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Lind A, Freyhult E, de Jesus Cortez F, Ramelius A, Bennet R, Robinson PV, Seftel D, Gebhart D, Tandel D, Maziarz M, Larsson HE, Lundgren M, Carlsson A, Nilsson AL, Fex M, Törn C, Agardh D, Tsai CT, Lernmark Å. Childhood screening for type 1 diabetes comparing automated multiplex Antibody Detection by Agglutination-PCR (ADAP) with single plex islet autoantibody radiobinding assays. EBioMedicine 2024; 104:105144. [PMID: 38723553 PMCID: PMC11090024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two or more autoantibodies against either insulin (IAA), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADA), islet antigen-2 (IA-2A) or zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8A) denote stage 1 (normoglycemia) or stage 2 (dysglycemia) type 1 diabetes prior to stage 3 type 1 diabetes. Automated multiplex Antibody Detection by Agglutination-PCR (ADAP) assays in two laboratories were compared to single plex radiobinding assays (RBA) to define threshold levels for diagnostic specificity and sensitivity. METHODS IAA, GADA, IA-2A and ZnT8A were analysed in 1504 (54% females) population based controls (PBC), 456 (55% females) doctor's office controls (DOC) and 535 (41% females) blood donor controls (BDC) as well as in 2300 (48% females) patients newly diagnosed (1-10 years of age) with stage 3 type 1 diabetes. The thresholds for autoantibody positivity were computed in 100 10-fold cross-validations to separate patients from controls either by maximizing the χ2-statistics (chisq) or using the 98th percentile of specificity (Spec98). Mean and 95% CI for threshold, sensitivity and specificity are presented. FINDINGS The ADAP ROC curves of the four autoantibodies showed comparable AUC in the two ADAP laboratories and were higher than RBA. Detection of two or more autoantibodies using chisq showed 0.97 (0.95, 0.99) sensitivity and 0.94 (0.91, 0.97) specificity in ADAP compared to 0.90 (0.88, 0.95) sensitivity and 0.97 (0.94, 0.98) specificity in RBA. Using Spec98, ADAP showed 0.92 (0.89, 0.95) sensitivity and 0.99 (0.98, 1.00) specificity compared to 0.89 (0.77, 0.86) sensitivity and 1.00 (0.99, 1.00) specificity in the RBA. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were higher in PBC compared to DOC and BDC. INTERPRETATION ADAP was comparable in two laboratories, both comparable to or better than RBA, to define threshold levels for two or more autoantibodies to stage type 1 diabetes. FUNDING Supported by The Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust (grant number 2009-04078), the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (Dnr IRC15-0067) and the Swedish Research Council, Strategic Research Area (Dnr 2009-1039). AL was supported by the DiaUnion collaborative study, co-financed by EU Interreg ÖKS, Capital Region of Denmark, Region Skåne and the Novo Nordisk Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lind
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University CRC, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Eva Freyhult
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Anita Ramelius
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University CRC, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Rasmus Bennet
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University CRC, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - David Seftel
- Enable Biosciences Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David Gebhart
- Enable Biosciences Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Marlena Maziarz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University CRC, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Markus Lundgren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University CRC, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | | | - Malin Fex
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University CRC, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Carina Törn
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University CRC, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Daniel Agardh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University CRC, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Åke Lernmark
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University CRC, Malmö, Sweden.
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Duarte FHDS, Silva SDO, Enders BC, Lira ALBDC, Dantas RAN, Dantas DV. Early diagnosis of HIV/aids infection: concept analysis. Rev Bras Enferm 2023; 76:e20220565. [PMID: 37556698 PMCID: PMC10405394 DOI: 10.1590/0034-7167-2022-0565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES to analyze the concept of "early diagnosis of HIV/Aids infection" in light of Walker and Avant's conceptual analysis model. METHODS concept analysis study based on the framework proposed by Walker and Avant, instrumented by a scoping review conducted in April 2022, following the recommendations of the Joanna Briggs Institute and checklist Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. The search was made in eight data sources, obtaining sixteen articles. RESULTS the study found homosexual intercourses, early examination, anti-HIV antibodies, CD4 count, and sexually transmitted infection as the main attributes of the concept. As antecedents: information, risky behavior, unprotected sexual relations, prevention, and access to the service. As main consequences: antiretroviral treatment, seroconversion, transmission, and consultations. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS the study approached the circumstantial situations of the theme, its attributes, antecedents, and consequences, qualifying the work process based on knowledge of nursing practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bertha Cruz Enders
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
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3
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Sciortino S, Graham S, Fillman T, Kandasamy H, Cooley R, Hanson C, Eckert V, Tang H, Yang J, Seftel D, Tsai CT, Robinson P. Shadow of a Pandemic: Persistence of Prenatal SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Newborn Blood Spots. Int J Neonatal Screen 2023; 9:43. [PMID: 37606480 PMCID: PMC10443380 DOI: 10.3390/ijns9030043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate COVID-19 surveillance among pregnant women, the California Genetic Disease Screening Program conducted a screening performance and seroprevalence evaluation of maternal SARS-CoV-2 antibodies detected in banked newborn dried blood spots (DBS). We obtained seropositive results for 2890 newborn DBS from cohorts in 2020 and 2021 using Enable Bioscience's Antibody Detection by Agglutination-PCR (ADAP) assay for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. To infer maternal infection, we linked 312 women with a known laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 episode with their newborn's DBS SARS-CoV02 antibody result. Among 2890 newborns, we detected 453 (15.7%) with SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in their DBS. Monthly snapshot statewide seroprevalence among neonates was 12.2% (95% CI 10.3-14.1%, n =1156) in December 2020 and 33.3% (95% CI 29.1-37.4%, n = 26) in March 2021. The longest time recorded from COVID-19 infection to a seropositive neonatal result was 11.7 months among the 312 mothers who had an available SARS-CoV-2 PCR test result. Approximately 94% (153/163) of DBS were seropositive when a known maternal infection occurred earlier than 19 days before birth. The estimated relative sensitivity of DBS to identify prevalent maternal infection was 85.1%, specificity 98.5% and PPV 99.2% (n = 312); the sensitivity was lowest during the December 2021 surge when many infections occurred within 19 days of birth. Fifty pre-pandemic specimens (100% seronegative) and 23 twin-pair results (100% concordant) support an intrinsic specificity and PPV of ADAP approaching 100%. Maternal infection surveillance is limited by a time lag prior to delivery, especially during pandemic surges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Sciortino
- Genetic Disease Screening Program, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA 94804, USA (H.K.)
