NMR probe exclusively uses an NMR console at any given time. Under this design, multi-channel detection could only be accomplished by either serially accessing individual probes or stacking up multiple copies of NMR electronics; this approach still retains limitations such as long assay times and increased system complexity. Here we present a new scalable architecture, HERMES (hetero-nuclear resonance multichannel electronic system), for versatile, high-throughput NMR analyses. HERMES exploits the concept of software-defined radio by virtualizing NMR electronics in the digital domain. This strategy i) creates multiple NMR consoles without adding extra hardware; ii) acquires signals from multiple NMR channels in parallel; and iii) operates in wide frequency ranges. All of these functions could be realized on-demand in a single compact device. We interfaced HERMES with an array of NMR probes; the combined system simultaneously measured NMR relaxation from multiple samples and resolved spectra of hetero-nuclear spins (1H, 19F, 13C). For potential diagnostic uses, we applied the system to detect dengue fever and molecularly profile cancer cells through multi-channel protein assays. HERMES holds promise as a powerful analytical tool that enables rapid, reconfigurable, and parallel detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Huber
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Munich School of BioEngineering (MSB), Technical University Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Changwook Min
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Christoph Staat
- Munich School of BioEngineering (MSB), Technical University Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Juhyun Oh
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Cesar M Castro
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Axel Haase
- Munich School of BioEngineering (MSB), Technical University Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Bernhard Gleich
- Munich School of BioEngineering (MSB), Technical University Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Hakho Lee
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Center for NanoMedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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32
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Ariando D, Chen C, Greer M, Mandal S. An autonomous, highly portable NMR spectrometer based on a low-cost System-on-Chip (SoC). JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2019; 299:74-92. [PMID: 30590351 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the development of a portable and self-optimizing NMR spectrometer based on a miniaturized custom analog front-end and a System-on-Chip (SoC)-based digital back-end. The SoC integrates a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) fabric with a hard processor running a Linux operating system, thus enabling fully-autonomous operation without the need for an external computer. In the proposed approach, data captured by the FPGA fabric during regular operation is transported to the hard processor using an integrated on-chip bus for further processing. The processed results are then used to automatically estimate parameter values that optimize a suitable cost function, such as signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) per unit time. Finally, the optimized values of both electrical and NMR-related tuning parameters (e.g., preamplifier gain and frequency response, pulse length and amplitude, operating frequency, etc.) are programmed back into the front-end and back-end hardware. Experimental NMR results from various samples in a ∼0.1 T permanent magnet are presented to verify the operation of the proposed spectrometer. These demonstrate on-board Laplace inversion and automated frequency tuning to compensate for temperature changes. Preliminary 14N NQR results are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ariando
- Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Cheng Chen
- Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Mason Greer
- Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Soumyajit Mandal
- Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Grisi M, Conley GM, Sommer P, Tinembart J, Boero G. A single-chip integrated transceiver for high field NMR magnetometry. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:015001. [PMID: 30709227 DOI: 10.1063/1.5066436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We present the design and performance of a broad-band single-chip integrated transceiver specifically conceived for nuclear magnetic resonance magnetometry. The single-chip transceiver is realized using a standard silicon complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor integrated circuit technology. A radio-frequency (RF) transmit amplifier, a transmit/receive switch, a low noise RF receive amplifier, a quadrature (IQ)-mixer, and two intermediate frequency amplifiers are integrated on a single silicon chip of 1.8 mm2. The advantages and problematic aspects with respect to conventional discrete electronic approaches are discussed. We show the results of magnetic field measurements performed at 1.4 and 7.05 T, using solid and liquid samples having volumes from 40 μl down to 100 pl. Particular attention is devoted to the comparison of the experimentally measured magnetic field standard deviation with respect to the Cramer-Rao lower bound value. With a sample of distilled water (T1 ≅ T2 ≅ 3 s, T2 *≅ 20 ms) having a volume of 40 μl, a standard deviation of 2.5 nT at 7.05 T (i.e., 0.5 ppb) in 1 s of averaging time is achieved, with a projected Cramer-Rao lower bond of 8 pT (i.e., 1.1 ppt).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Grisi
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Pascal Sommer
- Metrolab Technology SA, CH-1228 Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | | | - Giovanni Boero
