1
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Rocchi A, von Jackowski A, Welti A, Li G, Kanji ZA, Povazhnyy V, Engel A, Schmale J, Nenes A, Berdalet E, Simó R, Dall′Osto M. Glucose Enhances Salinity-Driven Sea Spray Aerosol Production in Eastern Arctic Waters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:8748-8759. [PMID: 38709019 PMCID: PMC11112759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c02826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Sea spray aerosols (SSA) greatly affect the climate system by scattering solar radiation and acting as seeds for cloud droplet formation. The ecosystems in the Arctic Ocean are rapidly changing due to global warming, and the effects these changes have on the generation of SSA, and thereby clouds and fog formation in this region, are unknown. During the ship-based Arctic Century Expedition, we examined the dependency of forced SSA production on the biogeochemical characteristics of seawater using an on-board temperature-controlled aerosol generation chamber with a plunging jet system. Our results indicate that mainly seawater salinity and organic content influence the production and size distribution of SSA. However, we observed a 2-fold higher SSA production from waters with similar salinity collected north of 81°N compared to samples collected south of this latitude. This variability was not explained by phytoplankton and bacterial abundances or Chlorophyll-a concentration but by the presence of glucose in seawater. The synergic action of sea salt (essential component) and glucose or glucose-rich saccharides (enhancer) accounts for >80% of SSA predictability throughout the cruise. Our results suggest that besides wind speed and salinity, SSA production in Arctic waters is also affected by specific organics released by the microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Rocchi
- Department
of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute
of Marine Sciences (ICM, CSIC), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty
of Earth Sciences, University of Barcelona, Carrer Martí i Franquès,
s/n, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anabel von Jackowski
- GEOMAR
Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Wischhofstraße 1−3, 24148 Kiel, Germany
| | - André Welti
- Finnish
Meteorological Institute, Erik Palménin aukio, 1. 00560 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Guangyu Li
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zamin A. Kanji
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vasiliy Povazhnyy
- The Otto
Schmidt Laboratory, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, Beringa, 38. 199397 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anja Engel
- GEOMAR
Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Wischhofstraße 1−3, 24148 Kiel, Germany
| | - Julia Schmale
- École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elisa Berdalet
- Department
of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute
of Marine Sciences (ICM, CSIC), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafel Simó
- Department
of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute
of Marine Sciences (ICM, CSIC), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Dall′Osto
- Department
of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute
of Marine Sciences (ICM, CSIC), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Teska CJ, Dieser M, Foreman CM. Clothing Textiles as Carriers of Biological Ice Nucleation Active Particles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:6305-6312. [PMID: 38530277 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c09600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics have littered the globe, with synthetic fibers being the largest source of atmospheric microplastics. Many atmospheric particles can act as ice nucleators, thereby affecting the microphysical and radiative properties of clouds and, hence, the radiative balance of the Earth. The present study focused on the ice-nucleating ability of fibers from clothing textiles (CTs), which are commonly shed from the normal wear of apparel items. Results from immersion ice nucleation experiments showed that CTs were effective ice nucleators active from -6 to -12 °C, similar to common biological ice nucleators. However, subsequent lysozyme and hydrogen peroxide digestion stripped the ice nucleation properties of CTs, indicating that ice nucleation was biological in origin. Microscopy confirmed the presence of biofilms (i.e., microbial cells attached to a surface and enclosed in an extracellular polysaccharide matrix) on CTs. If present in sufficient quantities in the atmosphere, biological particles (biofilms) attached to fibrous materials could contribute significantly to atmospheric ice nucleation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy J Teska
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Markus Dieser
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Christine M Foreman
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
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3
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Rafferty A, Vennes B, Bain A, Preston TC. Optical trapping and light scattering in atmospheric aerosol science. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:7066-7089. [PMID: 36852581 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05301b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol particles are ubiquitous in the atmosphere, and currently contribute a large uncertainty to climate models. Part of the endeavour to reduce this uncertainty takes the form of improving our understanding of aerosol at the microphysical level, thus enabling chemical and physical processes to be more accurately represented in larger scale models. In addition to modeling efforts, there is a need to develop new instruments and methodologies to interrogate the physicochemical properties of aerosol. This perspective presents the development, theory, and application of optical trapping, a powerful tool for single particle investigations of aerosol. After providing an overview of the role of aerosol in Earth's atmosphere and the microphysics of these particles, we present a brief history of optical trapping and a more detailed look at its application to aerosol particles. We also compare optical trapping to other single particle techniques. Understanding the interaction of light with single particles is essential for interpreting experimental measurements. In the final part of this perspective, we provide the relevant formalism for understanding both elastic and inelastic light scattering for single particles. The developments discussed here go beyond Mie theory and include both how particle and beam shape affect spectra. Throughout the entirety of this work, we highlight numerous references and examples, mostly from the last decade, of the application of optical trapping to systems that are relevant to the atmospheric aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin Vennes
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Alison Bain
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Thomas C Preston
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. .,Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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4
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Dubitsky L, McRae O, Bird JC. Enrichment of Scavenged Particles in Jet Drops Determined by Bubble Size and Particle Position. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:054001. [PMID: 36800466 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.054001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
When small bubbles rupture in a contaminated water source, the resulting liquid jet breaks up into droplets that can aerosolize solid particulates such as bacteria, viruses, and microplastics. Particles collected on the bubble surface have the potential to become highly concentrated in the jet drops, dramatically increasing their impact. It has been assumed that only particles small enough to fit within a thin microlayer surrounding the bubble can be transported into its influential top jet drop. Yet here, we demonstrate that not only can larger particles be transported into this jet drop, but also that these particles can exceed previous enrichment measurements. Through experiments and simulations, we identify the prerupture location of the liquid that develops into the top jet drop and model how interfacial rearrangement combines with the bubble size, particle size, and the angular distribution of particles on the bubble surface to set the particle enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Dubitsky
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Oliver McRae
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - James C Bird
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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5
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Einbock A, Burtscher E, Frey C, Conen F. Export of ice-nucleating particles from watersheds: results from the Amazon and Tocantins river plumes. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:220878. [PMID: 36778950 PMCID: PMC9905975 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We examined ice-nucleating particles (INPs) in the plumes of the Tocantins and Amazon rivers, which drain watersheds with different proportions of degraded land. The concentration of INPs active at -15°C (INP-15) was an order of magnitude lower in the Tocantins (mean = 13.2 ml-1; s.d. = 7.8 ml-1), draining the more degraded watershed, compared with the Amazon (mean = 175.8 ml-1; s.d. = 11.2 ml-1), where the concentration was also significantly higher than in Atlantic surface waters (mean = 3.2 ml-1; s.d. = 2.3 ml-1). Differences in heat tolerance suggest that INPs emitted by the Amazon rainforest to the atmosphere or washed into the river might originate from contrasting sources on top of and below the rainforest canopy, respectively. For the Amazon River, we estimate a daily discharge of 1018 INP-15 to Atlantic waters. Rivers in cooler climate zones tend to have much higher concentrations of INPs and could, despite a smaller water volume discharged, transfer even larger absolute numbers of INP-15 to shelf waters than does the Amazon. To what extent these terrestrial INPs become aerosolized by breaking waves and bubble-bursting remains an open question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Einbock
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 30, 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Emma Burtscher
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 30, 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Claudia Frey
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 30, 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Franz Conen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 30, 4056 Basel Switzerland
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6
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Mirrielees J, Kirpes RM, Haas SM, Rauschenberg CD, Matrai PA, Remenapp A, Boschi VL, Grannas AM, Pratt KA, Ault AP. Probing Individual Particles Generated at the Freshwater-Seawater Interface through Combined Raman, Photothermal Infrared, and X-ray Spectroscopic Characterization. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2022; 2:605-619. [PMID: 36589347 PMCID: PMC9793585 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.2c00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sea spray aerosol (SSA) is one of the largest global sources of atmospheric aerosol, but little is known about SSA generated in coastal regions with salinity gradients near estuaries and river outflows. SSA particles are chemically complex with substantial particle-to-particle variability due to changes in water temperature, salinity, and biological activity. In previous studies, the ability to resolve the aerosol composition to the level of individual particles has proven necessary for the accurate parameterization of the direct and indirect aerosol effects; therefore, measurements of individual SSA particles are needed for the characterization of this large source of atmospheric aerosol. An integrated analytical measurement approach is required to probe the chemical composition of individual SSA particles. By combining complementary vibrational microspectroscopic (Raman and optical photothermal infrared, O-PTIR) measurements with elemental information from computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (CCSEM-EDX), we gained unique insights into the individual particle chemical composition and morphology. Herein, we analyzed particles from four experiments on laboratory-based SSA production using coastal seawater collected in January 2018 from the Gulf of Maine. Individual salt particles were enriched in organics compared to that in natural seawater, both with and without added microalgal filtrate, with greater enrichment observed for smaller particle sizes, as evidenced by higher carbon/sodium ratios. Functional group analysis was carried out using the Raman and infrared spectra collected from individual SSA particles. Additionally, the Raman spectra were compared with a library of Raman spectra consisting of marine-derived organic compounds. Saccharides, followed by fatty acids, were the dominant components of the organic coatings surrounding the salt cores of these particles. This combined Raman, infrared, and X-ray spectroscopic approach will enable further understanding of the factors determining the individual particle composition, which is important for understanding the impacts of SSA produced within estuaries and river outflows, as well as areas of snow and ice melt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica
A. Mirrielees
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Rachel M. Kirpes
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Savannah M. Haas
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | | | - Patricia A. Matrai
- Bigelow
Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, Maine 04544, United States
| | - Allison Remenapp
- Department
of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | - Vanessa L. Boschi
- Department
of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | - Amanda M. Grannas
- Department
of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | - Kerri A. Pratt
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department
of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University
of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United
States
| | - Andrew P. Ault
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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7
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Villermaux E, Wang X, Deike L. Bubbles spray aerosols: Certitudes and mysteries. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac261. [PMID: 36712328 PMCID: PMC9809165 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Ocean spray aerosol formed by bubble bursting are at the core of a broad range of atmospheric processes: they are efficient cloud condensation nuclei and carry a variety of chemical, biological, and biomass material from the surface of the ocean to the atmosphere. The origin and composition of these aerosols is sensibly controlled by the detailed fluid mechanics of bubble bursting. This perspective summarizes our present-day knowledge on how bursting bubbles at the surface of a liquid pool contribute to its fragmentation, namely to the formation of droplets stripped from the pool, and associated mechanisms. In particular, we describe bounds and yields for each distinct mechanism, and the way they are sensitive to the bubble production and environmental conditions. We also underline the consequences of each mechanism on some of the many air-sea interactions phenomena identified to date. Attention is specifically payed at delimiting the known from the unknown and the certitudes from the speculations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Luc Deike
