1
|
Musher LJ, Del-Rio G, Marcondes RS, Brumfield RT, Bravo GA, Thom G. Geogenomic Predictors of Genetree Heterogeneity Explain Phylogeographic and Introgression History: A Case Study in an Amazonian Bird (Thamnophilus aethiops). Syst Biol 2024; 73:36-52. [PMID: 37804132 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syad061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Can knowledge about genome architecture inform biogeographic and phylogenetic inference? Selection, drift, recombination, and gene flow interact to produce a genomic landscape of divergence wherein patterns of differentiation and genealogy vary nonrandomly across the genomes of diverging populations. For instance, genealogical patterns that arise due to gene flow should be more likely to occur on smaller chromosomes, which experience high recombination, whereas those tracking histories of geographic isolation (reduced gene flow caused by a barrier) and divergence should be more likely to occur on larger and sex chromosomes. In Amazonia, populations of many bird species diverge and introgress across rivers, resulting in reticulated genomic signals. Herein, we used reduced representation genomic data to disentangle the evolutionary history of 4 populations of an Amazonian antbird, Thamnophilus aethiops, whose biogeographic history was associated with the dynamic evolution of the Madeira River Basin. Specifically, we evaluate whether a large river capture event ca. 200 Ka, gave rise to reticulated genealogies in the genome by making spatially explicit predictions about isolation and gene flow based on knowledge about genomic processes. We first estimated chromosome-level phylogenies and recovered 2 primary topologies across the genome. The first topology (T1) was most consistent with predictions about population divergence and was recovered for the Z-chromosome. The second (T2), was consistent with predictions about gene flow upon secondary contact. To evaluate support for these topologies, we trained a convolutional neural network to classify our data into alternative diversification models and estimate demographic parameters. The best-fit model was concordant with T1 and included gene flow between non-sister taxa. Finally, we modeled levels of divergence and introgression as functions of chromosome length and found that smaller chromosomes experienced higher gene flow. Given that (1) genetrees supporting T2 were more likely to occur on smaller chromosomes and (2) we found lower levels of introgression on larger chromosomes (and especially the Z-chromosome), we argue that T1 represents the history of population divergence across rivers and T2 the history of secondary contact due to barrier loss. Our results suggest that a significant portion of genomic heterogeneity arises due to extrinsic biogeographic processes such as river capture interacting with intrinsic processes associated with genome architecture. Future phylogeographic studies would benefit from accounting for genomic processes, as different parts of the genome reveal contrasting, albeit complementary histories, all of which are relevant for disentangling the intricate geogenomic mechanisms of biotic diversification. [Amazonia; biogeography; demographic modeling; gene flow; gene tree; genome architecture; geogenomics; introgression; linked selection; neural network; phylogenomic; phylogeography; reproductive isolation; speciation; species tree.].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas J Musher
- Department of Ornithology, The Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA
- Department of Ornithology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA
| | - Glaucia Del-Rio
- Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Rafael S Marcondes
- Department of Biology and Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Robb T Brumfield
- Department of Biology and Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Gustavo A Bravo
- Sección de Ornitología, Colecciones Biológicas, Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Claustro de San Agustín, Villa de Leyva, Boyacá 111311, Colombia
- Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Gregory Thom
- Department of Biology and Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Barreto E, Boehm MMA, Ogutcen E, Abrahamczyk S, Kessler M, Bascompte J, Dellinger AS, Bello C, Dehling DM, Duchenne F, Kaehler M, Lagomarsino LP, Lohmann LG, Maglianesi MA, Morlon H, Muchhala N, Ornelas JF, Perret M, Salinas NR, Smith SD, Vamosi JC, Varassin IG, Graham CH. Macroevolution of the plant-hummingbird pollination system. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024. [PMID: 38705863 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Plant-hummingbird interactions are considered a classic example of coevolution, a process in which mutually dependent species influence each other's evolution. Plants depend on hummingbirds for pollination, whereas hummingbirds rely on nectar for food. As a step towards understanding coevolution, this review focuses on the macroevolutionary consequences of plant-hummingbird interactions, a relatively underexplored area in the current literature. We synthesize prior studies, illustrating the origins and dynamics of hummingbird pollination across different angiosperm clades previously pollinated by insects (mostly bees), bats, and passerine birds. In some cases, the crown age of hummingbirds pre-dates the plants they pollinate. In other cases, plant groups transitioned to hummingbird pollination early in the establishment of this bird group in the Americas, with the build-up of both diversities coinciding temporally, and hence suggesting co-diversification. Determining what triggers shifts to and away from hummingbird pollination remains a major open challenge. The impact of hummingbirds on plant diversification is complex, with many tropical plant lineages experiencing increased diversification after acquiring flowers that attract hummingbirds, and others experiencing no change or even a decrease in diversification rates. This mixed evidence suggests that other extrinsic or intrinsic factors, such as local climate and isolation, are important covariables driving the diversification of plants adapted to hummingbird pollination. To guide future studies, we discuss the mechanisms and contexts under which hummingbirds, as a clade and as individual species (e.g. traits, foraging behaviour, degree of specialization), could influence plant evolution. We conclude by commenting on how macroevolutionary signals of the mutualism could relate to coevolution, highlighting the unbalanced focus on the plant side of the interaction, and advocating for the use of species-level interaction data in macroevolutionary studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Barreto
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Mannfred M A Boehm
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2212 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ezgi Ogutcen
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | - Stefan Abrahamczyk
- Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plant, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 170, Bonn, 53115, Germany
- State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, Botany Department, Rosenstein 1, Stuttgart, 70191, Germany
| | - Michael Kessler
- Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zurich, 8008, Switzerland
| | - Jordi Bascompte
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurestrasse 190, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Agnes S Dellinger
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Carolina Bello
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - D Matthias Dehling
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
- Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, 25 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - François Duchenne
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Miriam Kaehler
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos 100, Curitiba, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Laura P Lagomarsino
- Department of Biological Sciences, Shirley C. Tucker Herbarium, Louisiana State University, Life Science Annex Building A257, Baton Rouge, 70803, LA, USA
| | - Lúcia G Lohmann
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 277, Butantã, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brazil
- Department of Integrative Biology, University and Jepson Herbaria, University of California, Berkeley, 1001 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, 94720-2465, CA, USA
| | - María A Maglianesi
- Escuela de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Estatal a Distancia, San José, 474-2050, Costa Rica
| | - Hélène Morlon
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, UMR 8197, 46 rue d'Ulm, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Nathan Muchhala
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri - St. Louis, St. Louis, 63121, MO, USA
| | - Juan Francisco Ornelas
- Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, A.C. (INECOL), Xalapa, Veracruz, 91073, Mexico
| | - Mathieu Perret
- Department of Plant Sciences, Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de Genève, University of Geneva, Chem. de l'Impératrice 1, 1292 Pregny-Chambésy, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nelson R Salinas
- Pfizer Plant Research Laboratory, New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd., Bronx, New York City, 10458, NY, USA
| | - Stacey D Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado-Boulder, 1900 Pleasant St, Boulder, 80302, CO, USA
| | - Jana C Vamosi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, T2N1N4, AB, Canada
| | - Isabela G Varassin
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Coronel Francisco H. dos Santos 100, Curitiba, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Catherine H Graham
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Herrick J. DNA Damage, Genome Stability, and Adaptation: A Question of Chance or Necessity? Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:520. [PMID: 38674454 PMCID: PMC11049855 DOI: 10.3390/genes15040520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
DNA damage causes the mutations that are the principal source of genetic variation. DNA damage detection and repair mechanisms therefore play a determining role in generating the genetic diversity on which natural selection acts. Speciation, it is commonly assumed, occurs at a rate set by the level of standing allelic diversity in a population. The process of speciation is driven by a combination of two evolutionary forces: genetic drift and ecological selection. Genetic drift takes place under the conditions of relaxed selection, and results in a balance between the rates of mutation and the rates of genetic substitution. These two processes, drift and selection, are necessarily mediated by a variety of mechanisms guaranteeing genome stability in any given species. One of the outstanding questions in evolutionary biology concerns the origin of the widely varying phylogenetic distribution of biodiversity across the Tree of Life and how the forces of drift and selection contribute to shaping that distribution. The following examines some of the molecular mechanisms underlying genome stability and the adaptive radiations that are associated with biodiversity and the widely varying species richness and evenness in the different eukaryotic lineages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Herrick
- Independent Researcher at 3, Rue des Jeûneurs, 75002 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Springer AL, Gompert Z. Considerable genetic diversity and structure despite narrow endemism and limited ecological specialization in the Hayden's ringlet, Coenonympha haydenii. Mol Ecol 2024; 33:e17310. [PMID: 38441401 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the processes that underlie the development of population genetic structure is central to the study of evolution. Patterns of genetic structure, in turn, can reveal signatures of isolation by distance (IBD), barriers to gene flow, or even the genesis of speciation. However, it is unclear how severe range restriction might impact the processes that dominate the development of genetic structure. In narrow endemic species, is population structure likely to be adaptive in nature, or rather the result of genetic drift? In this study, we investigated patterns of genetic diversity and structure in the narrow endemic Hayden's ringlet butterfly. Specifically, we asked to what degree genetic structure in the Hayden's ringlet can be explained by IBD, isolation by resistance (IBR) (in the form of geographic or ecological barriers to migration between populations), and isolation by environment (in the form of differences in host plant availability and preference). We employed a genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) approach coupled with host preference assays, Bayesian modelling, and population genomic analyses to answer these questions. Our results suggest that despite their restricted range, levels of genetic diversity in the Hayden's ringlet are comparable to those seen in more widespread butterfly species. Hayden's ringlets showed a strong preference for feeding on grasses relative to sedges, but neither larval preference nor potential host availability at sampling sites correlated with genetic structure. We conclude that geography, in the form of IBR and simple IBD, was the major driver of contemporary patterns of differentiation in this narrow endemic species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Springer
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Zachariah Gompert
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
- Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bolívar‐Leguizamón SD, Bocalini F, Silveira LF, Bravo GA. The role of biogeographical barriers on the historical dynamics of passerine birds with a circum-Amazonian distribution. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e10860. [PMID: 38450322 PMCID: PMC10915597 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Common distributional patterns have provided the foundations of our knowledge of Neotropical biogeography. A distinctive pattern is the "circum-Amazonian distribution", which surrounds Amazonia across the forested lowlands south and east of the basin, the Andean foothills, the Venezuelan Coastal Range, and the Tepuis. The underlying evolutionary and biogeographical mechanisms responsible for this widespread pattern of avian distribution have yet to be elucidated. Here, we test the effects of biogeographical barriers in four species in the passerine family Thamnophilidae by performing comparative demographic analyses of genome-scale data. Specifically, we used flanking regions of ultraconserved regions to estimate population historical parameters and genealogical trees and tested demographic models reflecting contrasting biogeographical scenarios explaining the circum-Amazonian distribution. We found that taxa with circum-Amazonian distribution have at least two main phylogeographical clusters: (1) Andes, often extending into Central America and the Tepuis; and (2) the remaining of their distribution. These clusters are connected through corridors along the Chaco-Cerrado and southeastern Amazonia, allowing gene flow between Andean and eastern South American populations. Demographic histories are consistent with Pleistocene climatic fluctuations having a strong influence on the diversification history of circum-Amazonian taxa, Refugia played a crucial role, enabling both phenotypic and genetic differentiation, yet maintaining substantial interconnectedness to keep considerable levels of gene flow during different dry/cool and warm/humid periods. Additionally, steep environmental gradients appear to play a critical role in maintaining both genetic and phenotypic structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio D. Bolívar‐Leguizamón
