1
|
Tang SY, Lordan R, Meng H, Auerbach BJ, Hennessy EJ, Sengupta A, Das US, Joshi R, Marcos-Contreras OA, McConnell R, Grant GR, Ricciotti E, Muzykantov VR, Grosser T, Weiljie AM, FitzGerald GA. Differential Impact In Vivo of Pf4-ΔCre-Mediated and Gp1ba-ΔCre-Mediated Depletion of Cyclooxygenase-1 in Platelets in Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2024; 44:1393-1406. [PMID: 38660804 PMCID: PMC11138953 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.320295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-dose aspirin is widely used for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. The beneficial effects of low-dose aspirin are attributable to its inhibition of platelet Cox (cyclooxygenase)-1-derived thromboxane A2. Until recently, the use of the Pf4 (platelet factor 4) Cre has been the only genetic approach to generating megakaryocyte/platelet ablation of Cox-1 in mice. However, Pf4-ΔCre displays ectopic expression outside the megakaryocyte/platelet lineage, especially during inflammation. The use of the Gp1ba (glycoprotein 1bα) Cre promises a more specific, targeted approach. METHODS To evaluate the role of Cox-1 in platelets, we crossed Pf4-ΔCre or Gp1ba-ΔCre mice with Cox-1flox/flox mice to generate platelet Cox-1-/- mice on normolipidemic and hyperlipidemic (Ldlr-/-; low-density lipoprotein receptor) backgrounds. RESULTS Ex vivo platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid or adenosine diphosphate in platelet-rich plasma was inhibited to a similar extent in Pf4-ΔCre Cox-1-/-/Ldlr-/- and Gp1ba-ΔCre Cox-1-/-/Ldlr-/- mice. In a mouse model of tail injury, Pf4-ΔCre-mediated and Gp1ba-ΔCre-mediated deletions of Cox-1 were similarly efficient in suppressing platelet prostanoid biosynthesis. Experimental thrombogenesis and attendant blood loss were similar in both models. However, the impact on atherogenesis was divergent, being accelerated in the Pf4-ΔCre mice while restrained in the Gp1ba-ΔCres. In the former, accelerated atherogenesis was associated with greater suppression of PGI2 biosynthesis, a reduction in the lipopolysaccharide-evoked capacity to produce PGE2 (prostaglandin E) and PGD2 (prostanglandin D), activation of the inflammasome, elevated plasma levels of IL-1β (interleukin), reduced plasma levels of HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein receptor-cholesterol), and a reduction in the capacity for reverse cholesterol transport. By contrast, in the latter, plasma HDL-C and α-tocopherol were elevated, and MIP-1α (macrophage inflammatory protein-1α) and MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1) were reduced. CONCLUSIONS Both approaches to Cox-1 deletion similarly restrain thrombogenesis, but a differential impact on Cox-1-dependent prostanoid formation by the vasculature may contribute to an inflammatory phenotype and accelerated atherogenesis in Pf4-ΔCre mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soon Yew Tang
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Ronan Lordan
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Hu Meng
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Benjamin J. Auerbach
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Elizabeth J. Hennessy
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Arjun Sengupta
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Ujjalkumar S. Das
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Robin Joshi
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | | | - Ryan McConnell
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Gregory R. Grant
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Emanuela Ricciotti
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Vladimir R. Muzykantov
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Tilo Grosser
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Department of Medicine Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Aalim M. Weiljie
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Garret A. FitzGerald
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hashida M, Steelman AJ, Erdman JW. α-Tocopherol Depletion Exacerbates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Reduction of Grip Strength. J Nutr 2024; 154:498-504. [PMID: 38141774 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND α-Tocopherol (αT) deficiency causes several neurologic disorders, such as spinocerebellar ataxia, peripheral neuropathy, and myopathy. Furthermore, decreased antibody production, impaired ex vivo T cell function, and elevated cytokine production are observed in humans and mice with αT deficiency. Although modeling αT deficiency in animals is challenging, αT depletion can be more readily achieved in α-tocopherol transfer protein-null (Ttpa-/-) mice than wild-type (WT) mice. Thus, the Ttpa-/- mouse model is a useful tool for studying metabolic consequences of low αT status. Optimizing this mouse model and selecting the reliable indicators/markers of deficiency are still needed. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to assess whether αT depletion alters lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response in the brain and/or grip strength used as a proxy for fatigue. METHODS WT and Ttpa-/- weanling littermates (n = 37-40/genotype) were fed an αT deficient diet ad libitum for 9 wk. Mice were then injected with LPS (10 μg/mouse) or saline (control) intraperitoneally and killed 4 h later. Concentrations of αT in diet and tissues were measured via high-pressure liquid chromatography. Grip strength was evaluated via a grip strength meter apparatus 2 d before and 3.5 h after LPS injection. Cerebellar and serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations were measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS αT concentrations in the liver, heart, and adipose tissue of WT mice were higher than Ttpa-/- mice. Although αT was detected in the brain, muscle, and serum of WT mice, it was undetectable in these tissues of Ttpa-/- mice. Cerebellar and serum concentrations of IL-6 were increased in LPS-treated groups but were not significantly affected by genotype. Grip strength was reduced in LPS-treated groups, an effect that was more pronounced in Ttpa-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS Systemic LPS administration caused an acute inflammatory response with a concomitant decline in grip strength, especially in Ttpa-/- mice. αT depletion appears to exacerbate reductions in grip strength brought on by systemic inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Hashida
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Andrew J Steelman
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - John W Erdman
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hashida M, Ranard KM, Steelman AJ, Erdman JW. α-Tocopherol Transfer Protein-Null Mice with Very Low α-Tocopherol Status Do Not Have an Enhanced Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Inflammatory Response. Curr Dev Nutr 2023; 7:100017. [PMID: 37181122 PMCID: PMC10100938 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2022.100017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The α-tocopherol transfer protein-null (Ttpa-/-) mouse model is a valuable tool for studying the molecular and functional consequences of vitamin E (α-tocopherol, αT) deficiency. Because αT has been associated with reduced oxidative stress and improved immune function, we hypothesized that depleted αT concentration would exacerbate LPS-induced acute inflammatory response in the brain and heart of Ttpa-/- mice fed a vitamin E deficient (VED) diet. Objectives The objective was to investigate how extremely low αT status, followed by exposure to LPS, altered the acute inflammatory response to LPS in Ttpa-/- and wild-type (Ttpa+/+) mice. Methods Three-week-old male Ttpa+/+ and Ttpa-/- littermates (n = 36/genotype) ingested a VED diet ad libitum for 4 wk. At week 7, mice received an intraperitoneal LPS (1 or 10 μg/mouse) or saline (control) injection and were killed 4 h postinjection. Brain and heart IL-6 protein concentrations and tissue and serum αT concentrations were measured via ELISA and HPLC with photodiode array detection, respectively. Hippocampal Il-6, Tnf, and Gpx1 gene expression were measured via reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and blood immune cell profiles were measured via a hematology analyzer. Results αT accumulation in analyzed tissues and serum of Ttpa-/- mice was substantially lower than Ttpa+/+ mice. Circulating white blood cell concentration, particularly lymphocytes, were lower in all LPS groups compared with controls (P < 0.01). The 10 μg LPS groups had elevated IL-6 in the cerebellum and heart compared with controls, confirming an acute inflammatory response (P < 0.01). Hippocampal and heart Il-6 gene expression in the LPS-treated Ttpa-/- mice was upregulated in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). Conclusions The 10 μg LPS dose enhanced inflammatory markers in the brain, heart, and serum in each genotype but the lower αT status in Ttpa-/- mice did not further impact the acute immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Hashida
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Katherine M. Ranard
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Andrew J. Steelman
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - John W. Erdman
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Arai H. [Physiological Function and Congenital Deficiency of α-TTP, a Determinant of Vitamin E Transport in the Body -One Portion of the Research for Which the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan Award Was Given]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2022; 142:775-795. [PMID: 35908939 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.22-00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes one portion of the research for which the author received the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan Award. The complete title of the awarded research is "Pharmacological Studies on Metabolism and Functions of Biomembrane Lipids". Because the awarded research is a very broad study, this review describes the discovery, physiological functions, and congenital defects of α-tocopherol transfer protein (α-TTP), a critical factor in determining the transport of vitamin E in the body, which has been the focus of the author's work throughout his research career.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Arai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ulatowski L, Ghelfi M, West R, Atkinson J, Finno CJ, Manor D. The tocopherol transfer protein TTP mediates Vitamin Vitamin E trafficking between cerebellar astrocytes and neurons. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101712. [PMID: 35150738 PMCID: PMC8913317 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) is an essential nutrient that functions as a major lipid-soluble antioxidant in humans. The tocopherol transfer protein (TTP) binds α-tocopherol with high affinity and selectivity and regulates whole-body distribution of the vitamin. Heritable mutations in the TTPA gene result in familial vitamin E deficiency, elevated indices of oxidative stress, and progressive neurodegeneration that manifest primarily in spinocerebellar ataxia. Although the essential role of vitamin E in neurological health has been recognized for over 50 years, the mechanisms by which this essential nutrient is transported in the central nervous system are poorly understood. Here we found that, in the murine cerebellum, TTP is selectively expressed in GFAP-positive astrocytes, where it facilitates efflux of vitamin E to neighboring neurons. We also show that induction of oxidative stress enhances the transcription of the TtpA gene in cultured cerebellar astrocytes. Furthermore, secretion of vitamin E from astrocytes is mediated by an ABC-type transporter, and uptake of the vitamin into neurons involves the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) receptor. Taken together, our data indicate that TTP-expressing astrocytes control the delivery of vitamin E from astrocytes to neurons, and that this process is homeostatically responsive to oxidative stress. These are the first observations that address the detailed molecular mechanisms of vitamin E transport in the central nervous system, and these results have important implications for understanding the molecular underpinnings of oxidative stress-related neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Ulatowski
- Department of Biology, Ursuline College, Pepper Pike, OH 44124
| | - Mikel Ghelfi
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Ryan West
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - J Atkinson
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - C J Finno
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616
