1
|
Menon V, Brash DE. Next-generation sequencing methodologies to detect low-frequency mutations: "Catch me if you can". MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2023; 792:108471. [PMID: 37716438 PMCID: PMC10843083 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2023.108471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Mutations, the irreversible changes in an organism's DNA sequence, are present in tissues at a variant allele frequency (VAF) ranging from ∼10-8 per bp for a founder mutation to ∼10-3 for a histologically normal tissue sample containing several independent clones - compared to 1%- 50% for a heterozygous tumor mutation or a polymorphism. The rarity of these events poses a challenge for accurate clinical diagnosis and prognosis, toxicology, and discovering new disease etiologies. Standard Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies report VAFs as low as 0.5% per nt, but reliably observing rarer precursor events requires additional sophistication to measure ultralow-frequency mutations. We detail the challenge; define terms used to characterize the results, which vary between laboratories and sometimes conflict between biologists and bioinformaticists; and describe recent innovations to improve standard NGS methodologies including: single-strand consensus sequence methods such as Safe-SeqS and SiMSen-Seq; tandem-strand consensus sequence methods such as o2n-Seq and SMM-Seq; and ultrasensitive parent-strand consensus sequence methods such as DuplexSeq, PacBio HiFi, SinoDuplex, OPUSeq, EcoSeq, BotSeqS, Hawk-Seq, NanoSeq, SaferSeq, and CODEC. Practical applications are also noted. Several methods quantify VAF down to 10-5 at a nt and mutation frequency (MF) in a target region down to 10-7 per nt. By expanding to > 1 Mb of sites never observed twice, thus forgoing VAF, other methods quantify MF < 10-9 per nt or < 15 errors per haploid genome. Clonal expansion cannot be directly distinguished from independent mutations by sequencing, so it is essential for a paper to report whether its MF counted only different mutations - the minimum independent-mutation frequency MFminI - or all mutations observed including recurrences - the larger maximum independent-mutation frequency MFmaxI which may reflect clonal expansion. Ultrasensitive methods reveal that, without their use, even mutations with VAF 0.5-1% are usually spurious.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Menon
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8040, USA.
| | - Douglas E Brash
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8040, USA; Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8059, USA; Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8028, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wong HY, Lee RC, Chong S, Kapadia S, Freeman M, Murigneux V, Brown S, Soyer HP, Roy E, Khosrotehrani K. Epidermal mutation accumulation in photodamaged skin is associated with skin cancer burden and can be targeted through ablative therapy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf2384. [PMID: 37163607 PMCID: PMC10171798 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf2384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The main carcinogen for keratinocyte skin cancers (KCs) such as basal and squamous cell carcinomas is ultraviolet (UV) radiation. There is growing evidence that accumulation of mutations and clonal expansion play a key role in KC development. The relationship between UV exposure, epidermal mutation load, and KCs remains unclear. Here, we examined the mutation load in both murine (n = 23) and human (n = 37) epidermal samples. Epidermal mutations accumulated in a UV dose-dependent manner, and this mutation load correlated with the KC burden. Epidermal ablation (either mechanical or laser induced), followed by spontaneous healing from underlying epithelial adnexae reduced the mutation load markedly in both mouse (n = 8) and human (n = 6) clinical trials. In a model of UV-induced basal cell carcinoma, epidermal ablation reduced incident lesions by >80% (n = 5). Overall, our findings suggest that mutation burden is strongly associated with KC burden and represents a target to prevent subsequent KCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ho Yi Wong
- Dermatology Research Centre, Experimental Dermatology Group, Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Dermatology Research Centre, Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ruby C Lee
- Dermatology Research Centre, Experimental Dermatology Group, Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Dermatology Research Centre, Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Dermatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sharene Chong
- Dermatology Research Centre, Experimental Dermatology Group, Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Dermatology Research Centre, Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Dermatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Stuti Kapadia
- Dermatology Research Centre, Experimental Dermatology Group, Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Dermatology Research Centre, Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michael Freeman
- Department of Dermatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Valentine Murigneux
- QCIF Facility for Advanced Bioinformatics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Susan Brown
- Dermatology Research Centre, Experimental Dermatology Group, Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Dermatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - H Peter Soyer
- Dermatology Research Centre, Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Dermatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Edwige Roy
- Dermatology Research Centre, Experimental Dermatology Group, Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Dermatology Research Centre, Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kiarash Khosrotehrani
- Dermatology Research Centre, Experimental Dermatology Group, Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Dermatology Research Centre, Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Dermatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Altshuler A, Wickström SA, Shalom-Feuerstein R. Spotlighting adult stem cells: advances, pitfalls, and challenges. Trends Cell Biol 2022; 33:477-494. [PMID: 36270939 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The existence of stem cells (SCs) at the tip of the cellular differentiation hierarchy has fascinated the scientific community ever since their discovery in the early 1950s to 1960s. Despite the remarkable success of the SC theory and the development of SC-based treatments, fundamental features of SCs remain enigmatic. Recent advances in single-cell lineage tracing, live imaging, and genomic technologies have allowed capture of life histories and transcriptional signatures of individual cells, leaving SCs much less space to 'hide'. Focusing on epithelial SCs and comparing them to other SCs, we discuss new paradigms of the SC niche, dynamics, and pathology, highlighting key open questions in SC biology that need to be resolved for harnessing SC potential in regenerative medicine.
Collapse
|
4
|
Fowler JC, Jones PH. Somatic mutation: What shapes the mutational landscape of normal epithelia? Cancer Discov 2022; 12:1642-1655. [PMID: 35397477 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-22-0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial stem cells accumulate mutations throughout life. Some of these mutants increase competitive fitness and may form clones that colonize the stem cell niche and persist to acquire further genome alterations. After a transient expansion, mutant stem cells must revert to homeostatic behavior so normal tissue architecture is maintained. Some positively selected mutants may promote cancer development while others inhibit carcinogenesis. Factors that shape the mutational landscape include wild type and mutant stem cell dynamics, competition for the niche, and environmental exposures. Understanding these processes may give new insight into the basis of cancer risk and opportunities for cancer prevention.
Collapse
|
5
|
Second Cancer Onset in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: What, When, Why? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063177. [PMID: 35328597 PMCID: PMC8954627 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk of developing a solid cancer is a major issue arising in the disease course of a myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN). Although the connection between the two diseases has been widely described, the backstage of this complex scenario has still to be explored. Several cellular and molecular mechanisms have been suggested to link the two tumors. Sometimes the MPN is considered to trigger a second cancer but at other times both diseases seem to depend on the same source. Increasing knowledge in recent years has revealed emerging pathways, supporting older, more consolidated theories, but there are still many unresolved issues. Our work aims to present the biological face of the complex clinical scenario in MPN patients developing a second cancer, focusing on the main cellular and molecular pathways linking the two diseases.