- Seção de AvesMuseu de Zoologia da Universidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
- Laboratório de Zoologia de Vertebrados, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” –ESALQ–Universidade de São PauloPiracicabaBrazil
| | - Fernanda Bocalini
- Seção de AvesMuseu de Zoologia da Universidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Luís F. Silveira
- Seção de AvesMuseu de Zoologia da Universidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Gustavo A. Bravo
- Seção de AvesMuseu de Zoologia da Universidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
- Sección de Ornitología, Colecciones Biológicas, Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von HumboldtClaustro de San AgustínVilla de Leyva, BoyacáColombia
- Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary BiologyHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wacker KS, Winger BM. An Elevational Phylogeographic Diversity Gradient in Neotropical Birds Is Decoupled from Speciation Rates. Am Nat 2024; 203:362-381. [PMID: 38358813 DOI: 10.1086/728598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
AbstractA key question about macroevolutionary speciation rates is whether they are controlled by microevolutionary processes operating at the population level. For example, does spatial variation in population genetic differentiation underlie geographical gradients in speciation rates? Previous work suggests that speciation rates increase with elevation in Neotropical birds, but underlying population-level gradients remain unexplored. Here, we characterize elevational phylogeographic diversity between montane and lowland birds in the megadiverse Andes-Amazonian system and assess its relationship to speciation rates to evaluate the link between population-level differentiation and species-level diversification. We aggregated and georeferenced nearly 7,000 mitochondrial DNA sequences across 103 species or species complexes in the Andes and Amazonia and used these sequences to describe phylogeographic differentiation across both regions. Our results show increased levels of both discrete and continuous metrics of population structure in the Andean mountains compared with the Amazonian lowlands. However, higher levels of population differentiation do not predict higher rates of speciation in our dataset. Multiple potential factors may lead to our observed decoupling of initial population divergence and speciation rates, including the ephemerality of incipient species and the multifaceted nature of the speciation process, as well as methodological challenges associated with estimating rates of population differentiation and speciation.
Collapse
|
7
|
Medina I, Dong C, Marquez R, Perez DM, Wang IJ, Stuart-Fox D. Anti-predator defences are linked with high levels of genetic differentiation in frogs. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20232292. [PMID: 38264783 PMCID: PMC10806439 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.2292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Predator-prey interactions have been suggested as drivers of diversity in different lineages, and the presence of anti-predator defences in some clades is linked to higher rates of diversification. Warning signals are some of the most widespread defences in the animal world, and there is evidence of higher diversification rates in aposematic lineages. The mechanisms behind such species richness, however, are still unclear. Here, we test whether lineages that use aposematism as anti-predator defence exhibit higher levels of genetic differentiation between populations, leading to increased opportunities for divergence. We collated from the literature more than 3000 pairwise genetic differentiation values across more than 700 populations from over 60 amphibian species. We find evidence that over short geographical distances, populations of species of aposematic lineages exhibit greater genetic divergence relative to species that are not aposematic. Our results support a scenario where the use of warning signals could restrict gene flow, and suggest that anti-predator defences could impact divergence between populations and potentially have effects at a macro-evolutionary scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iliana Medina
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Caroline Dong
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70115, USA
| | - Roberto Marquez
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Michigan Society of Fellows, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Daniela M. Perez
- Max Plank Institute of Animal Behaviour, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Ian J. Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, Rausser College of Natural Resources, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Devi Stuart-Fox
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pyron RA, Kakkera A, Beamer DA, O'Connell KA. Discerning structure versus speciation in phylogeographic analysis of Seepage Salamanders (Desmognathus aeneus) using demography, environment, geography, and phenotype. Mol Ecol 2024; 33:e17219. [PMID: 38015012 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Numerous mechanisms can drive speciation, including isolation by adaptation, distance, and environment. These forces can promote genetic and phenotypic differentiation of local populations, the formation of phylogeographic lineages, and ultimately, completed speciation. However, conceptually similar mechanisms may also result in stabilizing rather than diversifying selection, leading to lineage integration and the long-term persistence of population structure within genetically cohesive species. Processes that drive the formation and maintenance of geographic genetic diversity while facilitating high rates of migration and limiting phenotypic differentiation may thereby result in population genetic structure that is not accompanied by reproductive isolation. We suggest that this framework can be applied more broadly to address the classic dilemma of "structure" versus "species" when evaluating phylogeographic diversity, unifying population genetics, species delimitation, and the underlying study of speciation. We demonstrate one such instance in the Seepage Salamander (Desmognathus aeneus) from the southeastern United States. Recent studies estimated up to 6.3% mitochondrial divergence and four phylogenomic lineages with broad admixture across geographic hybrid zones, which could potentially represent distinct species supported by our species-delimitation analyses. However, while limited dispersal promotes substantial isolation by distance, microhabitat specificity appears to yield stabilizing selection on a single, uniform, ecologically mediated phenotype. As a result, climatic cycles promote recurrent contact between lineages and repeated instances of high migration through time. Subsequent hybridization is apparently not counteracted by adaptive differentiation limiting introgression, leaving a single unified species with deeply divergent phylogeographic lineages that nonetheless do not appear to represent incipient species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Alexander Pyron
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Anvith Kakkera
- Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, Alexandria, Virginia, USA
| | - David A Beamer
- Office of Research, Economic Development and Engagement, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kyle A O'Connell
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Deloitte Consulting LLP, Health and Data AI, Arlington, Virginia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Seeholzer GF, Brumfield RT. Speciation-by-Extinction. Syst Biol 2023; 72:1433-1442. [PMID: 37542735 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syad049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extinction is a dominant force shaping patterns of biodiversity through time; however its role as a catalyst of speciation through its interaction with intraspecific variation has been overlooked. Here, we synthesize ideas alluded to by Darwin and others into the model of "speciation-by-extinction" in which speciation results from the extinction of intermediate populations within a single geographically variable species. We explore the properties and distinguishing features of speciation-by-extinction with respect to other established speciation models. We demonstrate its plausibility by showing that the experimental extinction of populations within variable species can result in speciation. The prerequisites for speciation-by-extinction, geographically structured intraspecific variation and local extinction, are ubiquitous in nature. We propose that speciation-by-extinction may be a prevalent, but underappreciated, speciation mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Glenn F Seeholzer
- Department of Ornithology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA
- Macaulay Library, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Robb T Brumfield
- Museum of Natural Science and Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Burbrink FT, Ruane S, Rabibisoa N, Raselimanana AP, Raxworthy CJ, Kuhn A. Speciation rates are unrelated to the formation of population structure in Malagasy gemsnakes. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10344. [PMID: 37529593 PMCID: PMC10375368 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Speciation rates vary substantially across the tree of life. These rates should be linked to the rate at which population structure forms if a continuum between micro and macroevolutionary patterns exists. Previous studies examining the link between speciation rates and the degree of population formation in clades have been shown to be either correlated or uncorrelated depending on the group, but no study has yet examined the relationship between speciation rates and population structure in a young group that is constrained spatially to a single-island system. We examine this correlation in 109 gemsnakes (Pseudoxyrhophiidae) endemic to Madagascar and originating in the early Miocene, which helps control for extinction variation across time and space. We find no relationship between rates of speciation and the formation rates of population structure over space in 33 species of gemsnakes. Rates of speciation show low variation, yet population structure varies widely across species, indicating that speciation rates and population structure are disconnected. We suspect this is largely due to the persistence of some lineages not susceptible to extinction. Importantly, we discuss how delimiting populations versus species may contribute to problems understanding the continuum between shallow and deep evolutionary processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank T. Burbrink
- Department of HerpetologyAmerican Museum of Natural HistoryNew York CityNew YorkUSA
| | - Sara Ruane
- Life Sciences Section, Negaunee Integrative Research CenterField Museum of Natural HistoryChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Nirhy Rabibisoa
- Sciences de la Vie et de l'Environnement, Faculté des Sciences, de Technologies et de l'EnvironnementUniversité de MahajangaMahajangaMadagascar
| | - Achille P. Raselimanana
- Zoologie et Biodiversité Animale, Faculté des SciencesUniversité d'AntananarivoAntananarivoMadagascar
| | | | - Arianna Kuhn
- Department of HerpetologyAmerican Museum of Natural HistoryNew York CityNew YorkUSA
- Virginia Museum of Natural HistoryMartinsvilleVirginiaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rolland J, Henao-Diaz LF, Doebeli M, Germain R, Harmon LJ, Knowles LL, Liow LH, Mank JE, Machac A, Otto SP, Pennell M, Salamin N, Silvestro D, Sugawara M, Uyeda J, Wagner CE, Schluter D. Conceptual and empirical bridges between micro- and macroevolution. Nat Ecol Evol 2023; 7:1181-1193. [PMID: 37429904 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-02116-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Explaining broad molecular, phenotypic and species biodiversity patterns necessitates a unifying framework spanning multiple evolutionary scales. Here we argue that although substantial effort has been made to reconcile microevolution and macroevolution, much work remains to identify the links between biological processes at play. We highlight four major questions of evolutionary biology whose solutions require conceptual bridges between micro and macroevolution. We review potential avenues for future research to establish how mechanisms at one scale (drift, mutation, migration, selection) translate to processes at the other scale (speciation, extinction, biogeographic dispersal) and vice versa. We propose ways in which current comparative methods to infer molecular evolution, phenotypic evolution and species diversification could be improved to specifically address these questions. We conclude that researchers are in a better position than ever before to build a synthesis to understand how microevolutionary dynamics unfold over millions of years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Rolland
- CNRS, UMR5174, Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
| | - L Francisco Henao-Diaz
- Department of Zoology, and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael Doebeli
- Department of Zoology, and Department of Mathematics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rachel Germain
- Department of Zoology, and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Luke J Harmon
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - L Lacey Knowles
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Judith E Mank
- Department of Zoology, and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Antonin Machac
- Department of Zoology, and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sarah P Otto
- Department of Zoology, and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Matt Pennell
- Departments of Quantitative and Computational Biology and Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicolas Salamin
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniele Silvestro
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mauro Sugawara
- Department of Zoology, and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Mário Schenberg Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Josef Uyeda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Catherine E Wagner