| | - D Manor
- Departments of Nutrition and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106; Case Western Reserve University and the Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH 44106.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Leptidis S, Papakonstantinou E, Diakou KI, Pierouli K, Mitsis T, Dragoumani K, Bacopoulou F, Sanoudou D, Chrousos GP, Vlachakis D. Epitranscriptomics of cardiovascular diseases (Review). Int J Mol Med 2022; 49:9. [PMID: 34791505 PMCID: PMC8651226 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.5064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA modifications have recently become the focus of attention due to their extensive regulatory effects in a vast array of cellular networks and signaling pathways. Just as epigenetics is responsible for the imprinting of environmental conditions on a genetic level, epitranscriptomics follows the same principle at the RNA level, but in a more dynamic and sensitive manner. Nevertheless, its impact in the field of cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains largely unexplored. CVD and its associated pathologies remain the leading cause of death in Western populations due to the limited regenerative capacity of the heart. As such, maintenance of cardiac homeostasis is paramount for its physiological function and its capacity to respond to environmental stimuli. In this context, epitranscriptomic modifications offer a novel and promising therapeutic avenue, based on the fine‑tuning of regulatory cascades, necessary for cardiac function. This review aimed to provide an overview of the most recent findings of key epitranscriptomic modifications in both coding and non‑coding RNAs. Additionally, the methods used for their detection and important associations with genetic variations in the context of CVD were summarized. Current knowledge on cardiac epitranscriptomics, albeit limited still, indicates that the impact of epitranscriptomic editing in the heart, in both physiological and pathological conditions, holds untapped potential for the development of novel targeted therapeutic approaches in a dynamic manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanos Leptidis
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Papakonstantinou
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Io Diakou
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Katerina Pierouli
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Thanasis Mitsis
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantina Dragoumani
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Flora Bacopoulou
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- First Department of Pediatrics, Center for Adolescent Medicine and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, Medical School, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Despina Sanoudou
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Genomics and Pharmacogenomics Unit, Medical School, 'Attikon' Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Molecular Biology Division, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Center for New Biotechnologies and Precision Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - George P. Chrousos
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- First Department of Pediatrics, Center for Adolescent Medicine and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, Medical School, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Vlachakis
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- First Department of Pediatrics, Center for Adolescent Medicine and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, Medical School, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- School of Informatics, Faculty of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Traber MG, Head B. Vitamin E: How much is enough, too much and why! Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 177:212-225. [PMID: 34699937 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
α-Tocopherol (α-T) is a required dietary nutrient for humans and thus is a vitamin. This narrative review focuses on vitamin E structures, functions, biological determinants and its deficiency symptoms in humans. The mechanisms for the preferential α-T tissue enrichment in the human body include the α-T transfer protein (TTPA) and the preferential metabolism of non-α-T forms. Potential new α-T biomarkers, pharmacokinetic data, and whether there are better approaches to evaluate and set the α-T dietary requirement are discussed. Finally, the possible role of α-T supplements in delay of chronic diseases and the evaluation of vitamin E safety are considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maret G Traber
- Linus Pauling Institute, USA; School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, USA.
| | - Brian Head
- Linus Pauling Institute, USA; Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Arai H, Kono N. α-Tocopherol transfer protein (α-TTP). Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 176:162-175. [PMID: 34563650 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
α-Tocopherol transfer protein (α-TTP) is so far the only known protein that specifically recognizes α-tocopherol (α-Toc), the most abundant and most biologically active form of vitamin E, in higher animals. α-TTP is highly expressed in the liver where α-TTP selects α-Toc among vitamin E forms taken up via plasma lipoproteins and promotes its secretion to circulating lipoproteins. Thus, α-TTP is a major determinant of plasma α-Toc concentrations. Familial vitamin E deficiency, also called Ataxia with vitamin E deficiency, is caused by mutations in the α-TTP gene. More than 20 different mutations have been found in the α-TTP gene worldwide, among which some missense mutations provided valuable clues to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying intracellular α-Toc transport. In hepatocytes, α-TTP catalyzes the vectorial transport of α-Toc from the endocytotic compartment to the plasma membrane (PM) by targeting phosphatidylinositol phosphates (PIPs) such as PI(4,5)P2. By binding PIPs at the PM, α-TTP opens the lid covering the hydrophobic pocket, thus facilitating the release of bound α-Toc to the PM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Arai
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental and Metabolic Health Science, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Nozomu Kono
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Head B, Traber MG. Expanding role of vitamin E in protection against metabolic dysregulation: Insights gained from model systems, especially the developing nervous system of zebrafish embryos. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 176:80-91. [PMID: 34555455 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses why the embryo requires vitamin E (VitE) and shows that its lack causes metabolic dysregulation and impacts morphological changes at very early stages in development, which occur prior to when a woman knows she is pregnant. VitE halts the chain reactions of lipid peroxidation (LPO). Metabolomic analyses indicate that thiols become depleted in E- embryos because LPO generates products that require compensation using limited amino acids and methyl donors that are also developmentally relevant. Thus, VitE protects metabolic networks and the integrated gene expression networks that control development. VitE is critical especially for neurodevelopment, which is dependent on trafficking by the α-tocopherol transfer protein (TTPa). VitE-deficient (E-) zebrafish embryos initially appear normal, but by 12 and 24 h post-fertilization (hpf) E- embryos are developmentally abnormal with expression of pax2a and sox10 mis-localized in the midbrain-hindbrain boundary, neural crest cells and throughout the spinal neurons. These patterning defects indicate cells that are especially in need of VitE-protection. They precede obvious morphological abnormalities (cranial-facial malformation, pericardial edema, yolksac edema, skewed body-axis) and impaired behavioral responses to locomotor activity tests. The TTPA gene (ttpa) is expressed at the leading edges of the brain ventricle border. Ttpa knockdown using morpholinos is 100% lethal by 24 hpf, while E- embryo brains are often over- or under-inflated at 24 hpf. Further, E- embryos prior to 24 hpf have increased expression of genes involved in glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway, and decreased expression of genes involved in anabolic pathways and transcription. Combined data from both gene expression and the metabolome in E- embryos at 24 hpf suggest that the activity of the mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is decreased, which may impact both metabolism and neurodevelopment. Further evaluation of VitE deficiency in neurogenesis and its subsequent impact on learning and behavior is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Head
- Linus Pauling Institute, Corvallis, OR, USA; Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Maret G Traber
- Linus Pauling Institute, Corvallis, OR, USA; School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zingg JM, Vlad A, Ricciarelli R. Oxidized LDLs as Signaling Molecules. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081184. [PMID: 34439432 PMCID: PMC8389018 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Levels of oxidized low-density lipoproteins (oxLDLs) are usually low in vivo but can increase whenever the balance between formation and scavenging of free radicals is impaired. Under normal conditions, uptake and degradation represent the physiological cellular response to oxLDL exposure. The uptake of oxLDLs is mediated by cell surface scavenger receptors that may also act as signaling molecules. Under conditions of atherosclerosis, monocytes/macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells highly exposed to oxLDLs tend to convert to foam cells due to the intracellular accumulation of lipids. Moreover, the atherogenic process is accelerated by the increased expression of the scavenger receptors CD36, SR-BI, LOX-1, and SRA in response to high levels of oxLDL and oxidized lipids. In some respects, the effects of oxLDLs, involving cell proliferation, inflammation, apoptosis, adhesion, migration, senescence, and gene expression, can be seen as an adaptive response to the rise of free radicals in the vascular system. Unlike highly reactive radicals, circulating oxLDLs may signal to cells at more distant sites and possibly trigger a systemic antioxidant defense, thus elevating the role of oxLDLs to that of signaling molecules with physiological relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Zingg
- Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Correspondence: (J.-M.Z.); (R.R.); Tel.: +1-(305)-2433531 (J.-M.Z.); +39-010-3538831 (R.R.)
| | - Adelina Vlad
- Physiology Department, “Carol Davila” UMPh, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Roberta Ricciarelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Correspondence: (J.-M.Z.); (R.R.); Tel.: +1-(305)-2433531 (J.-M.Z.); +39-010-3538831 (R.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
RedEfish: Generation of the Polycistronic mScarlet: GSG-T2A: Ttpa Zebrafish Line. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060965. [PMID: 34208660 PMCID: PMC8235169 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The vitamin E regulatory protein, the alpha-tocopherol transfer protein (Ttpa), is necessary for zebrafish embryo development. To evaluate zebrafish embryo Ttpa function, we generated a fluorescent-tagged zebrafish transgenic line using CRISPR-Cas9 technology. One-cell stage embryos (from Casper (colorless) zebrafish adults) were injected the mScarlet coding sequence in combination with cas9 protein complexed to single guide RNA molecule targeting 5′ of the ttpa genomic region. Embryos were genotyped for proper insertion of the mScarlet coding sequence, raised to adulthood and successively in-crossed to produce the homozygote RedEfish (mScarlet: GSG-T2A: Ttpa). RedEfish were characterized by in vivo fluorescence detection at 1, 7 and 14 days post-fertilization (dpf). Fluorescent color was detectable in RedEfish embryos at 1 dpf; it was distributed throughout the developing brain, posterior tailbud and yolk sac. At 7 dpf, the RedEfish was identifiable by fluorescence in olfactory pits, gill arches, pectoral fins, posterior tail region and residual yolk sac. Subsequently (14 dpf), the mScarlet protein was found in olfactory pits, distributed throughout the digestive tract, along the lateral line and especially in caudal vertebrae. No adverse morphological outcomes or developmental delays were observed. The RedEfish will be a powerful model to study Ttpa function during embryo development.