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA,High Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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8
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Kaluarachchi C, Or VW, Lan Y, Hasenecz ES, Kim D, Madawala CK, Dorcé GP, Mayer KJ, Sauer JS, Lee C, Cappa CD, Bertram TH, Stone EA, Prather KA, Grassian VH, Tivanski AV. Effects of Atmospheric Aging Processes on Nascent Sea Spray Aerosol Physicochemical Properties. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2022; 6:2732-2744. [PMID: 36425339 PMCID: PMC9677592 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.2c00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The effects of atmospheric aging on single-particle nascent sea spray aerosol (nSSA) physicochemical properties, such as morphology, composition, phase state, and water uptake, are important to understanding their impacts on the Earth's climate. The present study investigates these properties by focusing on the aged SSA (size range of 0.1-0.6 μm) and comparing with a similar size range nSSA, both generated at a peak of a phytoplankton bloom during a mesocosm study. The aged SSAs were generated by exposing nSSA to OH radicals with exposures equivalent to 4-5 days of atmospheric aging. Complementary filter-based thermal optical analysis, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and AFM photothermal infrared spectroscopy were utilized. Both nSSA and aged SSA showed an increase in the organic mass fraction with decreasing particle sizes. In addition, aging results in a further increase of the organic mass fraction, which can be attributed to new particle formation and oxidation of volatile organic compounds followed by condensation on pre-existing particles. The results are consistent with single-particle measurements that showed a relative increase in the abundance of aged SSA core-shells with significantly higher organic coating thickness, relative to nSSA. Increased hygroscopicity was observed for aged SSA core-shells, which had more oxygenated organic species. Rounded nSSA and aged SSA had similar hygroscopicity and no apparent changes in the composition. The observed changes in aged SSA physicochemical properties showed a significant size-dependence and particle-to-particle variability. Overall, results showed that the atmospheric aging can significantly influence the nSSA physicochemical properties, thus altering the SSA effects on the climate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victor W. Or
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Yiling Lan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Elias S. Hasenecz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Deborah Kim
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Chamika K. Madawala
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Glorianne P. Dorcé
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Kathryn J. Mayer
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jonathan S. Sauer
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Christopher Lee
- Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Christopher D. Cappa
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Timothy H. Bertram
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Stone
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Kimberly A. Prather
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Vicki H. Grassian
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Alexei V. Tivanski
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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9
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Alpert PA, Kilthau WP, O’Brien RE, Moffet RC, Gilles MK, Wang B, Laskin A, Aller JY, Knopf DA. Ice-nucleating agents in sea spray aerosol identified and quantified with a holistic multimodal freezing model. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq6842. [PMID: 36322651 PMCID: PMC9629709 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq6842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sea spray aerosol (SSA) is a widely recognized important source of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) in the atmosphere. However, composition-specific identification, nucleation processes, and ice nucleation rates of SSA-INPs have not been well constrained. Microspectroscopic characterization of ambient and laboratory-generated SSA confirms that water-borne exudates from planktonic microorganisms composed of a mixture of proteinaceous and polysaccharidic compounds act as ice-nucleating agents (INAs). These data and data from previously published mesocosm and wave channel studies are subsequently used to further develop the stochastic freezing model (SFM) producing ice nucleation rate coefficients for SSA-INPs. The SFM simultaneously predicts immersion freezing and deposition and homogeneous ice nucleation by SSA particles under tropospheric conditions. Predicted INP concentrations agree with ambient and laboratory measurements. In addition, this holistic freezing model is independent of the source and exact composition of the SSA particles, making it well suited for implementation in cloud and climate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Alpert
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory for Environmental Chemistry, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Wendy P. Kilthau
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Rachel E. O’Brien
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ryan C. Moffet
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA
- Sonoma Technology, Petaluma, CA 94954, USA
| | - Mary K. Gilles
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Bingbing Wang
- W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Alexander Laskin
- W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Josephine Y. Aller
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Daniel A. Knopf
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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10
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Saha A, Yi R, Fahrenbach AC, Wang A, Jia TZ. A Physicochemical Consideration of Prebiotic Microenvironments for Self-Assembly and Prebiotic Chemistry. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12101595. [PMID: 36295030 PMCID: PMC9604842 DOI: 10.3390/life12101595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The origin of life on Earth required myriads of chemical and physical processes. These include the formation of the planet and its geological structures, the formation of the first primitive chemicals, reaction, and assembly of these primitive chemicals to form more complex or functional products and assemblies, and finally the formation of the first cells (or protocells) on early Earth, which eventually evolved into modern cells. Each of these processes presumably occurred within specific prebiotic reaction environments, which could have been diverse in physical and chemical properties. While there are resources that describe prebiotically plausible environments or nutrient availability, here, we attempt to aggregate the literature for the various physicochemical properties of different prebiotic reaction microenvironments on early Earth. We introduce a handful of properties that can be quantified through physical or chemical techniques. The values for these physicochemical properties, if they are known, are then presented for each reaction environment, giving the reader a sense of the environmental variability of such properties. Such a resource may be useful for prebiotic chemists to understand the range of conditions in each reaction environment, or to select the medium most applicable for their targeted reaction of interest for exploratory studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Saha
- Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, 600 1st Ave, Floor 1, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
- Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity University, Kolkata 700135, India
| | - Ruiqin Yi
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-IE-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Albert C. Fahrenbach
- School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for Astrobiology, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- UNSW RNA Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Anna Wang
- School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for Astrobiology, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- UNSW RNA Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Correspondence: (A.W.); (T.Z.J.)
| | - Tony Z. Jia
- Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, 600 1st Ave, Floor 1, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-IE-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
- Correspondence: (A.W.); (T.Z.J.)
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11
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Zhang F, Xing J, Ding D, Wang J, Zheng H, Zhao B, Qi L, Wang S. Role of black carbon in modulating aerosol direct effects driven by air pollution controls during 2013-2017 in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 832:154928. [PMID: 35367259 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol direct effects (ADEs) can modulate shortwave radiation as well as atmospheric dynamics and air quality. As the key absorbing component of aerosol, the black carbon (BC) largely determines the aerosol optical properties. Therefore, it is expected that BC emission controls might gain co-benefits from the simultaneous reduction of ADEs. To demonstrate such synergy, here we quantified the ADEs changes and the role of BC controls in China during 2013-2017 using a regional two-way coupled meteorology chemistry transport model. Simulated results suggest that the control action effectively reduced the wintertime PM2.5 concentration (-26.0 μg m-3) and associated ADEs. In January, the influence of ADEs on surface shortwave radiation, 2-meter temperature, and planetary boundary layer height was weakened from -16.7 W m-2, -0.20 °C, and -15.4 m in 2013 to -11.3 W m-2, -0.06 °C, and -10.7 m in 2017, respectively. The enhancement of SO2, NO2, and PM2.5 concentrations due to ADEs was reduced from +3.1%, +5.2%, and +5.4% in 2013 to +2.6%, +4.5%, and +3.3% in 2017, respectively, demonstrating the extra benefit of air pollution controls for improving air quality by reducing ADEs. Meanwhile, the BC emission reduced by 12.5% simultaneously along with the effective controls on SO2 and NO2 emissions during 2013-2017, mainly from domestic combustion (-11.7%), resulting in 30.3% (-0.9 μg m-3) reduction of BC concentration. Such BC controls contributed 15.6-60.2% of such changes in the ADEs influence on meteorological variables, and 32.6-41.1% on air pollutants. More specially, the effectiveness of collaborative reduction of BC further reduced surface shortwave radiation in China by 3.6 W m-2 in January and 1.0 W m-2 in July, leading to a more weakened ADEs that bring extra benefits in reducing PM2.5 concentrations by 1.8 μg m-3 in January and 0.3 μg m-3 in July. Apparently, BC played an important role in modulating the ADEs and associated influences on meteorology and air quality, suggesting a wise control strategy by targeting absorbing component of PM2.5 reduction to address both air pollution and climate change in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenfen Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jia Xing
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Dian Ding
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jiandong Wang
- School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Haotian Zheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ling Qi
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
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12
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Carlsen T, David RO. Spaceborne Evidence That Ice-Nucleating Particles Influence High-Latitude Cloud Phase. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2022; 49:e2022GL098041. [PMID: 36249281 PMCID: PMC9542325 DOI: 10.1029/2022gl098041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Mixed-phase clouds (MPCs), which consist of both supercooled cloud droplets and ice crystals, play an important role in the Earth's radiative energy budget and hydrological cycle. In particular, the fraction of ice crystals in MPCs determines their radiative effects, precipitation formation and lifetime. In order for ice crystals to form in MPCs, ice-nucleating particles (INPs) are required. However, a large-scale relationship between INPs and ice initiation in clouds has yet to be observed. By analyzing satellite observations of the typical transition temperature (T*) where MPCs become more frequent than liquid clouds, we constrain the importance of INPs in MPC formation. We find that over the Arctic and Southern Ocean, snow and sea ice cover significantly reduces T*. This indicates that the availability of INPs is essential in controlling cloud phase evolution and that local sources of INPs in the high-latitudes play a key role in the formation of MPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Carlsen
- Department of GeosciencesUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
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13
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Crocker DR, Kaluarachchi CP, Cao R, Dinasquet J, Franklin EB, Morris CK, Amiri S, Petras D, Nguyen T, Torres RR, Martz TR, Malfatti F, Goldstein AH, Tivanski AV, Prather KA, Thiemens MH. Isotopic Insights into Organic Composition Differences between Supermicron and Submicron Sea Spray Aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:9947-9958. [PMID: 35763461 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the seawater biological and physicochemical factors driving differences in organic composition between supermicron and submicron sea spray aerosol (SSAsuper and SSAsub), carbon isotopic composition (δ13C) measurements were performed on size-segregated, nascent SSA collected during a phytoplankton bloom mesocosm experiment. The δ13C measurements indicate that SSAsuper contains a mixture of particulate and dissolved organic material in the bulk seawater. After phytoplankton growth, a greater amount of freshly produced carbon was observed in SSAsuper with the proportional contribution being modulated by bacterial activity, emphasizing the importance of the microbial loop in controlling the organic composition of SSAsuper. Conversely, SSAsub exhibited no apparent relationship with biological activity but tracked closely with surface tension measurements probing the topmost ∼0.2-1.5 μm of the sea surface microlayer. This probing depth is similar to a bubble's film thickness at the ocean surface, suggesting that SSAsub organic composition may be influenced by the presence of surfactants at the air-sea interface that are transferred into SSAsub by bubble bursting. Our findings illustrate the substantial impact of seawater dynamics on the pronounced organic compositional differences between SSAsuper and SSAsub and demonstrate that these two SSA populations should be considered separately when assessing their contribution to marine aerosols and climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Crocker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | | | - Ruochen Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Julie Dinasquet