Collapse
|
6
|
Gilchrest BA. Tirbanibulin: A New Topical Therapy for Actinic Keratoses With a Novel Mechanism of Action and Improved Ease of Use. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2021; 10:1126-1129. [PMID: 34612001 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.1024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Gilchrest
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gavini DR, Salvi DJ, Shah PH, Uma D, Lee JH, Hamid P. Non-melanoma Skin Cancers in Patients on Hydroxyurea for Philadelphia Chromosome-Negative Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: A Systematic Review. Cureus 2021; 13:e16978. [PMID: 34527458 PMCID: PMC8420994 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.16978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydroxyurea (HU) or hydroxycarbamide is a cytotoxic antimetabolite widely used to treat Philadelphia chromosome-negative Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (Ph-MPN) like Polycythemia Vera (PV), Essential Thrombocythemia (ET), and Primary Myelofibrosis (PMF). Patients with Ph-MPN are at an increased risk of Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC). The cause of this finding remains uncertain. In this systematic review, we would like to know if chronic use of HU in this population is responsible for the sudden onset of NMSC. The results obtained will help the patients and clinicians with early diagnosis of cutaneous lesions and in optimizing the current treatment options for MPN. We conducted a multi-database literature search, applied eligibility criteria and quality assessment tools to the studies extracted, with an intention to include only fair to high-quality articles. We analyzed six observational studies and four traditional reviews. Two out of 10 studies concluded that no relationship exists between the incidence of NMSC and HU. The remaining eight studies indicated the association. According to these studies, the possible risk factors include old age, excessive exposure to sunlight, higher doses, and prolonged HU therapy duration. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation and HU play a combined role in carcinogenesis. Periodic dermatologic screening is essential in these patients. Prompt biopsy and accurate diagnosis can prevent the progression of cancer and decrease the associated morbidity and mortality. True incidence and causation cannot be ascertained due to the scarcity of research on this topic. Multi-center prospective studies in large groups of Ph-MPN patients are recommended to determine the temporal relationship between NMSC and HU treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Divya R Gavini
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Dhairya J Salvi
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Prutha H Shah
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Davuluri Uma
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Jun Hee Lee
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Pousette Hamid
- Neurology, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lewis JM, Monico PF, Mirza FN, Xu S, Yumeen S, Turban JL, Galan A, Girardi M. Chronic UV radiation-induced RORγt+ IL-22-producing lymphoid cells are associated with mutant KC clonal expansion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2016963118. [PMID: 34504008 PMCID: PMC8449378 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2016963118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure is the greatest risk factor for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) development, and compromised immunity accelerates this risk. Having previously identified that epidermal Langerhans cells (LC) facilitate the expansion of UV-induced mutant keratinocytes (KC), we sought to more fully elucidate the immune pathways critical to cutaneous carcinogenesis and to identify potential targets of intervention. Herein, we reveal that chronic UV induces and LC enhance a local immune shift toward RORγt+ interleukin (IL)-22/IL-17A-producing cells that occurs in the presence or absence of T cells while identifying a distinct RORγt+ Sca-1+ CD103+ ICOS+ CD2+/- CCR6+ intracellular CD3+ cutaneous innate lymphoid cell type-3 (ILC3) population (uvILC3) that is associated with UV-induced mutant KC growth. We further show that mutant KC clone size is markedly reduced in the absence of RORγt+ lymphocytes or IL-22, both observed in association with expanding KC clones, and find that topical application of a RORγ/γt inhibitor during chronic UV exposure reduces local expression of IL-22 and IL-17A while markedly limiting mutant p53 KC clonal expansion. We implicate upstream Toll-like receptor signaling in driving this immune response to chronic UV exposure, as MyD88/Trif double-deficient mice also show substantially reduced p53 island number and size. These data elucidate key immune components of chronic UV-induced cutaneous carcinogenesis that might represent targets for skin cancer prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Lewis
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Patrick F Monico
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Fatima N Mirza
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Suzanne Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Sara Yumeen
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Jack L Turban
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Anjela Galan
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Michael Girardi
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
It is suggested that evolution has equipped humans and other species with powerful and, largely non-immunological resistance mechanisms that can nip pre-neoplastic cells, as well as cells disseminating from established tumors in the bud. These mechanisms must operate while maintaining tissue structure, polarity and a large variety of cell-to-cell interactions. Altogether, they are essential for microenvironmental tissue integrity. It has further been postulated that the genes underpinning microenvironmental control are not merely alleles of known cancer susceptibility genes, but constitute sui generis systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Klein
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Konger RL, Ren L, Sahu RP, Derr-Yellin E, Kim YL. Evidence for a non-stochastic two-field hypothesis for persistent skin cancer risk. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19200. [PMID: 33154396 PMCID: PMC7645611 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75864-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
With recurring carcinogen exposures, individual tumors develop in a field of genetic mutations through a stepwise process of clonal expansion and evolution. Once established, this “cancer field” persists in the absence of continued carcinogen exposures, resulting in a sustained risk for cancer development. Using a bioimaging approach, we previously demonstrated that a dermal premalignant field characterized by inflammatory angiogenesis persists following the cessation of ultraviolet light exposures and accurately predicts future overlying epidermal tumor formation. Following ultraviolet light treatments, others have observed that patches of p53 immunopositive cells persist stochastically throughout the epidermal stem cell population. However, these studies were done by random biopsies, introducing sampling bias. We now show that, rather than being randomly distributed, p53+ epidermal cells are enriched only in areas overlying this multi-focal dermal field. Moreover, we also show that the dermal field is characterized by a senescent phenotype. We propose that persistence of the overlying epithelial cancerization field in the absence of exogenous carcinogens or promoters requires a two-field composite consisting of a dermal senescent field driving the persistence of the overlying epidermal cancer field. These observations challenge current models that suggest that persistence of cancer risk in the absence of continued carcinogen exposures is simply a function of stochastically arranged, long-lived but dormant epithelial clonal stem cells mutants. The model proposed here could provide new insights into how cancer risk persists following cessation of carcinogenic exposures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raymond L Konger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 975 West Walnut Street, IB424F, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. .,Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA. .,Department of Pathology, Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Administration Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Lu Ren
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 975 West Walnut Street, IB424F, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Ravi P Sahu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Ethel Derr-Yellin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 975 West Walnut Street, IB424F, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Young L Kim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Field cancerization: Definition, epidemiology, risk factors, and outcomes. J Am Acad Dermatol 2020; 83:709-717. [PMID: 32387665 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.03.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Field cancerization was first described in 1953 when pathologic atypia was identified in clinically normal tissue surrounding oropharyngeal carcinomas. The discovery of mutated fields surrounding primary tumors raised the question of whether the development of subsequent tumors within the field represented recurrences or additional primary tumors. Since this initial study, field cancerization has been applied to numerous other epithelial tissues, including the skin. Cutaneous field cancerization occurs in areas exposed to chronic ultraviolet radiation, which leads to clonal proliferations of p53-mutated fields and is characterized by multifocal actinic keratoses, squamous cell carcinomas in situ, and cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas. In the first article in this continuing medical education series, we define field cancerization, review the available grading systems, and discuss the epidemiology, risk factors, and outcomes associated with this disease.