- Department of Botany, and Program in Ecology and Evolution, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Dolph Schluter
- Department of Zoology, and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Johnson O, Ribas CC, Aleixo A, Naka LN, Harvey MG, Brumfield RT. Amazonian birds in more dynamic habitats have less population genetic structure and higher gene flow. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:2186-2205. [PMID: 36798996 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the factors that govern variation in genetic structure across species is key to the study of speciation and population genetics. Genetic structure has been linked to several aspects of life history, such as foraging strategy, habitat association, migration distance, and dispersal ability, all of which might influence dispersal and gene flow. Comparative studies of population genetic data from species with differing life histories provide opportunities to tease apart the role of dispersal in shaping gene flow and population genetic structure. Here, we examine population genetic data from sets of bird species specialized on a series of Amazonian habitat types hypothesized to filter for species with dramatically different dispersal abilities: stable upland forest, dynamic floodplain forest, and highly dynamic riverine islands. Using genome-wide markers, we show that habitat type has a significant effect on population genetic structure, with species in upland forest, floodplain forest, and riverine islands exhibiting progressively lower levels of structure. Although morphological traits used as proxies for individual-level dispersal ability did not explain this pattern, population genetic measures of gene flow are elevated in species from more dynamic riverine habitats. Our results suggest that the habitat in which a species occurs drives the degree of population genetic structuring via its impact on long-term fluctuations in levels of gene flow, with species in highly dynamic habitats having particularly elevated gene flow. These differences in genetic variation across taxa specialized in distinct habitats may lead to disparate responses to environmental change or habitat-specific diversification dynamics over evolutionary time scales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences and Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Camila C Ribas
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Aleixo
- Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MPEG), Belém, Pará, Brazil.,Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Belém, Brazil
| | - Luciano N Naka
- Laboratório de Ecologia & Evolução de Aves, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Michael G Harvey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Robb T Brumfield
- Department of Biological Sciences and Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lin HY, Sun M, Hao YJ, Li D, Gitzendanner MA, Fu CX, Soltis DE, Soltis PS, Zhao YP. Phylogenetic diversity of eastern Asia-eastern North America disjunct plants is mainly associated with divergence time. PLANT DIVERSITY 2023; 45:27-35. [PMID: 36876316 PMCID: PMC9975473 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2022.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The underlying causes of biodiversity disparities among geographic regions have long been a fundamental theme in ecology and evolution. However, the patterns of phylogenetic diversity (PD) and phylogenetic beta diversity (PBD) of congeners that are disjunctly distributed between eastern Asia-eastern North America (EA-ENA disjuncts) and their associated factors remain unknown. Here we investigated the standardized effect size of PD (SES-PD), PBD, and potentially associated factors in 11 natural mixed forest sites (five in EA and six in ENA) where abundant EA-ENA disjuncts occur. We found that the disjuncts in ENA possessed higher SES-PD than those in EA at the continental scale (1.96 vs -1.12), even though the number of disjunct species in ENA is much lower than in EA (128 vs 263). SES-PD of the EA-ENA disjuncts tended to decrease with increasing latitude in 11 sites. The latitudinal diversity gradient of SES-PD was stronger in EA sites than in ENA sites. Based on the unweighted unique fraction metric (UniFrac) distance and the phylogenetic community dissimilarity, PBD showed that the two northern sites in EA were more similar to the six-site ENA group than to the remaining southern EA sites. Based on the standardized effect size of mean pairwise distances (SES-MPD), nine of eleven studied sites showed a neutral community structure (-1.96 ≤ SES-MPD ≤ 1.96). Both Pearson's r and structural equation modeling suggested that SES-PD of the EA-ENA disjuncts was mostly associated with mean divergence time. Moreover, SES-PD of the EA-ENA disjuncts was positively correlated with temperature-related climatic factors, although negatively correlated with mean diversification rate and community structure. By applying approaches from phylogenetics and community ecology, our work sheds light on historical patterns of the EA-ENA disjunction and paves the way for further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yang Lin
- Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany and Biodiversity, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- School of Advanced Study, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Miao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Ya-Jun Hao
- Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany and Biodiversity, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Daijiang Li
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Matthew A. Gitzendanner
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Cheng-Xin Fu
- Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany and Biodiversity, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Douglas E. Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Pamela S. Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Yun-Peng Zhao
- Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany and Biodiversity, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Princepe D, de Aguiar MAM, Plotkin JB. Mito-nuclear selection induces a trade-off between species ecological dominance and evolutionary lifespan. Nat Ecol Evol 2022; 6:1992-2002. [PMID: 36216905 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01901-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial and nuclear genomes must be co-adapted to ensure proper cellular respiration and energy production. Mito-nuclear incompatibility reduces individual fitness and induces hybrid infertility, which can drive reproductive barriers and speciation. Here, we develop a birth-death model for evolution in spatially extended populations under selection for mito-nuclear co-adaptation. Mating is constrained by physical and genetic proximity, and offspring inherit nuclear genomes from both parents, with recombination. The model predicts macroscopic patterns including a community's species diversity, species abundance distribution, speciation and extinction rates, as well as intraspecific and interspecific genetic variation. We explore how these long-term outcomes depend upon the parameters of reproduction: individual fitness governed by mito-nuclear compatibility, constraints on mating compatibility and ecological carrying capacity. We find that strong selection for mito-nuclear compatibility reduces the equilibrium number of species after a radiation, increasing species' abundances and simultaneously increasing both speciation and extinction rates. The negative correlation between species diversity and diversification rates in our model agrees with the broad empirical pattern of lower diversity and higher speciation/extinction rates in temperate regions, compared to the tropics. We conclude that these empirical patterns may be caused in part by latitudinal variation in metabolic demands and corresponding variation in selection for mito-nuclear function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Débora Princepe
- Instituto de Física 'Gleb Wataghin', Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Marcus A M de Aguiar
- Instituto de Física 'Gleb Wataghin', Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Joshua B Plotkin
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Suárez D, Arribas P, Jiménez-García E, Emerson BC. Dispersal ability and its consequences for population genetic differentiation and diversification. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220489. [PMID: 35582805 PMCID: PMC9115014 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dispersal ability is known to influence geographical structuring of genetic variation within species, with a direct relationship between low vagility and population genetic structure, which can potentially give rise to allopatric speciation. However, our general understanding of the relationship between dispersal ability, population differentiation and lineage diversification is limited. To address this issue, we sampled mitochondrial DNA variation within lineages of beetles and spiders across the Canary Islands to explore the relationships between dispersal ability, differentiation within lineages and diversification. We found positive relationships between population genetic structure and diversification for both beetles and spiders. Comparisons between dispersive and non-dispersive lineages revealed significant differences for both lineage differentiation and diversification. For both taxa, non-dispersive lineages had stronger population genetic structure. Genus-level endemic species richness and proxies for diversification rate within genera were higher in non-dispersive taxa for both beetles and spiders. Comparisons of average and maximum node divergences within genera suggest that species turnover may be higher in non-dispersive genera. Our results reveal a model where dispersal limitation may shape the diversity of lineages across evolutionary timescales by positively influencing intraspecific and species diversity, moderated by higher extinction rates compared to more dispersive lineages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Suárez
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, CSIC Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology (IPNA-CSIC), C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands 38206, Spain,School of Doctoral and Postgraduate Studies, University of La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Paula Arribas
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, CSIC Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology (IPNA-CSIC), C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands 38206, Spain
| | - Eduardo Jiménez-García
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, CSIC Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology (IPNA-CSIC), C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands 38206, Spain,School of Doctoral and Postgraduate Studies, University of La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Brent C. Emerson
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, CSIC Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology (IPNA-CSIC), C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands 38206, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Musher LJ, Giakoumis M, Albert J, Del-Rio G, Rego M, Thom G, Aleixo A, Ribas CC, Brumfield RT, Smith BT, Cracraft J. River network rearrangements promote speciation in lowland Amazonian birds. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn1099. [PMID: 35394835 PMCID: PMC8993111 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Large Amazonian rivers impede dispersal for many species, but lowland river networks frequently rearrange, thereby altering the location and effectiveness of river barriers through time. These rearrangements may promote biotic diversification by facilitating episodic allopatry and secondary contact among populations. We sequenced genome-wide markers to evaluate the histories of divergence and introgression in six Amazonian avian species complexes. We first tested the assumption that rivers are barriers for these taxa and found that even relatively small rivers facilitate divergence. We then tested whether species diverged with gene flow and recovered reticulate histories for all species, including one potential case of hybrid speciation. Our results support the hypothesis that river rearrangements promote speciation and reveal that many rainforest taxa are micro-endemic, unrecognized, and thus threatened with imminent extinction. We propose that Amazonian hyper-diversity originates partly from fine-scale barrier displacement processes-including river dynamics-which allow small populations to differentiate and disperse into secondary contact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas J. Musher
- Department of Ornithology, The Academy of Natural
Sciences of Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA
- Department of Ornithology, American Museum of Natural
History, New York, NY 10028, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Melina Giakoumis
- Department of Biology, City College of New York, New
York, NY 10031, USA
- Graduate Center, City University of New York, New
York, NY 10016, USA
| | - James Albert
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at
Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70503, USA
| | - Glaucia Del-Rio
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State
University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
- Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State
University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Marco Rego
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State
University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
- Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State
University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Gregory Thom
- Department of Ornithology, American Museum of Natural
History, New York, NY 10028, USA
| | - Alexandre Aleixo
- Finnish Museum of Natural History of Helsinki,
University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém,
Brazil
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Belém,
Brazil
| | - Camila C. Ribas
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da
Amazônia, INPA, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Robb T. Brumfield
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State
University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
- Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State
University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Brian Tilston Smith
- Department of Ornithology, American Museum of Natural
History, New York, NY 10028, USA
| | - Joel Cracraft
- Department of Ornithology, American Museum of Natural