| | - Steve Graham
- Genetic Disease Screening Program, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA 94804, USA (H.K.)
| | - Toki Fillman
- Genetic Disease Screening Program, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA 94804, USA (H.K.)
| | - Hari Kandasamy
- Genetic Disease Screening Program, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA 94804, USA (H.K.)
| | - Robin Cooley
- Genetic Disease Screening Program, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA 94804, USA (H.K.)
| | - Carl Hanson
- Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | - Valorie Eckert
- Genetic Disease Screening Program, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA 94804, USA (H.K.)
| | - Hao Tang
- Genetic Disease Screening Program, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA 94804, USA (H.K.)
| | - Juan Yang
- Genetic Disease Screening Program, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA 94804, USA (H.K.)
| | - David Seftel
- Enable Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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Park YS, Choi S, Jang HJ, Yoo TH. Assay methods based on proximity-enhanced reactions for detecting non-nucleic acid molecules. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1188313. [PMID: 37456730 PMCID: PMC10343955 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1188313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate and reliable detection of biological molecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, and small molecules is essential for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. While simple homogeneous assays have been developed and are widely used for detecting nucleic acids, non-nucleic acid molecules such as proteins and small molecules are usually analyzed using methods that require time-consuming procedures and highly trained personnel. Recently, methods using proximity-enhanced reactions (PERs) have been developed for detecting non-nucleic acids. These reactions can be conducted in a homogeneous liquid phase via a single-step procedure. Herein, we review three assays based on PERs for the detection of non-nucleic acid molecules: proximity ligation assay, proximity extension assay, and proximity proteolysis assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Seop Park
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunjoo Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Ju Jang
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyeon Yoo
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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5
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Alexander L, Rasmus B, Charlotte B, Daniel A. Antibody detection by agglutination-PCR (ADAP) assays for the analysis of tissue transglutaminase autoantibodies in celiac disease. J Immunol Methods 2023:113502. [PMID: 37257686 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2023.113502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Tissue transglutaminase autoantibodies (tTGA) are used as diagnostic markers of celiac disease. Different methods have been developed for the detection of tTGA of which enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), radiobinding assays (RBA) and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) assays are the most commonly used. Here we aimed to evaluate a novel antibody determination by agglutination-PCR (ADAP) assay for the detection of tTGA. METHODS Included were 126 children with untreated celiac disease (UCD), 64 disease controls (DC), 21 children with potential celiac disease (PCD), and 1501 children from the general population. Tissue TGA were determined using an automated ADAP assay platform and compared with two RBAs for the detection of IgA-tTG and IgG-tTG, respectively. RESULTS ADAP detected tTGA in 123/126 (97.6%) UCD children compared with 122/126 (96.8%) using RBA-IgA-tTG and RBA-IgG-tTG (p > 0.9999), respectively. Among DC, ADAP detected 5/64 (7.8%) children with tTGA compared with 4/64 (6.3%) with RBA-IgA-tTG (p > 0.9999) and 8/64 (12.5%) with IgG-tTG (p = 0.5600), respectively. Tissue TGAs were equally detected in children with PCD in both assays. In the general population, 4/1501 (0.3%) were tTGA positive using ADAP compared with 3/1501 (0.2%) for RBA-IgA-tTG and RBA-IgG-tTG (p > 0.9999), respectively. The area under the curves (AUCs) were 0.998 for ADAP, 0.994 for RBA-IgA-tTG, and 0.999 for RBA-IgG-tTG, respectively. CONCLUSIONS No difference in specificity and sensitivity of tTGA for the diagnosis of celiac disease was reported between ADAP and RBA. ADAP could be recommended as the first-line screening method of larger populations for celiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lind Alexander
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Sweden.
| | - Bennet Rasmus
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Sweden
| | | | - Agardh Daniel
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Sweden
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Elledge SK, Eigl I, Phelps M, McClinton K, Zhou XX, Leung KK, Tato CM, Wells JA. Using Split Luminescent Biosensors for SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Detection in Serum, Plasma, and Blood Samples. Curr Protoc 2022; 2:e521. [PMID: 36200787 PMCID: PMC9793882 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Antibody detection assays are essential for evaluating immunity of individuals against a given virus, and this has been particularly relevant during the COVID-19 pandemic. Current serology assays either require a laboratory setting and take >1 hr (i.e., enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]) or are rapid but only qualitative in nature and cannot accurately track antibody levels over time (i.e., lateral flow assay [LFA]). Therefore, there is a need for development of a rapid and simple but also quantitative assay that can evaluate antibody levels in patients accurately over time. We have developed an assay that uses a split nanoluciferase fused to the spike or nucleocapsid proteins of the SARS-CoV-2 virus to enable luminescent-based detection of spike- or nucleocapsid-binding antibodies in serum, plasma, and whole blood samples. The resulting approach is simple, rapid, and quantitative and is highly amenable to low-/medium-throughput scale using plate-based assays, high-throughput scale using robotics, and point-of-care applications. In this article, we describe how to perform the assay in a laboratory setting using a plate reader or liquid-handling robotics and in a point-of-care setting using a handheld, battery-powered luminometer. Together, these assays allow antibody detection to be easily performed in multiple settings by simplifying and reducing assay time in a laboratory or clinical environment and by allowing for antibody detection in point-of-care, nonlaboratory settings. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol: SARS-CoV-2 antibody detection using the split-luciferase assay on a medium-throughput scale with a laboratory luminometer Alternate Protocol 1: High-throughput-based protocol for SARS-CoV-2 antibody detection using a robotic platform Alternate Protocol 2: Point-of-care-based protocol for SARS-CoV-2 antibody detection using a handheld luminometer Support Protocol: Determining positive/negative cutoffs for test samples and standardizing the assay between days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna K. Elledge
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | - Ian Eigl
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | | | | | - Xin X. Zhou
- Cancer BiologyDana Farber Cancer InstituteBostonMassachusetts
| | - Kevin K. Leung
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | | | - James A. Wells
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCalifornia,Chan Zuckerberg BiohubSan FranciscoCalifornia,Department of Cellular and Molecular PharmacologyUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCalifornia
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7
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Weisser M, Khanna N, Hedstueck A, Tschudin Sutter S, Roesch S, Stehle G, Sava M, Deigendesch N, Battegay M, Infanti L, Holbro A, Bassetti S, Pargger H, Hirsch HH, Leuzinger K, Kaiser L, Vu D, Baur K, Massaro N, Busch MP, Simmons G, Stone M, Felgner PL, de Assis RR, Khan S, Tsai C, Robinson PV, Seftel D, Irsch J, Bagri A, Buser AS, Corash L. Characterization of Pathogen Inactivated
COVID