Collapse
|
12
|
Guan Y, Wang G, Fails D, Nagarajan P, Ge Y. Unraveling cancer lineage drivers in squamous cell carcinomas. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 206:107448. [PMID: 31836455 PMCID: PMC6995404 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer hijacks embryonic development and adult wound repair mechanisms to fuel malignancy. Cancer frequently originates from de-regulated adult stem cells or progenitors, which are otherwise essential units for postnatal tissue remodeling and repair. Cancer genomics studies have revealed convergence of multiple cancers across organ sites, including squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), a common group of cancers arising from the head and neck, esophagus, lung, cervix and skin. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge on the molecular drivers of SCCs, including these five major organ sites. We especially focus our discussion on lineage dependent driver genes and pathways, in the context of squamous development and stratification. We then use skin as a model to discuss the notion of field cancerization during SCC carcinogenesis, and cancer as a wound that never heals. Finally, we turn to the idea of context dependency widely observed in cancer driver genes, and outline literature support and possible explanations for their lineage specific functions. Through these discussions, we aim to provide an up-to-date summary of molecular mechanisms driving tumor plasticity in squamous cancers. Such basic knowledge will be helpful to inform the clinics for better stratifying cancer patients, revealing novel drug targets and providing effective treatment options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinglu Guan
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Guan Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Danielle Fails
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Priyadharsini Nagarajan
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Yejing Ge
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Campanati A, Bobyr I, Sorgentoni G, Diotallevi F, Caffarini M, Pellegrino P, Di Primio R, Offidani A, Orciani M. Mesenchymal stem cell profile in actinic keratosis and its modification after topical application of ingenol mebutate. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2019; 34:e148-e149. [PMID: 31709665 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.16058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Campanati
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences - Dermatological Clinic, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - I Bobyr
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences - Dermatological Clinic, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - G Sorgentoni
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Sciences - Histology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - F Diotallevi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences - Dermatological Clinic, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - M Caffarini
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Sciences - Histology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - P Pellegrino
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Sciences - Histology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - R Di Primio
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Sciences - Histology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - A Offidani
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences - Dermatological Clinic, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - M Orciani
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Sciences - Histology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cantisani C, Kiss N, Naqeshbandi AF, Tosti G, Tofani S, Cartoni C, Carmosino I, Cantoresi F. Nonmelanoma skin cancer associated with Hydroxyurea treatment: Overview of the literature and our own experience. Dermatol Ther 2019; 32:e13043. [PMID: 31364787 DOI: 10.1111/dth.13043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nonmelanoma skin cancer is the most common malignant tumor in the fair skin population, with each year several millions of diagnosed cases. Their most common risk factors are fair skin, a history of excessive ultraviolet light exposure, chronic inflammatory skin conditions, exposure to radiation, and contact with arsenic. Certain drugs can also be associated with a higher risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer. These include hydroxyurea, which acts as a metabolic inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase and a potent nonalkylating myelosuppressive agent. It is used for the treatment of various myeloproliferative disorders, including chronic myeloid leukemia, polycythemia vera, and essential thrombocytopenia. Several publications describe an increased occurrence of skin manifestations following hydroxyurea treatment. A growing body of evidence indicates a possible role of hydroxyurea in skin cancer progression. In this review article, we summarize some relevant observations about the association of hydroxyurea and skin cancer, and we describe our own clinical experiences to provide up to date recommendations about the care of patients on hydroxyurea therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Cantisani
- UOC of Dermatology, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza Medical School of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Norbert Kiss
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Giulio Tosti
- Melanoma and Soft Tissue Sarcoma Division, IRCCS, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Sonia Tofani
- UOC of Dermatology, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza Medical School of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Cartoni
- Translational and precision medicine Hematology Department Umberto I Hospital Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Ida Carmosino
- Translational and precision medicine Hematology Department Umberto I Hospital Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Franca Cantoresi
- UOC of Dermatology, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza Medical School of Rome, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yoon JH, McArthur MJ, Park J, Basu D, Wakamiya M, Prakash L, Prakash S. Error-Prone Replication through UV Lesions by DNA Polymerase θ Protects against Skin Cancers. Cell 2019; 176:1295-1309.e15. [PMID: 30773314 PMCID: PMC6453116 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cancers from sun-exposed skin accumulate "driver" mutations, causally implicated in oncogenesis. Because errors incorporated during translesion synthesis (TLS) opposite UV lesions would generate these mutations, TLS mechanisms are presumed to underlie cancer development. To address the role of TLS in skin cancer formation, we determined which DNA polymerase is responsible for generating UV mutations, analyzed the relative contributions of error-free TLS by Polη and error-prone TLS by Polθ to the replication of UV-damaged DNA and to genome stability, and examined the incidence of UV-induced skin cancers in Polθ-/-, Polη-/-, and Polθ-/- Polη-/- mice. Our findings that the incidence of skin cancers rises in Polθ-/- mice and is further exacerbated in Polθ-/- Polη-/- mice compared with Polη-/- mice support the conclusion that error-prone TLS by Polθ provides a safeguard against tumorigenesis and suggest that cancer formation can ensue in the absence of somatic point mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hoon Yoon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Mark J McArthur
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jeseong Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Debashree Basu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Maki Wakamiya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Louise Prakash
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Satya Prakash
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gellén E, Fidrus E, Péter M, Szegedi A, Emri G, Remenyik É. Immunological effects of photodynamic therapy in the treatment of actinic keratosis and squamous cell carcinoma. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 24:342-348. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
17
|
Murai K, Skrupskelyte G, Piedrafita G, Hall M, Kostiou V, Ong SH, Nagy T, Cagan A, Goulding D, Klein AM, Hall BA, Jones PH. Epidermal Tissue Adapts to Restrain Progenitors Carrying Clonal p53 Mutations. Cell Stem Cell 2018; 23:687-699.e8. [PMID: 30269904 PMCID: PMC6224607 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Aging human tissues, such as sun-exposed epidermis, accumulate a high burden of progenitor cells that carry oncogenic mutations. However, most progenitors carrying such mutations colonize and persist in normal tissue without forming tumors. Here, we investigated tissue-level constraints on clonal progenitor behavior by inducing a single-allele p53 mutation (Trp53R245W; p53∗/wt), prevalent in normal human epidermis and squamous cell carcinoma, in transgenic mouse epidermis. p53∗/wt progenitors initially outcompeted wild-type cells due to enhanced proliferation, but subsequently reverted toward normal dynamics and homeostasis. Physiological doses of UV light accelerated short-term expansion of p53∗/wt clones, but their frequency decreased with protracted irradiation, possibly due to displacement by UV-induced mutant clones with higher competitive fitness. These results suggest multiple mechanisms restrain the proliferation of p53∗/wt progenitors, thereby maintaining epidermal integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michael Hall
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK; MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Vasiliki Kostiou
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | | | - Tibor Nagy
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Alex Cagan
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | | | - Allon M Klein
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Benjamin A Hall
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Philip H Jones
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK; MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Christensen SR. Recent advances in field cancerization and management of multiple cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas. F1000Res 2018; 7. [PMID: 29904586 PMCID: PMC5989149 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.12837.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is among the most common cancers in humans, and many patients with SCC will develop multiple tumors within their lifetime. The field cancerization concept, originally proposed over 60 years ago, hypothesized that multiple primary cancers may arise simultaneously and coexist with subclinical precursor lesions within a defined field. Genetic sequencing of SCC and precursor lesions has identified what may be the earliest clonal proliferations in SCC development and confirmed that field cancerization in the skin is mediated by ultraviolet radiation. For patients with multiple SCCs and severe actinic damage, treatment of precursor lesions within a cancerized field can decrease the risk of subsequent cancer development. Sunblock is an effective intervention for field cancerization, even in patients with established disease. There is now direct evidence that field therapy with topical 5-fluorouracil is effective in reducing the incidence of subsequent SCC, and there is indirect evidence suggesting that topical imiquimod, topical ingenol mebutate, and photodynamic therapy are similarly effective. There is limited direct evidence to show that systemic acitretin or nicotinamide can decrease incident SCC in patients with field cancerization. In this review, an approach to the management of patients with multiple SCCs and field cancerization is presented along with the rationale to support field-directed therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Christensen