History, New York, NY 10028, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Singhal S, Colli GR, Grundler MR, Costa GC, Prates I, Rabosky DL. No link between population isolation and speciation rate in squamate reptiles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2113388119. [PMID: 35058358 PMCID: PMC8795558 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2113388119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Rates of species formation vary widely across the tree of life and contribute to massive disparities in species richness among clades. This variation can emerge from differences in metapopulation-level processes that affect the rates at which lineages diverge, persist, and evolve reproductive barriers and ecological differentiation. For example, populations that evolve reproductive barriers quickly should form new species at faster rates than populations that acquire reproductive barriers more slowly. This expectation implicitly links microevolutionary processes (the evolution of populations) and macroevolutionary patterns (the profound disparity in speciation rate across taxa). Here, leveraging extensive field sampling from the Neotropical Cerrado biome in a biogeographically controlled natural experiment, we test the role of an important microevolutionary process-the propensity for population isolation-as a control on speciation rate in lizards and snakes. By quantifying population genomic structure across a set of codistributed taxa with extensive and phylogenetically independent variation in speciation rate, we show that broad-scale patterns of species formation are decoupled from demographic and genetic processes that promote the formation of population isolates. Population isolation is likely a critical stage of speciation for many taxa, but our results suggest that interspecific variability in the propensity for isolation has little influence on speciation rates. These results suggest that other stages of speciation-including the rate at which reproductive barriers evolve and the extent to which newly formed populations persist-are likely to play a larger role than population isolation in controlling speciation rate variation in squamates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Singhal
- Department of Biology, California State University, Dominguez Hills, Carson, CA 90747;
| | - Guarino R Colli
- Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Maggie R Grundler
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, & Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Gabriel C Costa
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Auburn University at Montgomery, Montgomery, AL 36117
| | - Ivan Prates
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Daniel L Rabosky
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109;
- Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Freeman BG, Rolland J, Montgomery GA, Schluter D. Faster evolution of a premating reproductive barrier is not associated with faster speciation rates in New World passerine birds. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20211514. [PMID: 34982949 PMCID: PMC8727149 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Why are speciation rates so variable across the tree of life? One hypothesis is that this variation is explained by how rapidly reproductive barriers evolve. We tested this hypothesis by conducting a comparative study of the evolution of bird song, a premating barrier to reproduction. Speciation in birds is typically initiated when geographically isolated (allopatric) populations evolve reproductive barriers. We measured the strength of song as a premating barrier between closely related allopatric populations by conducting 2339 field experiments to measure song discrimination for 175 taxon pairs of allopatric or parapatric New World passerine birds, and estimated recent speciation rates from molecular phylogenies. We found evidence that song discrimination is indeed an important reproductive barrier: taxon pairs with high song discrimination in allopatry did not regularly interbreed in parapatry. However, evolutionary rates of song discrimination were not associated with recent speciation rates. Evolutionary rates of song discrimination were also unrelated to latitude or elevation, but species with innate song (suboscines) evolved song discrimination much faster than species with learned song (oscines). We conclude that song is a key premating reproductive barrier in birds, but faster evolution of this reproductive barrier between populations does not consistently result in faster diversification between species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin G. Freeman
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T1Z4
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T1Z4
| | - Jonathan Rolland
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T1Z4
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T1Z4
- CNRS, UMR5174, Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Bâtiment 4R1, 118 Route de Narbonne, Toulouse 31062, France
| | - Graham A. Montgomery
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Dolph Schluter
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T1Z4
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T1Z4
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Prates I, Singhal S, Marchán-Rivadeneira MR, Grundler MR, Moritz C, Donnellan SC, Rabosky DL. Genetic and Ecogeographic Controls on Species Cohesion in Australia’s Most Diverse Lizard Radiation. Am Nat 2022; 199:E57-E75. [DOI: 10.1086/717411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Prates
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Sonal Singhal
- Department of Biology, California State University–Dominguez Hills, Carson, California 90747
| | | | - Maggie R. Grundler
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720; and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Craig Moritz
- Division of Ecology and Evolution and Centre for Biodiversity Analysis, Australian National University, Camberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | | | - Daniel L. Rabosky
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Schmidt C, Dray S, Garroway CJ. Genetic and species-level biodiversity patterns are linked by demography and ecological opportunity. Evolution 2021; 76:86-100. [PMID: 34806781 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The processes that give rise to species richness gradients are not well understood, but may be linked to resource-based limits on the number of species a region can support. Ecological limits placed on regional species richness should also affect population demography, suggesting that these processes could also generate genetic diversity gradients. If true, we might better understand how broad-scale biodiversity patterns are formed by identifying the common causes of genetic diversity and species richness. We develop a hypothetical framework based on the consequences of regional variation in ecological limits set by resource availability and heterogeneity to simultaneously explain spatial patterns of species richness and neutral genetic diversity. Repurposing raw genotypic data spanning 38 mammal species sampled across 801 sites in North America, we show that estimates of genome-wide genetic diversity and species richness share spatial structure. Notably, species richness hotspots tend to harbor lower levels of within-species genetic variation. A structural equation model encompassing eco-evolutionary processes related to resource availability, habitat heterogeneity, and contemporary human disturbance supports the spatial patterns we detect. These results suggest broad-scale patterns of species richness and genetic diversity could both partly be caused by intraspecific demographic and evolutionary processes acting simultaneously across species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Schmidt
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Stéphane Dray
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Villeurbanne, F-69100, France
| | - Colin J Garroway
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Thom G, Gehara M, Smith BT, Miyaki CY, do Amaral FR. Microevolutionary dynamics show tropical valleys are deeper for montane birds of the Atlantic Forest. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6269. [PMID: 34725329 PMCID: PMC8560783 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26537-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropical mountains hold more biodiversity than their temperate counterparts, and this disparity is often associated with the latitudinal climatic gradient. However, distinguishing the impact of latitude versus the background effects of species history and traits is challenging due to the evolutionary distance between tropical and temperate assemblages. Here, we test whether microevolutionary processes are linked to environmental variation across a sharp latitudinal transition in 21 montane birds of the southern Atlantic Forest in Brazil. We find that effective dispersal within populations in the tropical mountains is lower and genomic differentiation is better predicted by the current environmental complexity of the region than within the subtropical populations. The concordant response of multiple co-occurring populations is consistent with spatial climatic variability as a major process driving population differentiation. Our results provide evidence for how a narrow latitudinal gradient can shape microevolutionary processes and contribute to broader scale biodiversity patterns. There are many hypotheses for why the tropics are more biodiverse than higher latitudes. Phylogenomic analyses of 21 montane birds finds that tropical birds disperse less and have more genetically structured populations than their counterparts at higher latitudes, possibly due to a larger elevational climate gradient in the tropics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Thom
- Department of Ornithology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY, 10024, USA. .,Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 277, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Gehara
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, 10024, USA.,Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University Newark, 195 University Ave, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Brian Tilston Smith
- Department of Ornithology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY, 10024, USA
| | - Cristina Y Miyaki
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 277, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Fábio Raposo do Amaral
- Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Prof. Artur Riedel, 275, Jardim Eldorado, Diadema, SP, CEP 09972-270, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Fenker J, Tedeschi LG, Melville J, Moritz C. Predictors of phylogeographic structure among codistributed taxa across the complex Australian monsoonal tropics. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:4276-4291. [PMID: 34216506 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Differences in the geographic scale and depth of phylogeographic structure across codistributed taxa can reveal how microevolutionary processes such as population isolation and persistence drive diversification. In turn, environmental heterogeneity, species' traits, and historical biogeographic barriers may influence the potential for isolation and persistence. Using extensive SNP data and a combination of population genetic summary statistics and landscape genomic analyses, we explored predictors of the scale and depth of phylogeographic structure in codistributed lizard taxa from the topographically and climatically complex monsoonal tropics (AMT) of Australia. We first resolved intraspecific lineages and then tested whether genetic divergence across space within lineages is related to isolation by distance, resistance and/or environment and whether these factors differ across genera or between rock-related versus habitat generalist taxa. We then tested whether microevolutionary processes within lineages explain differences in the geographic scale and depth of intraspecific phylogeographic lineages. The results indicated that landscape predictors of phylogeographic structure differ between taxa. Within lineages, there was prevalent isolation by distance, but the strength of isolation by distance is independent of the taxonomic family, habitat specialization, and climate. Isolation by environment is the strongest predictor of landscape-scale genetic divergence for all taxa, with both temperature and precipitation acting as limiting factors. The strength of isolation by distance does not predict the geographic scale of the phylogeographic structure. However, more localized lineages had higher mean individual heterozygosity and less negative Tajima's D. This result implies that finer-scale phylogeographic structuring within species is associated with larger and more stable populations and, hence, persistence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Fenker
- Division of Ecology & Evolution, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Leonardo G Tedeschi
- Division of Ecology & Evolution, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Jane Melville
- Department of Sciences, Museums Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Craig Moritz
- Division of Ecology & Evolution, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ó Marcaigh F, Kelly DJ, O'Connell DP, Dunleavy D, Clark A, Lawless N, Karya A, Analuddin K, Marples NM. Evolution in the understorey: The Sulawesi babbler Pellorneum celebense (Passeriformes: Pellorneidae) has diverged rapidly on land-bridge islands in the Wallacean biodiversity hotspot. ZOOL ANZ 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
24
|
de Alencar LRV, Quental TB. Linking population-level and microevolutionary processes to understand speciation dynamics at the macroevolutionary scale. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:5828-5843. [PMID: 34141187 PMCID: PMC8207422 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Although speciation dynamics have been described for several taxonomic groups in distinct geographic regions, most macroevolutionary studies still lack a detailed mechanistic view on how or why speciation rates change. To help partially fill this gap, we suggest that the interaction between the time taken by a species to geographically expand and the time populations take to evolve reproductive isolation should be considered when we are trying to understand macroevolutionary patterns. We introduce a simple conceptual index to guide our discussion on how demographic and microevolutionary processes might produce speciation dynamics at macroevolutionary scales. Our framework is developed under different scenarios: when speciation is mediated by geographical or resource-partitioning opportunities, and when diversity is limited or not. We also discuss how organismal intrinsic properties and different overall geographical settings can influence the tempo and mode of speciation. We argue that specific conditions observed at the microscale might produce a pulse in speciation rates even without a pulse in either climate or physical barriers. We also propose a hypothesis to reconcile the apparent inconsistency between speciation measured at the microscale and macroscale, and emphasize that diversification rates are better seen as an emergent property. We hope to bring the reader's attention to interesting mechanisms to be further studied, to motivate the development of new theoretical models that connect microevolution and macroevolution, and to inspire new empirical and methodological approaches to more adequately investigate speciation dynamics either using neontological or paleontological data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiago Bosisio Quental