Collapse
|
12
|
Ranard KM, Kuchan MJ, Juraska JM, Erdman JW. Natural and Synthetic α-Tocopherol Modulate the Neuroinflammatory Response in the Spinal Cord of Adult Ttpa-null Mice. Curr Dev Nutr 2021; 5:nzab008. [PMID: 33733036 PMCID: PMC7947595 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzab008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin E (α-tocopherol, α-T) deficiency causes neurological pathologies. α-T supplementation improves outcomes, but the relative bioactivities of dietary natural and synthetic α-T in neural tissues are unknown. OBJECTIVE The aim was to assess the effects of dietary α-T source and dose on oxidative stress and myelination in adult α-tocopherol transfer protein-null (Ttpa- / - ) mouse cerebellum and spinal cord. METHODS Three-week-old male Ttpa- / - mice (n = 56) were fed 1 of 4 AIN-93G-based diets for 37 wk: vitamin E-deficient (VED; below α-T limit of detection); natural α-T, 600 mg/kg diet (NAT); synthetic α-T, 816 mg/kg diet (SYN); or high synthetic α-T, 1200 mg/kg diet (HSYN). Male Ttpa+/+ littermates (n = 14) fed AIN-93G (75 mg synthetic α-T/kg diet; CON) served as controls. At 40 wk of age, total and stereoisomer α-T concentrations and oxidative stress markers were determined (n = 7/group). Cerebellar Purkinje neuron morphology and white matter areas in cerebellum and spinal cord were assessed in a second subset of animals (n = 7/group). RESULTS Cerebral cortex α-T concentrations were undetectable in Ttpa- / - mice fed the VED diet. α-T concentrations were increased in NAT (4.6 ± 0.3 nmol/g), SYN (8.0 ± 0.7 nmol/g), and HSYN (8.5 ± 0.3 nmol/g) mice, but were significantly lower than in Ttpa+/+ mice fed CON (27.8 ± 1.9 nmol/g) (P < 0.001). 2R stereoisomers constituted the majority of α-T in brains of Ttpa+/+ mice (91%) and Ttpa- / - mice fed NAT (100%), but were substantially lower in the SYN and HSYN groups (∼53%). Neuroinflammatory genes were increased in the spinal cord, but not cerebellum, of VED-fed animals; NAT, SYN, and HSYN normalized their expression. Cerebellar Purkinje neuron atrophy and myelin pathologies were not visible in Ttpa- / - mice. CONCLUSIONS Natural and synthetic α-T supplementation normalized neuroinflammatory markers in neural tissues of 10-mo-old Ttpa- / - mice. α-T prevents tissue-specific molecular abnormalities, which may prevent severe morphological changes during late adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Ranard
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | | | - Janice M Juraska
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - John W Erdman
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ranard KM, Kuchan MJ, Erdman JW. Breeder Diet Strategies for Generating Ttpa-Null and Wild-Type Mice with Low Vitamin E Status to Assess Neurological Outcomes. Curr Dev Nutr 2020; 4:nzaa155. [PMID: 33173842 PMCID: PMC7609157 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzaa155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying vitamin E [α-tocopherol (α-T)] metabolism and function in the brain and other tissues requires an animal model with low α-T status, such as the transgenic α-T transfer protein (Ttpa)-null (Ttpa - / -) mouse model. Ttpa + / - dams can be used to produce Ttpa - / - and Ttpa+/+ mice for these studies. However, the α-T content in Ttpa + / - dams' diet requires optimization; diets must provide sufficient α-T for reproduction, while minimizing the transfer of α-T to the offspring destined for future studies that require low baseline α-T status. The goal of this work was to assess the effectiveness and feasibility of 2 breeding diet strategies on reproduction outcomes and offspring brain α-T concentrations. These findings will help standardize the breeding methodology used to generate the Ttpa - / - mice for neurological studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Ranard
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - John W Erdman
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Protective Effect of Costus afer Aqueous Leaf Extract (CALE) on Low-Dose Heavy Metal Mixture-Induced Alterations in Serum Lipid Profile and Hematological Parameters of Male Wistar Albino Rats. J Toxicol 2020; 2020:8850264. [PMID: 33061963 PMCID: PMC7542484 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8850264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work investigated the protective effects of Costus afer Ker Gawl. aqueous leaf extract (CALE) on lipid profile and hematological changes induced by exposure to low-dose heavy metal mixture in male albino rats. The experimental animals were divided into six weight matched groups. The normal (group 1) and toxic (group 2) controls received deionized water and metal mixture (20 mg/kg PbCl2, 1.61 mg/kg CdCl2, and 0.40 mg/kg HgCl2), respectively. Test rats in groups 3, 4, and 5 were treated with metal mixture and CALE (750, 1500, and 2250 mg/kg, respectively), and group 6 received metal mixture and ZnCl2. All treatments were administered through oral gavage for 12 weeks. LDHMM caused a marked increase (p < 0.05) in cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels and a decrease in high-density lipoprotein (HDL), percentage body weight gain, and feed and fluid intake. Also, a significant decrease in RBC, Hb, and PCV, a significant increase in WBC, and no significant increase in platelet PLT were observed in the metal mixture-treated group. But in CALE treated groups, their levels were found to attain almost normal values as found in normal control which is also similar to the zinc-treated group. Costus afer may hold a promise in improving lipid profile and hemodynamic picture in cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
|
15
|
Al-Bdour M, Pauleck S, Dardas Z, Barham R, Ali D, Amr S, Mustafa L, Abu-Ameerh M, Maswadi R, Azab B, Awidi A. Clinical heterogeneity in retinitis pigmentosa caused by variants in RP1 and RLBP1 in five extended consanguineous pedigrees. Mol Vis 2020; 26:445-458. [PMID: 32587456 PMCID: PMC7305691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study is to identify disease-causing variants in five consanguineous Jordanian families with a history of autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa (RP), and to investigate the clinical variability across the affected individuals. Methods Exome sequencing (ES) and ophthalmic examinations were performed to classify the underlying RP-causative variants and their pathogenic consequences. The candidate variants in the affected and unaffected family members underwent segregation analyses with Sanger sequencing. Results We described four variants in the RP1 and RLBP1 genes as disease-causing across the five families, including novel (c.398delC; p.Pro133GlnfsTer126) and recurrent (c.79delA; p.Thr27ProfsTer26) variants in RLBP1 and two previously reported variants in RP1 ((c.1126C>T; p.Arg376Ter) and (c.607G>A; p.Gly203Arg)). The consequent clinical manifestations were thoroughly investigated using a battery of ophthalmic tests, including electroretinography (ERG), optical coherence tomography (OCT), visual acuity (VA), and fundus examination. The phenotypes indicated clinical heterogeneity, typical RP for variants in RP1, and retinitis punctata albescens (RPA) for variants in RLBP1. Conclusions This study extends the pathogenic variant spectrum for the RP1 and RLBP1 genes. The study also revealed the consequent clinical progression, severity, and presentation of RP. Furthermore, we confirm that ES is an efficient molecular diagnostic approach for RP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muawyah Al-Bdour
- Ophthalmology Department, Jordan University Hospital, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Zain Dardas
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Raghda Barham
- Cell Therapy Center, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Dema Ali
- Cell Therapy Center, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Sami Amr
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Lina Mustafa
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mohammed Abu-Ameerh
- Ophthalmology Department, Jordan University Hospital, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Ranad Maswadi
- Department of Ophthalmology St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Belal Azab
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan,Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA,Prevention Genetics, Marshfield, WI
| | - Abdalla Awidi
- Cell Therapy Center, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan,Department of Medicine and Hematology, Jordan University Hospital, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tamura T, Otulakowski G, Post M, Kavanagh BP. α-Tocopherol Transfer Protein Enhances α-Tocopherol Protective Effects in Lung A549 Cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 62:810-813. [PMID: 32469275 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2019-0404le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Tamura
- Hospital for Sick ChildrenToronto, Ontario, Canada.,Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical SciencesNagoya, Japanand
| | | | - Martin Post
- Hospital for Sick ChildrenToronto, Ontario, Canada.,University of TorontoToronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian P Kavanagh
- Hospital for Sick ChildrenToronto, Ontario, Canada.,University of TorontoToronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ranard KM, Kuchan MJ, Bruno RS, Juraska JM, Erdman JW. Synthetic α-Tocopherol, Compared with Natural α-Tocopherol, Downregulates Myelin Genes in Cerebella of Adolescent Ttpa-null Mice. J Nutr 2020; 150:1031-1040. [PMID: 31883016 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin E (α-tocopherol; α-T) deficiency causes spinocerebellar ataxia. α-T supplementation improves neurological symptoms, but little is known about the differential bioactivities of natural versus synthetic α-T during early life. OBJECTIVE We assessed the effects of dietary α-T dose and source on tissue α-T accumulation and gene expression in adolescent α-tocopherol transfer protein-null (Ttpa-/-) mice. METHODS Three-week-old male Ttpa-/- mice (n = 7/group) were fed 1 of 4 AIN-93G-based diets for 4 wk: vitamin E deficient (VED; below α-T limit of detection); natural α-T, 600 mg/kg diet (NAT); synthetic α-T, 816 mg/kg diet (SYN); or high synthetic α-T, 1200 mg/kg diet (HSYN). Male Ttpa+/+ littermates fed AIN-93G [75 mg synthetic α-T (CON)] served as controls (n = 7). At 7 wk of age, tissue α-T concentrations and stereoisomer profiles were measured for all groups. RNA-sequencing was performed on cerebella of Ttpa-/- groups. RESULTS Ttpa-/- mice fed VED had undetectable brain α-T concentrations. Cerebral cortex α-T concentrations were greater in Ttpa-/- mice fed NAT (9.1 ± 0.7 nmol/g), SYN (10.8 ± 1.0 nmol/g), and HSYN (13.9 ± 1.6 nmol/g) compared with the VED group but were significantly lower than in Ttpa+/+ mice fed CON (24.6 ± 1.2 nmol/g) (P < 0.001). RRR-α-T was the predominant stereoisomer in brains of Ttpa+/+ mice (∼40%) and Ttpa-/- mice fed NAT (∼94%). α-T stereoisomer composition was similar in brains of Ttpa-/- mice fed SYN and HSYN (2R: ∼53%; 2S: ∼47%). Very few of the 16,774 genes measured were differentially expressed. However, compared with the NAT diet, HSYN significantly downregulated 20 myelin genes, including 2 transcription factors: SRY-box transcription factor 10 (Sox10) and myelin regulatory factor (Myrf), and several downstream target genes (false discovery rate <0.05). CONCLUSIONS High-dose synthetic α-T compared with natural α-T alters myelin gene expression in the adolescent mouse cerebellum, which could lead to morphological and functional abnormalities later in life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Ranard