- Section of Dermatologic Surgery and Cutaneous Oncology, Department of Dermatology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Moore D, Walker SI, Levin M. Cancer as a disorder of patterning information: computational and biophysical perspectives on the cancer problem. CONVERGENT SCIENCE PHYSICAL ONCOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1739/aa8548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
20
|
Danno S, Kubouchi K, Mehruba M, Abe M, Natsume R, Sakimura K, Eguchi S, Oka M, Hirashima M, Yasuda H, Mukai H. PKN2 is essential for mouse embryonic development and proliferation of mouse fibroblasts. Genes Cells 2017; 22:220-236. [PMID: 28102564 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PKN2, a member of the protein kinase N (PKN) family, has been suggested by in vitro culture cell experiments to bind to Rho/Rac GTPases and contributes to cell-cell contact and cell migration. To unravel the in vivo physiological function of PKN2, we targeted the PKN2 gene. Constitutive disruption of the mouse PKN2 gene resulted in growth retardation and lethality before embryonic day (E) 10.5. PKN2-/- embryo did not undergo axial turning and showed insufficient closure of the neural tube. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) derived from PKN2-/- embryos at E9.5 failed to grow. Cre-mediated ablation of PKN2 in PKN2flox/flox MEFs obtained from E14.5 embryos showed impaired cell proliferation, and cell cycle analysis of these MEFs showed a decrease in S-phase population. Our results show that PKN2 is essential for mouse embryonic development and cell-autonomous proliferation of primary MEFs in culture. Comparison of the PKN2-/- phenotype with the phenotypes of PKN1 and PKN3 knockout strains suggests that PKN2 has distinct nonredundant functions in vivo, despite the structural similarity and evolutionary relationship among the three isoforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sally Danno
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Koji Kubouchi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Mona Mehruba
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Manabu Abe
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
| | - Rie Natsume
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
| | - Satoshi Eguchi
- Department of Medical Biology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Masahiro Oka
- Division of Dermatology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 1-12-1 Fukumuro, Miyagino-ku, Sendai, 983-8512, Japan
| | | | - Hiroki Yasuda
- Education and Research Support Center, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Mukai
- Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bidari Zerehpoosh F, Nasiri S, Zahedifard S, Sabeti S. Comparison of P53 Intensity, Frequency and Size in Normal Skin Periphery of Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Basal Cell Carcinoma And Melanocytic Nevus in Persian Skin Type. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 12:62-66. [PMID: 29760754 PMCID: PMC5938725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer (NMSC), the most prevalent types being Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) and Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC), is the most common type of malignancy in human beings. These neoplasms are more frequent in the elderly and fair skinned people and mainly occur on sun-exposed sites of the body. Ultraviolet B (UVB) has a well-known effect in induction and promotion of growth of these cancers. The p53 tumor suppressor gene is believed to be an early target in UV-induced skin carcinogenesis. Aggregates of keratinocytes with p53 protein overexpression are frequently identified in normal human skin and are more prevalent in chronically sun-exposed skin, and have been proposed to play a role in skin cancer pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to clarify the potential role of P53 in the development of NMSC. METHODS Immunohistochemical evaluation of p53 expression in peri-lesional skin of 90 cases of SCC, BCC and melanocytic nevi was performed. RESULTS The well-delineated compact type of p53 clone, but not the strong dispersed type, was significantly more predominant in SCCs in comparison with BCCs and melanocytic nevi (P value=0.001). The size of p53 clones was also significantly greater in SCCs compared to the BCCs (P=0.003) and melanocytic nevi (P=0.001). There was no significant difference between these neoplasms regarding the frequency of P53 clones (P=0.86). CONCLUSION This study suggests the possible relationship of epidermal p53 clones with the pathogenesis of SCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farahnaz Bidari Zerehpoosh
- Dept. of Pathology, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti Medical University of Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soheila Nasiri
- Skin Research Center, Shahid Beheshti Medical University of Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Zahedifard
- Dept. of Pathology, Saveh Medical University of Sciences, Saveh, Iran
| | - Shahram Sabeti
- Dept. of Pathology, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti Medical University of Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding Information: Dr. Shahram Sabeti. Dept. of Pathology, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti Medical University of Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Tel: +989122365023
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mallet JD, Dorr MM, Drigeard Desgarnier MC, Bastien N, Gendron SP, Rochette PJ. Faster DNA Repair of Ultraviolet-Induced Cyclobutane Pyrimidine Dimers and Lower Sensitivity to Apoptosis in Human Corneal Epithelial Cells than in Epidermal Keratinocytes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162212. [PMID: 27611318 PMCID: PMC5017652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Absorption of UV rays by DNA generates the formation of mutagenic cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) and pyrimidine (6-4) pyrimidone photoproducts (6-4PP). These damages are the major cause of skin cancer because in turn, they can lead to signature UV mutations. The eye is exposed to UV light, but the cornea is orders of magnitude less prone to UV-induced cancer. In an attempt to shed light on this paradox, we compared cells of the corneal epithelium and the epidermis for UVB-induced DNA damage frequency, repair and cell death sensitivity. We found similar CPD levels but a 4-time faster UVB-induced CPD, but not 6-4PP, repair and lower UV-induced apoptosis sensitivity in corneal epithelial cells than epidermal. We then investigated levels of DDB2, a UV-induced DNA damage recognition protein mostly impacting CPD repair, XPC, essential for the repair of both CPD and 6-4PP and p53 a protein upstream of the genotoxic stress response. We found more DDB2, XPC and p53 in corneal epithelial cells than in epidermal cells. According to our results analyzing the protein stability of DDB2 and XPC, the higher level of DDB2 and XPC in corneal epithelial cells is most likely due to an increased stability of the protein. Taken together, our results show that corneal epithelial cells have a better efficiency to repair UV-induced mutagenic CPD. On the other hand, they are less prone to UV-induced apoptosis, which could be related to the fact that since the repair is more efficient in the HCEC, the need to eliminate highly damaged cells by apoptosis is reduced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin D. Mallet
- Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec–Université Laval, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Département d’Ophtalmologie et ORL—chirurgie cervico-faciale, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie M. Dorr
- Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec–Université Laval, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Département d’Ophtalmologie et ORL—chirurgie cervico-faciale, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Catherine Drigeard Desgarnier
- Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec–Université Laval, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Département d’Ophtalmologie et ORL—chirurgie cervico-faciale, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Bastien
- Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec–Université Laval, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Département d’Ophtalmologie et ORL—chirurgie cervico-faciale, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Sébastien P. Gendron
- Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec–Université Laval, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Département d’Ophtalmologie et ORL—chirurgie cervico-faciale, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Patrick J. Rochette
- Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec–Université Laval, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Département d’Ophtalmologie et ORL—chirurgie cervico-faciale, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kranjec C, Doorbar J. Human papillomavirus infection and induction of neoplasia: a matter of fitness. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 20:129-136. [PMID: 27600900 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The aetiologic association between infection with certain human papillomavirus (HPV) types, high-grade squamous neoplasia, and cancer at different epithelial sites is well established. In this review we briefly discuss recent breakthroughs in the regulation of squamous epithelia in homeostasis and disease, and provide a view of how these discoveries modify our understanding of how HPV-induced neoplasia in squamous epithelia is triggered. Taken together, these observations highlight how HPVs have evolved the ability to inactivate the products of genes that are frequently mutated in non-HPV-associated pre-neoplasia and squamous cell carcinoma of sun-exposed skin, and introduce a Darwinian model of clonal evolution of HPV-infected cells. These concepts are considered against our current understanding of transformation zones where HPV-associated cancers occur more frequently, and other sites of non-productive (or abortive) HPV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kranjec
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - John Doorbar