- Departamento de EcologiaInstituto de BiociênciasUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Cally JG, Stuart-Fox D, Holman L, Dale J, Medina I. Male-biased sexual selection, but not sexual dichromatism, predicts speciation in birds. Evolution 2021; 75:931-944. [PMID: 33559135 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Sexual selection is thought to shape phylogenetic diversity by affecting speciation or extinction rates. However, the net effect of sexual selection on diversification is hard to predict because many of the hypothesized effects on speciation or extinction have opposing signs and uncertain magnitudes. Theoretical work also suggests that the net effect of sexual selection on diversification should depend strongly on ecological factors, though this prediction has seldom been tested. Here, we test whether variation in sexual selection can predict speciation and extinction rates across passerine birds (up to 5812 species, covering most genera) and whether this relationship is mediated by environmental factors. Male-biased sexual selection, and specifically sexual size dimorphism, predicted two of the three measures of speciation rates that we examined. The link we observed between sexual selection and speciation was independent of environmental variability, though species with smaller ranges had higher speciation rates. There was no association between any proxies of sexual selection and extinction rate. Our findings support the view that male-biased sexual selection, as measured by frequent predictors of male-male competition, has shaped diversification in the largest radiation of birds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin G Cally
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Devi Stuart-Fox
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Luke Holman
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - James Dale
- School of Natural and Computational Sciences, Massey University (Albany Campus), Auckland, 0632, New Zealand
| | - Iliana Medina
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Caeiro-Dias G, Brelsford A, Kaliontzopoulou A, Meneses-Ribeiro M, Crochet PA, Pinho C. Variable levels of introgression between the endangered Podarcis carbonelli and highly divergent congeneric species. Heredity (Edinb) 2021; 126:463-476. [PMID: 33199832 PMCID: PMC8027454 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-020-00386-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent empirical studies have demonstrated that speciation with gene flow is more common than previously thought. From a conservation perspective, the potential negative effects of hybridization raise concerns on the genetic integrity of endangered species. However, introgressive hybridization has also been growingly recognized as a source of diversity and new advantageous alleles. Carbonell's wall lizard (Podarcis carbonelli) is an endangered species whose distribution overlaps with four other congeneric species. Our goal here was to determine whether P. carbonelli is completely reproductively isolated from its congeners and to evaluate the relevance of hybridization and interspecific gene flow for developing a conservation plan. We used restriction site associated DNA (RAD) sequencing to discover SNPs in samples from four contact zones between P. carbonelli and four other species. Principal component analysis, multilocus genotype assignment and interspecific heterozygosity suggest incomplete reproductive isolation and ongoing gene flow between species. However, hybridization dynamics vary across all pairs, suggesting complex interactions between multiple intrinsic and extrinsic barriers. Despite seemingly ubiquitous interspecific gene flow, we found evidence of strong reproductive isolation across most contact zones. Instead, indirect effects of hybridization like waste of reproductive effort in small isolated populations may be more problematic. Our results highlight the need to further evaluate the consequences of introgression for P. carbonelli, both on a geographic and genomic level and included in a comprehensive and urgently needed conservation plan. Besides, those findings will add important insights on the potential effects of hybridization and introgression for endangered species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Caeiro-Dias
- Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, CIBIO/InBIO, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal.
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- CEFE, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, EPHE, IRD, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France.
| | - Alan Brelsford
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Biology Department, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Antigoni Kaliontzopoulou
- Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, CIBIO/InBIO, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Mariana Meneses-Ribeiro
- Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, CIBIO/InBIO, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Pierre-André Crochet
- CEFE, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, EPHE, IRD, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - Catarina Pinho
- Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, CIBIO/InBIO, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Delapieve MLS, Carvalho TP, Reis RE. Species delimitation in a range-restricted group of cascudinhos (Loricariidae: Epactionotus) supports morphological and genetic differentiation across coastal rivers of southern Brazil. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2020; 97:1748-1769. [PMID: 32914431 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Epactionotus species are known for inhabiting the rocky-bottom stretches of fast-flowing rivers in a limited geographic area along the Atlantic coast of southern Brazil. These species are endemic to single coastal river drainages (two neighbouring drainages for Epactionotus bilineatus) isolated from each other by the coastal lacustrine environments or the Atlantic Ocean. E. bilineatus is from the Maquiné and Três Forquilhas River basins, both tributaries of the Tramandaí River system, whereas E. itaimbezinho is endemic to the Mampituba River drainage and Epactionotus gracilis to the Araranguá River drainage. Recent fieldwork in the Atlantic coastal drainages of southern Brazil revealed new populations in the Urussanga, Tubarão, d'Una and Biguaçu River drainages. Iterative species delimitation using molecular data (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) and morphology (morphometrics and meristics) was applied to evaluate species recognition of isolated populations. With regard to new data, the genus was re-diagnosed, the status of Epactionotus species/populations was re-evaluated, formerly described species were supported and population structure was recognized. As for the newly discovered populations, both morphological and molecular data strongly support the population from the Biguaçu River drainage, in Santa Catarina State, as a new species. Molecular data revealed strong per-basin population structure, which may be related to species habitat specificity and low or no dispersal among drainages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Laura S Delapieve
- Laboratory of Vertebrate Systematics, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Tiago P Carvalho
- Laboratorio de Ictiología, Unidad de Ecología y Sistemática (UNESIS), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Roberto E Reis
- Laboratory of Vertebrate Systematics, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Melton AE, Chen S, Zhao Y, Fu C, Xiang QYJ, Cheng S, Wong GKS, Soltis PS, Soltis DE, Gitzendanner MA. Genetic insights into the evolution of genera with the eastern Asia-eastern North America floristic disjunction: a transcriptomics analysis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:1736-1748. [PMID: 33280088 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Large disjunctions in species distributions provide excellent opportunities to study processes that shape biogeographic patterns. One such disjunction is the eastern Asia-eastern North America (EA-ENA) floristic disjunction. For many genera with this disjunction, species richness is greater in EA than in ENA; this pattern has been attributed, in part, to higher rates of molecular evolution and speciation in EA. Longer branch lengths have been found in some EA clades, relative to their ENA sister clades, suggesting that the EA lineages have evolved at a higher rate, possibly due to environmental heterogeneity, potentially contributing to the species richness anomaly. METHODS To evaluate whether rates of molecular evolution are elevated in EA relative to ENA, we used transcriptomes from species in 11 genera displaying this disjunction. Rates of molecular evolution were estimated for up to 385 orthologous nuclear loci per genus. RESULTS No statistically significant differences were identified in pairwise comparisons between EA and ENA sister species, suggesting equal rates of molecular evolution for both species; the data also suggest similar selection pressures in both regions. For larger genera, evidence likewise argues against more species-rich clades having higher molecular evolutionary rates, regardless of region. Our results suggest that genes across multiple gene ontology categories are evolving at similar rates under purifying selection in species in both regions. CONCLUSIONS Our data support the hypothesis that greater species richness in EA than ENA is due to factors other than an overall increase in rates of molecular evolution in EA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony E Melton
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Shichao Chen
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunpeng Zhao
- Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany & Biodiversity, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chengxin Fu
- Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany & Biodiversity, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiu-Yun Jenny Xiang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Shifeng Cheng
- Beijing Genomics Institute, Building NO.7, BGI Park, No.21 Hongan 3rd Street, Yantian District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Gane K-S Wong
- Beijing Genomics Institute, Building NO.7, BGI Park, No.21 Hongan 3rd Street, Yantian District, Shenzhen, China
- Biological Sciences, The University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Pamela S Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Douglas E Soltis
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Medina I, Kilner RM, Langmore NE. From micro- to macroevolution: brood parasitism as a driver of phenotypic diversity in birds. Curr Zool 2020; 66:515-526. [PMID: 33293930 PMCID: PMC7705515 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoaa033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental question in biology is how diversity evolves and why some clades are more diverse than others. Phenotypic diversity has often been shown to result from morphological adaptation to different habitats. The role of behavioral interactions as a driver of broadscale phenotypic diversity has received comparatively less attention. Behavioral interactions, however, are a key agent of natural selection. Antagonistic behavioral interactions with predators or with parasites can have significant fitness consequences, and hence act as strong evolutionary forces on the phenotype of species, ultimately generating diversity between species of both victims and exploiters. Avian obligate brood parasites lay their eggs in the nests of other species, their hosts, and this behavioral interaction between hosts and parasites is often considered one of the best examples of coevolution in the natural world. In this review, we use the coevolution between brood parasites and their hosts to illustrate the potential of behavioral interactions to drive evolution of phenotypic diversity at different taxonomic scales. We provide a bridge between behavioral ecology and macroevolution by describing how this interaction has increased avian phenotypic diversity not only in the brood parasitic clades but also in their hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iliana Medina
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Rebecca M Kilner
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Naomi E Langmore
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
From micro- to macroevolution: insights from a Neotropical bromeliad with high population genetic structure adapted to rock outcrops. Heredity (Edinb) 2020; 125:353-370. [PMID: 32681156 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-020-0342-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Geographic isolation and reduced population sizes can lead to local extinction, low efficacy of selection and decreased speciation. However, population differentiation is an essential step of biological diversification. In allopatric speciation, geographically isolated populations differentiate and persist until the evolution of reproductive isolation and ecological divergence completes the speciation process. Pitcairnia flammea allows us to study the evolutionary consequences of habitat fragmentation on naturally disjoint rock-outcrop species from the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest (BAF). Our main results showed low-to-moderate genetic diversity within populations, and deep population structuring caused by limited gene flow, low connectivity, genetic drift and inbreeding of long-term isolation and persistence of rock-outcrop populations throughout Quaternary climatic oscillations. Bayesian phylogenetic and model-based clustering analyses found no clear northern and southern phylogeographic structure commonly reported for many BAF organisms. Although we found two main lineages diverging by ~2 Mya during the early Pleistocene, species' delimitation analysis assigned most of the populations as independent evolving entities, suggesting an important role of disjoint rock outcrops in promoting high endemism in this rich biome. Lastly, we detected limited gene flow in sympatric populations although some hybridization and introgression were observed, suggesting a continuous speciation process in this species complex. Our data not only inform us about the extensive differentiation and limited gene flow found among Pitcairnia flammea species complex, but they also contain information about the mechanisms that shape the genetic architecture of small and fragmented populations of isolated rock outcrop of recently radiated plants.