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Emily B Franklin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Clare K Morris
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Sarah Amiri
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Daniel Petras
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Tran Nguyen
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Ralph R Torres
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Todd R Martz
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Francesca Malfatti
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- University of Trieste, Trieste 34100, Italy
- OGS (Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale), Trieste 34100, Italy
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alexei V Tivanski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Kimberly A Prather
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Mark H Thiemens
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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14
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Annual cycle observations of aerosols capable of ice formation in central Arctic clouds. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3537. [PMID: 35725737 PMCID: PMC9209516 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31182-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Arctic is warming faster than anywhere else on Earth, prompting glacial melt, permafrost thaw, and sea ice decline. These severe consequences induce feedbacks that contribute to amplified warming, affecting weather and climate globally. Aerosols and clouds play a critical role in regulating radiation reaching the Arctic surface. However, the magnitude of their effects is not adequately quantified, especially in the central Arctic where they impact the energy balance over the sea ice. Specifically, aerosols called ice nucleating particles (INPs) remain understudied yet are necessary for cloud ice production and subsequent changes in cloud lifetime, radiative effects, and precipitation. Here, we report observations of INPs in the central Arctic over a full year, spanning the entire sea ice growth and decline cycle. Further, these observations are size-resolved, affording valuable information on INP sources. Our results reveal a strong seasonality of INPs, with lower concentrations in the winter and spring controlled by transport from lower latitudes, to enhanced concentrations of INPs during the summer melt, likely from marine biological production in local open waters. This comprehensive characterization of INPs will ultimately help inform cloud parameterizations in models of all scales. The Arctic is changing faster than anywhere else on Earth. Interactions between clouds and aerosols play a role in these changes. We report how the quantities and origins of aerosols that affect cloud ice formation change over a full sea ice cycle
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15
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Porter GCE, Adams MP, Brooks IM, Ickes L, Karlsson L, Leck C, Salter ME, Schmale J, Siegel K, Sikora SNF, Tarn MD, Vüllers J, Wernli H, Zieger P, Zinke J, Murray BJ. Highly Active Ice-Nucleating Particles at the Summer North Pole. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2022; 127:e2021JD036059. [PMID: 35865411 PMCID: PMC9285974 DOI: 10.1029/2021jd036059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The amount of ice versus supercooled water in clouds is important for their radiative properties and role in climate feedbacks. Hence, knowledge of the concentration of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) is needed. Generally, the concentrations of INPs are found to be very low in remote marine locations allowing cloud water to persist in a supercooled state. We had expected the concentrations of INPs at the North Pole to be very low given the distance from open ocean and terrestrial sources coupled with effective wet scavenging processes. Here we show that during summer 2018 (August and September) high concentrations of biological INPs (active at >-20°C) were sporadically present at the North Pole. In fact, INP concentrations were sometimes as high as those recorded at mid-latitude locations strongly impacted by highly active biological INPs, in strong contrast to the Southern Ocean. Furthermore, using a balloon borne sampler we demonstrated that INP concentrations were often different at the surface versus higher in the boundary layer where clouds form. Back trajectory analysis suggests strong sources of INPs near the Russian coast, possibly associated with wind-driven sea spray production, whereas the pack ice, open leads, and the marginal ice zone were not sources of highly active INPs. These findings suggest that primary ice production, and therefore Arctic climate, is sensitive to transport from locations such as the Russian coast that are already experiencing marked climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace C. E. Porter
- School of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
- School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | | | - Ian M. Brooks
- School of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Luisa Ickes
- Department of Space, Earth and EnvironmentChalmers UniversityGothenburgSweden
| | - Linn Karlsson
- Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Department of Environmental ScienceStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Caroline Leck
- Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Department of MeteorologyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Matthew E. Salter
- Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Department of Environmental ScienceStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Julia Schmale
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental EngineeringÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Karolina Siegel
- Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Department of Environmental ScienceStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Department of MeteorologyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | | | - Mark D. Tarn
- School of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
- School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Jutta Vüllers
- School of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
- Now at Institute of Meteorology and Climate ResearchKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyKarlsruheGermany
| | - Heini Wernli
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate ScienceETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Paul Zieger
- Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Department of Environmental ScienceStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Julika Zinke
- Bolin Centre for Climate ResearchStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Department of Environmental ScienceStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
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16
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Šantl-Temkiv T, Amato P, Casamayor EO, Lee PKH, Pointing SB. OUP accepted manuscript. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2022; 46:6524182. [PMID: 35137064 PMCID: PMC9249623 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuac009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The atmosphere connects habitats across multiple spatial scales via airborne dispersal of microbial cells, propagules and biomolecules. Atmospheric microorganisms have been implicated in a variety of biochemical and biophysical transformations. Here, we review ecological aspects of airborne microorganisms with respect to their dispersal, activity and contribution to climatic processes. Latest studies utilizing metagenomic approaches demonstrate that airborne microbial communities exhibit pronounced biogeography, driven by a combination of biotic and abiotic factors. We quantify distributions and fluxes of microbial cells between surface habitats and the atmosphere and place special emphasis on long-range pathogen dispersal. Recent advances have established that these processes may be relevant for macroecological outcomes in terrestrial and marine habitats. We evaluate the potential biological transformation of atmospheric volatile organic compounds and other substrates by airborne microorganisms and discuss clouds as hotspots of microbial metabolic activity in the atmosphere. Furthermore, we emphasize the role of microorganisms as ice nucleating particles and their relevance for the water cycle via formation of clouds and precipitation. Finally, potential impacts of anthropogenic forcing on the natural atmospheric microbiota via emission of particulate matter, greenhouse gases and microorganisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Šantl-Temkiv
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
- Stellar Astrophysics Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Pierre Amato
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, SIGMA Clermont, CNRS, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63178, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Emilio O Casamayor
- Centre for Advanced Studies of Blanes, Spanish Council for Research (CSIC), 17300, Blanes, Spain
| | - Patrick K H Lee
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Stephen B Pointing
- Corresponding author: Yale-NUS College, National University of Singapore, 16 College Avenue West, Singapore 138527. Tel: +65 6601 1000; E-mail:
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17
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Mael LE, Peiker G, Busse HL, Grassian VH. Temperature-Dependent Liquid Water Structure for Individual Micron-Sized, Supercooled Aqueous Droplets with Inclusions. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:10742-10749. [PMID: 34928159 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c08331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we measure the water structure for individual micron-sized droplets of water, salt water, and water containing biologically and marine relevant atmospheric inclusions as a function of temperature. Individual droplets, formed on a hydrophobic substrate, are analyzed with micro-Raman spectroscopy. Analysis of the Raman spectra in the O-H stretching region shows that the equilibrium of partially and fully hydrogen-bonding water interactions change as temperature decreases up until there is a phase transition to form ice. Using these temperature-dependent measurements, the thermodynamic parameters for the interchange between partially and fully hydrogen-bonded water (PHW ⇄ FHW) for different supercooled droplets (water, salt water, and water containing biologically and marine relevant atmospheric inclusions) have been determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liora E Mael
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Gordon Peiker
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Heidi L Busse
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Vicki H Grassian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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18
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Alsante AN, Thornton DCO, Brooks SD. Ocean Aerobiology. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:764178. [PMID: 34777320 PMCID: PMC8586456 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.764178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean aerobiology is defined here as the study of biological particles of marine origin, including living organisms, present in the atmosphere and their role in ecological, biogeochemical, and climate processes. Hundreds of trillions of microorganisms are exchanged between ocean and atmosphere daily. Within a few days, tropospheric transport potentially disperses microorganisms over continents and between oceans. There is a need to better identify and quantify marine aerobiota, characterize the time spans and distances of marine microorganisms’ atmospheric transport, and determine whether microorganisms acclimate to atmospheric conditions and remain viable, or even grow. Exploring the atmosphere as a microbial habitat is fundamental for understanding the consequences of dispersal and will expand our knowledge of biodiversity, biogeography, and ecosystem connectivity across different marine environments. Marine organic matter is chemically transformed in the atmosphere, including remineralization back to CO2. The magnitude of these transformations is insignificant in the context of the annual marine carbon cycle, but may be a significant sink for marine recalcitrant organic matter over long (∼104 years) timescales. In addition, organic matter in sea spray aerosol plays a significant role in the Earth’s radiative budget by scattering solar radiation, and indirectly by affecting cloud properties. Marine organic matter is generally a poor source of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), but a significant source of ice nucleating particles (INPs), affecting the formation of mixed-phase and ice clouds. This review will show that marine biogenic aerosol plays an impactful, but poorly constrained, role in marine ecosystems, biogeochemical processes, and the Earth’s climate system. Further work is needed to characterize the connectivity and feedbacks between the atmosphere and ocean ecosystems in order to integrate this complexity into Earth System models, facilitating future climate and biogeochemical predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa N Alsante
- Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Daniel C O Thornton
- Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Sarah D Brooks
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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19
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Mael LE, Busse HL, Peiker G, Grassian VH. Low-Temperature Water Uptake of Individual Marine and Biologically Relevant Atmospheric Particles Using Micro-Raman Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:9691-9699. [PMID: 34714998 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c08037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of water vapor and the water uptake behavior of atmospheric particles are often investigated as a function of relative humidity (0-100% RH) at ambient temperature. However, lower temperature studies are important to understand how atmospheric particles nucleate ice through various mechanisms including immersion freezing. Immersion freezing requires the formation of a condensed water droplet at lower temperatures prior to freezing. To better understand low-temperature water uptake behavior of marine and biologically relevant atmospheric particles, we have investigated water uptake of single atmospheric particles using a micro-Raman spectrometer coupled to an environmental cell for measurements at lower temperatures and as a function of relative humidity. These particles include sodium chloride, sucrose, Snomax, lipopolysaccharide, and laminarin. Particles range in size from 2 to 3 μm in diameter and can be monitored by using optical microscopy and Raman spectroscopy as a function of relative humidity at temperatures between 253 and 298 K. From the Raman spectra collected, we can determine a Raman growth factor defined as an increase in the intensity of the O-H stretch as a measure of the integrated water content of a particle compared to the dry particle. These data show that for lipopolysaccharide, laminarin, and Snomax, unlike simple saccharides such as sucrose and other soluble organics, as temperature decreases, water uptake begins at lower relative humidity and does not follow a solubility temperature dependence. This suggests that at lower temperatures the particles are adsorbing water on the surface rather than dissolving and absorbing water. Furthermore, repeated water uptake cycles cause a change in the morphology of some of these particles, which is shown to promote water uptake at lower relative humidity. These results give new insights into water uptake of these different marine and biologically relevant particles at low temperature at subsaturation relative humidity prior to droplet formation and immersion freezing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liora E Mael