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Srivastava S, Reid BJ, Ghosh S, Kramer BS. Research Needs for Understanding the Biology of Overdiagnosis in Cancer Screening. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:1870-5. [PMID: 26505642 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many cancers offer an extended window of opportunity for early detection and therapeutic intervention that could lead to a reduction in cause-specific mortality. The pursuit of early detection in screening settings has resulted in decreased incidence and mortality for some cancers (e.g., colon and cervical cancers), and increased incidence with only modest or no effect on cause-specific mortality in others (e.g., breast and prostate). Whereas highly sensitive screening technologies are better at detecting a number of suspected "cancers" that are indolent and likely to remain clinically unimportant in the lifetime of a patient, defined as overdiagnosis, they often miss cancers that are aggressive and tend to present clinically between screenings, known as interval cancers. Unrecognized overdiagnosis leads to overtreatment with its attendant (often long-lasting) side effects, anxiety, and substantial financial harm. Existing methods often cannot differentiate indolent lesions from aggressive ones or understand the dynamics of neoplastic progression. To correctly identify the population that would benefit the most from screening and identify the lesions that would benefit most from treatment, the evolving genomic and molecular profiles of individual cancers during the clinical course of progression or indolence must be investigated, while taking into account an individual's genetic susceptibility, clinical and environmental risk factors, and the tumor microenvironment. Practical challenges lie not only in the lack of access to tissue specimens that are appropriate for the study of natural history, but also in the absence of targeted research strategies. This commentary summarizes the recommendations from a diverse group of scientists with expertise in basic biology, translational research, clinical research, statistics, and epidemiology and public health professionals convened to discuss research directions. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 1870-1875, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Srivastava
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Brian J Reid
- Divisions of Human Biology and Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Departments of Genome Sciences and Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Sharmistha Ghosh
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Barnett S Kramer
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Martincorena I, Jones PH, Campbell PJ. Constrained positive selection on cancer mutations in normal skin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E1128-9. [PMID: 26884187 PMCID: PMC4780655 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1600910113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Iñigo Martincorena
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, United Kingdom;
| | - Philip H Jones
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison-Medical Research Council Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Campbell
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, United Kingdom; Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Reply to Martincorena et al.: Evidence for constrained positive selection of cancer mutations in normal skin is lacking. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E1130-1. [PMID: 26884186 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1601045113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
27
|
Lewis JM, Bürgler CD, Freudzon M, Golubets K, Gibson JF, Filler RB, Girardi M. Langerhans Cells Facilitate UVB-Induced Epidermal Carcinogenesis. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:2824-2833. [PMID: 26053049 PMCID: PMC4640962 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
UVB light is considered the major environmental inducer of human keratinocyte (KC) DNA mutations, including within the tumor-suppressor gene p53, and chronic exposure is associated with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma formation. Langerhans cells (LCs) comprise a dendritic network within the suprabasilar epidermis, yet the role of LCs in UVB-induced carcinogenesis is largely unknown. Herein we show that LC-intact epidermis develops UVB-induced tumors more readily than LC-deficient epidermis. Although levels of epidermal cyclopyrimidine dimers following acute UVB exposure are equivalent in the presence or absence of LCs, chronic UVB-induced p53 mutant clonal islands expand more readily in association with LCs, which remain largely intact and are preferentially found in proximity to the expanding mutant KC populations. The observed LC facilitation of mutant p53 clonal expansion is completely αβ and γδ T-cell independent and is associated with increased intraepidermal expression of IL-22 and the presence of group 3 innate lymphoid cells. These data demonstrate that LCs have a key role in UVB-induced cutaneous carcinogenesis and suggest that LCs locally stimulate KC proliferation and innate immune cells that provoke tumor outgrowth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Lewis
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Christina D Bürgler
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Marianna Freudzon
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kseniya Golubets
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Juliet F Gibson
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Renata B Filler
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Michael Girardi
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Open questions and novel concepts in oral cancer surgery. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 273:1975-85. [PMID: 26003319 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-015-3655-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The persistence of cancerous cells after surgery in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) represents a major challenge, as it often leads to local recurrences and secondary primary tumors, which are eventually responsible for a large proportion of deaths. This persistence is currently evaluated by histological analyses. In this review we discuss some important pitfalls of the histopathological analysis, such as margin evaluation, specimen shrinkage and T staging. In addition, we critically analyze the appropriateness of current surgical techniques in relation to the concept of field cancerization. Finally, we describe some novel imaging and molecular approaches, which might be useful in tailoring surgical resections and encourage the use of OSCC animal models to explore and provide proof of concept of the feasibility and potential clinical utility of innovative surgical protocols.
Collapse
|
29
|
Martincorena I, Roshan A, Gerstung M, Ellis P, Van Loo P, McLaren S, Wedge DC, Fullam A, Alexandrov LB, Tubio JM, Stebbings L, Menzies A, Widaa S, Stratton MR, Jones PH, Campbell PJ. Tumor evolution. High burden and pervasive positive selection of somatic mutations in normal human skin. Science 2015; 348:880-6. [PMID: 25999502 PMCID: PMC4471149 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa6806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1115] [Impact Index Per Article: 123.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
How somatic mutations accumulate in normal cells is central to understanding cancer development but is poorly understood. We performed ultradeep sequencing of 74 cancer genes in small (0.8 to 4.7 square millimeters) biopsies of normal skin. Across 234 biopsies of sun-exposed eyelid epidermis from four individuals, the burden of somatic mutations averaged two to six mutations per megabase per cell, similar to that seen in many cancers, and exhibited characteristic signatures of exposure to ultraviolet light. Remarkably, multiple cancer genes are under strong positive selection even in physiologically normal skin, including most of the key drivers of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas. Positively selected mutations were found in 18 to 32% of normal skin cells at a density of ~140 driver mutations per square centimeter. We observed variability in the driver landscape among individuals and variability in the sizes of clonal expansions across genes. Thus, aged sun-exposed skin is a patchwork of thousands of evolving clones with over a quarter of cells carrying cancer-causing mutations while maintaining the physiological functions of epidermis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Amit Roshan
- MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Moritz Gerstung
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Peter Ellis
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Peter Van Loo
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, Cambridgeshire, UK. Francis Crick Institute, London, UK. Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stuart McLaren
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - David C Wedge
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Anthony Fullam
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | | | - Jose M Tubio
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Lucy Stebbings
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Andrew Menzies
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Sara Widaa
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | | | - Philip H Jones
- MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Peter J Campbell
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, Cambridgeshire, UK. Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Cell competition where 'loser' cells are eliminated by neighbors with higher fitness is a widespread phenomenon in development. However, a growing body of evidence argues cells with somatic mutations compete with their wild type counterparts in the earliest stages of cancer development. Recent studies have begun to shed light on the molecular and cellular mechanisms that alter the competitiveness of cells carrying somatic mutations in adult tissues. Cells with a 'winner' phenotype create clones which may expand into extensive fields of mutant cells within normal appearing epithelium, favoring the accumulation of further genetic alterations and the evolution of cancer. Here we focus on how mutations which disrupt the Notch signaling pathway confer a 'super competitor' status on cells in squamous epithelia and consider the broader implications for cancer evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria P Alcolea
- MRC Cancer Unit; University of Cambridge; Hutchison/MRC Research Center; Cambridge Biomedical Campus; Cambridge, UK
| | - Philip H Jones
- MRC Cancer Unit; University of Cambridge; Hutchison/MRC Research Center; Cambridge Biomedical Campus; Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Missero C, Antonini D. Crosstalk among p53 family members in cutaneous carcinoma. Exp Dermatol 2014; 23:143-6. [PMID: 24417641 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most common human cancer with a frequency increasing worldwide. The risk of developing cSCC has been strongly associated with chronic sun exposure, especially in light skin people. The aim of this viewpoint is to discuss the contribution of the tumor suppressor p53 and its homologues p63 and p73 in the formation and progression of cSCC. Mutations in the p53 gene are early and frequent events in skin carcinogenesis mainly as a consequence of UV light exposure, often followed by loss of function of the second allele. Although rarely mutated in cancer, p63 and p73 play key roles in human cancers, with their truncated isoforms lacking the N-terminal transactivating domain (∆N) being often upregulated as compared to normal tissues. ∆Np63 is abundantly expressed in cSCC, and it is likely to favour tumor initiation and progression. The function of p73 in cSCC is more enigmatic and awaits further studies. Interestingly, an intimate interplay exists between both p53 and p63, and the Notch signalling pathway, often inactivated in cSCC. Here, we summarize our current knowledge about the biological activities of p53 family members in cSCC and propose that integration of their signalling with Notch is key to cSCC formation and progression.