‐19 Convalescent Plasma and Responses in Transfused Patients. Transfusion 2022; 62:1997-2011. [PMID: 36054476 PMCID: PMC9538076 DOI: 10.1111/trf.17083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Efficacy of donated COVID‐19 convalescent plasma (dCCP) is uncertain and may depend on antibody titers, neutralizing capacity, timing of administration, and patient characteristics. Study Design and Methods In a single‐center hypothesis‐generating prospective case–control study with 1:2 matched dCCP recipients to controls according to disease severity at day 1, hospitalized adults with COVID‐19 pneumonia received 2 × 200 ml pathogen‐reduced treated dCCP from 2 different donors. We evaluated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) antibodies in COVID‐19 convalescent plasma donors and recipients using multiple antibody assays including a Coronavirus antigen microarray (COVAM), and binding and neutralizing antibody assays. Outcomes were dCCP characteristics, antibody responses, 28‐day mortality, and dCCP ‐related adverse events in recipients. Results Eleven of 13 dCCPs (85%) contained neutralizing antibodies (nAb). PRT did not affect dCCP antibody activity. Fifteen CCP recipients and 30 controls (median age 64 and 65 years, respectively) were enrolled. dCCP recipients received 2 dCCPs from 2 different donors after a median of one hospital day and 11 days after symptom onset. One dCCP recipient (6.7%) and 6 controls (20%) died (p = 0.233). We observed no dCCP‐related adverse events. Transfusion of unselected dCCP led to heterogeneous SARS CoV‐2 antibody responses. COVAM clustered dCCPs in 4 distinct groups and showed endogenous immune responses to SARS‐CoV‐2 antigens over 14–21 days post dCCP in all except 4 immunosuppressed recipients. Discussion PRT did not impact dCCP anti‐virus neutralizing activity. Transfusion of unselected dCCP did not impact survival and had no adverse effects. Variable dCCP antibodies and post‐transfusion antibody responses indicate the need for controlled trials using well‐characterized dCCP with informative assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Weisser
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Hospital Epidemiology University and University Hospital of Basel Basel Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research University Hospital Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Nina Khanna
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Hospital Epidemiology University and University Hospital of Basel Basel Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research University Hospital Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Anemone Hedstueck
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Hospital Epidemiology University and University Hospital of Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Sarah Tschudin Sutter
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Hospital Epidemiology University and University Hospital of Basel Basel Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research University Hospital Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Sandra Roesch
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Hospital Epidemiology University and University Hospital of Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Gregor Stehle
- Regional Blood Transfusion Service, Swiss Red Cross, Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Mihaela Sava
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Hospital Epidemiology University and University Hospital of Basel Basel Switzerland
| | | | - Manuel Battegay
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Hospital Epidemiology University and University Hospital of Basel Basel Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research University Hospital Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Laura Infanti
- Regional Blood Transfusion Service, Swiss Red Cross, Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Andreas Holbro
- Regional Blood Transfusion Service, Swiss Red Cross, Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Stefano Bassetti
- Department of Clinical Research University Hospital Basel Basel Switzerland
- Department of Internal Medicine University Hospital Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Hans Pargger
- Department of Clinical Research University Hospital Basel Basel Switzerland
- Department of Intensive Care University Hospital Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Hans H. Hirsch
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Hospital Epidemiology University and University Hospital of Basel Basel Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research University Hospital Basel Basel Switzerland
- Transplantation & Clinical Virology, Department of Biomedicine University of Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Karoline Leuzinger
- Transplantation & Clinical Virology, Department of Biomedicine University of Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Laurent Kaiser
- Geneva Centre for Emerging Viral Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; Laboratory of Virology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals & Faculty of Medicine University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - Diem‐Lan Vu
- Division of Infectious Diseases Geneva University Hospitals Geneva Switzerland
| | - Katharina Baur
- Regional Blood Transfusion Service, Swiss Red Cross, Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Nadine Massaro
- Regional Blood Transfusion Service, Swiss Red Cross, Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Michael Paul Busch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine University of California, San Francisco San Francisco CA USA
- Vitalant Research Institute San Francisco CA
| | - Graham Simmons
- Department of Laboratory Medicine University of California, San Francisco San Francisco CA USA
- Vitalant Research Institute San Francisco CA
| | - Mars Stone
- Department of Laboratory Medicine University of California, San Francisco San Francisco CA USA
- Vitalant Research Institute San Francisco CA
| | - Philip L. Felgner
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Vaccine Research and Development Laboratory University of California, Irvine Irvine CA USA
| | - Rafael R. de Assis
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Vaccine Research and Development Laboratory University of California, Irvine Irvine CA USA
| | - Saahir Khan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California Los Angeles CA USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Andreas S. Buser
- Department of Clinical Research University Hospital Basel Basel Switzerland
- Regional Blood Transfusion Service, Swiss Red Cross, Basel Basel Switzerland
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Detection of neutralizing antibodies against multiple SARS-CoV-2 strains in dried blood spots using cell-free PCR. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4212. [PMID: 35864104 PMCID: PMC9302227 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31796-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An easily implementable serological assay to accurately detect severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) neutralizing antibodies is urgently needed to better track herd immunity, vaccine efficacy and vaccination rates. Herein, we report the Split-Oligonucleotide Neighboring Inhibition Assay (SONIA) which uses real-time qPCR to measure the ability of neutralizing antibodies to block binding between DNA-barcoded viral spike protein subunit 1 and the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor protein. The SONIA neutralizing antibody assay using finger-prick dried blood spots displays 91–97% sensitivity and 100% specificity in comparison to the live-virus neutralization assays using matched serum specimens for multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants-of-concern. The multiplex version of this neutralizing antibody assay, using easily collectable finger-prick dried blood spots, can be a valuable tool to help reveal the impact of age, pre-existing health conditions, waning immunity, different vaccination schemes and the emergence of new variants-of-concern. Neutralizing antibodies are critical for conferring immunity against SARS-CoV-2. Here, Dahn et al. report a PCR assay termed SONIA (Split-Oligonucleotide Neighboring Inhibition Assay) for measuring neutralizing antibodies against multiple SARS-CoV-2 strains in fingerprick dried blood spot samples.