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Heidi L Busse
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Gordon Peiker
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Vicki H Grassian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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20
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Ushijima SB, Huynh E, Davis RD, Tolbert MA. Seeded Crystal Growth of Internally Mixed Organic-Inorganic Aerosols: Impact of Organic Phase State. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:8668-8679. [PMID: 34553594 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c04471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosols are complex with both inorganic and organic components. The soluble inorganics can transition between aqueous and crystalline phases through efflorescence and deliquescence. This study focuses on the efflorescence of (NH4)2SO4/organic particles by seeded crystal growth through contact with a crystal of (NH4)2SO4. Seeded crystal growth is known to effectively shut down supersaturation of aqueous aerosols. Here, we investigate whether organics can inhibit seeded crystal growth. We demonstrate that poly(ethylene glycol) 400 (PEG-400), which phase-separates from the aqueous (NH4)2SO4 and forms a core-shell structure, did not inhibit seeded crystal growth of (NH4)2SO4 at all relative humidity (RH) values below deliquescence RH. The PEG-400 layer was not viscous enough to prevent the diffusion of species through the coating. In contrast, we find that although raffinose, which stays homogeneously mixed with (NH4)2SO4, did not inhibit seeded crystal growth at RH > 45%, it did inhibit heterogeneous efflorescence at lower humidities. Viscosity measurements using an electrodynamic balance show a significant increase in viscosity as humidity was lowered, suggesting that inhibited diffusion of water and ions prevented efflorescence. The observed efflorescence at the higher RH also demonstrates that collisions can induce efflorescence of mixed aerosols that would otherwise not homogeneously effloresce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi B Ushijima
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, 215 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, 216 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Erik Huynh
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity University, One Trinity Place, San Antonio, Texas 78212, United States
| | - Ryan D Davis
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity University, One Trinity Place, San Antonio, Texas 78212, United States
| | - Margaret A Tolbert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, 215 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, 216 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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21
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Burris BJ, Badu-Tawiah AK. Enzyme-Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Lipids in Immiscible Microdroplets Studied by Contained-Electrospray Ionization. Anal Chem 2021; 93:13001-13007. [PMID: 34524788 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of lipids was monitored directly in immiscible microdroplet environments using contained-electrospray mass spectrometry. Aqueous solution of the lipase enzyme from Pseudomonas cepacia and the chloroform solution of the lipids were sprayed from separate capillaries, and the resultant droplets were merged within a reaction cavity that is included at the outlet of the contained-electrospray ionization source. By varying the length of the reaction cavity, the interaction time between the enzyme and its substrate was altered, enabling the quantification of reaction product as a function of time. Consequently, enhancement factors were estimated by comparing rate constants derived from the droplet experiment to rate constants calculated from solution-phase conditions. These experiments showed enhancement factors greater than 100 in favor of the droplet experiment. By using various lipid types, two possible mechanisms were identified to account for lipase reactivity in aerosols: in-droplet reactions for relatively highly soluble lipids and a droplet coalescence mechanism that allows interfacial reactions for the two immiscible systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Burris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Abraham K Badu-Tawiah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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22
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Moallemi A, Landwehr S, Robinson C, Simó R, Zamanillo M, Chen G, Baccarini A, Schnaiter M, Henning S, Modini RL, Gysel‐Beer M, Schmale J. Sources, Occurrence and Characteristics of Fluorescent Biological Aerosol Particles Measured Over the Pristine Southern Ocean. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2021; 126:e2021JD034811. [PMID: 34221783 PMCID: PMC8244095 DOI: 10.1029/2021jd034811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigate the occurrence of primary biological aerosol particles (PBAP) over all sectors of the Southern Ocean (SO) based on a 90-day data set collected during the Antarctic Circumnavigation Expedition (ACE) in austral summer 2016-2017. Super-micrometer PBAP (1-16 µm diameter) were measured by a wide band integrated bioaerosol sensor (WIBS-4). Low (3σ) and high (9σ) fluorescence thresholds are used to obtain statistics on fluorescent and hyper-fluorescent PBAP, respectively. Our focus is on data obtained over the pristine ocean, that is, more than 200 km away from land. The results indicate that (hyper-)fluorescent PBAP are correlated to atmospheric variables associated with sea spray aerosol (SSA) particles (wind speed, total super-micrometer aerosol number concentration, chloride and sodium concentrations). This suggests that a main source of PBAP over the SO is SSA. The median percentage contribution of fluorescent and hyper-fluorescent PBAP to super-micrometer SSA was 1.6% and 0.13%, respectively. We demonstrate that the fraction of (hyper-)fluorescent PBAP to total super-micrometer particles positively correlates with concentrations of bacteria and several taxa of pythoplankton measured in seawater, indicating that marine biota concentrations modulate the PBAP source flux. We investigate the fluorescent properties of (hyper-)fluorescent PBAP for several events that occurred near land masses. We find that the fluorescence signal characteristics of particles near land is much more variable than over the pristine ocean. We conclude that the source and concentration of fluorescent PBAP over the open ocean is similar across all sampled sectors of the SO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Moallemi
- Laboratory of Atmospheric ChemistryPaul Scherrer InstituteVilligenSwitzerland
| | - Sebastian Landwehr
- Laboratory of Atmospheric ChemistryPaul Scherrer InstituteVilligenSwitzerland
- Extreme Environments Research LaboratoryÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental EngineeringLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Charlotte Robinson
- Remote Sensing and Satellite Research GroupCurtin UniversityBentleyWAAustralia
| | - Rafel Simó
- Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC)BarcelonaSpain
| | | | - Gang Chen
- Laboratory of Atmospheric ChemistryPaul Scherrer InstituteVilligenSwitzerland
| | - Andrea Baccarini
- Laboratory of Atmospheric ChemistryPaul Scherrer InstituteVilligenSwitzerland
- Extreme Environments Research LaboratoryÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental EngineeringLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Martin Schnaiter
- Institut für Meteorologie und KlimaforschungKarlsruher Institut für TechnologieKarlsruheGermany
- schnaiTEC GmbHBruchsalGermany
| | - Silvia Henning
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Experimental Aerosol and Cloud MicrophysicsLeipzigGermany
| | - Robin L. Modini
- Laboratory of Atmospheric ChemistryPaul Scherrer InstituteVilligenSwitzerland
| | - Martin Gysel‐Beer
- Laboratory of Atmospheric ChemistryPaul Scherrer InstituteVilligenSwitzerland
| | - Julia Schmale
- Laboratory of Atmospheric ChemistryPaul Scherrer InstituteVilligenSwitzerland
- Extreme Environments Research LaboratoryÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental EngineeringLausanneSwitzerland
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23
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Lee HD, Tivanski AV. Atomic Force Microscopy: An Emerging Tool in Measuring the Phase State and Surface Tension of Individual Aerosol Particles. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2021; 72:235-252. [PMID: 33428467 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-090419-110133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosols are suspended particulate matter of varying composition, size, and mixing state. Challenges remain in understanding the impact of aerosols on the climate, atmosphere, and human health. The effect of aerosols depends on their physicochemical properties, such as their hygroscopicity, phase state, and surface tension. These properties are dynamic with respect to the highly variable relative humidity and temperature of the atmosphere. Thus, experimental approaches that permit the measurement of these dynamic properties are required. Such measurements also need to be performed on individual, submicrometer-, and supermicrometer-sized aerosol particles, as individual atmospheric particles from the same source can exhibit great variability in their form and function. In this context, this review focuses on the recent emergence of atomic force microscopy as an experimental tool in physical, analytical, and atmospheric chemistry that enables such measurements. Remaining challenges are noted and suggestions for future studies are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansol D Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA; ,
| | - Alexei V Tivanski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA; ,
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24
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Sanchez-Marroquin A, West JS, Burke IT, McQuaid JB, Murray BJ. Mineral and biological ice-nucleating particles above the South East of the British Isles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 1:176-191. [PMID: 34278306 PMCID: PMC8262250 DOI: 10.1039/d1ea00003a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A small fraction of aerosol particles known as Ice-Nucleating Particles (INPs) have the potential to trigger ice formation in cloud droplets at higher temperatures than homogeneous freezing. INPs can strongly reduce the water content and albedo of shallow mixed-phase clouds and also influence the development of convective clouds. Therefore, it is important to understand which aerosol types serve as INPs and how effectively they nucleate ice. Using a combination of INP measurements and Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), we quantify both the INP concentrations over a range of activation temperatures and the size-resolved composition. We show that the INP population of aerosol samples collected from an aircraft over the UK during July of 2017 is consistent with ice-nucleation on mineral dust below about -20 °C, but some other INP type must account for ice-nucleation at higher temperatures. Biological aerosol particles above ∼2 μm were detected based on visual detection of their morphological features in all the analysed samples at concentrations of at least 10 to 100 L-1 in the boundary layer. We suggest that given the presence of biological material, it could substantially contribute to the enhanced ice-nucleation ability of the samples at above -20 °C. Organic material attached to mineral dust could be responsible for at least part of this enhancement. These results are consistent with a growing body of data which suggests mineral dust alone cannot explain the INP population in the mid-latitude terrestrial atmosphere and that biological ice nucleating particles are most likely important for cloud glaciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sanchez-Marroquin
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds Woodhouse Lane Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | - J S West
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection Dept., Rothamsted Research Harpenden AL5 2JQ UK
| | - I T Burke
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds Woodhouse Lane Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | - J B McQuaid
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds Woodhouse Lane Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | - B J Murray
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds Woodhouse Lane Leeds LS2 9JT UK
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25
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New insights into ice multiplication using remote-sensing observations of slightly supercooled mixed-phase clouds in the Arctic. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2021387118. [PMID: 33753494 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2021387118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary ice production (SIP) can significantly enhance ice particle number concentrations in mixed-phase clouds, resulting in a substantial impact on ice mass flux and evolution of cold cloud systems. SIP is especially important at temperatures warmer than -[Formula: see text]C, for which primary ice nucleation lacks a significant number of efficient ice nucleating particles. However, determining the climatological significance of SIP has proved difficult using existing observational methods. Here we quantify the long-term occurrence of secondary ice events and their multiplication factors in slightly supercooled clouds using a multisensor, remote-sensing technique applied to 6 y of ground-based radar measurements in the Arctic. Further, we assess the potential contribution of the underlying mechanisms of rime splintering and freezing fragmentation. Our results show that the occurrence frequency of secondary ice events averages to <10% over the entire period. Although infrequent, the events can have a significant impact in a local region when they do occur, with up to a 1,000-fold enhancement in ice number concentration. We show that freezing fragmentation, which appears to be enhanced by updrafts, is more efficient for SIP than the better-known rime-splintering process. Our field observations are consistent with laboratory findings while shedding light on the phenomenon and its contributing factors in a natural environment. This study provides critical insights needed to advance parameterization of SIP in numerical simulations and to design future laboratory experiments.