Collapse
|
32
|
Freije A, Molinuevo R, Ceballos L, Cagigas M, Alonso-Lecue P, Rodriguez R, Menendez P, Aberdam D, De Diego E, Gandarillas A. Inactivation of p53 in Human Keratinocytes Leads to Squamous Differentiation and Shedding via Replication Stress and Mitotic Slippage. Cell Rep 2014; 9:1349-60. [PMID: 25453755 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor suppressor p53 is a major cellular guardian of genome integrity, and its inactivation is the most frequent genetic alteration in cancer, rising up to 80% in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). By adapting the small hairpin RNA (shRNA) technology, we inactivated endogenous p53 in primary epithelial cells from the epidermis of human skin. We show that either loss of endogenous p53 or overexpression of a temperature-sensitive dominant-negative conformation triggers a self-protective differentiation response, resulting in cell stratification and expulsion. These effects follow DNA damage and exit from mitosis without cell division. p53 preserves the proliferative potential of the stem cell compartment and limits the power of proto-oncogene MYC to drive cell cycle stress and differentiation. The results provide insight into the role of p53 in self-renewal homeostasis and help explain why p53 mutations do not initiate skin cancer but increase the likelihood that cancer cells will appear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Freije
- Cell Cycle, Stem Cell Fate and Cancer Laboratory, Fundación Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander 39011, Spain
| | - Rut Molinuevo
- Cell Cycle, Stem Cell Fate and Cancer Laboratory, Fundación Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander 39011, Spain
| | - Laura Ceballos
- Cell Cycle, Stem Cell Fate and Cancer Laboratory, Fundación Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander 39011, Spain
| | - Marta Cagigas
- Cell Cycle, Stem Cell Fate and Cancer Laboratory, Fundación Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander 39011, Spain
| | - Pilar Alonso-Lecue
- Cell Cycle, Stem Cell Fate and Cancer Laboratory, Fundación Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander 39011, Spain
| | - René Rodriguez
- Lab 2-ORL, Instituto Universitario de Oncología de Asturias (IUOPA) Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo 33006, Spain
| | - Pablo Menendez
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain; Instituciò Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Avenida Lluis Companys, Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - Daniel Aberdam
- INSERM UMR-S976, University Paris Didero, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Equerre Bazin, Paris 75475, France
| | - Ernesto De Diego
- Cell Cycle, Stem Cell Fate and Cancer Laboratory, Fundación Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander 39011, Spain; Paediatric Surgery, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla (HUMV), Santander 39011, Spain
| | - Alberto Gandarillas
- Cell Cycle, Stem Cell Fate and Cancer Laboratory, Fundación Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander 39011, Spain; INSERM, Languedoc-Roussillon, Montpellier 34394, France.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Frede J, Adams DJ, Jones PH. Mutation, clonal fitness and field change in epithelial carcinogenesis. J Pathol 2014; 234:296-301. [PMID: 25046364 DOI: 10.1002/path.4409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Developments in lineage tracing in mouse models have revealed how stem cells maintain normal squamous and glandular epithelia. Here we review recent quantitative studies tracing the fate of individual mutant stem cells which have uncovered how common oncogenic mutations alter cell behaviour, creating clones with a growth advantage that may persist long term. In the intestine this occurs by a mutant clone colonizing an entire crypt, whilst in the squamous oesophagus blocking differentiation creates clones that expand to colonize large areas of epithelium, a phenomenon known as field change. We consider the implications of these findings for early cancer evolution and the cancer stem cell hypothesis, and the prospects of targeted cancer prevention by purging mutant clones from normal-appearing epithelia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Frede
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Alcolea MP, Greulich P, Wabik A, Frede J, Simons BD, Jones PH. Differentiation imbalance in single oesophageal progenitor cells causes clonal immortalization and field change. Nat Cell Biol 2014; 16:615-22. [PMID: 24814514 PMCID: PMC4085550 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Multiple cancers may arise from within a clonal region of preneoplastic epithelium, a phenomenon termed 'field change'. However, it is not known how field change develops. Here we investigate this question using lineage tracing to track the behaviour of scattered single oesophageal epithelial progenitor cells expressing a mutation that inhibits the Notch signalling pathway. Notch is frequently subject to inactivating mutation in squamous cancers. Quantitative analysis reveals that cell divisions that produce two differentiated daughters are absent from mutant progenitors. As a result, mutant clones are no longer lost by differentiation and become functionally immortal. Furthermore, mutant cells promote the differentiation of neighbouring wild-type cells, which are then lost from the tissue. These effects lead to clonal expansion, with mutant cells eventually replacing the entire epithelium. Notch inhibition in progenitors carrying p53 stabilizing mutations creates large confluent regions of doubly mutant epithelium. Field change is thus a consequence of imbalanced differentiation in individual progenitor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria P. Alcolea
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Philip Greulich
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Agnieszka Wabik
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Julia Frede
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Benjamin D. Simons
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
- The Wellcome Trust-Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Philip H. Jones
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Biswas AK, Mitchell DL, Johnson DG. E2F1 responds to ultraviolet radiation by directly stimulating DNA repair and suppressing carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 2014; 74:3369-77. [PMID: 24741006 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-3216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In response to DNA damage, the E2F1 transcription factor is phosphorylated at serine 31 (serine 29 in mouse) by the ATM or ATR kinases, which promotes E2F1 protein stabilization. Phosphorylation of E2F1 also leads to the recruitment of E2F1 to sites of DNA damage, where it functions to enhance DNA repair. To study the role of this E2F1 phosphorylation event in vivo, a knock-in mouse model was generated, in which serine 29 was mutated to alanine. The S29A mutation impairs E2F1 stabilization in response to ultraviolet (UV) radiation and doxorubicin treatment, but has little effect on the expression of E2F target genes. The apoptotic and proliferative responses to acute UV radiation exposure are also similar between wild-type and E2f1(S29A/) (S29A) mice. As expected, the S29A mutation prevents E2F1 association with damaged DNA and reduces DNA repair efficiency. Moreover, E2f1(S29A/) (S29A) mice display increased sensitivity to UV-induced skin carcinogenesis. This knock-in mouse model thus links the ability of E2F1 to directly promote DNA repair with the suppression of tumor development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anup Kumar Biswas
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park; and The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - David L Mitchell
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park; and The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TexasAuthors' Affiliations: Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park; and The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - David G Johnson
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park; and The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TexasAuthors' Affiliations: Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park; and The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Lineage tracing involves labeling cells to track their subsequent behavior within the normal tissue environment. The advent of genetic lineage tracing and cell proliferation assays, together with high resolution three-dimensional (3D) imaging and quantitative methods to infer cell behavior from lineage-tracing data, has transformed our understanding of murine epidermal stem and progenitor cells. Here, we review recent insights that reveal how a progenitor cell population maintains interfollicular epidermis, whereas stem cells, quiescent under homeostatic conditions, are mobilized in response to wounding. We discuss progress in understanding how the various stem cell populations of the hair follicle sustain this complex and highly dynamic structure, and recent analysis of stem cells in sweat and sebaceous glands. The extent to which insights from mouse studies can be applied to human epidermis is also considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria P Alcolea
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kong BH, Shin HD, Kim SH, Mok HS, Shim JK, Lee JH, Shin HJ, Huh YM, Kim EH, Park EK, Chang JH, Kim DS, Hong YK, Kim SH, Lee SJ, Kang SG. Increased in vivo angiogenic effect of glioma stromal mesenchymal stem-like cells on glioma cancer stem cells from patients with glioblastoma. Int J Oncol 2013; 42:1754-62. [PMID: 23483121 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.1856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of glioma stromal mesenchymal stem‑like cells (GS-MSLCs) in tumors from glioma patients has been previously reported. The mechanisms through which these cells function as a part of the glioma microenvironment, however, remain incompletely understood. We investigated the biological effects of GS-MSLCs on glioma cancer stem cells (gCSCs), testing the hypothesis that GS-MSLCs alter the biological characteristics of gCSCs. GS-MSLCs and gCSCs were isolated from different glioblastoma (GBM) specimens obtained from patients. In in vitro experiments, gCSCs were cultured alone or co-cultured with GS-MSLCs, and gCSCs cell counts were compared between the two groups. In addition, two groups of orthotopic GBM xenografts in mice were created, one using gCSCs from the monoculture group and one using gCSCs isolated from the co-culture group, and tumor volume and survival were analyzed. Furthermore, in vivo proliferation, apoptosis and vessel formation were examined using immunohistochemical analyses. In vitro cell counts for gCSCs co-cultured with GS-MSLCs increased 3-fold compared to gCSCs cultured alone. In orthotopic xenograft experiments, mice injected with gCSCs isolated from the co-culture group had significantly larger tumor volume, measured on day 40 after injection, and their survival times were shorter. Immunohistochemical analysis showed increased tumor expression of CD31, indicative of enhanced microvessel formation in mice injected with gCSCs co-cultured with GS-MSLCs compared to mice injected with gCSCs cultured alone. However, proliferation (PCNA) and apoptosis (TUNEL) markers showed no significant difference between the two groups. In conclusion, GS-MSLCs may influence the biological properties of gCSCs, shifting them towards a more aggressive status; moreover, increased angiogenesis may be a critical component of this mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byung Ho Kong
- Department of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
For tumours to develop, mutations must disrupt tissue homeostasis in favour of deregulated proliferation. Genetic lineage tracing has uncovered the behaviour of proliferating cells that underpins the maintenance of epithelial tissues and the barriers that are broken in neoplastic transformation. In this Review, we focus on new insights revealed by quantifying the behaviour of normal, preneoplastic and tumour cells in epithelia in transgenic mice and consider their potential importance in humans.
