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Lawrence JG, Retchless AC. The interplay of homologous recombination and horizontal gene transfer in bacterial speciation. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 532:29-53. [PMID: 19271178 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-853-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria experience recombination in two ways. In the context of the Biological Species concept, allelic exchange purges genic variability within bacterial populations as gene exchange mediates selective sweeps. In contrast, horizontal gene transfer (HGT) increases the size of the population's pan-genome by providing an influx of novel genetic material. Here we discuss the interplay of these two processes, with an emphasis on how they allow for the maintenance of genotypically cohesive bacterial populations, yet allow for the separation of these populations upon bacterial speciation. In populations that maintain genotypic similarity by frequent allelic exchange, horizontally transferred genes may initiate ecological barriers to genetic exchange. The resulting recombination interference allows for the accumulation of neutral mutations and, consequently, the imposition of a pre-mating barrier to gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey G Lawrence
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Bloch CA, Rode CK. Pathogenicity island evaluation in Escherichia coli K1 by crossing with laboratory strain K-12. Infect Immun 1996; 64:3218-23. [PMID: 8757856 PMCID: PMC174210 DOI: 10.1128/iai.64.8.3218-3223.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In bacterial pathogens, strain-specific chromosomal segments often contain genes encoding strain-specific traits, and because these genes often appear to be dedicated to pathogenic interactions with eucaryotic hosts, the segments containing them may be considered so-called pathogenicity islands (G. Blum, M. Ott, A. Lischewski, A. Ritter, H. Imrich, H. Tschape, and J. Hacker, Infect. Immun. 62:606-614, 1994). We evaluated the contribution to pathogenesis of a recently identified strain-specific chromosomal segment from an Escherichia coli K1 mammalian-newborn sepsis strain: transfer of E. coli K-12 DNA sequences near 64 min, by P1 transduction, into K1 strain RS218 resulted in an RS218-K-12 chimera that (i) contained a shortened NotIotl restriction fragment (relative to wild-type RS218) encompassing the 64-min region; (ii) lacked invasiveness in newborn rats; and (iii) grew in vitro, in both rich and minimal laboratory media, indistinguishably from strain RS218. In addition, genomic DNA from the chimera failed to hybridize with sequences of the K1 capsule genes from strain RS218, suggesting that the chromosomal segment near 64 min which was lost contained these sequences and indeed contained K1-specific virulence genes. Transfer of K-12 sequences resulting in deletion of E. coli pathogen-specific chromosomal segments may afford a general method of detecting genes encoding virulence and/or other distinguishing traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Bloch
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-0656, USA
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Bloch CA, Rode CK, Obreque V, Russell KY. Comparative genome mapping with mobile physical map landmarks. J Bacteriol 1994; 176:7121-5. [PMID: 7961483 PMCID: PMC197093 DOI: 10.1128/jb.176.22.7121-7125.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe a method for comparative macrorestriction mapping of the chromosomes of Escherichia coli strains. In this method, a series of physically tagged E. coli K-12 alleles serve as mobile landmarks for mapping DNAs from other strains. This technique revealed evidence of strain-specific chromosomal additions or deletions in a pathogenic isolate and can be applied to most strains, yielding information on genealogy as well as virulence. In theory, the same strategy can be used to map and compare genomic DNAs from a wide variety of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Bloch
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109
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Abstract
In Escherichia coli K-12, the ilvHI locus codes for one of two acetohydroxy acid synthase isoenzymes. A region of the Salmonella typhimurium genome adjacent to the leucine operon was cloned on plasmid pBR322, yielding plasmids pCV47 and pCV49 (a shortened version of pCV47). This region contains DNA homologous to the E. coli ilvHI locus, as judged by hybridization experiments. Plasmid pCV47 did not confer isoleucine-valine prototrophy upon either E. coli or S. typhimurium strains lacking acetohydroxy acid synthase activity, suggesting that S. typhimurium lacks a functional ilvHI locus. However, isoleucine-valine prototrophs were readily isolated from such strains after mutagenesis with nitrosoguanidine. In one case we found that the Ilv+ phenotype resulted from an alteration in bacterial DNA on the plasmid (new plasmid designated pCV50). Furthermore, a new acetohydroxy acid synthase activity was observed in Ilv+ revertants; this enzyme was similar to E. coli acetohydroxy acid synthase III in its lack of activity at low pH. This new activity was correlated with the appearance in minicells of a new polypeptide having an approximate molecular weight of 61,000. Strains carrying either pCV49 or pCV50 produced a substantial amount of ilvHI-specific mRNA. These results, together with results from other laboratories, suggest that S. typhimurium has functional ilvB and ilvG genes and a cryptic ilvHI locus. E. coli K-12, on the other hand, has functional ilvB and ilvHI genes and a cryptic ilvG locus.
