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Cutarelli A, De Falco F, Serpe F, Izzo S, Fusco G, Catoi C, Roperto S. Ultrasensitive detection and quantification of bovine Deltapapillomavirus in the semen of healthy horses. Sci Rep 2025; 15:769. [PMID: 39755719 PMCID: PMC11700219 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-81682-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2024] [Accepted: 11/28/2024] [Indexed: 01/06/2025] Open
Abstract
BPV1, BPV2, BPV13, and BPV14 are all genotypes of bovine delta papillomaviruses (δPV), of which the first three cause infections in horses and are associated with equine sarcoids. However, BPV14 infection has never been reported in equine species. In this study, we examined 58 fresh and thawed commercial semen samples from healthy stallions. In 34 (58.6%), bovine δPV DNA was detected and quantified using droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR). Real time quantitative PCR (qPCR) was able to identify bovine δPV DNA in 5 samples (8.6%). Of the BPV-infected semen samples, 15 were positive for BPV2 (~ 44.1%) on ddPCR and 4 (~ 11.7%) on qPCR; 12 (~ 35.3%) for BPV14 on ddPCR and 1 (~ 3%) by qPCR; 4 (~ 11.7%) for BPV1 on ddPCR, whereas qPCR failed to reveal this infection; 3 (~ 8.8%) for BPV13 on ddPCR; and BPV13 infection was not detected by qPCR. Our study showed for the first time that BPV14 is an additional infectious agent potentially responsible for infection in horses, as its transcripts were detected and quantified in some semen samples. Large-scale BPV14 screening is necessary to provide substantial data on the molecular epidemiology for a better understanding of the geographical divergence of BPV14 prevalence in different areas and how widespread BPV14 is among equids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cutarelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca De Falco
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e delle Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Area Science Park, Campus di Baronissi, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Francesco Serpe
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Izzo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e delle Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Fusco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Cornel Catoi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Sante Roperto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e delle Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy.
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Ogłuszka M, Starzyński RR, Pierzchała M, Otrocka-Domagała I, Raś A. Equine Sarcoids-Causes, Molecular Changes, and Clinicopathologic Features: A Review. Vet Pathol 2021; 58:472-482. [PMID: 33461443 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820985114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Equine sarcoid is the most common skin tumor of horses. Clinically, it occurs as a locally invasive, fibroblastic, wart-like lesion of equine skin, which has 6 clinical classes: occult, verrucose, nodular, fibroblastic, mixed, and malignant. Sarcoids may be single but multiple lesions are more frequent. The typical histological feature is increased density of dermal fibroblasts which form interlacing bundles and whorls within the dermis. Lesions are mostly persistent, resist therapy, and tend to recur following treatment. In general, sarcoids are not fatal but their location, size, and progression to the more aggressive form may lead to the withdrawal of a horse from use and serious infringement of their welfare leading to the loss of valuable animals. Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) type 1 and less commonly type 2 contribute to the development of equine sarcoid. The viral genome and proteins are detected in a high percentage of cases. Furthermore, viral oncoprotein activity leads to changes in the fibroblastic tissue similar to changes seen in other types of tumors. Equine sarcoids are characterized by a loss of tumor suppressor activity and changes allowing abnormal formation of the affected tissue, as well as y immune defense abnormalities that weaken the host's immune response. This impaired immune response to BPV infection appears to be crucial for the development of lesions that do not spontaneously regress, as occurs in BPV-infected cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Ogłuszka
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the 49559Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Rafał Radosław Starzyński
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the 49559Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Mariusz Pierzchała
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the 49559Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | | | - Andrzej Raś
- 49674University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
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Optimization of human papillomavirus-based pseudovirus techniques for efficient gene transfer. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15517. [PMID: 32968082 PMCID: PMC7511366 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72027-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) L1 and L2 capsid proteins self-assemble into virions capable of efficiently packaging either its 8 kilobase genome or non-viral DNA. The ability of HPV capsids to package non-viral DNA makes these a useful tool for delivering plasmids to study proteins of interest in a variety of cell types. We describe optimization of current methods and present new protocols for using HPV capsids to deliver non-viral DNA thereby providing an alternative to DNA transfection. Using keratinocyte generated extracellular matrices can enhance infection efficiency in keratinocytes, hepatocytes and neuronal cells. Furthermore, we describe a suspension-based efficient technique for infecting different cell types.