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de Jesus Cortez F, Lind A, Ramelius A, Bennet R, Robinson PV, Seftel D, Gebhart D, Tandel D, Maziarz M, Agardh D, Larsson HE, Lundgren M, Lernmark Å, Tsai CT. Multiplex agglutination-PCR (ADAP) autoantibody assays compared to radiobinding autoantibodies in type 1 diabetes and celiac disease. J Immunol Methods 2022; 506:113265. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2022.113265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Automation of a multiplex agglutination-PCR (ADAP) type 1 diabetes (T1D) assay for the rapid analysis of islet autoantibodies. SLAS Technol 2022; 27:26-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.slast.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Adegbenro A, Coleman S, Nesterova IV. Stoichiometric approach to quantitative analysis of biomolecules: the case of nucleic acids. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:1587-1594. [PMID: 34800148 PMCID: PMC8766926 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03781-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Majority of protocols for quantitative analysis of biomarkers (including nucleic acids) require calibrations and target standards. In this work, we developed a principle for quantitative analysis that eliminates the need for a standard of a target molecule. The approach is based on stoichiometric reporting. While stoichiometry is a simple and robust analytical platform, its utility toward the analysis of biomolecules is very limited due to the lack of general methodologies for detecting the equivalence point. In this work, we engineer a new target/probe-binding model that enables detecting the equivalence point while maintaining an appropriate level of specificity. We establish the probe design principles through theoretical simulations and experimental confirmation. Further, we demonstrate the utility of the stoichiometric analysis via a proof-of-concept system based on oligonucleotide hybridization. Overall, the approach that requires neither standard nor calibration yields quantitative results with an adequate accuracy (> 90-110%) and a high specificity. The principles established in our work are very general and can extend beyond oligonucleotide targets toward quantitative analysis of many other biomolecules such as antibodies and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeyinka Adegbenro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, 60115, USA
| | - Seth Coleman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, 60115, USA
| | - Irina V Nesterova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, 60115, USA.
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Hirtz C, O'Flynn R, Voisin PM, Deville de Périère D, Lehmann S, Guedes S, Amado F, Ferreira R, Trindade F, Vitorino R. The potential impact of salivary peptides in periodontitis. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2021; 58:479-492. [PMID: 33849374 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2021.1907298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a complex immune-inflammatory condition characterized by the disruption of the periodontal ligament and subsequent formation of periodontal pockets, and by alveolar bone loss, often resulting in tooth loss. A myriad of factors, namely, genetic, metabolic, immunological, and inflammatory, is associated with progression of periodontitis. Periodontitis is also associated with systemic conditions such as neoplastic disorders, obesity, and diabetes. The current diagnosis of this disease relies on clinical measurements such as clinical attachment loss and probing depth, which have poor precision due to patient, operator and probe-related factors. Thus, there is a need to develop reliable, objective, and reproducible biomarkers for early diagnosis of periodontitis. In this regard, saliva, with contributions from the gingival crevicular fluid, holds great potential. However, most of the information on biomarkers of periodontium-related salivary proteins has come from studies on the molecular pathogenesis of periodontitis. In periodontitis, a more holistic approach, such as the use of -omics technologies, for biomarker discovery, is needed. Herein, we review the biomarkers proposed to date for the assessment of periodontitis, with emphasis on the role of salivary peptides in periodontitis and their assessment by high-throughput saliva proteomics. We also discuss the challenges pertaining to the identification of new periodontitis biomarkers in saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Hirtz
- IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Robin O'Flynn
- IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Sylvain Lehmann
- IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Sofia Guedes
- REQUIMTE-QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Francisco Amado
- REQUIMTE-QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rita Ferreira
- REQUIMTE-QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Fábio Trindade
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,UnIC - Unidade de Investigação & Desenvolvimento Cardiovascular, Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Vitorino
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,UnIC - Unidade de Investigação & Desenvolvimento Cardiovascular, Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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13
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Proximity ligation assay: an ultrasensitive method for protein quantification and its applications in pathogen detection. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:923-935. [PMID: 33427935 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-11049-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
It is of great significance to establish sensitive and accurate pathogen detection methods, considering the continuous emergence or re-emergence of infectious diseases seriously influences the safety of human and animals. Proximity ligation assay (PLA) is developed for the sensitive protein detection and also can be used for the detection of pathogens. PLA employs aptamer or monoclonal/polyclonal antibody-nucleic acid complexes as proximity probes. When the paired proximity probes bind to the same target protein or protein complex, they will be adjacent to each other and form an amplifiable DNA sequence through ligation. Combining the specificity of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and sensitivity of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), PLA transforms the detection of protein into the detection of DNA nucleic acid sequence. Therefore, as an ultrasensitive protein assay, PLA has great potential for quantification, localization of protein, and clinical diagnostics. In this review, we summarize the basic principles of PLA and its applications in pathogen detection. KEY POINTS: • Different forms of proximity ligation assay are introduced. • Applications of proximity ligation assay in pathogen detection are summarized. • Proximity ligation assay is an ultrasensitive method to quantify protein and pathogen.
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14
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Zhao L, Zhou H, Sun T, Liu W, He H, Ning B, Li S, Peng Y, Han D, Zhao Z, Cui J, Gao Z. Complete antigen-bridged DNA strand displacement amplification immuno-PCR assay for ultrasensitive detection of salbutamol. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 748:142330. [PMID: 33113707 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring of low-level analytes are typical examples for analytical challenges. Salbutamol (SAL), a phenol-β2-agonist, has a very low residual content in the environment. Here, we present an ultrasensitive complete antigen-bridged PCR assay for detecting salbutamol (SAL). These DNA probes modified SAL complete antigens target recognition SAL antibodies and agglutinate synthetic DNA conjugates, thus enabling ligation of DNA probes to form a full-length DNA amplicon that contained a recognition site for cleavage endonuclease and subsequent quantification by qPCR. Moreover, SAL antibodies were modified with magnetic beads which were used to reduce the background noise and sample matrix effect, and the DNA signals were isothermally amplified by strand displacement amplification technology. Some key parameters which influence assay performance were optimized: the length of the bridge oligonucleotide, the concentration of immunomagnetic beads, SAL probes, and initiation chain, etc. Under the optimum conditions, the signal amplification of proposed Immuno-PCR assay for the detection of SAL was exponential, resulting in high potential sensitivity(~1 fg/mL) and a broad detection dynamic range (> 105 fold). Using this proposed method, we detected SAL in spiked tap water and urine samples with acceptable recoveries ranging from 88.1 to 103.3%. Theoretically, the method developed here has broad applicability and practical utility in immunoassays of a wide variety of analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingdi Zhao
- Tianjin Institute Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China; Hebei University of Science & Technology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050018, China
| | - Huanying Zhou
- Tianjin Institute Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Tieqiang Sun
- Tianjin Institute Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Wentao Liu
- Tianjin Institute Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Hongwei He
- Tianjin Institute Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Baoan Ning
- Tianjin Institute Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Tianjin Institute Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Yuan Peng
- Tianjin Institute Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Dianpeng Han
- Tianjin Institute Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Zunquan Zhao
- Tianjin Institute Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Jiansheng Cui
- Hebei University of Science & Technology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050018, China.