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Abstract
The evolution of ribosomal proteins of about 70 bacterial strains belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae has been studied by use of previously reported data (S. Osawa, T. Itoh, and E. Otaka, J. Bacteriol. 107:168-178, 1971) and those obtained in this paper. The proximity of the bacteria was quantified by co-chromatographing the differentially labeled ribosomal proteins from two strains on a column of carboxymethyl cellulose in various combinations. The were then classified into 12 groups (=species?) according to their ribosomal protein compositions and were placed in a phylogenic tree.
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Hedén LO, Meynell E. Comparative study of R1-specific chromosomal transfer in Escherichia coli K-12 and salmonella typhimurium LT2. J Bacteriol 1976; 127:51-8. [PMID: 776939 PMCID: PMC233032 DOI: 10.1128/jb.127.1.51-58.1976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
High-frequency transfer of the chromosomal trp region by R1 observed in Escherichia coli (Pearce and Meynell, 1968) also occurs in Salmonella typhimurium. The reaction is recA independent in both species. The origin of transfer lies within a segment of the chromosome that is inverted in S. typhimurium relative to E. coli, and thus transfer occurs in a different direction in the two species. The character of R1 that is responsible, known as Tfa+, may be lost without affecting other properties of the R factor such as its own transfer.
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Jones-Mortimer MC. Mapping of structural genes for the enzymes of cysteine biosynthesis in Escherichia coli K12 and Salmonella typhimurium LT2. Heredity (Edinb) 1973; 31:213-21. [PMID: 4590687 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.1973.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Blatt JM, Umbarger HE. On the role of isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase in multivalent repression. Biochem Genet 1972; 6:99-118. [PMID: 4581142 DOI: 10.1007/bf00486395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Abstract
Escherichia coli leu(+) episomes were transferred to Salmonella typhimurium. The levels of two leucine-forming enzymes were normal (low) in the resulting merodiploids, suggesting that the putative Samonella leucine repressor recognizes the Escherichia leucine operator.
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Hedges RW. Transduction mechanisms of bacteriophage epsilon 15. I. General properties of the system. Genet Res (Camb) 1971; 18:9-19. [PMID: 5211366 DOI: 10.1017/s0016672300012362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYBacteriophageεγis capable of transduction both by replacement of a genetic segment of the recipient by the homologous genetic material from the donor strain and by the formation of defective transducing particles capable of lysogenizing the recipient strain ofS. anatum.The isolation of strains carrying such prophages, which have incorporated the lactose or arabinose operons, is reported. Lysogenic strains, carrying both normal and defective transducing prophage, form high-frequency transducing lysates. Other strains, carrying only defective prophage, show evidence that the association of prophage genes and transduced materials is stable since the loss of one frequently entails loss of the other.
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Armstrong FB, Glatzer L, Atkins CG. Recombination involving the ilv cluster of Salmonella typhimurium-Salmonella montevideo hybrids. Genetics 1971; 68:185-93. [PMID: 4938726 PMCID: PMC1212648 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/68.2.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Salmonella hybrids containing genic material of multiple origins. Genet Res (Camb) 1971; 17:133-8. [PMID: 4937835 DOI: 10.1017/s001667230001212x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYBacterial hybrids were produced to contain genetic material ofSalmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, S. montevideoandS. abonyorigins. Analyses by transduction provide evidence that 6% of the originaltyphimuriumgenome has been replaced in the production of these hybrids. Although a number of biosynthetic pathways are affected by this gene substitution, the growth rate of these hybrids in minimal medium is unchanged. Supporting evidence for the close relatedness betweenS. typhimuriumand the other three species is not observed in recombination studies. Available results favour the concept that differences in base sequences are responsible for the low frequency of recombination obtained in heterologous crosses.