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Araldi RP, Assaf SMR, Carvalho RFD, Carvalho MACRD, Souza JMD, Magnelli RF, Módolo DG, Roperto FP, Stocco RDC, Beçak W. Papillomaviruses: a systematic review. Genet Mol Biol 2017; 40:1-21. [PMID: 28212457 PMCID: PMC5409773 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2016-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, a group of viruses has received great attention due to its
relationship with cancer development and its wide distribution throughout the
vertebrates: the papillomaviruses. In this article, we aim to review some of the most
relevant reports concerning the use of bovines as an experimental model for studies
related to papillomaviruses. Moreover, the obtained data contributes to the
development of strategies against the clinical consequences of bovine
papillomaviruses (BPV) that have led to drastic hazards to the herds. To overcome the
problem, the vaccines that we have been developing involve recombinant DNA
technology, aiming at prophylactic and therapeutic procedures. It is important to
point out that these strategies can be used as models for innovative procedures
against HPV, as this virus is the main causal agent of cervical cancer, the second
most fatal cancer in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Pinheiro Araldi
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Jacqueline Mazzuchelli de Souza
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberta Fiusa Magnelli
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Franco Peppino Roperto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Campania, Italy
| | | | - Willy Beçak
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Papillomavirus associated diseases of the horse. Vet Microbiol 2013; 167:159-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Abstract
Equine sarcoids are locally aggressive fibroblastic neoplasms considered to be the most common skin tumors of horses worldwide. Bovine papillomavirus types 1 and 2 have typically been associated with sarcoids in equids. Investigations aiming to identify papillomavirus strains, aside from bovine papillomaviruses 1 and 2, which might be associated with sarcoid lesions, have been lacking. The aim of this article is to report the identification of a third bovine papillomavirus type, bovine papillomavirus 13, associated with equine sarcoids. Six sarcoid lesions were collected from diverse anatomical sites on two horses from southern Brazil. To detect a broad spectrum of papillomavirus strains, eight degenerate primer pairs designed to detect conserved regions on the L1 and E1 genes were tested on the DNA samples. Direct sequencing was then performed on the obtained amplicons, and sequence identities were compared with sequences from all bovine papillomavirus types. The FAP59/FAP64, MY09/MY11, and AR-E1F2/AR-E1R4 sequences generated from the sarcoids were shown to present 99 to 100% identity with bovine papillomavirus 13, a new bovine papillomavirus type previously described in cattle. The results from this study suggest that there is a need to identify bovine papillomavirus type 13 and other papillomavirus strains that might be associated with sarcoids in diverse geographical areas; such investigations might establish the frequency of occurrence of this viral type in these common tumors of equids.
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Hartl B, Hainisch EK, Shafti-Keramat S, Kirnbauer R, Corteggio A, Borzacchiello G, Tober R, Kainzbauer C, Pratscher B, Brandt S. Inoculation of young horses with bovine papillomavirus type 1 virions leads to early infection of PBMCs prior to pseudo-sarcoid formation. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:2437-2445. [PMID: 21715602 PMCID: PMC5034893 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.033670-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine papillomavirus types 1 and 2 (BPV-1 and BPV-2) are known to induce common equine skin tumours, termed sarcoids. Recently, it was demonstrated that vaccination with BPV-1 virus-like particles (VLPs) is safe and highly immunogenic in horses. To establish a BPV-1 challenge model for evaluation of the protective potential of BPV-1 VLPs, four foals were injected intradermally with infectious BPV-1 virions and with viral genome-based and control inocula, and monitored daily for tumour development. Blood was taken before inoculation and at weekly intervals. BPV-1-specific serum antibodies were detected by a pseudo-virion neutralization assay. Total nucleic acids extracted from tumours, intact skin and PBMCs were tested for the presence of BPV-1 DNA and mRNA using PCR and RT-PCR, respectively. Intralesional E5 oncoprotein expression was determined by immunofluorescence. Pseudo-sarcoids developed exclusively at sites inoculated with virions. Tumours became palpable 11-32 days after virion challenge, reached a size of ≤20 mm in diameter and then resolved in ≤6 months. No neutralizing anti-BPV-1 serum antibodies were detectable pre- or post-challenge. BPV-1 DNA was present in lesions but not in intact skin. In PBMCs, viral DNA was already detectable before lesions were first palpable, in concentrations correlating directly with tumour growth kinetics. PBMCs from two of two foals also harboured E5 mRNA. Immunofluorescence revealed the presence of the E5 protein in tumour fibroblasts, but not in the apparently normal epidermis overlying the lesions. Together with previous findings obtained in horses and cows, these data suggest that papillomavirus infection may include a viraemic phase.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Bovine papillomavirus 1/pathogenicity
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- DNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Disease Models, Animal
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Direct