| | - Zhixian Gao
- Tianjin Institute Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China.
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15
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Karp DG, Danh K, Espinoza NF, Seftel D, Robinson PV, Tsai CT. A serological assay to detect SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in at-home collected finger-prick dried blood spots. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20188. [PMID: 33214612 PMCID: PMC7678827 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76913-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate surveillance of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) incidence requires large-scale testing of the population. Current testing methods require in-person collection of biospecimens by a healthcare worker, limiting access of individuals who do not have access to testing facilities while placing both patients and healthcare workers at risk of exposure to infection. We report the development and validation of a at-home finger-prick dried blood spot collection kit and an analysis method. We demonstrated 100% sensitivity and specificity using at-home collected specimens across the US. Such methods may facilitate the conduct of unbiased serosurveys within hard to reach populations and help reduce the sample collection burden of serological testing on both health care systems and individuals alike.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenneth Danh
- Enable Biosciences Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - David Seftel
- Enable Biosciences Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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16
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Michailidou E, Poulopoulos A, Tzimagiorgis G. Salivary diagnostics of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). Oral Dis 2020; 28 Suppl 1:867-877. [PMID: 33211392 PMCID: PMC7753835 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Laboratory testing for the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus and the consequent respiratory coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is categorized into methods that detect the viral presence and methods that detect antibodies produced in the host as a response to infection. Methods that detect viral presence into the host excretions measure current infection by SARS‐CoV‐2, whereas the detection of human antibodies exploited against SARS‐CoV‐2 evaluates the past exposure to the virus. Objective This review provides a comprehensive overview for the use of saliva as a specimen for the detection of SARS‐CoV‐2, the methods for the salivary diagnostics utilized till very recently, and the arisen considerations for the diagnosis of COVID‐19 disease. Conclusion The major advantage of using saliva as a specimen for the detection of SARS‐CoV‐2 is that saliva collection is a non‐invasive method which produces no discomfort to the patient and permits the patients to utilize home self‐sampling techniques in order to protect health providers from the exposure to the pathogen. There is an urgent need to increase the active research for the detection of SARS‐CoV‐2 in the saliva because the non‐invasive salivary diagnostics may provide a reliable and cost‐effective method suitable for the fast and early detection of COVID‐19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Michailidou
- Department of Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athanasios Poulopoulos
- Department of Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Tzimagiorgis
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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17
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Cortez FDJ, Gebhart D, Robinson PV, Seftel D, Pourmandi N, Owyoung J, Bertozzi CR, Wilson DM, Maahs DM, Buckingham BA, Mills JR, Roforth MM, Pittock SJ, McKeon A, Page K, Wolf WA, Sanda S, Speake C, Greenbaum CJ, Tsai CT. Sensitive detection of multiple islet autoantibodies in type 1 diabetes using small sample volumes by agglutination-PCR. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242049. [PMID: 33186361 PMCID: PMC7665791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Islet autoantibodies are predominantly measured by radioassay to facilitate risk assessment and diagnosis of type 1 diabetes. However, the reliance on radioactive components, large sample volumes and limited throughput renders radioassay testing costly and challenging. We developed a multiplex analysis platform based on antibody detection by agglutination-PCR (ADAP) for the sample-sparing measurement of GAD, IA-2 and insulin autoantibodies/antibodies in 1 μL serum. The assay was developed and validated in 7 distinct cohorts (n = 858) with the majority of the cohorts blinded prior to analysis. Measurements from the ADAP assay were compared to radioassay to determine correlation, concordance, agreement, clinical sensitivity and specificity. The average overall agreement between ADAP and radioassay was above 91%. The average clinical sensitivity and specificity were 96% and 97%. In the IASP 2018 workshop, ADAP achieved the highest sensitivity of all assays tested at 95% specificity (AS95) rating for GAD and IA-2 autoantibodies and top-tier performance for insulin autoantibodies. Furthermore, ADAP correctly identified 95% high-risk individuals with two or more autoantibodies by radioassay amongst 39 relatives of T1D patients tested. In conclusion, the new ADAP assay can reliably detect the three cardinal islet autoantibodies/antibodies in 1μL serum with high sensitivity. This novel assay may improve pediatric testing compliance and facilitate easier community-wide screening for islet autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Gebhart
- Enable Biosciences Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Peter V. Robinson
- Enable Biosciences Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - David Seftel
- Enable Biosciences Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Narges Pourmandi
- Enable Biosciences Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Jordan Owyoung
- Enable Biosciences Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Carolyn R. Bertozzi
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Darrell M. Wilson
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford, CA, United States of America
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - David M. Maahs
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford, CA, United States of America
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Bruce A. Buckingham
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford, CA, United States of America
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - John R. Mills
- Department of Laboratory Medicine/Pathology, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Matthew M. Roforth
- Department of Laboratory Medicine/Pathology, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Sean J. Pittock
- Department of Laboratory Medicine/Pathology, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Andrew McKeon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine/Pathology, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Kara Page
- T1D Exchange, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | | | - Srinath Sanda
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Cate Speake
- Diabetes Clinical Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Carla J. Greenbaum
- Diabetes Clinical Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Cheng-ting Tsai
- Enable Biosciences Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Karp DG, Cuda D, Tandel D, Danh K, Robinson PV, Seftel D, Tian H, Pandori M, Miller KWP, Tsai CT. Sensitive and Specific Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies Using a High-Throughput, Fully Automated Liquid-Handling Robotic System. SLAS Technol 2020; 25:545-552. [PMID: 32815769 PMCID: PMC7441286 DOI: 10.1177/2472630320950663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