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Kim K, Hall DA, Yao C, Lee JR, Ooi CC, Bechstein DJB, Guo Y, Wang SX. Magnetoresistive biosensors with on-chip pulsed excitation and magnetic correlated double sampling. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16493. [PMID: 30405155 PMCID: PMC6220270 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34720-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Giant magnetoresistive (GMR) sensors have been shown to be among the most sensitive biosensors reported. While high-density and scalable sensor arrays are desirable for achieving multiplex detection, scalability remains challenging because of long data acquisition time using conventional readout methods. In this paper, we present a scalable magnetoresistive biosensor array with an on-chip magnetic field generator and a high-speed data acquisition method. The on-chip field generators enable magnetic correlated double sampling (MCDS) and global chopper stabilization to suppress 1/f noise and offset. A measurement with the proposed system takes only 20 ms, approximately 50× faster than conventional frequency domain analysis. A corresponding time domain temperature correction technique is also presented and shown to be able to remove temperature dependence from the measured signal without extra measurements or reference sensors. Measurements demonstrate detection of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) at a signal level as low as 6.92 ppm. The small form factor enables the proposed platform to be portable as well as having high sensitivity and rapid readout, desirable features for next generation diagnostic systems, especially in point-of-care (POC) settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyunglok Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Drew A Hall
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Chengyang Yao
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Jung-Rok Lee
- Division of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chin C Ooi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Daniel J B Bechstein
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Yue Guo
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Shan X Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.
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35
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Hong L, Li H, Yang H, Sengupta K. Nano-plasmonics and electronics co-integration in CMOS enabling a pill-sized multiplexed fluorescence microarray system. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:5735-5758. [PMID: 30460159 PMCID: PMC6238921 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.005735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The ultra-miniaturization of massively multiplexed fluorescence-based bio-molecular sensing systems for proteins and nucleic acids into a chip-scale form, small enough to fit inside a pill (∼ 0.1cm3), can revolutionize sensing modalities in-vitro and in-vivo. Prior miniaturization techniques have been limited to focusing on traditional optical components (multiple filter sets, lenses, photo-detectors, etc.) arranged in new packaging systems. Here, we report a method that eliminates all external optics and miniaturizes an entire multiplexed fluorescence system into a 2 × 1 mm2 chip through co-integration for the first time of massively scalable nano-plasmonic multi-functional optical elements and electronic processing circuitry realized in an industry standard complementary-metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) foundry process with absolutely 'no change' in fabrication or processing. The implemented nano-waveguide based filters operating in the visible and near-IR realized with the embedded sub-wavelength multi-layer copper-based electronic interconnects inside the chip show for the first time a sub-wavelength surface plasmon polariton mode inside CMOS. This is the principle behind the angle-insensitive nature of the filtering that operates in the presence of uncollimated and scattering environments, enabling the first optics-free 96-sensor CMOS fluorescence sensing system. The chip demonstrates the surface sensitivity of zeptomoles of quantum dot-based labels, and volume sensitivities of ∼ 100 fM for nucleic acids and ∼ 5 pM for proteins that are comparable to, if not better, than commercial fluorescence readers. The ability to integrate multi-functional nano-optical structures in a commercial CMOS process, along with all the complex electronics, can have a transformative impact and enable a new class of miniaturized and scalable chip-sized optical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Hong
- Department of Electrical Engineering. Princeton University, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Haw Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Kaushik Sengupta
- Department of Electrical Engineering. Princeton University, NJ 08544, USA
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Yu P, Xu Y, Wu Z, Chang Y, Chen Q, Yang X. A low-cost home-built NMR using Halbach magnet. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2018; 294:162-168. [PMID: 30055440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this work is to develop a low-cost compact desktop NMR system based on Halbach magnets with the advantages of small size and ability to generate relatively high field strength. Considering the cost of manufacturing and assembling the magnetic blocks, the system utilized a 3-layer Halbach magnet and a wedge-shaped mechanical structure, which was designed for magnet rapid assembling. The comparison between simulation and calculation results of the initial magnetic field strength distribution showed that design theory and practice were in accordance. The initial homogeneity was 576 ppm in a square with a length of 5 mm. After passive shimming with two magnetic blocks and steel pieces, the uniformity reached 120 ppm in the same area. We developed and tested a compact single board spectrometer with digital modulation and demodulation in order to enhance the system mobility and improve the SNR. A self-made probe was used to carry out experiments with the spectrometer, and the spectral width at half-height reached 20 ppm in a cylinder with a diameter of 1.5 mm and a length of 1 mm. Compact structure and low cost of the system will facilitate and extend the application of desktop NMR system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yu
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yajie Xu
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhongyi Wu
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Chang
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiaoyan Chen
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, Jiangsu, China.