Collapse
|
31
|
Gamba D, Muchhala N. Global patterns of population genetic differentiation in seed plants. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:3413-3428. [PMID: 32743850 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Evaluating the factors that drive patterns of population differentiation in plants is critical for understanding several biological processes such as local adaptation and incipient speciation. Previous studies have given conflicting results regarding the significance of pollination mode, seed dispersal mode, mating system, growth form and latitudinal region in shaping patterns of genetic structure, as estimated by FST values, and no study to date has tested their relative importance together across a broad scale. Here, we assembled a 337-species data set for seed plants from publications with data on FST from nuclear markers and species traits, including variables pertaining to the sampling scheme of each study. We used species traits, while accounting for sampling variables, to perform phylogenetic multiple regressions. Results demonstrated that FST values were higher for tropical, mixed-mating, non-woody species pollinated by small insects, indicating greater population differentiation, and lower for temperate, outcrossing trees pollinated by wind. Among the factors we tested, latitudinal region explained the largest portion of variance, followed by pollination mode, mating system and growth form, while seed dispersal mode did not significantly relate to FST . Our analyses provide the most robust and comprehensive evaluation to date of the main ecological factors predicted to drive population differentiation in seed plants, with important implications for understanding the basis of their genetic divergence. Our study supports previous findings showing greater population differentiation in tropical regions and is the first that we are aware of to robustly demonstrate greater population differentiation in species pollinated by small insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Gamba
- Biology Department, University of Missouri, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nathan Muchhala
- Biology Department, University of Missouri, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Burridge CP, Waters JM. Does migration promote or inhibit diversification? A case study involving the dominant radiation of temperate Southern Hemisphere freshwater fishes. Evolution 2020; 74:1954-1965. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.14066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
33
|
The potential of genome-wide RAD sequences for resolving rapid radiations: a case study in Cactaceae. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 151:106896. [PMID: 32562821 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The reconstruction of relationships within recently radiated groups is challenging even when massive amounts of sequencing data are available. The use of restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-Seq) to this end is promising. Here, we assessed the performance of RAD-Seq to infer the species-level phylogeny of the rapidly radiating genus Cereus (Cactaceae). To examine how the amount of genomic data affects resolution in this group, we used datasets and implemented different analyses. We sampled 52 individuals of Cereus, representing 18 of the 25 species currently recognized, plus members of the closely allied genera Cipocereus and Praecereus, and other 11 Cactaceae genera as outgroups. Three scenarios of permissiveness to missing data were carried out in iPyRAD, assembling datasets with 30% (333 loci), 45% (1440 loci), and 70% (6141 loci) of missing data. For each dataset, Maximum Likelihood (ML) trees were generated using two supermatrices, i.e., only SNPs and SNPs plus invariant sites. Accuracy and resolution were improved when the dataset with the highest number of loci was used (6141 loci), despite the high percentage of missing data included (70%). Coalescent trees estimated using SVDQuartets and ASTRAL are similar to those obtained by the ML reconstructions. Overall, we reconstruct a well-supported phylogeny of Cereus, which is resolved as monophyletic and composed of four main clades with high support in their internal relationships. Our findings also provide insights into the impact of missing data for phylogeny reconstruction using RAD loci.
Collapse
|
34
|
Sun M, Folk RA, Gitzendanner MA, Soltis PS, Chen Z, Soltis DE, Guralnick RP. Estimating rates and patterns of diversification with incomplete sampling: a case study in the rosids. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:895-909. [PMID: 32519354 PMCID: PMC7384126 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Recent advances in generating large-scale phylogenies enable broad-scale estimation of species diversification. These now common approaches typically are characterized by (1) incomplete species coverage without explicit sampling methodologies and/or (2) sparse backbone representation, and usually rely on presumed phylogenetic placements to account for species without molecular data. We used empirical examples to examine the effects of incomplete sampling on diversification estimation and provide constructive suggestions to ecologists and evolutionary biologists based on those results. METHODS We used a supermatrix for rosids and one well-sampled subclade (Cucurbitaceae) as empirical case studies. We compared results using these large phylogenies with those based on a previously inferred, smaller supermatrix and on a synthetic tree resource with complete taxonomic coverage. Finally, we simulated random and representative taxon sampling and explored the impact of sampling on three commonly used methods, both parametric (RPANDA and BAMM) and semiparametric (DR). RESULTS We found that the impact of sampling on diversification estimates was idiosyncratic and often strong. Compared to full empirical sampling, representative and random sampling schemes either depressed or inflated speciation rates, depending on methods and sampling schemes. No method was entirely robust to poor sampling, but BAMM was least sensitive to moderate levels of missing taxa. CONCLUSIONS We suggest caution against uncritical modeling of missing taxa using taxonomic data for poorly sampled trees and in the use of summary backbone trees and other data sets with high representative bias, and we stress the importance of explicit sampling methodologies in macroevolutionary studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Sun
- Florida Museum of Natural HistoryUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida32611USA
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary BotanyInstitute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100093China
- Department of BioscienceAarhus UniversityAarhus8000Denmark
| | - Ryan A. Folk
- Department of Biological SciencesMississippi State UniversityMississippi StateMississippi39762USA
| | - Matthew A. Gitzendanner
- Department of BiologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida32611USA
- Biodiversity InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida32611USA
| | - Pamela S. Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural HistoryUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida32611USA
- Biodiversity InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida32611USA
- Genetics InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida32608USA
| | - Zhiduan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary BotanyInstitute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100093China
| | - Douglas E. Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural HistoryUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida32611USA
- Department of BiologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida32611USA
- Biodiversity InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida32611USA
- Genetics InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida32608USA
| | - Robert P. Guralnick
- Florida Museum of Natural HistoryUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida32611USA
- Biodiversity InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida32611USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Modica MV, Gorson J, Fedosov AE, Malcolm G, Terryn Y, Puillandre N, Holford M. Macroevolutionary Analyses Suggest That Environmental Factors, Not Venom Apparatus, Play Key Role in Terebridae Marine Snail Diversification. Syst Biol 2020; 69:413-430. [PMID: 31504987 PMCID: PMC7164365 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syz059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
How species diversification occurs remains an unanswered question in predatory marine invertebrates, such as sea snails of the family Terebridae. However, the anatomical disparity found throughput the Terebridae provides a unique perspective for investigating diversification patterns in venomous predators. In this study, a new dated molecular phylogeny of the Terebridae is used as a framework for investigating diversification of the family through time, and for testing the putative role of intrinsic and extrinsic traits, such as shell size, larval ecology, bathymetric distribution, and anatomical features of the venom apparatus, as drivers of terebrid species diversification. Macroevolutionary analysis revealed that when diversification rates do not vary across Terebridae clades, the whole family has been increasing its global diversification rate since 25 Ma. We recovered evidence for a concurrent increase in diversification of depth ranges, while shell size appeared to have undergone a fast divergence early in terebrid evolutionary history. Our data also confirm that planktotrophy is the ancestral larval ecology in terebrids, and evolutionary modeling highlighted that shell size is linked to larval ecology of the Terebridae, with species with long-living pelagic larvae tending to be larger and have a broader size range than lecithotrophic species. Although we recovered patterns of size and depth trait diversification through time and across clades, the presence or absence of a venom gland (VG) did not appear to have impacted Terebridae diversification. Terebrids have lost their venom apparatus several times and we confirm that the loss of a VG happened in phylogenetically clustered terminal taxa and that reversal is extremely unlikely. Our findings suggest that environmental factors, and not venom, have had more influence on terebrid evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vittoria Modica
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
- UMR5247, Université de Montpellier CC 1703, Place Eugène Bataillon 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Juliette Gorson
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College Belfer Research Center, 413 E. 69th Street, BRB 424, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Alexander E Fedosov
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy Prospect, 33, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Gavin Malcolm
- Bird Hill, Barnes Lane, Milford on Sea, Hampshire, UK
| | - Yves Terryn
- Institut Systématique Evolution Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antillles, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 26, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Puillandre
- Institut Systématique Evolution Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antillles, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 26, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mandë Holford
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College Belfer Research Center, 413 E. 69th Street, BRB 424, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Yamasaki YY, Takeshima H, Kano Y, Oseko N, Suzuki T, Nishida M, Watanabe K. Ecosystem size predicts the probability of speciation in migratory freshwater fish. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:3071-3084. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yo Y. Yamasaki
- Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Sakyo Kyoto Japan
- Ecological Genetics Laboratory Department of Genomics and Evolutionary Biology National Institute of Genetics Mishima Shizuoka Japan
| | - Hirohiko Takeshima
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature Kita Kyoto Japan
- Department of Marine Biology Tokai University Shimizu Shizuoka Japan
| | - Yuichi Kano
- Graduate Education and Research Training Programme in Decision Science for a Sustainable Society Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