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Richard S Bruno
- Human Nutrition Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Janice M Juraska
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - John W Erdman
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ranard KM, Erdman JW. Effects of dietary RRR α-tocopherol vs all-racemic α-tocopherol on health outcomes. Nutr Rev 2019; 76:141-153. [PMID: 29301023 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nux067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Of the 8 vitamin E analogues, RRR α-tocopherol likely has the greatest effect on health outcomes. Two sources of α-tocopherol, naturally sourced RRR α-tocopherol and synthetic all-racemic α-tocopherol, are commonly consumed from foods and dietary supplements in the United States. A 2016 US Food and Drug Administration ruling substantially changed the RRR to all-racemic α-tocopherol ratio of biopotency from 1.36:1 to 2:1 for food-labeling purposes, but the correct ratio is still under debate in the literature. Few studies have directly compared the 2 α-tocopherol sources, and existing studies do not compare the efficacy of either source for preventing or treating disease in humans. To help close this gap, this review evaluates studies that investigated the effects of either RRR α-tocopherol or all-racemic α-tocopherol on health outcomes, and compares the overall findings. α-Tocopherol has been used to prevent and/or treat cancer and diseases of the central nervous system, the immune system, and the cardiovascular system, so these diseases are the focus of the review. No firm conclusions about the relative effects of the α-tocopherol sources on health outcomes can be made. Changes to α-tocopherol-relevant policies have proceeded without adequate scientific support. Additional research is needed to assemble the pieces of the α-tocopherol puzzle and to determine the RRR to all-racemic α-tocopherol ratio of biopotency for health outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Ranard
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - John W Erdman
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
The Use of Nutraceuticals to Counteract Atherosclerosis: The Role of the Notch Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:5470470. [PMID: 31915510 PMCID: PMC6935452 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5470470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite the currently available pharmacotherapies, today, thirty percent of worldwide deaths are due to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), whose primary cause is atherosclerosis, an inflammatory disorder characterized by the buildup of lipid deposits on the inside of arteries. Multiple cellular signaling pathways have been shown to be involved in the processes underlying atherosclerosis, and evidence has been accumulating for the crucial role of Notch receptors in regulating the functions of the diverse cell types involved in atherosclerosis onset and progression. Several classes of nutraceuticals have potential benefits for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis and CVDs, some of which could in part be due to their ability to modulate the Notch pathway. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge on the role of Notch in vascular health and its modulation by nutraceuticals for the prevention of atherosclerosis and/or treatment of related CVDs.
Collapse
|
20
|
Kim M, Basharat A, Santosh R, Mehdi SF, Razvi Z, Yoo SK, Lowell B, Kumar A, Brima W, Danoff A, Dankner R, Bergman M, Pavlov VA, Yang H, Roth J. Reuniting overnutrition and undernutrition, macronutrients, and micronutrients. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2019; 35:e3072. [PMID: 30171821 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Over-nutrition and its late consequences are a dominant theme in medicine today. In addition to the health hazards brought on by over-nutrition, the medical community has recently accumulated a roster of health benefits with obesity, grouped under "obesity paradox." Throughout the world and throughout history until the 20th century, under-nutrition was a dominant evolutionary force. Under-nutrition brings with it a mix of benefits and detriments that are opposite to and continuous with those of over-nutrition. This continuum yields J-shaped or U-shaped curves relating body mass index to mortality. The overweight have an elevated risk of dying in middle age of degenerative diseases while the underweight are at increased risk of premature death from infectious conditions. Micronutrient deficiencies, major concerns of nutritional science in the 20th century, are being neglected. This "hidden hunger" is now surprisingly prevalent in all weight groups, even among the overweight. Because micronutrient replacement is safe, inexpensive, and predictably effective, it is now an exceptionally attractive target for therapy across the spectrum of weight and age. Nutrition-related conditions worthy of special attention from caregivers include excess vitamin A, excess vitamin D, and deficiency of magnesium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miji Kim
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Disorders, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, New York, USA
| | - Anam Basharat
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Disorders, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, New York, USA
| | - Ramchandani Santosh
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Disorders, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, New York, USA
| | - Syed F Mehdi
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Disorders, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, New York, USA
| | - Zanali Razvi
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Disorders, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, New York, USA
| | - Sun K Yoo
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Disorders, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, New York, USA
| | - Barbara Lowell
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Disorders, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, New York, USA
| | - Amrat Kumar
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Disorders, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, New York, USA
| | - Wunnie Brima
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Disorders, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Ann Danoff
- Department of Medicine, Cpl. Michael J Crescenz Veterans Administration Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rachel Dankner
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michael Bergman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Valentin A Pavlov
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Disorders, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, New York, USA
- Center for Biomedical Science and Center for Bioelectric Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, New York, USA
| | - Huan Yang
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Disorders, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, New York, USA
- Center for Biomedical Science and Center for Bioelectric Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, New York, USA
| | - Jesse Roth
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Disorders, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA
- Center for Biomedical Science and Center for Bioelectric Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zingg JM. Vitamin E: Regulatory Role on Signal Transduction. IUBMB Life 2018; 71:456-478. [PMID: 30556637 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin E modulates signal transduction pathways by several molecular mechanisms. As a hydrophobic molecule located mainly in membranes it contributes together with other lipids to the physical and structural characteristics such as membrane stability, curvature, fluidity, and the organization into microdomains (lipid rafts). By acting as the main lipid-soluble antioxidant, it protects other lipids such as mono- and poly-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA and PUFA, respectively) against chemical reactions with reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS, respectively) and prevents membrane destabilization and cellular dysfunction. In cells, vitamin E affects signaling in redox-dependent and redox-independent molecular mechanisms by influencing the activity of enzymes and receptors involved in modulating specific signal transduction and gene expression pathways. By protecting and preventing depletion of MUFA and PUFA it indirectly enables regulatory effects that are mediated by the numerous lipid mediators derived from these lipids. In recent years, some vitamin E metabolites have been observed to affect signal transduction and gene expression and their relevance for the regulatory function of vitamin E is beginning to be elucidated. In particular, the modulation of the CD36/FAT scavenger receptor/fatty acids transporter by vitamin E may influence many cellular signaling pathways relevant for lipid homeostasis, inflammation, survival/apoptosis, angiogenesis, tumorigenesis, neurodegeneration, and senescence. Thus, vitamin E has an important role in modulating signal transduction and gene expression pathways relevant for its uptake, distribution, metabolism, and molecular action that when impaired affect physiological and patho-physiological cellular functions relevant for the prevention of a number of diseases. © 2018 IUBMB Life, 71(4):456-478, 2019.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Zingg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Trotta E, Bortolotti S, Fugazzotto G, Gellera C, Montagnese S, Amodio P. Familial vitamin E deficiency: Multiorgan complications support the adverse role of oxidative stress. Nutrition 2018; 63-64:57-60. [PMID: 30933726 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin E is an essential micronutrient with relevant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties found in plant leaves, seeds, and products derived from their processing. Familial vitamin E deficiency is a rare inherited syndrome characterized by ataxia and peripheral neuropathy with a massive decrease in plasma vitamin E (<0.5 mg/dL). This report describes the history of two siblings suffering from ataxia with vitamin E deficiency who developed premature systemic disorders (atherosclerotic vascular disease, ischemic heart disease, and liver steatosis) in absence of relevant risk factors. The association of neuromuscular symptoms and multiorgan involvement in patients with ataxia with vitamin E deficiency has not been reported to our knowledge. The lack of an effective vitamin E activity seems to be implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and other diseases in which oxidative stress is a risk factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Trotta
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | - Cinzia Gellera
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Piero Amodio
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Tamura T, Otulakowski G, Kavanagh BP. Could nanotechnology make vitamin E therapeutically effective? Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2018; 316:L1-L5. [PMID: 30407864 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00430.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin E (VitE) has important antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and is necessary for normal physiological function. α-Tocopherol (α-T), the predominant form of VitE in human tissues, has been extensively studied. Other VitE forms, particularly γ-tocopherol (γ-T), are also potent bioactive molecules. The effects are complex, involving both reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, but trials of VitE have been generally negative. We propose that a nanoparticle approach to delivery of VitE might provide effective delivery and therapeutic effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Tamura