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O'Neil DM, Sypherd PS. Cotransduction of strA and ribosomal protein cistrons in Escherichia coli-Salmonella typhimurium hybrids. J Bacteriol 1971; 105:947-56. [PMID: 4929285 PMCID: PMC248523 DOI: 10.1128/jb.105.3.947-956.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic mapping of ribosomal protein cistrons of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli was performed by phage P1 mediated, generalized transduction. From an E. coli hybrid strain which carried a S. typhimuirum F' factor, an E. coli strain was constructed which had integrated S. typhimurium genetic material including the region of the strA locus. Salmonella genetic material from this hybrid was transduced into E. coli recipients. The ribosomal protein electrophoretic patterns of these hybrid transductants were correlated with the presence of markers contributed by each parent. The results of these studies indicate that cistrons for at least three characteristic S. typhimurium and two E. coli 30S ribosomal proteins are closely linked to the strA locus on the genetic maps of both organisms. At least one cistron coding for a 50S ribosomal protein is also closely linked to this locus on both maps. These findings support the concept that cistrons coding for the ribosomal proteins are clustered in one area of the genome. Mutations to spectinomycin and streptomycin resistance are closely linked in S. typhimurium and are located at strA.
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Sanderson KE. Genetics of the Enterobacteriaceae. A. Genetic homology in the Enterobacteriaceae. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 1971; 16:35-51. [PMID: 4947111 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2660(08)60353-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Goldschmidt EP, Cater MS, Matney TS, Butler MA, Greene A. Genetic analysis of the histidine operon in Escherichia coli K12. Genetics 1970; 66:219-29. [PMID: 4934197 PMCID: PMC1212490 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/66.2.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Enomoto M, Yamaguchi S. Different frequencies of cotransduction of motC and H1 in Salmonella. Genet Res (Camb) 1969; 14:45-52. [PMID: 5364957 DOI: 10.1017/s001667230000183x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The frequency of cotransduction ofmotCandH1in Salmonella has been investigated, using four Salmonella serotypes and many serotypic recombinants as donors andS. typhimurium motCmutant as recipient. The frequency varied with the four serotypes from 7% to 52%. It is suggested that the difference in frequency arises from not only differences in genetic homology between the chromosome of the recipient and the fragment from the donor, but also from differences in genetic composition of the chromosome fragments carried by the phage. The frequency of serotypic recombinants selected formotC+andH1gene of the donor is generally higher than with recombinants selected forflaK+andH1. The difference in genetic homology betweenS. typhimuriumand other species is more marked in the region betweenH1audflaKthan betweenmotCandH1.
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Jones-Mortimer MC. Positive control of sulphate reduction in Escherichia coli. Isolation, characterization and mapping oc cysteineless mutants of E. coli K12. Biochem J 1968; 110:589-95. [PMID: 4882981 PMCID: PMC1187390 DOI: 10.1042/bj1100589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
To determine to what extent the biosynthesis of cysteine in Escherichia coli resembles that in Salmonella typhimurium, the following experiments were performed. (1) Mutants of E. coli K 12 deficient in the biosynthesis of cysteine were isolated. (2) These mutants were classified by nutritional and biochemical criteria; some mutants lacked a single enzyme of sulphate reduction, other mutants appeared to lack two or more enzymes. (3) The genetic map predicted from the biochemical data alone is shown to be incorrect, and an alternative map, consistent with the genetic data, is proposed for the cys mutants of E. coli.