Collapse
|
39
|
Chernet B, Levin M. Endogenous Voltage Potentials and the Microenvironment: Bioelectric Signals that Reveal, Induce and Normalize Cancer. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL ONCOLOGY 2013; Suppl 1:S1-002. [PMID: 25525610 PMCID: PMC4267524 DOI: 10.4172/2324-9110.s1-002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cancer may be a disease of geometry: a misregulation of the field of information that orchestrates individual cells' activities towards normal anatomy. Recent work identified molecular mechanisms underlying a novel system of developmental control: bioelectric gradients. Endogenous spatio-temporal differences in resting potential of non-neural cells provide instructive cues for cell regulation and complex patterning during embryogenesis and regeneration. It is now appreciated that these cues are an important layer of the dysregulation of cell: cell interactions that leads to cancer. Abnormal depolarization of resting potential (Vmem) is a convenient marker for neoplasia and activates a metastatic phenotype in genetically-normal cells in vivo. Moreover, oncogene expression depolarizes cells that form tumor-like structures, but is unable to form tumors if this depolarization is artificially prevented by misexpression of hyperpolarizing ion channels. Vmem triggers metastatic behaviors at considerable distance, mediated by transcriptional and epigenetic effects of electrically-modulated flows of serotonin and butyrate. While in vivo data on voltages in carcinogenesis comes mainly from the amphibian model, unbiased genetic screens and network profiling in rodents and human tissues reveal several ion channel proteins as bona fide oncogene and promising targets for cancer drug development. However, we propose that a focus on specific channel genes is just the tip of the iceberg. Bioelectric state is determined by post-translational gating of ion channels, not only from genetically-specified complements of ion translocators. A better model is a statistical dynamics view of spatial Vmem gradients. Cancer may not originate at the single cell level, since gap junctional coupling results in multi-cellular physiological networks with multiple stable attractors in bioelectrical state space. New medical applications await a detailed understanding of the mechanisms by which organ target morphology stored in real-time patterns of ion flows is perceived or mis-perceived by cells. Mastery of somatic voltage gradients will lead to cancer normalization or rebooting strategies, such as those that occur in regenerating and embryonic organs, resulting in transformative advances in basic biology and oncology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Levin
- Corresponding author: Michael Levin, Department of Biology, Tufts Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, 200 Boston Ave., Suite 4600, Medford, MA 02155, USA, Tel: (617) 627-6161; Fax:(617) 627- 6121;
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Markó L, Paragh G, Ugocsai P, Boettcher A, Vogt T, Schling P, Balogh A, Tarabin V, Orsó E, Wikonkál N, Mandl J, Remenyik É, Schmitz G. Keratinocyte ATP binding cassette transporter expression is regulated by ultraviolet light. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2012; 116:79-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 06/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
41
|
|
42
|
Roshan A, Jones PH. Chronic low dose UV exposure and p53 mutation: tilting the odds in early epidermal preneoplasia? Int J Radiat Biol 2012; 88:682-7. [PMID: 22671441 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2012.699697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This review addresses how mutation of the TP53 gene (p53) and ultraviolet light alter the behavior of normal progenitor cells in early epidermal preneoplasia. CONCLUSIONS Cancer is thought to evolve from single mutant cells, which expand into clones and ultimately into tumors. While the mutations in malignant lesions have been studied intensively, less is known about the earliest stages of preneoplasia, and how environmental factors may contribute to drive expansion of mutant cell clones. Here we review the evidence that ultraviolet radiation not only creates new mutations but drives the exponential growth of the numerous p53 mutant clones found in chronically exposed epidermis. Published data is reconciled with a new paradigm of epidermal homeostasis which gives insights into the behavior of mutant cells. We also consider the reasons why so few mutant cells progress into tumors and discuss the implications of these findings for cancer prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Roshan
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Eckert RL, Adhikary G, Balasubramanian S, Rorke EA, Vemuri MC, Boucher SE, Bickenbach JR, Kerr C. Biochemistry of epidermal stem cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1830:2427-34. [PMID: 22820019 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epidermis is an important protective barrier that is essential for maintenance of life. Maintaining this barrier requires continuous cell proliferation and differentiation. Moreover, these processes must be balanced to produce a normal epidermis. The stem cells of the epidermis reside in specific locations in the basal epidermis, hair follicle and sebaceous glands and these cells are responsible for replenishment of this tissue. SCOPE OF REVIEW A great deal of effort has gone into identifying protein epitopes that mark stem cells, in identifying stem cell niche locations, and in understanding how stem cell populations are related. We discuss these studies as they apply to understanding normal epidermal homeostasis and skin cancer. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS An assortment of stem cell markers have been identified that permit assignment of stem cells to specific regions of the epidermis, and progress has been made in understanding the role of these cells in normal epidermal homeostasis and in conditions of tissue stress. A key finding is the multiple stem cell populations exist in epidermis that give rise to different structures, and that multiple stem cell types may contribute to repair in damaged epidermis. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Understanding epidermal stem cell biology is likely to lead to important therapies for treating skin diseases and cancer, and will also contribute to our understanding of stem cells in other systems. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Biochemistry of Stem Cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Eckert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Thieu K, Ruiz ME, Owens DM. Cells of origin and tumor-initiating cells for nonmelanoma skin cancers. Cancer Lett 2012; 338:82-8. [PMID: 22579650 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The epidermis of the skin is a multilayered stratified epithelium whose primary function is to provide a barrier against our external environment. As a result, cells in the epidermis are subject to constant assault from environmental pathogens, many of which can cause deleterious mutations. However, most of these mutations do not lead to skin cancer. One explanation is that most genetic hits are sustained by mature or transit cells with limited proliferative capacity and only stem cells that acquire genetic alterations have the potential to propagate a frank tumor. In this mini-review we will discuss recent studies that provide some of the first genetic evidence to support a stem cell origin for a number of skin cancer types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khanh Thieu
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Boehnke K, Falkowska-Hansen B, Stark HJ, Boukamp P. Stem cells of the human epidermis and their niche: composition and function in epidermal regeneration and carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:1247-58. [PMID: 22461521 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin, as the largest organ, has long been subject of excellent and pioneering studies on stem cells and their role in tissue regulation and tumor formation. In particular, intensive research on mouse skin, and here especially the hair follicle, has largely extended our knowledge. Surprisingly, human skin, although the most easily accessible tissue in man, is far less conceived with regard to its stem cells and their specific environment (the niche). In consequence, these features are as yet only insufficiently defined and it still has to be elucidated how insights in cutaneous stem cell biology gained in mice can be extrapolated to humans. In the last few years, human model systems such as humanized mice or in vitro organotypic cultures that support maintenance or reconstruction of human skin and long-term epidermal regeneration have been developed. These models allow lineage tracing experiments and can be modified by adopting genetically manipulated cell types. Accordingly, they represent proper tools for human stem cell research and will clearly help to improve our still incomplete understanding. Like normal skin, the non-melanoma skin cancers and their respective tumors have gained considerable interest in basic as well as in clinical research. Being the most frequent human tumors globally, basal cell carcinomas and cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) continue to increase in incidence and specifically SCCs predominate in immunosuppressed transplant recipients. This review intends to compile the present knowledge on keratinocyte stem cells and their niches in normal skin and skin carcinomas with a special focus on the human situation. In particular, the role of the microenvironment, the niche, is emphasized, promoting our view of the decisive importance of the niche as a key regulatory element for controlling position, fate and regenerative potential of the stem cell population both in healthy skin and in carcinomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Boehnke