- Program in Translational Medicine, The Research Institute, and the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - Gail Otulakowski
- Program in Translational Medicine, The Research Institute, and the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - Brian P Kavanagh
- Program in Translational Medicine, The Research Institute, and the Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Anesthesia, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Finno CJ, Bordbari MH, Gianino G, Ming-Whitfield B, Burns E, Merkel J, Britton M, Durbin-Johnson B, Sloma EA, McMackin M, Cortopassi G, Rivas V, Barro M, Tran CK, Gennity I, Habib H, Xu L, Puschner B, Miller AD. An innate immune response and altered nuclear receptor activation defines the spinal cord transcriptome during alpha-tocopherol deficiency in Ttpa-null mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 120. [PMID: 29526809 PMCID: PMC5940542 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mice with deficiency in tocopherol (alpha) transfer protein gene develop peripheral tocopherol deficiency and sensory neurodegeneration. Ttpa-/- mice maintained on diets with deficient α-tocopherol (α-TOH) had proprioceptive deficits by six months of age, axonal degeneration and neuronal chromatolysis within the dorsal column of the spinal cord and its projections into the medulla. Transmission electron microscopy revealed degeneration of dorsal column axons. We addressed the potential pathomechanism of α-TOH deficient neurodegeneration by global transcriptome sequencing within the spinal cord and cerebellum. RNA-sequencing of the spinal cord in Ttpa-/- mice revealed upregulation of genes associated with the innate immune response, indicating a molecular signature of microglial activation as a result of tocopherol deficiency. For the first time, low level Ttpa expression was identified in the murine spinal cord. Further, the transcription factor liver X receptor (LXR) was strongly activated by α-TOH deficiency, triggering dysregulation of cholesterol biosynthesis. The aberrant activation of transcription factor LXR suppressed the normal induction of the transcription factor retinoic-related orphan receptor-α (RORA), which is required for neural homeostasis. Thus we find that α-TOH deficiency induces LXR, which may lead to a molecular signature of microglial activation and contribute to sensory neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carrie J Finno
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
| | - Matthew H Bordbari
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Giuliana Gianino
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Brittni Ming-Whitfield
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Erin Burns
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Janel Merkel
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Monica Britton
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Blythe Durbin-Johnson
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Erica A Sloma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Marissa McMackin
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Gino Cortopassi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Victor Rivas
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Marietta Barro
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Cecilia K Tran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Ingrid Gennity
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Hadi Habib
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Libin Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Birgit Puschner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Andrew D Miller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Franzén O, Ermel R, Sukhavasi K, Jain R, Jain A, Betsholtz C, Giannarelli C, Kovacic JC, Ruusalepp A, Skogsberg J, Hao K, Schadt EE, Björkegren JL. Global analysis of A-to-I RNA editing reveals association with common disease variants. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4466. [PMID: 29527417 PMCID: PMC5844249 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA editing modifies transcripts and may alter their regulation or function. In humans, the most common modification is adenosine to inosine (A-to-I). We examined the global characteristics of RNA editing in 4,301 human tissue samples. More than 1.6 million A-to-I edits were identified in 62% of all protein-coding transcripts. mRNA recoding was extremely rare; only 11 novel recoding sites were uncovered. Thirty single nucleotide polymorphisms from genome-wide association studies were associated with RNA editing; one that influences type 2 diabetes (rs2028299) was associated with editing in ARPIN. Twenty-five genes, including LRP11 and PLIN5, had editing sites that were associated with plasma lipid levels. Our findings provide new insights into the genetic regulation of RNA editing and establish a rich catalogue for further exploration of this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Franzén
- Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Raili Ermel
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Katyayani Sukhavasi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Rajeev Jain
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anamika Jain
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Christer Betsholtz
- Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala Universitet, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Chiara Giannarelli
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
- Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Jason C. Kovacic
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Arno Ruusalepp
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Clinical Gene Networks AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Josefin Skogsberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Ke Hao
- Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Eric E. Schadt
- Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
- Clinical Gene Networks AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan L.M. Björkegren
- Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
- Clinical Gene Networks AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Nukala U, Thakkar S, Krager KJ, Breen PJ, Compadre CM, Aykin-Burns N. Antioxidant Tocols as Radiation Countermeasures (Challenges to be Addressed to Use Tocols as Radiation Countermeasures in Humans). Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:antiox7020033. [PMID: 29473853 PMCID: PMC5836023 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation countermeasures fall under three categories, radiation protectors, radiation mitigators, and radiation therapeutics. Radiation protectors are agents that are administered before radiation exposure to protect from radiation-induced injuries by numerous mechanisms, including scavenging free radicals that are generated by initial radiochemical events. Radiation mitigators are agents that are administered after the exposure of radiation but before the onset of symptoms by accelerating the recovery and repair from radiation-induced injuries. Whereas radiation therapeutic agents administered after the onset of symptoms act by regenerating the tissues that are injured by radiation. Vitamin E is an antioxidant that neutralizes free radicals generated by radiation exposure by donating H atoms. The vitamin E family consists of eight different vitamers, including four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. Though alpha-tocopherol was extensively studied in the past, tocotrienols have recently gained attention as radiation countermeasures. Despite several studies performed on tocotrienols, there is no clear evidence on the factors that are responsible for their superior radiation protection properties over tocopherols. Their absorption and bioavailability are also not well understood. In this review, we discuss tocopherol’s and tocotrienol’s efficacy as radiation countermeasures and identify the challenges to be addressed to develop them into radiation countermeasures for human use in the event of radiological emergencies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ujwani Nukala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
- Joint Bioinformatics Graduate Program, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, AR 72204, USA.
| | - Shraddha Thakkar
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
| | - Kimberly J Krager
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Philip J Breen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
- Tocol Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Little Rock, AR 77205, USA.
| | - Cesar M Compadre
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
- Tocol Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Little Rock, AR 77205, USA.
| | - Nukhet Aykin-Burns
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
- Tocol Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Little Rock, AR 77205, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Aeschimann W, Staats S, Kammer S, Olieric N, Jeckelmann JM, Fotiadis D, Netscher T, Rimbach G, Cascella M, Stocker A. Self-assembled α-Tocopherol Transfer Protein Nanoparticles Promote Vitamin E Delivery Across an Endothelial Barrier. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4970. [PMID: 28694484 PMCID: PMC5504013 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05148-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin E is one of the most important natural antioxidants, protecting polyunsaturated fatty acids in the membranes of cells. Among different chemical isoforms assimilated from dietary regimes, RRR-α-tocopherol is the only one retained in higher animals. This is possible thanks to α-Tocopherol Transfer Protein (α-TTP), which extracts α-tocopherol from endosomal compartments in liver cells, facilitating its distribution into the body. Here we show that, upon binding to its substrate, α-TTP acquires tendency to aggregation into thermodynamically stable high molecular weight oligomers. Determination of the structure of such aggregates by X-ray crystallography revealed a spheroidal particle formed by 24 protein monomers. Oligomerization is triggered by refolding of the N-terminus. Experiments with cultured cell monolayers demonstrate that the same oligomers are efficiently transported through an endothelial barrier (HUVEC) and not through an epithelial one (Caco-2). Discovery of a human endogenous transport protein with intrinsic capability of crossing endothelial tissues opens to new ways of drug delivery into the brain or other tissues protected by endothelial barriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walter Aeschimann
- University of Bern, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Staats
- University of Kiel, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stephan Kammer
- University of Bern, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Jean-Marc Jeckelmann
- University of Bern, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dimitrios Fotiadis
- University of Bern, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Gerald Rimbach
- University of Kiel, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michele Cascella
- University of Oslo, Department of Chemistry and Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (CTCC), Oslo, Norway.