- Horses
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/virology
- Neutralization Tests
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/biosynthesis
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/isolation & purification
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sarcoidosis/pathology
- Sarcoidosis/virology
- Skin/pathology
- Skin/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Hartl
- Division of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Equine Clinic, Veterinary University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Division of Large Animal Surgery and Orthopaedics, Equine Clinic, Veterinary University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Edmund K. Hainisch
- Division of Large Animal Surgery and Orthopaedics, Equine Clinic, Veterinary University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Saeed Shafti-Keramat
- Laboratory of Viral Oncology, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Disease, Department of Dermatology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Kirnbauer
- Laboratory of Viral Oncology, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Disease, Department of Dermatology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Annunziata Corteggio
- Department of Pathology and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Borzacchiello
- Department of Pathology and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Reinhard Tober
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Social Medicine, Division of Virology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christina Kainzbauer
- Division of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Equine Clinic, Veterinary University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Division of Large Animal Surgery and Orthopaedics, Equine Clinic, Veterinary University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Pratscher
- Division of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Equine Clinic, Veterinary University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Division of Large Animal Surgery and Orthopaedics, Equine Clinic, Veterinary University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Brandt
- Division of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Equine Clinic, Veterinary University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Division of Large Animal Surgery and Orthopaedics, Equine Clinic, Veterinary University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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McConaghy FF, Davis RE, Reppas GP, Rawlinson R J, McClintock SA, Hutchins DR, Hodgson DR. Management of equine sarcoids: 1975–93. N Z Vet J 2011; 42:180-4. [PMID: 16031776 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.1994.35816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Treatment options for equine sarcoids are briefly reviewed and the results of a retrospective study of 63 cases of equine sarcoid (66 lesions) treated by clinicians from the Rural Veterinary Centre, Camden, Australia from 1975 to 1993 presented. Five different treatments were employed in the management of these 66 lesions, including surgical excision alone or in combination with cryotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy and tumour transfer to a subcutaneous site on the neck. The majority of cases were treated with surgical excision alone (18/66), excision followed by cryotherapy (31/66) and immunotherapy (16/66), with success rates of 28%, 42% and 81% respectively. Success was defined as no sign of recurrence of the lesion at the time of follow-up, at least 6 months later.
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Affiliation(s)
- F F McConaghy
- Rural Veterinary Centre, Department of Animal Health, University of Sydney, Werombi Rd, Camden, New South Wales, Australia, 2570
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Abstract
The mechanism by which papillomaviruses breach cellular membranes to deliver their genomic cargo to the nucleus is poorly understood. Here, we show that infection by a broad range of papillomavirus types requires the intramembrane protease γ secretase. The γ-secretase inhibitor (S,S)-2-[2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-acetylamino]-N-(1-methyl-2-oxo-5-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-3-yl)-propionamide (compound XXI) inhibits infection in vitro by all types of papillomavirus pseudovirions tested, with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) of 130 to 1,000 pM, regardless of reporter construct and without impacting cellular viability. Conversely, XXI does not inhibit in vitro infection by adenovirus or pseudovirions derived from the BK or Merkel cell polyomaviruses. Vaginal application of XXI prevents infection of the mouse genital tract by human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) pseudovirions. Nicastrin and presenilin-1 are essential components of the γ-secretase complex, and mouse embryo fibroblasts deficient in any one of these components were not infected by HPV16, whereas wild-type and β-secretase (BACE1)-deficient cells were susceptible. Neither the uptake of HPV16 into Lamp-1-positive perinuclear vesicles nor the disassembly of capsid to reveal both internal L1 and L2 epitopes and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-labeled encapsidated DNA is dependent upon γ-secretase activity. However, blockade of γ-secretase activity by XXI prevents the BrdU-labeled DNA encapsidated by HPV16 from reaching the ND10 subnuclear domains. Since prior studies indicate that L2 is critical for endosomal escape and targeting of the viral DNA to ND10 and that γ secretase is located in endosomal membranes, our findings suggest that either L2 or an intracellular receptor are cleaved by γ secretase as papillomavirus escapes the endosome.