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37
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Blümich B, Rehorn C, Zia W. Magnets for Small-Scale and Portable NMR. MICRO AND NANO SCALE NMR 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527697281.ch1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Blümich
- RWTH Aachen University, Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie; Worringerweg 2 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Christian Rehorn
- RWTH Aachen University, Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie; Worringerweg 2 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Wasif Zia
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Center, University of Nottingham; United Kingdom
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Kock FV, Machado MP, Athayde GP, Colnago LA, Barbosa LL. Quantification of paramagnetic ions in solution using time domain NMR. PROS and CONS to optical emission spectrometry method. Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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39
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Gomez MV, Juan A, Jiménez-Márquez F, de la Hoz A, Velders AH. Illumination of Nanoliter-NMR Spectroscopy Chips for Real-Time Photochemical Reaction Monitoring. Anal Chem 2018; 90:1542-1546. [PMID: 29280614 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We report the use of a small-volume nuclear-magnetic-resonance (NMR)-spectroscopy device with integrated fiber-optics for the real-time detection of UV-vis-light-assisted chemical reactions. An optical fiber is used to guide the light from LEDs or a laser diode positioned safely outside the magnet toward the 25 nL detection volume and placed right above the microfluidic channel, irradiating the transparent back of the NMR chip. The setup presented here overcomes the limitations of conventional NMR systems for in situ UV-vis illumination, with the microchannel permitting efficient light penetration even in highly concentrated solutions, requiring lower-power light intensities, and enabling high photon flux. The efficacy of the setup is illustrated with two model reactions activated at different wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Victoria Gomez
- Instituto Regional de Investigación Científica Aplicada, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM) , Avenida Camilo Jose Cela s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Alberto Juan
- Instituto Regional de Investigación Científica Aplicada, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM) , Avenida Camilo Jose Cela s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Francisco Jiménez-Márquez
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros (ETSI) Industriales, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM) , Avenida Camilo Jose Cela s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Antonio de la Hoz
- Instituto Regional de Investigación Científica Aplicada, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM) , Avenida Camilo Jose Cela s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Aldrik H Velders
- Instituto Regional de Investigación Científica Aplicada, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM) , Avenida Camilo Jose Cela s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.,Laboratory of BioNanoTechnology, Wageningen University , P.O. Box 8038, 6700 EK Wageningen, The Netherlands
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40
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Introduction. HANDHELD TOTAL CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS SYSTEMS 2018. [PMCID: PMC7120909 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-67825-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An essential part to evaluate the success of global health is the access to appropriate diagnostic tools [1]. A commendable diagnostic tool should be able to identify the disease occurred from the individuals rapidly. Especially for the infectious diseases, the turnaround time (TAT) for the diagnosis strongly affects their exacerbation level to the community. In vitro diagnostic (IVD) tool is aimed to offer a comfortable diagnosis for the patients, by taking only small specimens from the human body, e.g., blood, urine, or sputum, for analysis. Consequently, technologies enabling effective in vitro diagnosis become highly attractive for both developed and developing countries [2]. Tremendous efforts have been geared toward developing clinical-level IVD tools. Despite achieving high accuracy, the resulting TAT can be too long for diagnoses of contagious diseases like Ebola and SARS in the rural area, and the requisite of skillful operators and sophisticated equipment to perform the assays can dramatically raise the cost of the assay.