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Ino I, Demerec M. Enteric hybrids. II. S. typhimurium-E. coli hybrids for the trp-cysB-pyrF region. Genetics 1968; 59:167-76. [PMID: 4883171 PMCID: PMC1211939 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/59.2.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Bowman JE, Brubaker RR, Frischer H, Carson PE. Characterization of enterobacteria by starch-gel electrophoresis of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. J Bacteriol 1967; 94:544-51. [PMID: 5340676 PMCID: PMC251920 DOI: 10.1128/jb.94.3.544-551.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Specific activities and electrophoretic mobilities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphogluconate dehydrogenase were determined in 38 isolates of the family Enterobacteriaceae and in 10 isolates of the related Pasteurella. The deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in P. pestis was verified. Enzymes obtained from different strains of the same species exhibited an unexpected degree of heterogeneity. For example, 8 and 11 apparent variants of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, respectively, were found in 14 strains of Escherichia coli. Although similar frequencies of heterogeneity were noted in 7 strains of P. pseudotuberculosis, 5 species of Shigella, and 8 species of Salmonella, differences in mobility were generally small in comparison with those observed between strains of E. coli. Values obtained for the pasteurellae, shigellae, and salmonellae, thus fell within narrow ranges that may prove typical for the genera. However, most of these ranges, as well as many values observed for single species of other genera, were overlapped by the wide range recorded for E. coli. The significance of this observation was discussed with respect to the relative age and taxonomic position of the organisms in question. The method could be used to distinguish between most wild-type strains of the same species and should thus facilitate investigations of genetic transfer and epidemiology.
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Zamenhof S. Nucleic Acid and Mutability. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1967. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60523-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
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Somerville RL. Tryptophan operon of Escherichia coli: regulatory behavior in Salmonella typhimurium cytoplasm. Science 1966; 154:1585-7. [PMID: 5332550 DOI: 10.1126/science.154.3756.1585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Hybrids hemizygous for the tryptophan genes were prepared by episomal transfer of an Escherichia coli element into Salmonella typhimurium. Regulation of enzyme production by hybrids carrying wild-type E. coli genes in response to changes in the growth medium occurs in precisely the same manner as in haploid E. coli wild type. Mutant alleles of the anthranilate synhetase gene of E. coli which prevent derepression in E. coli function identically in S. typhimurium. At least one Salmonella tryptophan regulatory gene unlinked to the structural genes is known. Any dijferences which may exist between the tryptophan regulatory genes of E. coli and Salmonella have little effect on the regulation of enzyme formation in hybrids.
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Eckhart W. Replication of secondary bacteriophage genomes in heterologous and homologous superinfections. J Mol Biol 1966; 18:292-307. [PMID: 5338756 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(66)80247-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Creighton TE, Helinski DR, Somerville RL, Yanofsky C. Comparison of the tryptophan synthetase alpha-subunits of several species of Enterobacteriaceae. J Bacteriol 1966; 91:1819-26. [PMID: 5327908 PMCID: PMC316128 DOI: 10.1128/jb.91.5.1819-1826.1966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Creighton, T. E. (Stanford University, Stanford), D. R. Helinski, R. L. Somerville, and C. Yanofsky. Comparison of the tryptophan synthetase alpha subunits of several species of Enterobacteriaceae. J. Bacteriol. 91:1819-1826. 1966.-The tryptophan synthetase alpha subunits of Escherichia coli K-12, E. coli B, Shigella dysenteriae, Salmonella typhimurium, and Aerobacter aerogenes have been purified and their structures compared. Each of these alpha subunits exhibits a sedimentation coefficient of about 2.7S. Peptide patterns of trypsin plus chymotrypsin digests of the alpha subunits have indicated that all of the alpha subunits have peptide regions in common. The patterns of E. coli K-12, E. coli B, and S. dysenteriae alpha subunits appear to be nearly identical, whereas the alpha subunits from S. typhimurium and A. aerogenes differ from those of E. coli and from each other. It has also been shown that the E. coli structural gene for the alpha subunit is translated identically in E. coli and S. typhimurium.
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Eisenstark A. Transduction of Escherichia coli genetic material by Phage P22 in Salmonella typhimurium x E. coli hybrids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1965; 54:1557-60. [PMID: 5326380 PMCID: PMC300513 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.54.6.1557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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Eisenstark A. Mutagen-induced hybridization of Salmonella typhimurium LT2 X Escherichia coli K12 Hfr. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1965; 54:117-20. [PMID: 5323014 PMCID: PMC285806 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.54.1.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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