- Division of Genetics of Skin Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Heitzer E, Seidl H, Bambach I, Schmidbauer U, Cerroni L, Wolf P. Infrequent p53 gene mutation but UV gradient-like p53 protein positivity in keloids. Exp Dermatol 2012; 21:277-80. [PMID: 22417303 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2012.01450.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Keloids are characterized by extreme fibroblastic overgrowth of unknown pathogenesis after skin injury. Previous studies, mostly in non-Caucasian populations, suggest that p53 mutations may be involved. To substantiate this, we performed DNA sequence analysis of exons 4-8 of the p53 gene and immunohistochemical staining of p53 protein in archived keloidal tissue samples from 23 Caucasian patients. In contrast to previous reports, we found mutated p53 in keloidal tissue in a minority of cases (2/23; 12%). The G allele frequency and C allele frequency at the p53 polymorphic codon 72 were 0.72 (33/46) and 0.28 (13/46), respectively, in our study, a finding that was similar to the 0.77 (184/240) vs. 0.23 (56/240) (P = 0.4580; chi-squared test) observed in the Hap Map data of a European population but statistically significantly different from the 0.43 (547/1258) vs. 0.57 (711/1258) (P = 0.0002; chi-squared test) observed in the 1000 Genome project [Database of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (dbSNP). Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine. dbSNP accession:rs1042522, (dbSNP Build ID: 132). Available from: (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/SNP/] a difference most likely due to the different genetic background of the populations enrolled. However, one-third of the keloidal samples showed lesional nuclear p53 staining with a UV penetration gradient-like positivity (P ≤ 0.0084). Staining with an anti-cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer antibody revealed the total absence of short-term photoproducts in the epidermis as well as keloidal tissue. Furthermore, all fibroblasts expressing p53 stained negative for Ki-67, indicating that these cells were in a quiescent stage and p53 upregulation did not contribute to keloidal proliferation. We conclude that p53 plays no major role in the pathogenesis of keloids in the Caucasian population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Heitzer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Radiation-induced carcinogenesis: mechanistically based differences between gamma-rays and neutrons, and interactions with DMBA. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28559. [PMID: 22194850 PMCID: PMC3237439 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Different types of ionizing radiation produce different dependences of cancer risk on radiation dose/dose rate. Sparsely ionizing radiation (e.g. γ-rays) generally produces linear or upwardly curving dose responses at low doses, and the risk decreases when the dose rate is reduced (direct dose rate effect). Densely ionizing radiation (e.g. neutrons) often produces downwardly curving dose responses, where the risk initially grows with dose, but eventually stabilizes or decreases. When the dose rate is reduced, the risk increases (inverse dose rate effect). These qualitative differences suggest qualitative differences in carcinogenesis mechanisms. We hypothesize that the dominant mechanism for induction of many solid cancers by sparsely ionizing radiation is initiation of stem cells to a pre-malignant state, but for densely ionizing radiation the dominant mechanism is radiation-bystander-effect mediated promotion of already pre-malignant cell clone growth. Here we present a mathematical model based on these assumptions and test it using data on the incidence of dysplastic growths and tumors in the mammary glands of mice exposed to high or low dose rates of γ-rays and neutrons, either with or without pre-treatment with the chemical carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz-alpha-anthracene (DMBA). The model provides a mechanistic and quantitative explanation which is consistent with the data and may provide useful insight into human carcinogenesis.
Collapse
|
48
|
Lewis J, Filler R, Smith DA, Golubets K, Girardi M. The contribution of Langerhans cells to cutaneous malignancy. Trends Immunol 2010; 31:460-6. [PMID: 21071271 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2010] [Revised: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The skin is at the forefront of environmental exposures, such as ultraviolet radiation and a myriad of chemicals, and is at risk for malignant transformation. The skin is a highly responsive immunological organ that contains a unique population of immature intraepidermal dendritic cells (DCs) called Langerhans cells (LCs). Although LCs show morphological and migratory changes in response to epidermal perturbation, and can function as antigen-presenting cells to activate T cells, their role in carcinogenesis is unknown. Here we review recent studies that have provided clues to the potential roles that LCs might play in the pathogenesis of skin cancer, beyond their stimulation or regulation of adaptive immunity. Understanding this role of LCs might provide new perspectives on the relevance of DC populations that are resident within other epithelial tissues for cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Lewis
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Sun-induced nonsynonymous p53 mutations are extensively accumulated and tolerated in normal appearing human skin. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 131:504-8. [PMID: 20944651 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Here we demonstrate that intermittently sun-exposed human skin contains an extensive number of phenotypically intact cell compartments bearing missense and nonsense mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene. Deep sequencing of sun-exposed and shielded microdissected skin from mid-life individuals revealed that persistent p53 mutations had accumulated in 14% of all epidermal cells, with no apparent signs of a growth advantage of the affected cell compartments. Furthermore, 6% of the mutated epidermal cells encoded a truncated protein. The abundance of these events, not taking into account intron mutations and mutations in other genes that also may have functional implications, suggests an extensive tolerance of human cells to severe genetic alterations caused by UV light, with an estimated annual rate of accumulation of ∼35,000 new persistent protein-altering p53 mutations in sun-exposed skin of a human individual.
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Skin and its appendages provide a protective barrier against the assaults of the environment. To perform its role, epidermis undergoes an ongoing renewal through a balance of proliferation and differentiation/apoptosis called homeostasis. Keratinocyte stem cells reside in a special microenvironment called niche in basal epidermis, adult hair follicle, and sebaceous glands. While a definite marker has yet to be detected, data raised part in humans and part in the mouse system point to a critical role of stem and its progeny transit amplifying cells in epidermal homeostasis. Stem cells are protected from apoptosis and are long resident in adult epidermis. This renders them more prone to be the origin of skin cancer. In this review, we will outline the main features of adult stem cells in mouse and humans and discuss their fate in relation to differentiation, apoptosis, and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Pincelli
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Biology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnologies, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|