van Holstein L, Foley RA. Terrestrial habitats decouple the relationship between species and subspecies diversification in mammals. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20192702. [PMID: 32183632 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Darwin proposed that lineages with higher diversification rates should evidence this capacity at both the species and subspecies level. This should be the case if subspecific boundaries are evolutionary faultlines along which speciation is generally more likely to occur. This pattern has been described for birds, but remains poorly understood in mammals. To investigate the relationship between species richness (SR) and subspecies richness (SSR), we calculated the strength of the correlation between the two across all mammals. Mammalian taxonomic richness correlates positively, but only very weakly, between the species and subspecies level, deviating from the pattern found in birds. However, when mammals are separated by environmental substrate, the relationship between generic SR and average SSR in non-terrestrial taxa is stronger than that reported for birds (Kendall's tau = 0.31, p < 0.001). By contrast, the correlation in terrestrial taxa alone weakens compared to that for all mammals (Kendall's tau = 0.11, p < 0.001). A significant interaction between environmental substrate and SR in phylogenetic regressions confirms a role for terrestrial habitats in disrupting otherwise linked dynamics of diversification across the taxonomic hierarchy. Further, models including species range size as a predictor show that range size affects SSR more in terrestrial taxa. Taken together, these results suggest that the dynamics of diversification of terrestrial mammals are more affected by physical barriers or ecological heterogeneity within ranges than those of non-terrestrial mammals, at two evolutionary levels. We discuss the implication of these results for the equivalence of avian and mammalian subspecies, their potential role in speciation and the broader question of the relationship between microevolution and macroevolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert A Foley
- Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Musher LJ, Ferreira M, Auerbach AL, McKay J, Cracraft J. Why is Amazonia a 'source' of biodiversity? Climate-mediated dispersal and synchronous speciation across the Andes in an avian group (Tityrinae). Proc Biol Sci 2020; 286:20182343. [PMID: 30940057 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.2343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Amazonia is a 'source' of biodiversity for other Neotropical ecosystems, but which conditions trigger in situ speciation and emigration is contentious. Three hypotheses for how communities have assembled include (1) a stochastic model wherein chance dispersal events lead to gradual emigration and species accumulation, (2) diversity-dependence wherein successful dispersal events decline through time due to ecological limits, and (3) barrier displacement wherein environmental change facilitates dispersal to other biomes via transient habitat corridors. We sequenced thousands of molecular markers for the Neotropical Tityrinae (Aves) and applied a novel filtering protocol to identify loci with high utility for dated phylogenomics. We used these loci to estimate divergence times and model Tityrinae's evolutionary history. We detected a prominent role for speciation driven by barriers including synchronous speciation across the Andes and found that dispersal increased toward the present. Because diversification was continuous but dispersal was non-random over time, we show that barrier displacement better explains Tityrinae's history than stochasticity or diversity-dependence. We propose that Amazonia is a source of biodiversity because (1) it is a relic of a biome that was once more extensive, (2) environmentally mediated corridors facilitated emigration and (3) constant diversification is attributed to a spatially heterogeneous landscape that is perpetually dynamic through time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas J Musher
- 1 Department of Ornithology, American Museum of Natural History , Central Park West @ 79th Street, New York, NY 10024 , USA.,2 The Richard Gilder Graduate School, American Museum of Natural History , Central Park West @ 79th Street, New York, NY 10024 , USA
| | - Mateus Ferreira
- 3 Programa Pós-Graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva, INPA , Manaus, AM , Brazil
| | - Anya L Auerbach
- 4 Department of Biological Sciences Collegiate Division, University of Chicago , 1101 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637 , USA
| | - Jessica McKay
- 1 Department of Ornithology, American Museum of Natural History , Central Park West @ 79th Street, New York, NY 10024 , USA
| | - Joel Cracraft
- 1 Department of Ornithology, American Museum of Natural History , Central Park West @ 79th Street, New York, NY 10024 , USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Conway M, Olsen BJ. Contrasting drivers of diversification rates on islands and continents across three passerine families. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191757. [PMID: 31718493 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Diversification rates vary greatly among taxa. Understanding how species-specific traits influence speciation rates will help elucidate mechanisms driving biodiversity over broad spatio-temporal scales. Ecological specialization and range size are two hypothesized drivers of speciation rates, yet each mechanism predicts both increases and decreases in speciation. We constructed a continuous index of specialization using avian bill morphology to determine the relative effect of specialization and range size and shape on speciation rates across 559 species within the Emberizoidea superfamily, a morphologically diverse New World clade. We found a significant positive correlation between specialization and speciation rate and a negative correlation with range size. Only the effect of specialization persisted after removing island endemics, however, suggesting that ecological specialization is an important driver of diversity across large macroevolutionary scales, and the relative importance of specific drivers may differ between islands and continents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meaghan Conway
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Brian J Olsen
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Harvey MG, Singhal S, Rabosky DL. Beyond Reproductive Isolation: Demographic Controls on the Speciation Process. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110218-024701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Studies of speciation typically investigate the evolution of reproductive isolation between populations, but several other processes can serve as key steps limiting the formation of species. In particular, the probability of successful speciation can be influenced by factors that affect the frequency with which population isolates form as well as their persistence through time. We suggest that population isolation and persistence have an inherently spatial dimension that can be profitably studied using a conceptual framework drawn from metapopulation ecology. We discuss models of speciation that incorporate demographic processes and highlight the need for a broader application of phylogenetic comparative approaches to evaluate the general importance of population isolation, persistence, and reproductive isolation in speciation. We review diverse and nontraditional data sources that can be leveraged to study isolation and persistence in a comparative framework. This incorporation of spatial demographic information facilitates the integration of perspectives on speciation across disciplines and timescales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael G. Harvey
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Sonal Singhal
- Department of Biology, California State University, Dominguez Hills, Carson, California 90747, USA
| | - Daniel L. Rabosky
- Museum of Zoology and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Alencar LRV, Quental TB. Exploring the drivers of population structure across desert snakes can help to link micro and macroevolution. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:4529-4532. [PMID: 31602718 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To understand the underlying mechanisms generating population genetic divergence and structure is a critical step towards understanding how biodiversity evolves at both micro- and macroevolutionary scales. At the population-level, geographic isolation as well as adaptation to local environmental conditions can generate different patterns of spatial genetic variation among populations. Specific organismal traits as well as the characteristics of the environment might influence the process under which populations become spatially structured. In a From the Cover article in this issue of Molecular Ecology, Myers et al. (2019) present an integrative approach to investigate if the Cochise filter barrier (CFB), lying between the Sonoran and Chihuahuan Deserts, and the surrounding river networks were relevant in driving the population structure of 13 snake species. While local environmental conditions seem to predominantly contribute to lineage divergence, traditionally studied vicariant barriers seem to have played a minor role in shaping population structure across the studied species. This study brings insights into how population-level processes could contribute to the formation of incipient species, which ultimately might affect the speciation rates measured at macroevolutionary scales. Hence, Myers et al. (2019) not only represents an integrative study aiming to understand the drivers of population genetic divergence, but also a potentially important contribution to our ongoing challenge in linking micro- and macroevolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiago B Quental
- Department of Ecology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Onstein RE, Baker WJ, Couvreur TLP, Faurby S, Herrera-Alsina L, Svenning JC, Kissling WD. To adapt or go extinct? The fate of megafaunal palm fruits under past global change. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 285:rspb.2018.0882. [PMID: 29899077 PMCID: PMC6015859 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.0882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Past global change may have forced animal-dispersed plants with megafaunal fruits to adapt or go extinct, but these processes have remained unexplored at broad spatio-temporal scales. Here, we combine phylogenetic, distributional and fruit size data for more than 2500 palm (Arecaceae) species in a time-slice diversification analysis to quantify how extinction and adaptation have changed over deep time. Our results indicate that extinction rates of palms with megafaunal fruits have increased in the New World since the onset of the Quaternary (2.6 million years ago). In contrast, Old World palms show a Quaternary increase in transition rates towards evolving small fruits from megafaunal fruits. We suggest that Quaternary climate oscillations and concurrent habitat fragmentation and defaunation of megafaunal frugivores in the New World have reduced seed dispersal distances and geographical ranges of palms with megafaunal fruits, resulting in their extinction. The increasing adaptation to smaller fruits in the Old World could reflect selection for seed dispersal by ocean-crossing frugivores (e.g. medium-sized birds and bats) to colonize Indo-Pacific islands against a background of Quaternary sea-level fluctuations. Our macro-evolutionary results suggest that megafaunal fruits are increasingly being lost from tropical ecosystems, either due to extinctions or by adapting to smaller fruit sizes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renske E Onstein
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94248, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Søren Faurby
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden.,Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 461, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Leonel Herrera-Alsina
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - W Daniel Kissling
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94248, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Oliver PM, Ashman LG, Bank S, Laver RJ, Pratt RC, Tedeschi LG, Moritz CC. On and off the rocks: persistence and ecological diversification in a tropical Australian lizard radiation. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:81. [PMID: 30894117 PMCID: PMC6427882 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1408-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Congruent patterns in the distribution of biodiversity between regions or habitats suggest that key factors such as climatic and topographic variation may predictably shape evolutionary processes. In a number of tropical and arid biomes, genetic analyses are revealing deeper and more localised lineage diversity in rocky ranges than surrounding habitats. Two potential drivers of localised endemism in rocky areas are refugial persistence through climatic change, or ecological diversification and specialisation. Here we examine how patterns of lineage and phenotypic diversity differ across two broad habitat types (rocky ranges and open woodlands) in a small radiation of gecko lizards in the genus Gehyra (the australis group) from the Australian Monsoonal Tropics biome. Results Using a suite of approaches for delineating evolutionarily independent lineages, we find between 26 and 41 putative evolutionary units in the australis group (versus eight species currently recognised). Rocky ranges are home to a greater number of lineages that are also relatively more restricted in distribution, while lineages in open woodland habitats are fewer, more widely distributed, and, in one case, show evidence of range expansion. We infer at least two shifts out of rocky ranges and into surrounding woodlands. Phenotypic divergence between rocky ranges specialist and more generalist taxa is detected, but no convergent evolutionary regimes linked to ecology are inferred. Conclusions In climatically unstable biomes such as savannahs, rocky ranges have functioned as zones of persistence, generators of diversity and a source of colonists for surrounding areas. Phenotypic divergence can also be linked to the use of differing habitat types, however, the extent to which ecological specialisation is a primary driver or secondary outcome of localised diversification remains uncertain. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-019-1408-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Oliver