| | - Achim Stocker
- University of Bern, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bern, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Mène-Saffrané L, Pellaud S. Current strategies for vitamin E biofortification of crops. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2017; 44:189-197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
29
|
Alpha tocopherol transfer protein (αTTP) is expressed in endometrial carcinoma and is correlated with FIGO stage and 5-year survival. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2017; 143:773-781. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-017-2340-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
30
|
Gianello R, Hall WC, Kennepohl E, Libinaki R, Ogru E. Subchronic Oral Toxicity Study of Mixed Tocopheryl Phosphates in Rats. Int J Toxicol 2016; 26:475-90. [DOI: 10.1080/10915810701620556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Rats were fed diets containing 0%, 1 %, 3%, or 5% mixed tocopheryl phosphates for 90 days. No abnormal clinical signs related to treatment appeared. Some statistically significant changes in hematology and clinical chemistry parameters appeared, but the majority were not dose dependent, occurred in only one sex or group, and/or remained within the historical control range for this strain of rat. A statistically significant apparent reduction in blood protein was observed in animals treated with the tocopheryl phosphates, but further investigation showed that the test substance interfered with the protein assay. Repeat analysis using a method unaffected by plasma test substance levels showed no difference in plasma proteins among all groups. Gross necropsy revealed no abnormalities; reduced relative heart and epididymal weights were observed, but were not dose dependent and were considered incidental. Histopathological changes occurred only in the mesenteric lymph node and small intestine. Foreign material in a crystal-like form appeared in macrophages in both organs, and increased in a dose-related fashion. In the lymph node, sinus histiocytosis increased with dose, but the severity was similar between the control and low-dose groups. Foreign-body granulomatous inflammation, associated with Maltese cross birefringence of the crystals was seen in the mid- and high-dose animals, but not the low-dose group. Similarly, the small intestine showed increasing amounts of foreign material and inflammation in the mid- and high-dose but not in the 1 % diet. The 1 % diet (equivalent to 587 and 643 mg mixed tocopheryl phosphates/kg body weight/day for male and female rats, respectively) was considered the no observed adverse effect level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R. Gianello
- Monash University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - W. C. Hall
- Hall Consulting, Inc., Mt. Airy, Maryland, USA
| | - E. Kennepohl
- Write-Tox Consulting, Spruce Grove, Alberta, Canada
| | - R. Libinaki
- Monash University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - E. Ogru
- Phosphagenics Ltd., Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Shahidi F, de Camargo AC. Tocopherols and Tocotrienols in Common and Emerging Dietary Sources: Occurrence, Applications, and Health Benefits. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1745. [PMID: 27775605 PMCID: PMC5085773 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Edible oils are the major natural dietary sources of tocopherols and tocotrienols, collectively known as tocols. Plant foods with low lipid content usually have negligible quantities of tocols. However, seeds and other plant food processing by-products may serve as alternative sources of edible oils with considerable contents of tocopherols and tocotrienols. Tocopherols are among the most important lipid-soluble antioxidants in food as well as in human and animal tissues. Tocopherols are found in lipid-rich regions of cells (e.g., mitochondrial membranes), fat depots, and lipoproteins such as low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Their health benefits may also be explained by regulation of gene expression, signal transduction, and modulation of cell functions. Potential health benefits of tocols include prevention of certain types of cancer, heart disease, and other chronic ailments. Although deficiencies of tocopherol are uncommon, a continuous intake from common and novel dietary sources of tocopherols and tocotrienols is advantageous. Thus, this contribution will focus on the relevant literature on common and emerging edible oils as a source of tocols. Potential application and health effects as well as the impact of new cultivars as sources of edible oils and their processing discards are presented. Future trends and drawbacks are also briefly covered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fereidoon Shahidi
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada.
| | - Adriano Costa de Camargo
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada.
- Department of Agri-Food Industry, Food & Nutrition, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Saeed F, Nadeem M, Ahmed RS, Tahir Nadeem M, Arshad MS, Ullah A. Studying the impact of nutritional immunology underlying the modulation of immune responses by nutritional compounds – a review. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2015.1079600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
|
33
|
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Zingg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136-6129;
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
The role of antioxidants in the chemistry of oxidative stress: A review. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 97:55-74. [PMID: 25942353 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1349] [Impact Index Per Article: 149.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This Review Article is focused on the action of the reactive oxygenated species in inducing oxidative injury of the lipid membrane components, as well as on the ability of antioxidants (of different structures and sources, and following different mechanisms of action) in fighting against oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is defined as an excessive production of reactive oxygenated species that cannot be counteracted by the action of antioxidants, but also as a perturbation of cell redox balance. Reactive oxygenated/nitrogenated species are represented by superoxide anion radical, hydroxyl, alkoxyl and lipid peroxyl radicals, nitric oxide and peroxynitrite. Oxidative stress determines structure modifications and function modulation in nucleic acids, lipids and proteins. Oxidative degradation of lipids yields malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxynonenal, but also isoprostanes, from unsaturated fatty acids. Protein damage may occur with thiol oxidation, carbonylation, side-chain oxidation, fragmentation, unfolding and misfolding, resulting activity loss. 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine is an index of DNA damage. The involvement of the reactive oxygenated/nitrogenated species in disease occurrence is described. The unbalance between the oxidant species and the antioxidant defense system may trigger specific factors responsible for oxidative damage in the cell: over-expression of oncogene genes, generation of mutagen compounds, promotion of atherogenic activity, senile plaque occurrence or inflammation. This leads to cancer, neurodegeneration, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, kidney diseases. The concept of antioxidant is defined, along with a discussion of the existent classification criteria: enzymatic and non-enzymatic, preventative or repair-systems, endogenous and exogenous, primary and secondary, hydrosoluble and liposoluble, natural or synthetic. Primary antioxidants are mainly chain breakers, able to scavenge radical species by hydrogen donation. Secondary antioxidants are singlet oxygen quenchers, peroxide decomposers, metal chelators, oxidative enzyme inhibitors or UV radiation absorbers. The specific mechanism of action of the most important representatives of each antioxidant class (endogenous and exogenous) in preventing or inhibiting particular factors leading to oxidative injury in the cell, is then reviewed. Mutual influences, including synergistic effects are presented and discussed. Prooxidative influences likely to occur, as for instance in the presence of transition metal ions, are also reminded.
Collapse
|
35
|
Kono N, Arai H. Intracellular transport of fat-soluble vitamins A and E. Traffic 2014; 16:19-34. [PMID: 25262571 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vitamins are compounds that are essential for the normal growth, reproduction and functioning of the human body. Of the 13 known vitamins, vitamins A, D, E and K are lipophilic compounds and are therefore called fat-soluble vitamins. Because of their lipophilicity, fat-soluble vitamins are solubilized and transported by intracellular carrier proteins to exert their actions and to be metabolized properly. Vitamin A and its derivatives, collectively called retinoids, are solubilized by intracellular retinoid-binding proteins such as cellular retinol-binding protein (CRBP), cellular retinoic acid-binding protein (CRABP) and cellular retinal-binding protein (CRALBP). These proteins act as chaperones that regulate the metabolism, signaling and transport of retinoids. CRALBP-mediated intracellular retinoid transport is essential for vision in human. α-Tocopherol, the main form of vitamin E found in the body, is transported by α-tocopherol transfer protein (α-TTP) in hepatic cells. Defects of α-TTP cause vitamin E deficiency and neurological disorders in humans. Recently, it has been shown that the interaction of α-TTP with phosphoinositides plays a critical role in the intracellular transport of α-tocopherol and is associated with familial vitamin E deficiency. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms and biological significance of the intracellular transport of vitamins A and E.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nozomu Kono
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Vitamin E dietary supplementation improves neurological symptoms and decreases c-Abl/p73 activation in Niemann-Pick C mice. Nutrients 2014; 6:3000-17. [PMID: 25079853 PMCID: PMC4145291 DOI: 10.3390/nu6083000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick C (NPC) disease is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of free cholesterol in lysosomes. We have previously reported that oxidative stress is the main upstream stimulus activating the proapoptotic c-Abl/p73 pathway in NPC neurons. We have also observed accumulation of vitamin E in NPC lysosomes, which could lead to a potential decrease of its bioavailability. Our aim was to determine if dietary vitamin E supplementation could improve NPC disease in mice. NPC mice received an alpha-tocopherol (α-TOH) supplemented diet and neurological symptoms, survival, Purkinje cell loss, α-TOH and nitrotyrosine levels, astrogliosis, and the c-Abl/p73 pathway functions were evaluated. In addition, the effect of α-TOH on the c-Abl/p73 pathway was evaluated in an in vitro NPC neuron model. The α-TOH rich diet delayed loss of weight, improved coordination and locomotor function and increased the survival of NPC mice. We found increased Purkinje neurons and α-TOH levels and reduced astrogliosis, nitrotyrosine and phosphorylated p73 in cerebellum. A decrease of c-Abl/p73 activation was also observed in the in vitro NPC neurons treated with α-TOH. In conclusion, our results show that vitamin E can delay neurodegeneration in NPC mice and suggest that its supplementation in the diet could be useful for the treatment of NPC patients.