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26
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Xi Y, Mercier A, Kuang C, Yun J, Christy A, Melo L, Maldonado MT, Raymond JA, Bertram AK. Concentrations and properties of ice nucleating substances in exudates from Antarctic sea-ice diatoms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2021; 23:323-334. [PMID: 33464270 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00398k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The ocean contains ice nucleating substances (INSs), some of which can be emitted to the atmosphere where they can influence the formation and properties of clouds. A possible source of INSs in the ocean is exudates from sea-ice diatoms. Here we examine the concentrations and properties of INSs in supernatant samples from dense sea-ice diatom communities collected from Ross Sea and McMurdo Sound in the Antarctic. The median freezing temperatures of the samples ranged from approximately -17 to -22 °C. Based on our results and a comparison with results reported in the literature, the ice nucleating ability of exudates from sea-ice diatoms is likely not drastically different from the ice nucleating ability of exudates from temperate diatoms. The number of INSs per mass of DOC for the supernatant samples were lower than those reported previously for the sea surface microlayer and bulk sea water collected in the Arctic and Atlantic. The INSs in the supernatant sample collected from Ross Sea were not sensitive to temperatures up to 100 °C, were larger than 300 kDa, and were different from ice shaping and recrystallization inhibiting molecules present in the same sample. Possible candidates for these INSs include polysaccharide containing nanogels. The INSs in the supernatant sample collected from McMurdo Sound were sensitive to temperatures of 80 and 100 °C and were larger than 1000 kDa. Possible candidates for these INSs include protein containing nanogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xi
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
| | - Alexia Mercier
- Department of Chemistry, Sorbonne University, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Cheng Kuang
- Department of Earth, Ocean & Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2020 - 2207 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jingwei Yun
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
| | - Ashton Christy
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
| | - Luke Melo
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
| | - Maria T Maldonado
- Department of Earth, Ocean & Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2020 - 2207 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - James A Raymond
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, 4505 S. Maryland Pkwy., Las Vegas, NV89154, USA
| | - Allan K Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
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27
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Huang S, Hu W, Chen J, Wu Z, Zhang D, Fu P. Overview of biological ice nucleating particles in the atmosphere. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 146:106197. [PMID: 33271442 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Biological particles in the Earth's atmosphere are a distinctive category of ice nucleating particles (INPs) due to their capability of facilitating ice crystal formation in clouds at relatively warm temperatures. Field observations and model simulations have shown that biological INPs affect cloud and precipitation formation and regulate regional or even global climate, although there are considerable uncertainties in modeling and large gaps between observed and model simulated contribution of biological particles to atmospheric INPs. This paper overviews the latest researches about biological INPs in the atmosphere. Firstly, we describe the primary ice nucleation mechanisms, and measurements and model simulations of atmospheric biological INPs. Secondly, we summarize the ice nucleating properties of biological INPs from diverse sources such as soils or dust, vegetation (e.g., leaves and pollen grains), sea spray, and fresh waters, and controlling factors of biological INPs in the atmosphere. Then we review the abundance and distribution of atmospheric biological INPs in diverse ecosystems. Finally, we discuss the open questions in further studies on atmospheric biological INPs, including the requirements for developing novel detection techniques and simulation models, as well as the comprehensive investigation of characteristics and influencing factors of atmospheric biological INPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Huang
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhijun Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Daizhou Zhang
- Faculty of Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences, Prefectural University of Kumamoto, Kumamoto 862-8502, Japan
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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28
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Mayer KJ, Sauer JS, Dinasquet J, Prather KA. CAICE Studies: Insights from a Decade of Ocean-Atmosphere Experiments in the Laboratory. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:2510-2520. [PMID: 33086794 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ocean-atmosphere interactions control the composition of the atmosphere, hydrological cycle, and temperature of our planet and affect human and ecosystem health. Our understanding of the impact of ocean emissions on atmospheric chemistry and climate is limited relative to terrestrial systems, despite the fact that oceans cover the majority (71%) of the Earth. As a result, the impact of marine aerosols on clouds represents one of the largest uncertainties in our understanding of climate, which is limiting our ability to accurately predict the future temperatures of our planet. The emission of gases and particles from the ocean surface constitutes an important chemical link between the ocean and atmosphere and is mediated by marine biological, physical, and chemical processes. It is challenging to isolate the role of biological ocean processes on atmospheric chemistry in the real world, which contains a mixture of terrestrial and anthropogenic emissions. One decade ago, the NSF Center for Aerosol Impacts on Chemistry of the Environment (CAICE) took a unique ocean-in-the-laboratory approach to study the factors controlling the chemical composition of marine aerosols and their effects on clouds and climate. CAICE studies have demonstrated that the complex interplay of phytoplankton, bacteria, and viruses exerts significant control over sea spray aerosol composition and the production of volatile organic compounds. In addition, CAICE experiments have explored the physical production mechanisms and their impact on the properties of marine cloud condensation nuclei and ice nucleating particles, thus shedding light on connections between the oceans and cloud formation. As these ocean-in-the-laboratory experiments become more sophisticated, they allow for further exploration of the complexity of the processes that control atmospheric emissions from the ocean, as well as incorporating the effects of atmospheric aging and secondary oxidation processes. In the face of unprecedented global climate change, these results provide key insights into how our oceans and atmosphere are responding to human-induced changes to our planet.This Account presents results from a decade of research by chemists in the NSF Center for Aerosol Impacts on Chemistry of the Environment. The mission of CAICE involves taking a multidisciplinary approach to transform the ability to accurately predict the impact of marine aerosols on our environment by bringing the full real-world chemical complexity of the ocean and atmosphere into the laboratory. Toward this end, CAICE has successfully advanced the study of the ocean-atmosphere system under controlled laboratory settings through the stepwise simulation of physical production mechanisms and incorporation of marine microorganisms, building to systems that replicate real-world chemical complexity. This powerful approach has already made substantial progress in advancing our understanding of how ocean biology and physical processes affect the composition of nascent sea spray aerosol (SSA), as well as yielded insights that help explain longstanding discrepancies in field observations in the marine environment. CAICE research is now using laboratory studies to assess how real-world complexity, such as warming temperatures, ocean acidification, wind speed, biology, and anthropogenic perturbations, impacts the evolution of sea spray aerosol properties, as well as shapes the composition of the marine atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J. Mayer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jon S. Sauer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Julie Dinasquet
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Kimberly A. Prather
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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29
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Perkins RJ, Vazquez de Vasquez MG, Beasley EE, Hill TCJ, Stone EA, Allen HC, DeMott PJ. Relating Structure and Ice Nucleation of Mixed Surfactant Systems Relevant to Sea Spray Aerosol. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:8806-8821. [PMID: 32924483 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c05849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Ice nucleating particles (INPs) influence weather and climate by their effect on cloud phase state. Fatty alcohols present within aerosol particles confer a potentially important source of ice nucleation activity to sea spray aerosol produced in oceanic regions. However, their interactions with other aerosol components and the influence on freezing were previously largely unknown. Here, we report quantitative measurements of fatty alcohols in model sea spray aerosol and examine the relationships between the composition and structure of the surfactants and subphase in the context of these measurements. Deposited mixtures of surfactants retain the ability to nucleate ice, even in fatty acid-dominant compositions. Strong refreezing effects are also observed, where previously frozen water-surfactant samples nucleate more efficiently. Structural sources of refreezing behavior are identified as either kinetically trapped film states or three-dimensional (3D) solid surfactant particles. Salt effects are especially important for surfactant INPs, where high salt concentrations suppress freezing. A simple water uptake model suggests that surfactant-containing aerosol requires either very low salt content or kinetic trapping as solid particles to act as INPs in the atmosphere. These types of INPs could be identified through comparison of different INP instrument responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell J Perkins
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Maria G Vazquez de Vasquez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Emma E Beasley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Thomas C J Hill
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Stone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Heather C Allen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Paul J DeMott
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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30
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Hara K, Osada K, Yabuki M, Matoba S, Hirabayashi M, Fujita S, Nakazawa F, Yamanouchi T. Atmospheric sea-salt and halogen cycles in the Antarctic. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:2003-2022. [PMID: 32749425 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00092b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric sea-salt and halogen cycles play important roles in atmospheric science and chemistry including cloud processes and oxidation capacity in the Antarctic troposphere. This paper presents a review and summarizes current knowledge related to sea-salt and halogen chemistry in the Antarctic. First, presented are the seasonal variations and size distribution of sea-salt aerosols (SSAs). Second, SSA origins and sea-salt fractionation on sea-ice and ice sheets on the Antarctic continent are presented and discussed. Third, we discuss SSA release from the cryosphere. Fourth, we present SSA dispersion in the Antarctic troposphere and transport into inland areas. Fifth, heterogeneous reactions on SSAs as a source of reactive halogen species and their relationship with atmospheric chemistry are shown and discussed. Finally, we attempt to propose an outlook for obtaining better knowledge related to sea-salt and halogen chemistry and their effects on the Antarctic and the Arctic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichiro Hara
- Department of Earth System Science, Faculty of Science, Fukuoka University, Nanakuma, Jyonan, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan.