As of July 22, 2020, more than 14.7 million infections of SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), have been confirmed globally. Serological assays are essential for community screening, assessing infection prevalence, aiding identification of infected patients, and enacting appropriate treatment and quarantine protocols in the battle against this rapidly expanding pandemic. Antibody detection by agglutination–PCR (ADAP) is a pure solution phase immunoassay that generates a PCR amplifiable signal when patient antibodies agglutinate DNA-barcoded antigen probes into a dense immune complex. Here, we present an ultrasensitive and high-throughput automated liquid biopsy assay based on the Hamilton Microlab ADAP STAR automated liquid-handling platform, which was developed and validated for the qualitative detection of total antibodies against spike protein 1 (S1) of SARS-CoV-2 that uses as little as 4 µL of serum. To assess the clinical performance of the ADAP assay, 57 PCR-confirmed COVID-19 patients and 223 control patients were tested. The assay showed a sensitivity of 98% (56/57) and a specificity of 99.55% (222/223). Notably, the SARS-CoV-2–negative control patients included individuals with other common coronaviral infections, such as CoV-NL63 and CoV-HKU, which did not cross-react. In addition to high performance, the hands-free automated workstation enabled high-throughput sample processing to reduce screening workload while helping to minimize analyst contact with biohazardous samples. Therefore, the ADAP STAR liquid-handling workstation can be used as a valuable tool to address the COVID-19 global pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deanne Cuda
- Enable Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Kenneth Danh
- Enable Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - David Seftel
- Enable Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Honglin Tian
- Nevada State Public Health Laboratory, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Mark Pandori
- Nevada State Public Health Laboratory, Reno, NV, USA
| | | | - Cheng-T Tsai
- Enable Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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19
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Danh K, Karp DG, Robinson PV, Seftel D, Stone M, Simmons G, Bagri A, Schreiber M, Buser A, Holbro A, Battegay M, Corash LM, Hanson C, Tsai CT. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies with a cell-free PCR assay. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020:2020.05.28.20105692. [PMID: 32577696 PMCID: PMC7302305 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.28.20105692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to more than 4 million confirmed infections worldwide and over 300,000 deaths. While Remdesivir has recently received FDA emergency use authorization for treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection, convalescent plasma (CP) with high titers of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) from recovered donors remains a promising and widely accessible method to mitigate severe disease symptoms. Here, we describe the development and validation of a cell-free neutralization PCR assay using SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 and human ACE2 receptor-DNA conjugates. By comparing with samples collected prior to the outbreak, we confirmed that NAbs were specifically detected in COVID-19 cases. Using our unique assay, the NAb signals are detectable as early as 10 days after onset of symptoms and continue to rise, plateauing after 18 days. Notably, we showed that the use of licensed pathogen reduction technology to inactivate potentially contaminating infectious pathogens in CP did not alter NAb signals, paving a path to safely administer effective CP therapies. The described neutralization PCR assay can serve as a qualification tool to easily identify suitable CP donors of a potentially lifesaving therapy. In addition, this assay tool is readily deployable in standard laboratories with biosafety level 2 capability, and can yield results within 2-3 hr. This advancement can facilitate research on factors driving diverse COVID-19 disease manifestations, and to evaluate the impact of various CP processing protocols on CP therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mars Stone
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA
| | | | | | - Martin Schreiber
- Department of Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Andreas Buser
- Regional Blood Transfusion Service, Swiss Red Cross, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Holbro
- Regional Blood Transfusion Service, Swiss Red Cross, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Battegay
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Carl Hanson
- California Department of Public Health, Richmond CA
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20
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Yang HM, Teoh JY, Yim GH, Park Y, Kim YG, Kim J, Yoo D. Label-Free Analysis of Multivalent Protein Binding Using Bioresponsive Nanogels and Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR). ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:5413-5419. [PMID: 31898885 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b17328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Precise identification of protein-protein interactions is required to improve our understanding of biochemical pathways for biology and medicine. In physiology, how proteins interact with other proteins or small molecules is crucial for maintaining biological functions. For instance, multivalent protein binding (MPB), in which a ligand concurrently interacts with two or more receptors, plays a key role in regulating complex but accurate biological functions, and its interference is related to many diseases. Therefore, determining MPB and its kinetics has long been sought, which currently requires complicated procedures and instruments to distinguish multivalent binding from monovalent binding. Here, we show a method for quickly evaluating the MPB over monovalent binding and its kinetic parameters in a label-free manner. Engaging pNIPAm-co-AAc nanogels with MPB-capable moieties (e.g., PD-1 antigen and biocytin) permits a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) instrument to evaluate the MPB events by amplifying signals from the specific target molecules. Using our MPB-based method, PD-1 antibody that forms a type of MPB by complexing with two PD-1 proteins, which are currently used for cancer immunotherapy, is detectable down to a level of 10 nM. In addition, small multivalent cations (e.g., Ca2+, Fe2+, and Fe3+) are distinguishably measurable over monovalent cations (e.g., Na+ and K+) with the pNIPAm-co-AAc nanogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Min Yang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jie Ying Teoh
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Guk Hee Yim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yongdoo Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine , Korea University , Seoul 02841 , Republic of Korea
| | - Young Gyu Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
- Institute of Chemical Process , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jongseong Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine , Korea University , Seoul 02841 , Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwon Yoo
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
- Institute of Chemical Process , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanoparticle Research , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
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21
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Ohata J, Krishnamoorthy L, Gonzalez MA, Xiao T, Iovan DA, Toste FD, Miller EW, Chang CJ. An Activity-Based Methionine Bioconjugation Approach To Developing Proximity-Activated Imaging Reporters. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:32-40. [PMID: 31989024 PMCID: PMC6978837 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.9b01038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Chemical probes that report on protein activity, rather than protein abundance, with spatial and temporal resolution can enable studies of their native function in biological contexts as well as provide opportunities for developing new types of biochemical reporters. Here we present a sensing platform, termed proximity-activated imaging reporter (PAIR), which combines activity-based methionine bioconjugation and antibody labeling with proximity-dependent oligonucleotide-based amplification to monitor dynamic changes of a given analyte in cells and animals through context-dependent methionine labeling of specific protein targets. We establish this PAIR method to develop sensors for imaging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and calcium ions through oxaziridine-directed labeling of reactive methionine residues on β-actin and calmodulin (CaM), respectively, where the extent of methionine bioconjugation on these protein targets can serve as an indicator of oxidative stress or calcium status. In particular, application of PAIR to activity-based CaM detection provides a method for imaging integrated calcium activity in both in vitro cell and in vivo zebrafish models. By relying on native protein biochemistry, PAIR enables redox and metal imaging without introduction of external small molecules or genetically encoded indicators that can potentially buffer the natural/existing pools. This approach can be potentially generalized to target a broader range of analytes by pairing appropriate activity-based protein probes with protein detection reagents in a proximity-driven manner, providing a starting point not only for designing new sensors but also for monitoring endogenous activity of specific protein targets in biological specimens with spatial and temporal fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ohata