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van Dyk E, Oosthuizen MC, Bosman AM, Nel PJ, Zimmerman D, Venter EH. Detection of bovine papillomavirus DNA in sarcoid-affected and healthy free-roaming zebra (Equus zebra) populations in South Africa. J Virol Methods 2009; 158:141-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2008] [Revised: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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The detection of Bovine Papillomavirus type 1 DNA in flies. Virus Res 2009; 144:315-7. [PMID: 19409942 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2009.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Revised: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BPVs are double stranded DNA viruses that can infect several species other than the natural host, cattle, including equids. In equids, BPV-1, and, less commonly BPV-2, infection gives rise to fibroblastic tumours of the skin. Whilst a causal relationship between BPV-1/2 and equine sarcoids is now well established, how the disease is transmitted is not known. In this study we show BPV-1 DNA can be detected in flies trapped in the proximity of sarcoid-affected animals. Sequence analysis of the BPV-1 LCR from flies indicates that flies harbour BPV-1 LCR sequence variants II and IV which are commonly detected in equine sarcoids. These data suggest that flies may be able to transmit BPV-1 between equids.
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Angelos J, Oppenheim Y, Rebhun W, Mohammed H, Antczak DF. Evaluation of breed as a risk factor for sarcoid and uveitis in horses. Anim Genet 2009; 19:417-25. [PMID: 3232865 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.1988.tb00833.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between breed and the risk of developing sarcoid tumours or uveitis of unknown etiology was evaluated in a retrospective study of 16242 equine cases admitted between 1975 and 1987 to the New York State College of Veterinary Medicine Large Animal Hospital, and 3198 equine tissue samples sent to the New York State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory between 1977 and 1987. Of 120 sarcoid cases from the Large Animal Hospital, sarcoids were twice as likely to develop in Quarter Horses (odds ratio, OR = 1.8, P less than 0.05) relative to Thoroughbreds and less than half as likely to develop in Standardbreds (OR = 0.2, P less than 0.001) relative to Thoroughbreds. Similarly, of 376 sarcoid cases from the Diagnostic Laboratory, Quarter Horses had a significantly higher risk of developing sarcoid (OR = 2.0, P less than 0.001) relative to Thoroughbreds, while Standardbreds had a significantly lower risk of developing sarcoid (OR = 0.5, P less than 0.05) relative to Thoroughbreds. In the uveitis diagnosis category, Appaloosas had a significantly higher risk of developing uveitis (OR = 6.4, P less than 0.001) relative to Thoroughbreds, while Standardbreds had a significantly lower risk of developing uveitis (OR = 0.4, P less than 0.05) relative to Thoroughbreds.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Angelos
- James A. Baker Institute for Animal Health, New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853
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Mattil-Fritz S, Scharner D, Piuko K, Thönes N, Gissmann L, Müller H, Müller M. Immunotherapy of equine sarcoid: dose-escalation trial for the use of chimeric papillomavirus-like particles. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:138-147. [PMID: 18089737 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83266-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine sarcoids are fibrosarcoma-like skin tumours with a prevalence of approximately 1-2 %. Strong evidence exists for a causative role of bovine papillomavirus (BPV) type 1 or type 2 in the development of sarcoids. No effective treatment of equine sarcoid is available and after surgical excision relapse of the tumours is very frequent. We developed chimeric virus-like particles (CVLPs) of BPV 1 L1-E7 for the immunotherapy of equine sarcoid. In a phase I clinical trial 12 horses suffering from equine sarcoid with an average number of more than 22 tumours per animal were vaccinated in a dose-escalation setting. The animals were followed-up for 63 days, eight of the twelve horses were followed-up for more than a year and side-effects, humoral immune responses and tumour appearance were recorded. BPV DNA was detected in tumours of 11 cases. CVLPs were well tolerated in all dose groups, a robust anti-L1 antibody response was induced in all but one of the horses. Anti-E7 antibodies were detected in five of the 12 animals at low titres. Two animals showed a clear improvement of the clinical status after treatment, i.e. the number of the tumours per horse was reduced. In another horse regression of five sarcoids was observed; three of them relapsed during the study. Two animals showed tumour regression as well as growth of new sarcoids. In two horses the clinical status remained unchanged, in another two horses growth of existing tumours or growth of additional tumours was observed. The remaining three animals showed simultaneously regression and growth of existing tumours. Neither the humoral immune responses nor the observed effects on the tumours was correlated with the dose group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Mattil-Fritz