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31
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Tarn MD, Sikora SNF, Porter GCE, Wyld BV, Alayof M, Reicher N, Harrison AD, Rudich Y, Shim JU, Murray BJ. On-chip analysis of atmospheric ice-nucleating particles in continuous flow. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:2889-2910. [PMID: 32661539 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00251h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) are of atmospheric importance because they catalyse the freezing of supercooled cloud droplets, strongly affecting the lifetime and radiative properties of clouds. There is a need to improve our knowledge of the global distribution of INPs, their seasonal cycles and long-term trends, but our capability to make these measurements is limited. Atmospheric INP concentrations are often determined using assays involving arrays of droplets on a cold stage, but such assays are frequently limited by the number of droplets that can be analysed per experiment, often involve manual processing (e.g. pipetting of droplets), and can be susceptible to contamination. Here, we present a microfluidic platform, the LOC-NIPI (Lab-on-a-Chip Nucleation by Immersed Particle Instrument), for the generation of water-in-oil droplets and their freezing in continuous flow as they pass over a cold plate for atmospheric INP analysis. LOC-NIPI allows the user to define the number of droplets analysed by simply running the platform for as long as required. The use of small (∼100 μm diameter) droplets minimises the probability of contamination in any one droplet and therefore allows supercooling all the way down to homogeneous freezing (around -36 °C), while a temperature probe in a proxy channel provides an accurate measure of temperature without the need for temperature modelling. The platform was validated using samples of pollen extract and Snomax®, with hundreds of droplets analysed per temperature step and thousands of droplets being measured per experiment. Homogeneous freezing of purified water was studied using >10 000 droplets with temperature increments of 0.1 °C. The results were reproducible, independent of flow rate in the ranges tested, and the data compared well to conventional instrumentation and literature data. The LOC-NIPI was further benchmarked in a field campaign in the Eastern Mediterranean against other well-characterised instrumentation. The continuous flow nature of the system provides a route, with future development, to the automated monitoring of atmospheric INP at field sites around the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Tarn
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK. and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | | | - Grace C E Porter
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK. and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Bethany V Wyld
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Matan Alayof
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Naama Reicher
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | - Yinon Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Jung-Uk Shim
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Benjamin J Murray
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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32
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Sanchez-Marroquin A, Arnalds O, Baustian-Dorsi KJ, Browse J, Dagsson-Waldhauserova P, Harrison AD, Maters EC, Pringle KJ, Vergara-Temprado J, Burke IT, McQuaid JB, Carslaw KS, Murray BJ. Iceland is an episodic source of atmospheric ice-nucleating particles relevant for mixed-phase clouds. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaba8137. [PMID: 32637618 PMCID: PMC7314534 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba8137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) have the potential to remove much of the liquid water in climatically important mid- to high-latitude shallow supercooled clouds, markedly reducing their albedo. The INP sources at these latitudes are very poorly defined, but it is known that there are substantial dust sources across the high latitudes, such as Iceland. Here, we show that Icelandic dust emissions are sporadically an important source of INPs at mid to high latitudes by combining ice-nucleating active site density measurements of aircraft-collected Icelandic dust samples with a global aerosol model. Because Iceland is only one of many high-latitude dust sources, we anticipate that the combined effect of all these sources may strongly contribute to the INP population in the mid- and high-latitude northern hemisphere. This is important because these emissions are directly relevant for the cloud-phase climate feedback and because high-latitude dust emissions are expected to increase in a warmer climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Sanchez-Marroquin
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - O. Arnalds
- Agricultural University of Iceland, Hvanneyrabraut, 311 Hvanneyri, Iceland
| | - K. J. Baustian-Dorsi
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- Bison Engineering Inc., Helena, MT 59601, USA
| | - J. Browse
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- Center for Geography and Environmental Science, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 8FE, UK
| | - P. Dagsson-Waldhauserova
- Agricultural University of Iceland, Hvanneyrabraut, 311 Hvanneyri, Iceland
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 126, Prague 6, 16000, Czech Republic
| | - A. D. Harrison
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - E. C. Maters
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, The Old Schools, Trinity Lane, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
| | - K. J. Pringle
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - J. Vergara-Temprado
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - I. T. Burke
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - J. B. McQuaid
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - K. S. Carslaw
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - B. J. Murray
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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DelloStritto M, Xu J, Wu X, Klein ML. Aqueous solvation of the chloride ion revisited with density functional theory: impact of correlation and exchange approximations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:10666-10675. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06821j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous chloride is simulated using PBE-D3, PBE0-D3, and SCAN to investigate the impact of exchange and correlation approximations; we find the exact exchange fraction strongly impacts the energetics and polarizability of solvated chloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark DelloStritto
- Institute for Computational Molecular Science
- Temple University SERC
- Philadelphia
- USA
| | - Jianhang Xu
- Department of Physics
- Temple University SERC
- Philadelphia
- USA
| | - Xifan Wu
- Department of Physics
- Temple University SERC
- Philadelphia
- USA
| | - Michael L. Klein
- Institute for Computational Molecular Science
- Temple University SERC
- Philadelphia
- USA
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34
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Aho KA, Weber CF, Christner BC, Vinatzer BA, Morris CE, Joyce R, Failor KC, Werth JT, Bayless‐Edwards ALH, Schmale DG. Spatiotemporal patterns of microbial composition and diversity in precipitation. ECOL MONOGR 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken A. Aho
- Biological Sciences Idaho State University Pocatello Idaho 83209‐8007 USA
| | - Carolyn F. Weber
- Biological Sciences Idaho State University Pocatello Idaho 83209‐8007 USA
| | - Brent C. Christner
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science Biodiversity Institute University of Florida Gainesville Florida 32611 USA
| | - Boris A. Vinatzer
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia 24061‐0331 USA
| | | | - Rachel Joyce
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science Biodiversity Institute University of Florida Gainesville Florida 32611 USA
| | - Kevin C. Failor
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia 24061‐0331 USA
| | - Jason T. Werth
- Biological Sciences Idaho State University Pocatello Idaho 83209‐8007 USA
| | | | - David G. Schmale
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia 24061‐0331 USA
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35
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Peterson PK, Hartwig M, May NW, Schwartz E, Rigor I, Ermold W, Steele M, Morison JH, Nghiem SV, Pratt KA. Snowpack measurements suggest role for multi-year sea ice regions in Arctic atmospheric bromine and chlorine chemistry. ELEMENTA (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2019; 7:10.1525/elementa.352. [PMID: 31534978 PMCID: PMC6750228 DOI: 10.1525/elementa.352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
As sources of reactive halogens, snowpacks in sea ice regions control the oxidative capacity of the Arctic atmosphere. However, measurements of snowpack halide concentrations remain sparse, particularly in the high Arctic, limiting our understanding of and ability to parameterize snowpack participation in tropospheric halogen chemistry. To address this gap, we measured concentrations of chloride, bromide, and sodium in snow samples collected during polar spring above remote multi-year sea ice (MYI) and first-year sea ice (FYI) north of Greenland and Alaska, as well as in the central Arctic, and compared these measurements to a larger dataset collected in the Alaskan coastal Arctic by Krnavek et al. (2012). Regardless of sea ice region, these surface snow samples generally featured lower salinities, compared to coastal snow. Surface snow in FYI regions was typically enriched in bromide and chloride compared to seawater, indicating snowpack deposition of bromine and chlorine-containing trace gases and an ability of the snowpack to participate further in bromine and chlorine activation processes. In contrast, surface snow in MYI regions was more often depleted in bromide, indicating it served as a source of bromine-containing trace gases to the atmosphere prior to sampling. Measurements at various snow depths indicate that the deposition of sea salt aerosols and halogen-containing trace gases to the snowpack surface played a larger role in determining surface snow halide concentrations compared to upward brine migration from sea ice. Calculated enrichment factors for bromide and chloride, relative to sodium, in the MYI snow samples suggests that MYI regions, in addition to FYI regions, have the potential to play an active role in Arctic boundary layer bromine and chlorine chemistry. The ability of MYI regions to participate in springtime atmospheric halogen chemistry should be considered in regional modeling of halogen activation and interpretation of satellite-based tropospheric bromine monoxide column measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K. Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, US
- Now at Department of Chemistry, Whittier College, Whittier, California, US
| | - Mark Hartwig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, US
| | - Nathaniel W. May
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, US
| | - Evan Schwartz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, US
- Now at Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, US
| | - Ignatius Rigor
- Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, US
| | - Wendy Ermold
- Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, US
| | - Michael Steele
- Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, US
| | - James H. Morison
- Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, US
| | - Son V. Nghiem
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, US
| | - Kerri A. Pratt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, US
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, US
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36
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Schiffer J, Mael LE, Prather KA, Amaro RE, Grassian VH. Sea Spray Aerosol: Where Marine Biology Meets Atmospheric Chemistry. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2018; 4:1617-1623. [PMID: 30648145 PMCID: PMC6311946 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.8b00674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosols have long been known to alter climate by scattering incoming solar radiation and acting as seeds for cloud formation. These processes have vast implications for controlling the chemistry of our environment and the Earth's climate. Sea spray aerosol (SSA) is emitted over nearly three-quarters of our planet, yet precisely how SSA impacts Earth's radiation budget remains highly uncertain. Over the past several decades, studies have shown that SSA particles are far more complex than just sea salt. Ocean biological and physical processes produce individual SSA particles containing a diverse array of biological species including proteins, enzymes, bacteria, and viruses and a diverse array of organic compounds including fatty acids and sugars. Thus, a new frontier of research is emerging at the nexus of chemistry, biology, and atmospheric science. In this Outlook article, we discuss how current and future aerosol chemistry research demands a tight coupling between experimental (observational and laboratory studies) and computational (simulation-based) methods. This integration of approaches will enable the systematic interrogation of the complexity within individual SSA particles at a level that will enable prediction of the physicochemical properties of real-world SSA, ultimately illuminating the detailed mechanisms of how the constituents within individual SSA impact climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie
M. Schiffer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0378, United States
| | - Liora E. Mael
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0378, United States
| | - Kimberly A. Prather
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0378, United States
- Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Rommie E. Amaro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0378, United States
| | - Vicki H. Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0378, United States
- Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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37
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Abstract
Sea spray aerosol (SSA) is highly enriched in marine-derived organic compounds during seasons of high biological productivity, and saturated fatty acids comprise one of the most abundant classes of molecules. Fatty acids and other organic compounds form a film on SSA surfaces, and SSA particle surface-area-to-volume ratios are altered during aging in the marine boundary layer (MBL). To understand SSA surface organization and its role during dynamic atmospheric conditions, an SSA proxy fatty acid film and its individual components stearic acid (SA), palmitic acid (PA), and myristic acid (MA) are studied separately using surface pressure–area ( Π − A ) isotherms and Brewster angle microscopy (BAM). The films were spread on an aqueous NaCl subphase at pH 8.2, 5.6, and 2.0 to mimic nascent to aged SSA aqueous core composition in the MBL, respectively. We show that the individual fatty acid behavior differs from that of the SSA proxy film, and at nascent SSA pH the mixture yields a monolayer with intermediate rigidity that folds upon film compression to the collapse state. Acidification causes the SSA proxy film to become more rigid and form 3D nuclei. Our results reveal film morphology alterations, which are related to SSA reflectivity, throughout various stages of SSA aging and provide a better understanding of SSA impacts on climate.