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41
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Blümich B, Singh K. Desktop NMR and Its Applications From Materials Science To Organic Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 57:6996-7010. [PMID: 29230908 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201707084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
NMR spectroscopy is an indispensable method of analysis in chemistry, which until recently suffered from high demands for space, high costs for acquisition and maintenance, and operational complexity. This has changed with the introduction of compact NMR spectrometers suitable for small-molecule analysis on the chemical workbench. These spectrometers contain permanent magnets giving rise to proton NMR frequencies between 40 and 80 MHz. The enabling technology is to make small permanent magnets with homogeneous fields. Tabletop instruments with inhomogeneous fields have been in use for over 40 years for characterizing food and hydrogen-containing materials by relaxation and diffusion measurements. Related NMR instruments measure these parameters in the stray field outside the magnet. They are used to inspect the borehole walls of oil wells and to test objects nondestructively. The state-of-the-art of NMR spectroscopy, imaging and relaxometry with compact instruments is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Blümich
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kawarpal Singh
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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42
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Blümich B, Singh K. NMR mit Tischgeräten und deren Anwendungen von der Materialwissenschaft bis zur organischen Chemie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201707084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Blümich
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie; RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Deutschland
| | - Kawarpal Singh
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie; RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Deutschland
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43
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Kehayias P, Jarmola A, Mosavian N, Fescenko I, Benito FM, Laraoui A, Smits J, Bougas L, Budker D, Neumann A, Brueck SRJ, Acosta VM. Solution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy on a nanostructured diamond chip. Nat Commun 2017; 8:188. [PMID: 28775280 PMCID: PMC5543112 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00266-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensors using nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond are a promising tool for small-volume nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, but the limited sensitivity remains a challenge. Here we show nearly two orders of magnitude improvement in concentration sensitivity over previous nitrogen-vacancy and picoliter NMR studies. We demonstrate NMR spectroscopy of picoliter-volume solutions using a nanostructured diamond chip with dense, high-aspect-ratio nanogratings, enhancing the surface area by 15 times. The nanograting sidewalls are doped with nitrogen-vacancies located a few nanometers from the diamond surface to detect the NMR spectrum of roughly 1 pl of fluid lying within adjacent nanograting grooves. We perform 1H and 19F nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy at room temperature in magnetic fields below 50 mT. Using a solution of CsF in glycerol, we determine that 4 ± 2 × 1012 19F spins in a 1 pl volume can be detected with a signal-to-noise ratio of 3 in 1 s of integration. Nitrogen vacancy (NV) centres in diamond can be used for NMR spectroscopy, but increased sensitivity is needed to avoid long measurement times. Kehayias et al. present a nanostructured diamond grating with a high density of NV centres, enabling NMR spectroscopy of picoliter-volume solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kehayias
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, 02138, MA, USA.,Center for High Technology Materials, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 87106, NM, USA
| | - A Jarmola
- ODMR Technologies Inc., El Cerrito, 94530, CA, USA. .,Department of Physics, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, 94720, CA, USA.
| | - N Mosavian
- Center for High Technology Materials, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 87106, NM, USA
| | - I Fescenko
- Center for High Technology Materials, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 87106, NM, USA
| | - F M Benito
- Center for High Technology Materials, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 87106, NM, USA
| | - A Laraoui
- Center for High Technology Materials, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 87106, NM, USA
| | - J Smits
- Center for High Technology Materials, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 87106, NM, USA
| | - L Bougas
- Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - D Budker
- ODMR Technologies Inc., El Cerrito, 94530, CA, USA.,Department of Physics, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, 94720, CA, USA.,Helmholtz Institut Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - A Neumann
- Center for High Technology Materials, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 87106, NM, USA
| | - S R J Brueck
- Center for High Technology Materials, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 87106, NM, USA
| | - V M Acosta
- Center for High Technology Materials, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 87106, NM, USA.