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Forschungsschwerpunkt Angewandte Tumorvirologie, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Doreen Scharner
- Universität Leipzig, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Chirurgische Tierklinik, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Konrad Piuko
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Forschungsschwerpunkt Angewandte Tumorvirologie, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nadja Thönes
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Forschungsschwerpunkt Angewandte Tumorvirologie, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lutz Gissmann
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Forschungsschwerpunkt Angewandte Tumorvirologie, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hermann Müller
- Universität Leipzig, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Institut für Virologie Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Müller
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Forschungsschwerpunkt Angewandte Tumorvirologie, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Botchan M, Berg L, Reynolds J, Lusky M. The bovine papillomavirus replicon. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2007; 120:53-67. [PMID: 3013526 DOI: 10.1002/9780470513309.ch5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The bovine papillomavirus genome contains two cis-acting sequences which can serve as signals for replication. At least three virally encoded genes seem to be involved in plasmid replication: E6, E6/7 and E1. Mutations in either the E6 or the E7 open reading frame create plasmids that are maintained at a low copy number per cell. Mutations in the E1 open reading frame are absolutely lethal to replication. Complementation experiments show that these mutations define separate genes. Experiments are described which show that cells harbouring plasmids with mutations in either the E6 or the E7 open reading frame acquire an immunity to high copy-number plasmids. We suggest that either the cell or the virus encodes a repressor. The positive action of E6 and E6/7 modulates the activity of this repressor to allow for the high copy-number state. Though the viral oncogenes are capable of transforming cells separately when they are expressed as part of certain recombinant DNA expression systems, it is clear that, in the context of the entire viral replicon, interactions between the transforming functions and replication functions must exist.
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Martens A, De Moor A, Demeulemeester J, Peelman L. Polymerase chain reaction analysis of the surgical margins of equine sarcoids for bovine papilloma virus DNA. Vet Surg 2001; 30:460-7. [PMID: 11555822 DOI: 10.1053/jvet.2001.25874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine apparently normal skin around equine sarcoids for evidence of bovine papilloma virus (BPV) DNA, and to relate this finding to the observed recurrence after surgery. STUDY DESIGN Prospective study. ANIMALS OR SAMPLE POPULATION Forty-one equine sarcoids from 19 horses. MATERIALS AND METHODS The tumors were surgically excised at a measured distance of 8, 12, or 16 mm. Samples from the tumor and of the entire surrounding skin were taken at 4, 8, 12, and 16 mm from the tumor border and analyzed for the presence of BPV DNA using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. The samples were grouped per examined sarcoid, and a tumor was considered positive at a certain distance as soon as at least one of the samples at that distance was positive. The clinical outcome was recorded for each sarcoid after a minimal follow-up of 6 months. RESULTS All sarcoids were positive for BPV(1) or BPV(2). The tumor margin was positive at 4, 8, 12, and 16 mm in, respectively, 95%, 73%, 39%, and 33% of the examined sarcoids. Local recurrence was observed in 3 sarcoids on 3 different horses. From survival analysis, there was a greater likelihood for local recurrence when sarcoids had a surgical margin that was positive for BPV DNA. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE BPV DNA is often detected in visibly normal skin around sarcoids, and there is a significantly greater probability for local recurrence when the surgical margins are positive for the presence of BPV DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Martens
- Department of Large Animal Surgery and Anesthesiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
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Abstract