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38
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The Impact of Divalent Cations on the Enrichment of Soluble Saccharides in Primary Sea Spray Aerosol. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9120476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Field measurements have shown that sub-micrometer sea spray aerosol (SSA) is significantly enriched in organic material, of which a large fraction has been attributed to soluble saccharides. Existing mechanistic models of SSA production struggle to replicate the observed enhancement of soluble organic material. Here, we assess the role for divalent cation mediated co-adsorption of charged surfactants and saccharides in the enrichment of soluble organic material in SSA. Using measurements of particle supersaturated hygroscopicity, we calculate organic volume fractions for molecular mimics of SSA generated from a Marine Aerosol Reference Tank. Large enhancements in SSA organic volume fractions (Xorg > 0.2) were observed for 50 nm dry diameter (dp) particles in experiments where cooperative ionic interactions were favorable (e.g., palmitic acid, Mg2+, and glucuronic acid) at seawater total organic carbon concentrations (<1.15 mM C) and ocean pH. Significantly smaller SSA organic volume fractions (Xorg < 1.5 × 10−3) were derived from direct measurements of soluble saccharide concentrations in collected SSA with dry diameters <250 nm, suggesting that organic enrichment is strongly size dependent. The results presented here indicate that divalent cation mediated co-adsorption of soluble organics to insoluble surfactants at the ocean surface may contribute to the enrichment of soluble saccharides in SSA. The extent to which this mechanism explains the observed enhancement of saccharides in nascent SSA depends strongly on the concentration, speciation, and charge of surfactants and saccharides in the sea surface microlayer.
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39
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Tirella PN, Craig RL, Tubbs DB, Olson NE, Lei Z, Ault AP. Extending surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) of atmospheric aerosol particles to the accumulation mode (150-800 nm). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2018; 20:1570-1580. [PMID: 30124713 DOI: 10.1039/c8em00276b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Due to their small size, measurements of the complex composition of atmospheric aerosol particles and their surfaces are analytically challenging. This is particularly true for microspectroscopic methods, where it can be difficult to optically identify individual particles smaller than the diffraction limit of visible light (∼350 nm) and measure their vibrational modes. Recently, surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has been applied to the study of aerosol particles, allowing for detection and characterization of previously undistinguishable vibrational modes. However, atmospheric particles analyzed via SERS have primarily been >1 μm to date, much larger than the diameter of the most abundant atmospheric aerosols (∼100 nm). To push SERS towards more relevant particle sizes, a simplified approach involving Ag foil substrates was developed. Both ambient particles and several laboratory-generated model aerosol systems (polystyrene latex spheres (PSLs), ammonium sulfate, and sodium nitrate) were investigated to determine SERS enhancements. SERS spectra of monodisperse, model aerosols between 400-800 nm were compared with non-SERS enhanced spectra, yielding average enhancement factors of 102 for both inorganic and organic vibrational modes. Additionally, SERS-enabled detection of 150 nm size-selected ambient particles represent the smallest individual aerosol particles analyzed by Raman microspectroscopy to date, and the first time atmospheric particles have been measured at sizes approaching the atmospheric number size distribution mode. SERS-enabled detection and identification of vibrational modes in smaller, more atmospherically-relevant particles has the potential to improve understanding of aerosol composition and surface properties, as well as their impact on heterogeneous and multiphase reactions involving aerosol surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter N Tirella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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40
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DeMott PJ, Mason RH, McCluskey CS, Hill TCJ, Perkins RJ, Desyaterik Y, Bertram AK, Trueblood JV, Grassian VH, Qiu Y, Molinero V, Tobo Y, Sultana CM, Lee C, Prather KA. Ice nucleation by particles containing long-chain fatty acids of relevance to freezing by sea spray aerosols. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2018; 20:1559-1569. [PMID: 30382263 DOI: 10.1039/c8em00386f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous ice nucleation in the atmosphere regulates cloud properties, such as phase (ice versus liquid) and lifetime. Aerosol particles of marine origin are relevant ice nucleating particle sources when marine aerosol layers are lifted over mountainous terrain and in higher latitude ocean boundary layers, distant from terrestrial aerosol sources. Among many particle compositions associated with ice nucleation by sea spray aerosols are highly saturated fatty acids. Previous studies have not demonstrated their ability to freeze dilute water droplets. This study investigates ice nucleation by monolayers at the surface of supercooled droplets and as crystalline particles at temperatures exceeding the threshold for homogeneous freezing. Results show the poor efficiency of long chain fatty acid (C16, C18) monolayers in templating freezing of pure water droplets and seawater subphase to temperatures of at least -30 °C, consistent with theory. This contrasts with freezing of fatty alcohols (C22 used here) at nearly 20 °C warmer. Evaporation of μL-sized droplets to promote structural compression of a C19 acid monolayer did not favor warmer ice formation of drops. Heterogeneous ice nucleation occurred for nL-sized droplets condensed on 5 to 100 μm crystalline particles of fatty acid (C12 to C20) at a range of temperatures below -28 °C. These experiments suggest that fatty acids nucleate ice at warmer than -36 °C only when the crystalline phase is present. Rough estimates of ice active site densities are consistent with those of marine aerosols, but require knowledge of the proportion of surface area comprised of fatty acids for application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J DeMott
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1371, USA.
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41
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Knackstedt KA, Moffett BF, Hartmann S, Wex H, Hill TCJ, Glasgo ED, Reitz LA, Augustin-Bauditz S, Beall BFN, Bullerjahn GS, Fröhlich-Nowoisky J, Grawe S, Lubitz J, Stratmann F, McKay RML. Terrestrial Origin for Abundant Riverine Nanoscale Ice-Nucleating Particles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:12358-12367. [PMID: 30264996 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b03881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) associated with fresh waters are a neglected, but integral component of the water cycle. Abundant INPs were identified from surface waters of both the Maumee River and Lake Erie with ice nucleus spectra spanning a temperature range from -3 to -15 °C. The majority of river INPs were submicron in size and attributed to biogenic macromolecules, inferred from the denaturation of ice-nucleation activity by heat. In a watershed dominated by row-crop agriculture, higher concentrations of INPs were found in river samples compared to lake samples. Further, ice-nucleating temperatures differed between river and lake samples, which indicated different populations of INPs. Seasonal analysis of INPs that were active at warmer temperatures (≥-10 °C; INP-10) showed their concentration to correlate with river discharge, suggesting a watershed origin of these INPs. A terrestrial origin for INPs in the Maumee River was further supported by a correspondence between the ice-nucleation signatures of river INPs and INPs derived from the soil fungus Mortierella alpina. Aerosols derived from turbulence features in the river carry INP-10, although their potential influence on regional weather is unclear. INP-10 contained within aerosols generated from a weir spanning the river, ranged in concentration from 1 to 11 INP m-3, which represented a fold-change of 3.2 over average INP-10 concentrations sampled from aerosols at control locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Knackstedt
- Department of Biological Sciences , Bowling Green State University , Bowling Green , Ohio 43403 , United States
| | | | - Susan Hartmann
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research , Permoserstrasse 15 , 04318 , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Heike Wex
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research , Permoserstrasse 15 , 04318 , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Thomas C J Hill
- Department of Atmospheric Science , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Elizabeth D Glasgo
- Department of Biological Sciences , Bowling Green State University , Bowling Green , Ohio 43403 , United States
| | - Laura A Reitz
- Department of Biological Sciences , Bowling Green State University , Bowling Green , Ohio 43403 , United States
| | | | - Benjamin F N Beall
- Hatfield Consultants , #200-850 Harbourside Drive , North Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada V7P 0A3
| | - George S Bullerjahn
- Department of Biological Sciences , Bowling Green State University , Bowling Green , Ohio 43403 , United States
| | - Janine Fröhlich-Nowoisky
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , Multiphase Chemistry Department , Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1 , 55128 , Mainz , Germany
| | - Sarah Grawe
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research , Permoserstrasse 15 , 04318 , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Jasmin Lubitz
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research , Permoserstrasse 15 , 04318 , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Frank Stratmann
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research , Permoserstrasse 15 , 04318 , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Robert Michael L McKay
- Department of Biological Sciences , Bowling Green State University , Bowling Green , Ohio 43403 , United States
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42
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Pietsch RB, Grothe H, Hanlon R, Powers CW, Jung S, Ross SD, Schmale Iii DG. Wind-driven spume droplet production and the transport of Pseudomonas syringae from aquatic environments. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5663. [PMID: 30280035 PMCID: PMC6163035 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural aquatic environments such as oceans, lakes, and rivers are home to a tremendous diversity of microorganisms. Some may cross the air-water interface within droplets and become airborne, with the potential to impact the Earth’s radiation budget, precipitation processes, and spread of disease. Larger droplets are likely to return to the water or adjacent land, but smaller droplets may be suspended in the atmosphere for transport over long distances. Here, we report on a series of controlled laboratory experiments to quantify wind-driven droplet production from a freshwater source for low wind speeds. The rate of droplet production increased quadratically with wind speed above a critical value (10-m equivalent 5.7 m/s) where droplet production initiated. Droplet diameter and ejection speeds were fit by a gamma distribution. The droplet mass flux and momentum flux increased with wind speed. Two mechanisms of droplet production, bubble bursting and fragmentation, yielded different distributions for diameter, speed, and angle. At a wind speed of about 3.5 m/s, aqueous suspensions of the ice-nucleating bacterium Pseudomonas syringae were collected at rates of 283 cells m−2 s−1 at 5 cm above the water surface, and at 14 cells m−2 s−1 at 10 cm above the water surface. At a wind speed of about 4.0 m/s, aqueous suspensions of P. syringae were collected at rates of 509 cells m−2 s−1 at 5 cm above the water surface, and at 81 cells m−2 s−1 at 10 cm above the water surface. The potential for microbial flux into the atmosphere from aquatic environments was calculated using known concentrations of bacteria in natural freshwater systems. Up to 3.1 × 104 cells m−2 s−1 of water surface were estimated to leave the water in potentially suspended droplets (diameters <100 µm). Understanding the sources and mechanisms for bacteria to aerosolize from freshwater aquatic sources may aid in designing management strategies for pathogenic bacteria, and could shed light on how bacteria are involved in mesoscale atmospheric processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee B Pietsch
- Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Hinrich Grothe
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, United States of America.,Institute of Materials Chemistry (E165), TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Regina Hanlon
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Craig W Powers
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Sunghwan Jung
- Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Shane D Ross
- Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - David G Schmale Iii
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
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43
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Impact of Air Mass Conditions and Aerosol Properties on Ice Nucleating Particle Concentrations at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9090363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ice nucleation is the source of primary ice crystals in mixed-phase clouds. Only a small fraction of aerosols called ice nucleating particles (INPs) catalyze ice formation, with their nature and origin remaining unclear. In this study, we investigate potential predictor parameters of meteorological conditions and aerosol properties for INP concentrations at mixed-phase cloud condition at 242 K. Measurements were conducted at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch (Switzerland, 3580 m a.s.l.), which is located predominantly in the free troposphere (FT) but can occasionally receive injections from the boundary layer (BLI). Measurements are taken during a long-term study of eight field campaigns, allowing for the first time an interannual (2014–2017) and seasonal (spring, summer, and winter) distinction of high-time-resolution INP measurements. We investigate ranked correlation coefficients between INP concentrations and meteorological parameters and aerosol properties. While a commonly used parameterization lacks in predicting the observed INP concentrations, the best INP predictor is the total available surface area of the aerosol particles, with no obvious seasonal trend in the relationship. Nevertheless, the predicting capability is less pronounced in the FT, which might be caused by ageing effects. Furthermore, there is some evidence of anthropogenic influence on INP concentrations during BLI. Our study contributes to an improved understanding of ice nucleation in the free troposphere, however, it also underlines that a knowledge gap of ice nucleation in such an environment exists.