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Lakshmi Krishnamoorthy
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Monica A. Gonzalez
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Tong Xiao
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Diana A. Iovan
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - F. Dean Toste
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Evan W. Miller
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Christopher J. Chang
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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22
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Bringing HIV Self-Testing to Scale in the United States: a Review of Challenges, Potential Solutions, and Future Opportunities. J Clin Microbiol 2019; 57:JCM.00257-19. [PMID: 31462549 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00257-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV self-testing (HIVST) provides an at-home option to counter the barriers that patients face with testing performed in health care settings. HIVST has gradually increased in popularity in a time when social media and technology-based solutions are preferred. In this paper, we consider the aspects of self-testing that merit its integration into HIV testing and prevention systems in the United States. Several elements favor self-testing for large-scale implementation, including ease of use, convenience, potential for integration with mobile health (mHealth), and availability for various modes of distribution. HIVST has a demonstrated ability to reach at-risk individuals who otherwise rarely test. The paradigm of self-testing, however, introduces new challenges, including lesser test performance relative to that in health care settings, nonstandard counseling following receipt of test results, and difficulty in providing linkage to care. After discussing the performance of oral fluid versus blood-based HIVST, we review data regarding acceptability of HIVST, offer insights into counseling and linkage to care for HIVST, and provide examples of novel applications of and future research directions for HIVST.
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23
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Ultrasensitive, multiplexed chemoproteomic profiling with soluble activity-dependent proximity ligation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:21493-21500. [PMID: 31591248 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1912934116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoproteomic methods can report directly on endogenous, active enzyme populations, which can differ greatly from measures of transcripts or protein abundance alone. Detection and quantification of family-wide probe engagement generally requires LC-MS/MS or gel-based detection methods, which suffer from low resolution, significant input proteome requirements, laborious sample preparation, and expensive equipment. Therefore, methods that can capitalize on the broad target profiling capacity of family-wide chemical probes but that enable specific, rapid, and ultrasensitive quantitation of protein activity in native samples would be useful for basic, translational, and clinical proteomic applications. Here we develop and apply a method that we call soluble activity-dependent proximity ligation (sADPL), which harnesses family-wide chemical probes to convert active enzyme levels into amplifiable barcoded oligonucleotide signals. We demonstrate that sADPL coupled to quantitative PCR signal detection enables multiplexed "writing" and "reading" of active enzyme levels across multiple protein families directly at picogram levels of whole, unfractionated proteome. sADPL profiling in a competitive format allows for highly sensitive detection of drug-protein interaction profiling, which allows for direct quantitative measurements of in vitro and in vivo on- and off-target drug engagement. Finally, we demonstrate that comparative sADPL profiling can be applied for high-throughput molecular phenotyping of primary human tumor samples, leading to the discovery of new connections between metabolic and proteolytic enzyme activity in specific tumor compartments and patient outcomes. We expect that this modular and multiplexed chemoproteomic platform will be a general approach for drug target engagement, as well as comparative enzyme activity profiling for basic and clinical applications.
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Miller-Gallacher J, Sanders P, Young S, Sullivan A, Baker S, Reddington SC, Clue M, Kabelis K, Clark J, Wilmot J, Thomas D, Chlebowska M, Cole F, Pearson E, Roberts E, Holly M, Evans M, Núñez Miguel R, Powell M, Sanders J, Furmaniak J, Rees Smith B. Crystal structure of a ligand-free stable TSH receptor leucine-rich repeat domain. J Mol Endocrinol 2019; 62:117-128. [PMID: 30689545 DOI: 10.1530/jme-18-0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structures of the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) leucine-rich repeat domain (amino acids 22-260; TSHR260) in complex with a stimulating human monoclonal autoantibody (M22TM) and in complex with a blocking human autoantibody (K1-70™) have been solved. However, attempts to purify and crystallise free TSHR260, that is not bound to an autoantibody, have been unsuccessful due to the poor stability of free TSHR260. We now describe a TSHR260 mutant that has been stabilised by the introduction of six mutations (H63C, R112P, D143P, D151E, V169R and I253R) to form TSHR260-JMG55TM, which is approximately 900 times more thermostable than wild-type TSHR260. These six mutations did not affect the binding of human TSHR monoclonal autoantibodies or patient serum TSHR autoantibodies to the TSHR260. Furthermore, the response of full-length TSHR to stimulation by TSH or human TSHR monoclonal autoantibodies was not affected by the six mutations. Thermostable TSHR260-JMG55TM has been purified and crystallised without ligand and the structure solved at 2.83 Å resolution. This is the first reported structure of a glycoprotein hormone receptor crystallised without ligand. The unbound TSHR260-JMG55TM structure and the M22 and K1-70 bound TSHR260 structures are remarkably similar except for small changes in side chain conformations. This suggests that neither the mutations nor the binding of M22TM or K1-70TM change the rigid leucine-rich repeat domain structure of TSHR260. The solved TSHR260-JMG55TM structure provides a rationale as to why the six mutations have a thermostabilising effect and provides helpful guidelines for thermostabilisation strategies of other soluble protein domains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jill Clark
- FIRS Laboratories, RSR Ltd, Cardiff, CF14 5DUUK
| | - Jane Wilmot
- FIRS Laboratories, RSR Ltd, Cardiff, CF14 5DUUK
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Zhang G, Dong H, Zhang X. Fluorescence proximity assay based on a metal–organic framework platform. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:8158-8161. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc02961c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel fluorescence proximity assay (FPA) based on a metal–organic framework (MOF) platform was developed for target protein detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyao Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
| | - Haifeng Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
| | - Xueji Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
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26