The sarcoid is a benign locally invasive dermal fibroblastic lesion, commonly affecting horses and donkeys. The aetiology of the equine sarcoid is equivocal. Bovine papillomaviral (BPV) DNA (type 1/2) is frequently demonstrable in equine sarcoid tumour biopsies. However, the exact role of the virus in the disease process and its contribution to the phenotypic differences in sarcoids is not known. It was sought to assess the transcriptional activity of BPV-1 found in sarcoid tissues. Of 20 tumours examined, 18 were positive for E2 expression and ten positive for L1 expression. Viral oncogenes E5, E6 and E7 transcripts were detected in 16, nine and 12 tumours, respectively. This study demonstrates BPV gene expression in equine sarcoids and provide the first evidence for a direct involvement of the virus in the pathogenesis of sarcoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Nasir
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, UK
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19
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Abstract
Sarcoids, the most common tumor of the horse, are fibroblastic, wart-like skin lesions that show variable manifestations. They are often invasive and recurrent, although they do not fulfill all criteria of malignancy. Due to their anatomic location, these tumors can sometimes cause loss of use of the horse. There is very strong evidence that sarcoids are caused by viruses closely related or identical to bovine papilloma viruses, and genetic studies have shown associations between genes in or near the equine major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and susceptibility to sarcoid. Several types of treatments have been successful in treating sarcoids, although the response to therapy is not consistent. Current treatment of sarcoids primarily involves antitumor therapy, but the development of preventative measures in the future may be directed against the causative papilloma virus. Sarcoid continues to be an important clinical entity for the equine practitioner.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Goodrich
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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20
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Müller M, Gissmann L, Cristiano RJ, Sun XY, Frazer IH, Jenson AB, Alonso A, Zentgraf H, Zhou J. Papillomavirus capsid binding and uptake by cells from different tissues and species. J Virol 1995; 69:948-54. [PMID: 7815562 PMCID: PMC188663 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.69.2.948-954.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The inability of papillomaviruses (PV) to replicate in tissue culture cells has hampered the study of the PV life cycle. We investigated virus-cell interactions by the following two methods: (i) using purified bovine PV virions or human PV type 11 (HPV type 11) virus-like particles (VLP) to test the binding to eukaryotic cells and (ii) using different VLP-reporter plasmid complexes of HPV6b, HPV11 L1 or HPV11 L1/L2, and HPV16 L1 or HPV16 L1/L2 to study uptake of particles into different cell lines. Our studies showed that PV capsids bind to a broad range of cells in culture in a dose-dependent manner. Binding of PV capsids to cells can be blocked by pretreating the cells with the protease trypsin. Penetration of PV into cells was monitored by using complexes in which the purified PV capsids were physically linked to DNA containing the gene for beta-galactosidase driven by the human cytomegalovirus promoter. Expression of beta-galactosidase occurred in < 1% of the cells, and the efficiency of PV receptor-mediated gene delivery was greatly enhanced (up to 10 to 20% positive cells) by the use of a replication-defective adenovirus which promotes endosomal lysis. The data generated by this approach further confirmed the results obtained from the binding assays, showing that PV enter a wide range of cells and that these cells have all functions required for the uptake of PV. Binding and uptake of PV particles can be blocked by PV-specific antisera, and different PV particles compete for particle uptake. Our results suggest that the PV receptor is a conserved cell surface molecule(s) used by different PV and that the tropism of infection by different PV is controlled by events downstream of the initial binding and uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Müller
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois 60153
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21
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Marti E, Lazary S, Antczak DF, Gerber H. Report of the first international workshop on equine sarcoid. Equine Vet J 1993; 25:397-407. [PMID: 8223371 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1993.tb02981.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Marti
- Klinik für Nutztiere und Pferde, Bern, Switzerland
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22