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44
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Metabolomics for empirical delineation of the traditional Korean fermented foods and beverages. Trends Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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45
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Chonlathep K, Sakamoto T, Sugahara K, Kondo Y. A simple and low-cost permanent magnet system for NMR. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2017; 275:114-119. [PMID: 28043004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a simple, easy to build, and low-cost magnet system for NMR, of which homogeneity is about 4×10-4 at 57mT, with a pair of two commercially available ferrite magnets. This homogeneity corresponds to about 90Hz spectral resolution at 2.45MHz of the hydrogen Larmor frequency. The material cost of this NMR magnet system is little more than $100. The components can be printed by a 3D printer.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Chonlathep
- Grad. Sch. of Sci. and Eng., Kindai Univ., 577-8502 Higashi Osaka, Japan.
| | - T Sakamoto
- Dept. of Ele. and Eng., Kindai Univ., 577-8502 Higashi Osaka, Japan.
| | - K Sugahara
- Grad. Sch. of Sci. and Eng., Kindai Univ., 577-8502 Higashi Osaka, Japan; Dept. of Ele. and Eng., Kindai Univ., 577-8502 Higashi Osaka, Japan.
| | - Y Kondo
- Grad. Sch. of Sci. and Eng., Kindai Univ., 577-8502 Higashi Osaka, Japan; Dept. of Phys., Kindai Univ., 577-8502 Higashi Osaka, Japan.
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46
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In vivo online magnetic resonance quantification of absolute metabolite concentrations in microdialysate. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36080. [PMID: 27811972 PMCID: PMC5095764 DOI: 10.1038/srep36080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to study metabolic processes in animal models of diseases and in patients, microdialysis probes have evolved as powerful tools that are minimally invasive. However, analyses of microdialysate, performed remotely, do not provide real-time monitoring of microdialysate composition. Microdialysate solutions can theoretically be analyzed online inside a preclicinal or clinical MRI scanner using MRS techniques. Due to low NMR sensitivity, acquisitions of real-time NMR spectra on very small solution volumes (μL) with low metabolite concentrations (mM range) represent a major issue. To address this challenge we introduce the approach of combining a microdialysis probe with a custom-built magnetic resonance microprobe that allows for online metabolic analysis (1H and 13C) with high sensitivity under continuous flow conditions. This system is mounted inside an MRI scanner and allows performing simultaneously MRI experiments and rapid MRS metabolic analysis of the microdialysate. The feasibility of this approach is demonstrated by analyzing extracellular brain cancer cells (glioma) in vitro and brain metabolites in an animal model in vivo. We expect that our approach is readily translatable into clinical settings and can be used for a better and precise understanding of diseases linked to metabolic dysfunction.
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47
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New frontiers in in vitro medical diagnostics by low field T2 magnetic resonance relaxometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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48
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49
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50
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Anders J, Handwerker J, Ortmanns M, Boero G. A low-power high-sensitivity single-chip receiver for NMR microscopy. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2016; 266:41-50. [PMID: 27011023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a fully-integrated receiver for NMR microscopy applications manufactured in a 0.13μm CMOS technology. The design co-integrates a 10-turn planar detection coil together with a complete quadrature, low-IF downconversion receiver on a single chip, which operates from a single 1.5V supply with a total power dissipation of 18mW. The detector's measured time-domain spin sensitivity is 3×10(13)(1)Hspins/Hz at 7T. Additionally, the paper discusses two important aspects of NMR microscopy using planar detection coils: the link between the detection coil's spin sensitivity and the achievable image SNR and the correction of image artifacts induced by the inhomogeneous sensitivity profile of planar detection coils. More specifically, we derive analytical expressions for both the theoretical image SNR as a function of the coil's spin sensitivity and the sensitivity correction for a known coil sensitivity profile in CTI MR imaging experiments. Both expressions are validated using measured data in the imaging section of the paper. Thanks to the improved spin sensitivity of the utilized integrated receiver chip compared to a previously presented design, we were able to obtain sensitivity corrected images in a 7T spectroscopy magnet with isotropic resolutions of 9.6μm and 5μm with single-shot SNRs of 37 and 15 in relatively short imaging times of 4.4h and 24h, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Anders
- University of Ulm, Institute of Microelectronics, Albert-Einstein-Allee 43, D-89081 Ulm, Germany; Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institute of Microengineering, Station 17, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Jonas Handwerker
- University of Ulm, Institute of Microelectronics, Albert-Einstein-Allee 43, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Maurits Ortmanns
- University of Ulm, Institute of Microelectronics, Albert-Einstein-Allee 43, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Giovanni Boero
- Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institute of Microengineering, Station 17, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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