Collapse
|
37
|
Jiang Q. Natural forms of vitamin E: metabolism, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities and their role in disease prevention and therapy. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 72:76-90. [PMID: 24704972 PMCID: PMC4120831 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 506] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The vitamin E family consists of four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. α-Tocopherol (αT) is the predominant form of vitamin E in tissues and its deficiency leads to ataxia in humans. However, results from many clinical studies do not support a protective role of αT in disease prevention in people with adequate nutrient status. On the other hand, recent mechanistic studies indicate that other forms of vitamin E, such as γ-tocopherol (γT), δ-tocopherol, and γ-tocotrienol, have unique antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that are superior to those of αT in prevention and therapy against chronic diseases. These vitamin E forms scavenge reactive nitrogen species, inhibit cyclooxygenase- and 5-lipoxygenase-catalyzed eicosanoids, and suppress proinflammatory signaling such as NF-κB and STAT3/6. Unlike αT, other vitamin E forms are significantly metabolized to carboxychromanols via cytochrome P450-initiated side-chain ω-oxidation. Long-chain carboxychromanols, especially 13'-carboxychromanols, are shown to have stronger anti-inflammatory effects than unmetabolized vitamins and may therefore contribute to the beneficial effects of vitamin E forms in vivo. Consistent with mechanistic findings, animal and human studies show that γT and tocotrienols may be useful against inflammation-associated diseases. This review focuses on non-αT forms of vitamin E with respect to their metabolism, anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms, and in vivo efficacy in preclinical models as well as human clinical intervention studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Jiang
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Zuo ZY, Luo HL, Liu K, Jia HN, Zhang YW, Jiao LJ, Chang YF. Dietary vitamin E affects α-TTP mRNA levels in different tissues of the Tan sheep. Gene 2014; 541:1-7. [PMID: 24630963 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The α-tocopherol transfer protein (α-TTP) is a ~32kDa cytosolic protein that plays an important role in the efficient circulation of plasma α-tocopherol in the body, a factor with great relevance in reproduction. The α-TTP gene has been studied in a number of tissues; however, its expression and function in some ovine tissues remain unclear. A previous study from our laboratory has demonstrated α-TTP expression in sheep liver. In the present study we determined whether α-TTP is expressed in non-liver tissues and investigated the effects of dietary vitamin E on the α-TTP mRNA levels. Thirty-five male Tan sheep with similar body weight were randomly allocated into five groups and supplemented 0, 20, 100, 200 and 2000IUsheep(-1)day(-1) vitamin E, for four months, respectively. At the end of the study, the animals were slaughtered and tissue samples from the heart, spleen, lung, kidney, longissimus dorsi muscle and gluteus muscle were immediately collected. We found that the α-TTP gene is expressed in sheep tissues other than the liver. Moreover, dietary vitamin E levels had influenced the expression levels of α-TTP gene in these tissues in a tissue-specific way. The technique of immunohistochemistry was used to detect α-TTP in tissues of the heart, spleen, lung, and kidney and we found that α-TTP was mainly located in the cytoplasm while no α-TTP immunoreactivity was detected in the cytoplasm of longissimus dorsi and gluteus muscle samples. Importantly, our findings lay the foundation for additional experiments focusing on the absorption and metabolism of vitamin E in tissues other than the liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-yun Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Hai-ling Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Kun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Hui-na Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yu-wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Li-juan Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yan-fei Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Vitamin E is essential for Purkinje neuron integrity. Neuroscience 2013; 260:120-9. [PMID: 24342566 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
α-Tocopherol (vitamin E) is an essential dietary antioxidant with important neuroprotective functions. α-Tocopherol deficiency manifests primarily in neurological pathologies, notably cerebellar dysfunctions such as spinocerebellar ataxia. To study the roles of α-tocopherol in the cerebellum, we used the α-tocopherol transfer protein for the murine version (Ttpa(-/)(-)) mice which lack the α-tocopherol transfer protein (TTP) and are a faithful model of vitamin E deficiency and oxidative stress. When fed vitamin E-deficient diet, Ttpa(-/)(-) mice had un-detectable levels of α-tocopherol in plasma and several brain regions. Dietary supplementation with α-tocopherol normalized plasma levels of the vitamin, but only modestly increased its levels in the cerebellum and prefrontal cortex, indicating a critical function of brain TTP. Vitamin E deficiency caused an increase in cerebellar oxidative stress evidenced by increased protein nitrosylation, which was prevented by dietary supplementation with the vitamin. Concomitantly, vitamin E deficiency precipitated cellular atrophy and diminished dendritic branching of Purkinje neurons, the predominant output regulator of the cerebellar cortex. The anatomic decline induced by vitamin E deficiency was paralleled by behavioral deficits in motor coordination and cognitive functions that were normalized upon vitamin E supplementation. These observations underscore the essential role of vitamin E and TTP in maintaining CNS function, and support the notion that α-tocopherol supplementation may comprise an effective intervention in oxidative stress-related neurological disorders.
Collapse
|
40
|
Iwaniec UT, Turner RT, Smith BJ, Stoecker BJ, Rust A, Zhang B, Vasu VT, Gohil K, Cross CE, Traber MG. Evaluation of long-term vitamin E insufficiency or excess on bone mass, density, and microarchitecture in rodents. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:1209-1214. [PMID: 24051180 PMCID: PMC3859709 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
High dietary α-tocopherol levels reportedly result in osteopenia in growing rats, whereas α-tocopherol deficiency in α-tocopherol transfer protein-knockout (α-TTP-KO) mice results in increased cancellous bone mass. Because osteoporosis is a disease associated primarily with aging, we hypothesized that age-related bone loss would be attenuated in α-TTP-KO mice. Cancellous and cortical bone mass and microarchitecture were assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and micro-computed tomography in 2-year-old α-TTP-KO and wild-type (WT) male and female mice fed dl-α-tocopherol acetate. In contrast to our expectations, differences in cancellous bone were not detected between WT and α-TTP-KO mice of either gender, and α-TTP-KO males had lower (p<0.05) cortical bone mass than WT males. We therefore evaluated bone mass, density, and microarchitecture in proximal femur of skeletally mature (8.5-month-old) male Sprague-Dawley rats fed diets containing low (15 IU/kg diet), adequate (75 IU/kg diet), or high (500 IU/kg diet) dl-α-tocopherol acetate for 13 weeks. Low dietary α-tocopherol did not increase bone mass. Furthermore, no reductions in cancellous or cortical bone mass were detected with high dietary α-tocopherol. Failure to detect increased bone mass in aged α-TTP-KO mice or bone changes in skeletally mature rats fed either low or high levels of α-tocopherol does not support the hypothesis that α-tocopherol has a negative impact on bone mass, density, or microarchitecture in rodents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Urszula T Iwaniec
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Center for Healthy Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Russell T Turner
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Center for Healthy Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Brenda J Smith
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Barbara J Stoecker
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Allison Rust
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Bo Zhang
- Biostatistics Core, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Vihas T Vasu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kishorchandra Gohil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Carroll E Cross
- Department of Internal Medicine, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Maret G Traber
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
At least 468 individual genes have been manipulated by molecular methods to study their effects on the initiation, promotion, and progression of atherosclerosis. Most clinicians and many investigators, even in related disciplines, find many of these genes and the related pathways entirely foreign. Medical schools generally do not attempt to incorporate the relevant molecular biology into their curriculum. A number of key signaling pathways are highly relevant to atherogenesis and are presented to provide a context for the gene manipulations summarized herein. The pathways include the following: the insulin receptor (and other receptor tyrosine kinases); Ras and MAPK activation; TNF-α and related family members leading to activation of NF-κB; effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on signaling; endothelial adaptations to flow including G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and integrin-related signaling; activation of endothelial and other cells by modified lipoproteins; purinergic signaling; control of leukocyte adhesion to endothelium, migration, and further activation; foam cell formation; and macrophage and vascular smooth muscle cell signaling related to proliferation, efferocytosis, and apoptosis. This review is intended primarily as an introduction to these key signaling pathways. They have become the focus of modern atherosclerosis research and will undoubtedly provide a rich resource for future innovation toward intervention and prevention of the number one cause of death in the modern world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Hopkins
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Zarogoulidis P, Cheva A, Zarampouka K, Huang H, Li C, Huang Y, Katsikogiannis N, Zarogoulidis K. Tocopherols and tocotrienols as anticancer treatment for lung cancer: future nutrition. J Thorac Dis 2013; 5:349-52. [PMID: 23825772 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.04.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Nutrition has been known for ages to shield the immune system against several formulations that deregulate normal DNA repair mechanisms, and induce tumorigenesis. Vitamins and in specific Vit E and its members tocopherols (α-, β-, γ-, δ-) and tocotrienols (α-, β-, γ-, δ-) have demonstrated strong association with the prevention of cancer and inhibition of tumor, both in vitro and in vivo. Vitamin E has also demonstrated effective role against chemotherapy resistant cancer cell evolution and a protective role in acute interstitial disease. Several formulations of Vitamin E have been investigated conjugated with different carriers as nano-formulations and administered in different forms. Additionally, several tumorigenic pathways have been investigated separately in an effort to identify which member of Vitamin E inhibits efficiently every pathway. Vitamin E presented efficiency against specific subhistology types of lung cancer. Finally, in the current work up to date information regarding novel formulations with Vitamin E and inhibition pathways are going to be presented and commented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Zarogoulidis