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Gao T, Chai W, Shi L, Shi H, Sheng A, Yang J, Li G. A new colorimetric assay method for the detection of anti-hepatitis C virus antibody with high sensitivity. Analyst 2019; 144:6365-6370. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an01466g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive colorimetric assay method has been proposed for the detection of antibody by specifically assembling tandemly repeated DNAzymes on its “Y”-shaped structure, which has been used to determine anti-HCV Ab in serum with high sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
- School of Life Sciences
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- P. R. China
| | - Wenxin Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
- School of Life Sciences
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- P. R. China
| | - Liu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
- School of Life Sciences
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- P. R. China
| | - Hai Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
- School of Life Sciences
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- P. R. China
| | - Anzhi Sheng
- Center for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing
- School of Life Sciences
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- P. R. China
| | - Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
- School of Life Sciences
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- P. R. China
| | - Genxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
- School of Life Sciences
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210023
- P. R. China
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Ranallo
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies , University of Rome Tor Vergata , Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 , 00133 Rome , Italy
| | - Alessandro Porchetta
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies , University of Rome Tor Vergata , Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 , 00133 Rome , Italy
| | - Francesco Ricci
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies , University of Rome Tor Vergata , Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 , 00133 Rome , Italy
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Tenda K, van Gerven B, Arts R, Hiruta Y, Merkx M, Citterio D. Paper‐Based Antibody Detection Devices Using Bioluminescent BRET‐Switching Sensor Proteins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201808070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Tenda
- Department of Applied ChemistryKeio University 3-14-1 Hiyoshi Kohoku-ku 223-8522 Yokohama Japan
| | - Benice van Gerven
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS)Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Remco Arts
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS)Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Yuki Hiruta
- Department of Applied ChemistryKeio University 3-14-1 Hiyoshi Kohoku-ku 223-8522 Yokohama Japan
| | - Maarten Merkx
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS)Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Citterio
- Department of Applied ChemistryKeio University 3-14-1 Hiyoshi Kohoku-ku 223-8522 Yokohama Japan
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29
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Tenda K, van Gerven B, Arts R, Hiruta Y, Merkx M, Citterio D. Paper-Based Antibody Detection Devices Using Bioluminescent BRET-Switching Sensor Proteins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:15369-15373. [PMID: 30168634 PMCID: PMC6282528 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201808070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
This work reports on fully integrated “sample‐in‐signal‐out” microfluidic paper‐based analytical devices (μPADs) relying on bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) switches for analyte recognition and colorimetric signal generation. The devices use BRET‐based antibody sensing proteins integrated into vertically assembled layers of functionalized paper, and their design enables sample volume‐independent and fully reagent‐free operation, including on‐device blood plasma separation. User operation is limited to the application of a single drop (20–30 μL) of sample (serum, whole blood) and the acquisition of a photograph 20 min after sample introduction, with no requirement for precise pipetting, liquid handling, or analytical equipment except for a camera. Simultaneous detection of three different antibodies (anti‐HIV1, anti‐HA, and anti‐DEN1) in whole blood was achieved. Given its simplicity, this type of device is ideally suited for user‐friendly point‐of‐care testing in low‐resource environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Tenda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, 223-8522, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Benice van Gerven
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Remco Arts
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Yuki Hiruta
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, 223-8522, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Maarten Merkx
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Citterio
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, 223-8522, Yokohama, Japan
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Tsang HF, Chan LWC, Tong JCH, Wong HT, Lai CKC, Au TCC, Chan AKC, Ng LPW, Cho WCS, Wong SCC. Implementation and new insights in molecular diagnostics for HIV infection. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2018; 18:433-441. [PMID: 29641941 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2018.1464393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a kind of acquired disease that breaks down the immune system. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the causative agent of AIDS. By the end of 2016, there were 36.7 million people living with HIV worldwide. Early diagnosis can alert infected individuals to risk behaviors in order to control HIV transmission. Infected individuals are also benefited from proper treatment and management upon early diagnosis. Thanks to the public awareness of the disease, the annual increase of new HIV infections has been slowly declining over the past decades. The advent of molecular diagnostics has allowed early detection and better management of HIV infected patients. Areas covered: In this review, the authors summarized and discussed the current and future technologies in molecular diagnosis as well as the biomarkers developed for HIV infection. Expert Commentary: A simple and rapid detection of viral load is important for patients and doctors to monitor HIV progression and antiretroviral treatment efficiency. In the near future, it is expected that new technologies such as digital PCR and CRISPR-based technology will play more important role in HIV detection and patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hin-Fung Tsang
- a Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Kowloon , Hong Kong Special Administrative Region , China
| | - Lawrence Wing-Chi Chan
- a Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Kowloon , Hong Kong Special Administrative Region , China
| | - Jennifer Chiu-Hung Tong
- b School of Medical and Health Sciences , Tung Wah College , Kowloon , Hong Kong Special Administrative Region , China
| | - Heong-Ting Wong
- c Department of Pathology , Kiang Wu Hospital , Macau Special Administrative Region , China
| | - Christopher Koon-Chi Lai
- d Department of Pathology , Queen Elizabeth Hospital , Kowloon , Hong Kong Special Administrative Region , China
| | - Thomas Chi-Chuen Au
- e State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Sir Y K Pao Centre for Cancer, Department of Clinical Oncology, Hong Kong Cancer Institute and Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong Special Administrative Region , China
| | - Amanda Kit-Ching Chan
- d Department of Pathology , Queen Elizabeth Hospital , Kowloon , Hong Kong Special Administrative Region , China
| | - Lawrence Po-Wah Ng
- d Department of Pathology , Queen Elizabeth Hospital , Kowloon , Hong Kong Special Administrative Region , China
| | - William Chi-Shing Cho
- f Department of Clinical Oncology , Queen Elizabeth Hospital , Kowloon , Hong Kong Special Administrative Region , China
| | - Sze-Chuen Cesar Wong
- a Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Kowloon , Hong Kong Special Administrative Region , China.,d Department of Pathology , Queen Elizabeth Hospital , Kowloon , Hong Kong Special Administrative Region , China.,e State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Sir Y K Pao Centre for Cancer, Department of Clinical Oncology, Hong Kong Cancer Institute and Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong Special Administrative Region , China
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