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia. .,Biodiversity and Geosciences Program, Queensland Museum, South Brisbane, Queensland, 4101, Australia. .,Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, and Centre for Biodiversity Analysis, The Australian National University, 46 Sullivans Creek Road, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - Lauren G Ashman
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, and Centre for Biodiversity Analysis, The Australian National University, 46 Sullivans Creek Road, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Sarah Bank
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, and Centre for Biodiversity Analysis, The Australian National University, 46 Sullivans Creek Road, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia.,Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rebecca J Laver
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, and Centre for Biodiversity Analysis, The Australian National University, 46 Sullivans Creek Road, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Renae C Pratt
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, and Centre for Biodiversity Analysis, The Australian National University, 46 Sullivans Creek Road, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Leonardo G Tedeschi
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, and Centre for Biodiversity Analysis, The Australian National University, 46 Sullivans Creek Road, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Craig C Moritz
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, and Centre for Biodiversity Analysis, The Australian National University, 46 Sullivans Creek Road, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Crouch NMA, Ricklefs RE. Speciation Rate Is Independent of the Rate of Evolution of Morphological Size, Shape, and Absolute Morphological Specialization in a Large Clade of Birds. Am Nat 2019; 193:E78-E91. [PMID: 30912971 DOI: 10.1086/701630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Whether ecological differences between species evolve in parallel with lineage diversification is a fundamental issue in evolutionary biology. These processes might be connected if conditions that favor the proliferation of species, such as release from competitors, facilitate the evolution of novel ecological relationships. Despite this, phylogenetic studies do not consistently identify such a connection. Conversely, if higher diversity caused species to become increasingly specialized ecologically, then lineage diversification might become dissociated from ecological diversification. In this analysis, we ask whether the rate of lineage diversification in a large clade of birds is correlated with morphological specialization and with rates of morphological evolution. We find that morphological variation is related to species richness within clades but that rates of morphological evolution are decoupled from the rate of lineage diversification. Additionally, morphological specialization within lineages is independent of the rate at which lineages diversify, with the results apparently robust against false negative inference. This dissociation is likely a consequence of the major ecomorphological differences between avian clades arising early in their evolutionary history, with comparatively little variation added subsequently, while avian diversification has been driven predominantly by geographic isolation and sexual selection. Accordingly, biodiversity appears to be limited by the extent to which taxa can subdivide exploited regions of ecological space and not just overall ecological opportunity.
Collapse
|
45
|
Peñalba JV, Joseph L, Moritz C. Current geography masks dynamic history of gene flow during speciation in northern Australian birds. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:630-643. [PMID: 30561150 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Genome divergence is greatly influenced by gene flow during early stages of speciation. As populations differentiate, geographic barriers can constrain gene flow and so affect the dynamics of divergence and speciation. Current geography, specifically disjunction and continuity of ranges, is often used to predict the historical gene flow during the divergence process. We test this prediction in eight meliphagoid bird species complexes codistributed in four regions. These regions are separated by known biogeographical barriers across northern Australia and Papua New Guinea. We find that bird populations currently separated by terrestrial habitat barriers within Australia and marine barriers between Australia and Papua New Guinea have a range of divergence levels and probability of gene flow not associated with current range connectivity. Instead, geographic distance and historical range connectivity better predict divergence and probability of gene flow. In this dynamic environmental context, we also find support for a nonlinear decrease of the probability of gene flow during the divergence process. The probability of gene flow initially decreases gradually after a certain level of divergence is reached. Its decrease then accelerates until the probability is close to zero. This implies that although geographic connectivity may have more of an effect early in speciation, other factors associated with higher divergence may play a more important role in influencing gene flow midway through and later in speciation. Current geographic connectivity may then mislead inferences regarding potential for gene flow during speciation under a complex and dynamic history of geographic and reproductive isolation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua V Peñalba
- Ecology and Evolution, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia.,Centre for Biodiversity Analysis, Acton, ACT, Australia.,Australian National Wildlife Collection, CSIRO National Research Collections Australia, Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Division of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Leo Joseph
- Centre for Biodiversity Analysis, Acton, ACT, Australia.,Australian National Wildlife Collection, CSIRO National Research Collections Australia, Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Craig Moritz
- Ecology and Evolution, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia.,Centre for Biodiversity Analysis, Acton, ACT, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Cadena CD, Pérez-emán JL, Cuervo AM, Céspedes LN, Epperly KL, Klicka JT. Extreme genetic structure and dynamic range evolution in a montane passerine bird: implications for tropical diversification. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Daniel Cadena
- Laboratorio de Biología Evolutiva de Vertebrados, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jorge L Pérez-emán
- Instituto de Zoología y Ecología Tropical, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
- Colección Ornitológica Phelps, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Andrés M Cuervo
- Louisiana State University Museum of Natural Science, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Laura N Céspedes
- Laboratorio de Biología Evolutiva de Vertebrados, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Kevin L Epperly
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John T Klicka
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Luzuriaga-Aveiga VE, Weir JT. Elevational differentiation accelerates trait evolution but not speciation rates in Amazonian birds. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:624-633. [PMID: 30714311 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The importance of ecologically mediated divergent selection in accelerating trait evolution has been poorly studied in the most species-rich biome of the planet, the continental Neotropics. We performed macroevolutionary analyses of trait divergence and diversification rates across closely related pairs of Andean and Amazonian passerine birds, to assess whether the difference in elevational range separating species pairs - a proxy for the degree of ecological divergence - influences the speed of trait evolution and diversification rates. We found that elevational differentiation is associated with faster divergence of song frequency, a trait important for pre-mating isolation, and several morphological traits, which may contribute to extrinsic post-mating isolation. However, elevational differentiation did not increase recent speciation rates, possibly due to early bursts of diversification during the uplift of the eastern Andes followed by a slow-down in speciation rate. Our results suggest that ecological differentiation may speed up trait evolution, but not diversification of Neotropical birds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa E Luzuriaga-Aveiga
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Jason T Weir
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada.,Department of Ornithology, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queen's Park, Toronto, ON, M5S 2C6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Igea J, Tanentzap AJ. Multiple macroevolutionary routes to becoming a biodiversity hotspot. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaau8067. [PMID: 30775437 PMCID: PMC6365113 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau8067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Why is species diversity so unevenly distributed across different regions on Earth? Regional differences in biodiversity may stem from differences in rates of speciation and dispersal and colonization times, but these hypotheses have rarely been tested simultaneously at a global scale. Our study reveals the macroevolutionary routes that have generated hotspots of mammal and bird biodiversity by analyzing the tempo and mode of diversification and dispersal within major biogeographic realms. Hotspots in tropical realms had higher rates of speciation, whereas those in temperate realms received more immigrant species from their surrounding regions. We also found that hotspots had higher spatial complexity and energy availability, providing a link between the environment and macroevolutionary history. Our study highlights how assessing differences in macroevolutionary history can help to explain why biodiversity varies so much worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. Igea
- Corresponding author. (J.I.); (A.J.T.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Nitschke CR, Hourston M, Udyawer V, Sanders KL. Rates of population differentiation and speciation are decoupled in sea snakes. Biol Lett 2018; 14:rsbl.2018.0563. [PMID: 30333264 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2018.0563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative phylogeography can inform many macroevolutionary questions, such as whether species diversification is limited by rates of geographical population differentiation. We examined the link between population genetic structure and species diversification in the fully aquatic sea snakes (Hydrophiinae) by comparing mitochondrial phylogeography across northern Australia in 16 species from two closely related clades that show contrasting diversification dynamics. Contrary to expectations from theory and several empirical studies, our results show that, at the geographical scale studied here, rates of population differentiation and speciation are not positively linked in sea snakes. The eight species sampled from the rapidly speciating Hydrophis clade have weak population differentiation that lacks geographical structure. By contrast, all eight sampled Aipysurus-Emydocephalus species show clear geographical patterns and many deep intraspecific splits, but have threefold slower speciation rates. Alternative factors, such as ecological specialization, species duration and geographical range size, may underlie rapid speciation in sea snakes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte R Nitschke
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Mathew Hourston
- The Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Vinay Udyawer
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Darwin, Northern Territory 0810, Australia
| | - Kate L Sanders
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Singhal S, Huang H, Grundler MR, Marchán-Rivadeneira MR, Holmes I, Title PO, Donnellan SC, Rabosky DL. Does Population Structure Predict the Rate of Speciation? A Comparative Test across Australia’s Most Diverse Vertebrate Radiation. Am Nat 2018; 192:432-447. [DOI: 10.1086/699515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|