- Pulmonary Department-Oncology Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; ; University Pulmonary Department, "Ruhrland" Clinic, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Vitamin E was identified almost a century ago as a botanical compound necessary for rodent reproduction. Decades of research since then established that of all members of the vitamin E family, α-tocopherol is selectively enriched in human tissues, and it is essential for human health. The major function of α-tocopherol is thought to be that of a lipid-soluble antioxidant that prevents oxidative damage to biological components. As such, α-tocopherol is necessary for numerous physiological processes such as permeability of lipid bilayers, cell adhesion, and gene expression. Inadequate levels of α-tocopherol interfere with cellular function and precipitate diseases, notably ones that affect the central nervous system. The extreme hydrophobicity of α-tocopherol poses a serious thermodynamic barrier for proper distribution of the vitamin to target tissues and cells. Although transport of the vitamin shares some steps with that of other lipids, selected tissues evolved dedicated transport mechanisms involving the α-tocopherol transfer protein (αTTP). The critical roles of this protein and its ligand are underscored by the debilitating pathologies that characterize human carriers of mutations in the TTPA gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Ulatowski
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Yu R, Schellhorn HE. Recent applications of engineered animal antioxidant deficiency models in human nutrition and chronic disease. J Nutr 2013; 143:1-11. [PMID: 23173175 DOI: 10.3945/jn.112.168690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary antioxidants are essential nutrients that inhibit the oxidation of biologically important molecules and suppress the toxicity of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species. When the total antioxidant capacity is insufficient to quench these reactive species, oxidative damage occurs and contributes to the onset and progression of chronic diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. However, epidemiological studies that examine the relationship between antioxidants and disease outcome can only identify correlative associations. Additionally, many antioxidants also have prooxidant effects. Thus, clinically relevant animal models of antioxidant function are essential for improving our understanding of the role of antioxidants in the pathogenesis of complex diseases as well as evaluating the therapeutic potential and risks of their supplementation. Recent progress in gene knockout mice and virus-based gene expression has potentiated these areas of study. Here, we review the current genetically modified animal models of dietary antioxidant function and their clinical relevance in chronic diseases. This review focuses on the 3 major antioxidants in the human body: vitamin C, vitamin E, and uric acid. We examine genetic models of vitamin C synthesis (guinea pig, Osteogenic Disorder Shionogi rat, Gulo(-/-) and SMP30(-/-) mouse mutants) and transport (Slc23a1(-/-) and Slc23a2(-/-) mouse mutants), vitamin E transport (Ttpa(-/-) mouse mutant), and uric acid synthesis (Uox(-/-) mouse mutant). The application of these models to current research goals is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary Yu
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ulatowski L, Dreussi C, Noy N, Barnholtz-Sloan J, Klein E, Manor D. Expression of the α-tocopherol transfer protein gene is regulated by oxidative stress and common single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:2318-26. [PMID: 23079030 PMCID: PMC3612136 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.10.528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin E (α-tocopherol) is the major lipid-soluble antioxidant in most animal species. By controlling the secretion of vitamin E from the liver, the α-tocopherol transfer protein regulates whole-body distribution and levels of this vital nutrient. However, the mechanism(s) that regulates the expression of this protein is poorly understood. Here we report that transcription of the TTPA gene in immortalized human hepatocytes is induced by oxidative stress and by hypoxia, by agonists of the nuclear receptors PPARα and RXR, and by increased cAMP levels. The data show further that induction of TTPA transcription by oxidative stress is mediated by an already-present transcription factor and does not require de novo protein synthesis. Silencing of the cAMP response element-binding (CREB) transcription factor attenuated transcriptional responses of the TTPA gene to added peroxide, suggesting that CREB mediates responses of this gene to oxidative stress. Using a 1.9-kb proximal segment of the human TTPA promoter together with a site-directed mutagenesis approach, we found that single-nucleotide polymorphisms that are commonly found in healthy humans dramatically affect promoter activity. These observations suggest that oxidative stress and individual genetic makeup contribute to vitamin E homeostasis in humans. These findings may explain the variable responses to vitamin E supplementation observed in human clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Ulatowski
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Cara Dreussi
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Noa Noy
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jill Barnholtz-Sloan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Eric Klein
- Glickman Urological Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Danny Manor
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
The α-tocopherol transfer protein is essential for vertebrate embryogenesis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47402. [PMID: 23077608 PMCID: PMC3471827 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatic α-tocopherol transfer protein (TTP) is required for optimal α-tocopherol bioavailability in humans; mutations in the human TTPA gene result in the heritable disorder ataxia with vitamin E deficiency (AVED, OMIM #277460). TTP is also expressed in mammalian uterine and placental cells and in the human embryonic yolk-sac, underscoring TTP’s significance during fetal development. TTP and vitamin E are essential for productive pregnancy in rodents, but their precise physiological role in embryogenesis is unknown. We hypothesize that TTP is required to regulate delivery of α-tocopherol to critical target sites in the developing embryo. We tested to find if TTP is essential for proper vertebrate development, utilizing the zebrafish as a non-placental model. We verify that TTP is expressed in the adult zebrafish and its amino acid sequence is homologous to the human ortholog. We show that embryonic transcription of TTP mRNA increases >7-fold during the first 24 hours following fertilization. In situ hybridization demonstrates that Ttpa transcripts are localized in the developing brain, eyes and tail bud at 1-day post fertilization. Inhibiting TTP expression using oligonucleotide morpholinos results in severe malformations of the head and eyes in nearly all morpholino-injected embryos (88% compared with 5.6% in those injected with control morpholinos or 1.7% in non-injected embryos). We conclude that TTP is essential for early development of the vertebrate central nervous system.
Collapse
|
47
|
Stylianou IM, Bauer RC, Reilly MP, Rader DJ. Genetic basis of atherosclerosis: insights from mice and humans. Circ Res 2012; 110:337-55. [PMID: 22267839 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.110.230854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a complex and heritable disease involving multiple cell types and the interactions of many different molecular pathways. The genetic and molecular mechanisms of atherosclerosis have, in part, been elucidated by mouse models; at least 100 different genes have been shown to influence atherosclerosis in mice. Importantly, unbiased genome-wide association studies have recently identified a number of novel loci robustly associated with atherosclerotic coronary artery disease. Here, we review the genetic data elucidated from mouse models of atherosclerosis, as well as significant associations for human coronary artery disease. Furthermore, we discuss in greater detail some of these novel human coronary artery disease loci. The combination of mouse and human genetics has the potential to identify and validate novel genes that influence atherosclerosis, some of which may be candidates for new therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis M Stylianou
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 654 BRBII/III Labs, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104-6160, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Zingg JM, Meydani M, Azzi A. α-Tocopheryl phosphate--an activated form of vitamin E important for angiogenesis and vasculogenesis? Biofactors 2012; 38:24-33. [PMID: 22281871 DOI: 10.1002/biof.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin E was originally discovered as a dietary factor essential for reproduction in rats. Since then, vitamin E has revealed many important molecular properties such as the scavenging of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species or the modulation of signal transduction and gene expression in antioxidant and nonantioxidant manners. A congenital disease, ataxia with vitamin E deficiency, which is characterized by impaired enrichment of α-tocopherol (αT) in plasma due to mutations in the α-tocopherol transfer protein gene, has been discovered. An effect of vitamin E on angiogenesis and vasculogenesis has been observed in several studies, and recently, it has been demonstrated in the placenta of pregnant ewes, possibly involving the stimulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. We recently observed that the phosphorylated form of αT, α-tocopheryl phosphate (αTP), increases the expression of VEGF. We propose that the stimulatory effect of αT on angiogenesis and vasculogenesis is potentiated by phosphorylation to αTP, which may act as a cofactor or active lipid mediator increasing VEGF expression. Increased VEGF expression and consequent enhanced angiogenesis and vasculogenesis induced by αTP may explain not only the essential roles of vitamin E on reproduction, but also its beneficial effects against pre-eclampsia, ischemia/reperfusion injury, and during wound healing. It may also serve as a survival factor for brain and muscle cells. The finding that αTP may regulate vasculogenesis may indicate potential, important pathophysiological implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Zingg
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, JM USDA-Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Cook-Mills JM, McCary CA. Isoforms of vitamin E differentially regulate inflammation. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2011; 10:348-66. [PMID: 20923401 DOI: 10.2174/1871530311006040348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin E regulation of disease has been extensively studied in humans, animal models and cell systems. Most of these studies focus on the α-tocopherol isoform of vitamin E. These reports indicate contradictory outcomes for anti-inflammatory functions of the α-tocopherol isoform of vitamin E, especially with regards to clinical studies of asthma and atherosclerosis. These seemingly disparate clinical results are consistent with recently reported unrecognized properties of isoforms of vitamin E. Recently, it has been reported that physiological levels of purified natural forms of vitamin E have opposing regulatory functions during inflammation. These opposing regulatory functions by physiological levels of vitamin E isoforms impact interpretations of previous studies on vitamin E. Moreover, additional recent studies also indicate that the effects of vitamin E isoforms on inflammation are only partially reversible using physiological levels of a vitamin E isoform with opposing immunoregulatory function. Thus, this further influences interpretations of previous studies with vitamin E in which there was inflammation and substantial vitamin E isoforms present before the initiation of the study. In summary, this review will discuss regulation of inflammation by vitamin E, including alternative interpretations of previous studies in the literature with regards to vitamin E isoforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joan M Cook-Mills
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
|