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44
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O'Sullivan D, Adams MP, Tarn MD, Harrison AD, Vergara-Temprado J, Porter GCE, Holden MA, Sanchez-Marroquin A, Carotenuto F, Whale TF, McQuaid JB, Walshaw R, Hedges DHP, Burke IT, Cui Z, Murray BJ. Contributions of biogenic material to the atmospheric ice-nucleating particle population in North Western Europe. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13821. [PMID: 30217983 PMCID: PMC6138667 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31981-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A minute fraction of atmospheric particles exert a disproportionate effect on the phase of mixed-phase clouds by acting as ice-nucleating particles (INPs). To understand the effects of these particles on weather and climate, both now and into the future, we must first develop a quantitative understanding of the major INP sources worldwide. Previous work has demonstrated that aerosols such as desert dusts are globally important INPs, but the role of biogenic INPs is unclear, with conflicting evidence for their importance. Here, we show that at a temperate site all INPs active above −18 °C at concentrations >0.1 L−1 are destroyed on heating, consistent with these INPs being of biological origin. Furthermore, we show that a global model of desert dust INPs dramatically underestimates the measured INP concentrations, but is consistent with the thermally-stable component. Notably, the heat sensitive INPs are active at temperatures where shallow cloud layers in Northern Europe are frequently observed to glaciate. Hence, we suggest that biogenic material is important for primary ice production in this region. The prevalence of heat sensitive, most likely biogenic, INPs in this region highlights that, as a community, we need to quantify the sources and transport of these particles as well as determine their atmospheric abundance across the globe and at cloud altitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D O'Sullivan
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.,NHS Digital,1 Trevelyan Square, Boar Lane, Leeds, LS1 6AE, UK
| | - M P Adams
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - M D Tarn
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - A D Harrison
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - J Vergara-Temprado
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.,Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - G C E Porter
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - M A Holden
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.,School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - A Sanchez-Marroquin
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - F Carotenuto
- Institute of Biometeorology, National Research Council (IBIMET-CNR), Via Caproni 8, 50145, Florence, Italy
| | - T F Whale
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - J B McQuaid
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - R Walshaw
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - D H P Hedges
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - I T Burke
- Earth Surface Science Institute, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Z Cui
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - B J Murray
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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45
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Abundance of Biological Ice Nucleating Particles in the Mississippi and Its Major Tributaries. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9080307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ice nucleating particles (INPs) are rare among atmospheric aerosols. However, through their ability to induce freezing of cloud droplets in cold clouds, they affect cloud lifetime, cloud albedo, and the efficiency and distribution of precipitation. While terrestrial sources of INPs are the focus of much research, the potential of rivers and lakes to be significant INP reservoirs has been neglected. In the first survey of a major river system, surface waters from the Mississippi, Missouri, Platte, and Sweetwater Rivers, all draining east and south from the Great Divide in the United States of America (USA), were tested for their INP concentrations. The survey comprised 49 samples, taken approximately every 150–250 km along 90% of the Mississippi (from Natchez, MS to the source at Bemidji, MN), the full length of the Missouri, 90% of the North Platte, and all of the Sweetwater. Samples were analysed using the immersion freezing method. The highest freezing temperature varied between −4 and −6 °C, and the concentration of INPs active at −10 °C or warmer ranged from 87 to 47,000 mL−1. The average INP concentration at −10 °C was 4950 mL−1, almost four orders of magnitude greater than the numbers of INPs typically found active at this temperature in seawater. The majority of INPs (69 to >99%) were heat labile (deactivated by heating to 95 °C) and therefore likely to be biological. Although the surface area of rivers is limited, their significant concentrations of INPs suggest that freshwater emissions should be investigated for their potential impact on regional cloud processes.
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46
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Abstract
Simulated clouds over the Southern Ocean reflect too little solar radiation compared with observations, which results in errors in simulated surface temperatures and in many other important features of the climate system. Our results show that the radiative properties of the most biased types of clouds in cyclonic systems are highly sensitive to the concentration of ice-nucleating particles. The uniquely low concentrations of ice-nucleating particles in this remote marine environment strongly inhibit precipitation and allow much brighter clouds to be sustained. Large biases in climate model simulations of cloud radiative properties over the Southern Ocean cause large errors in modeled sea surface temperatures, atmospheric circulation, and climate sensitivity. Here, we combine cloud-resolving model simulations with estimates of the concentration of ice-nucleating particles in this region to show that our simulated Southern Ocean clouds reflect far more radiation than predicted by global models, in agreement with satellite observations. Specifically, we show that the clouds that are most sensitive to the concentration of ice-nucleating particles are low-level mixed-phase clouds in the cold sectors of extratropical cyclones, which have previously been identified as a main contributor to the Southern Ocean radiation bias. The very low ice-nucleating particle concentrations that prevail over the Southern Ocean strongly suppress cloud droplet freezing, reduce precipitation, and enhance cloud reflectivity. The results help explain why a strong radiation bias occurs mainly in this remote region away from major sources of ice-nucleating particles. The results present a substantial challenge to climate models to be able to simulate realistic ice-nucleating particle concentrations and their effects under specific meteorological conditions.
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Chance RJ, Hamilton JF, Carpenter LJ, Hackenberg SC, Andrews SJ, Wilson TW. Water-Soluble Organic Composition of the Arctic Sea Surface Microlayer and Association with Ice Nucleation Ability. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:1817-1826. [PMID: 29370515 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Organic matter in the sea surface microlayer (SML) may be transferred to the atmosphere as sea spray and hence influence the composition and properties of marine aerosol. Recent work has demonstrated that the SML contains material capable of heterogeneously nucleating ice, but the nature of this material remains largely unknown. Water-soluble organic matter was extracted from SML and underlying seawater from the Arctic and analyzed using a combination of mass spectrometric approaches. High performance liquid chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry (LC-IT-MS), and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance MS (FT-ICR-MS), showed seawater extracts to be compositionally similar across all stations, whereas microlayer extracts had a different and more variable composition. LC-IT-MS demonstrated the enrichment of particular ions in the microlayer. Ice nucleation ability (defined as the median droplet freezing temperature) appeared to be related to the relative abundances of some ions, although the extracts themselves did not retain this property. Molecular formulas were assigned using LC-quadrupole time-of-flight MS (LC-TOF-MS2) and FT-ICR-MS. The ice nucleation tracer ions were associated with elevated biogenic trace gases, and were also observed in atmospheric aerosol collected during the summer, but not early spring suggesting a biogenic source of ice nuclei in the Arctic microlayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosie J Chance
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York , Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Jacqueline F Hamilton
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York , Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Lucy J Carpenter
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York , Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Sina C Hackenberg
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York , Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Stephen J Andrews
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York , Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Theodore W Wilson
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds , Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9TJ, U.K
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May NW, Olson NE, Panas M, Axson JL, Tirella PS, Kirpes RM, Craig RL, Gunsch MJ, China S, Laskin A, Ault AP, Pratt KA. Aerosol Emissions from Great Lakes Harmful Algal Blooms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:397-405. [PMID: 29169236 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In freshwater lakes, harmful algal blooms (HABs) of Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) produce toxins that impact human health. However, little is known about the lake spray aerosol (LSA) produced from wave-breaking in freshwater HABs. In this study, LSA were produced in the laboratory from freshwater samples collected from Lake Michigan and Lake Erie during HAB and nonbloom conditions. The incorporation of biological material within the individual HAB-influenced LSA particles was examined by single-particle mass spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and fluorescence microscopy. Freshwater with higher blue-green algae content produced higher number fractions of individual LSA particles that contained biological material, showing that organic molecules of biological origin are incorporated in LSA from HABs. The number fraction of individual LSA particles containing biological material also increased with particle diameter (greater than 0.5 μm), a size dependence that is consistent with previous studies of sea spray aerosol impacted by phytoplankton blooms. Similar to sea spray aerosol, organic carbon markers were most frequently observed in individual LSA particles less than 0.5 μm in diameter. Understanding the transfer of biological material from freshwater to the atmosphere via LSA is crucial for determining health and climate effects of HABs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel W May
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Nicole E Olson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Mark Panas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Jessica L Axson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Peter S Tirella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Rachel M Kirpes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Rebecca L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Matthew J Gunsch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Swarup China
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington, United States
| | - Alexander Laskin
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington, United States
| | - Andrew P Ault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Kerri A Pratt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
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Abstract
The role of marine bioaerosols in cloud formation and climate is currently so uncertain that even the sign of the climate forcing is unclear. Marine aerosols form through direct emissions and through the conversion of gas-phase emissions to aerosols in the atmosphere. The composition and size of aerosols determine how effective they are in catalyzing the formation of water droplets and ice crystals in clouds by acting as cloud condensation nuclei and ice nucleating particles, respectively. Marine organic aerosols may be sourced both from recent regional phytoplankton blooms that add labile organic matter to the surface ocean and from long-term global processes, such as the upwelling of old refractory dissolved organic matter from the deep ocean. Understanding the formation of marine aerosols and their propensity to catalyze cloud formation processes are challenges that must be addressed given the major uncertainties associated with aerosols in climate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah D Brooks
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA;
| | - Daniel C O Thornton
- Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA;
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50
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Bertram TH, Cochran RE, Grassian VH, Stone EA. Sea spray aerosol chemical composition: elemental and molecular mimics for laboratory studies of heterogeneous and multiphase reactions. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:2374-2400. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00008a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Schematic representation of the reactive uptake of N2O5to a sea spray aerosol particle containing a thick organic film.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard E. Cochran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California
- La Jolla
- USA
| | - Vicki H. Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California
- La Jolla
- USA
- Departments of Nanoengineering and Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California
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