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Otten N, von Tscharner C, Lazary S, Antczak DF, Gerber H. DNA of bovine papillomavirus type 1 and 2 in equine sarcoids: PCR detection and direct sequencing. Arch Virol 1993; 132:121-31. [PMID: 8394687 DOI: 10.1007/bf01309847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide sequences of bovine papillomavirus (BPV) DNA amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from samples of equine sarcoid skin tumours were determined. All naturally occurring sarcoids (n = 58 tumours from 32 horses and 2 donkeys) contained BPV-DNA. All but 3 of the genome fragments belonged to the BPV type 1 strain (BPV-1); the remaining were BPV type 2. Similar results were obtained with cutaneous bovine papillomas used as controls (n = 20). One of the horses, carrying 2 sarcoids, was particularly interesting; one tumour contained BPV-1 DNA whilst the other sarcoid yielded BPV-2 DNA, suggesting that horses are not immune to super-infection. BPV-DNA was even amplified from the sarcoid samples which had yielded negative results in previous investigations when DNA isolated from the lesions was used in Southern blot hybridization with BPV probes. In addition, there was no detectable BPV-DNA in any equine or bovine tissue examined other than sarcoids or cutaneous bovine papillomas. Biopsies of normal skin surrounding lesions yielded exclusively negative results. The described nucleotide differences represent a natural genomic variation of this BPV type between geographically distant locations. The identical variations recovered from cattle and horses in Switzerland, a finding of great epidemiological interest, strongly suggest that a uniform variant of BPV-1 is one of the etiologic agents of equine sarcoid and bovine papilloma in a given region.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Otten
- Klinik für Nutztiere und Pferde, University of Berne, Switzerland
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23
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Mohammed HO, Rebhun WC, Antczak DF. Factors associated with the risk of developing sarcoid tumours in horses. Equine Vet J 1992; 24:165-8. [PMID: 1606927 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1992.tb02808.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A retrospective case-control study was conducted to identify risk factors in horses associated with the development of the common skin tumours known as sarcoids. The study involved 503 sarcoid cases diagnosed (January 1980-December 1989) at New York State College of Veterinary Medicine and a similar number of controls (non-sarcoid cases). Data on age, breed and sex of cases and controls were obtained from computerised records. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors. Separate data were obtained for the same 10-year period from the Veterinary Medical Data Program to determine the proportional morbidity rate at different veterinary colleges in North America. Appaloosa, Arabian and Quarter horses were at a higher risk of developing sarcoid tumours than were Thoroughbred horses. Standardbred horses had a lower risk of developing sarcoids. Geldings were at a higher risk of developing sarcoids in comparison with stallions. There was no significant difference in the risk of developing sarcoids between stallions and mares. The risk of developing sarcoid increased with age up to 15 years and then declined. The proportional morbidity rate of sarcoids among the veterinary colleges ranged between 0 and 14 per 1,000 cases, with an average of 6 per 1,000.
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Affiliation(s)
- H O Mohammed
- Department of Clinical Sciences, New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853
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24
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Ghim S, Christensen ND, Kreider JW, Jenson AB. Comparison of neutralization of BPV-1 infection of C127 cells and bovine fetal skin xenografts. Int J Cancer 1991; 49:285-9. [PMID: 1715330 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910490224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BPV-1 induces focus formation in murine C127 cells and fibropapillomas in bovine fetal skin xenografts. In this study, we compared the specificity of neutralization of BPV-1 in both assay systems, using sera and monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) selected to define neutralizing epitopes. Sera from rabbits and cattle, inoculated with intact BPV-1 or PBV-2 virions, neutralize BPV-1 infectivity in both C127 cells and xenografts. Selected human sera and murine MAbs that react with intact BPV-1 particles, serum of a rabbit immunized with denatured BPV-1 particles, and sera from calves vaccinated with a recombinant LI fusion protein did not neutralize BPV-1 infection in either system. It was concluded that neutralization of BPV-1 infection of C127 cells and bovine fetal skin xenografts by hyperimmune sera is specific and concordant for both assay systems, and involves conformational BPV-1 capsid epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ghim
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20007
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25
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Angelos JA, Marti E, Lazary S, Carmichael LE. Characterization of BPV-like DNA in equine sarcoids. Arch Virol 1991; 119:95-109. [PMID: 1650553 DOI: 10.1007/bf01314326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The DNA from equine sarcoid samples from New York State and Switzerland was isolated and probed with bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) to determine if BPV genomes were present. Twelve of 13 sarcoids from New York State and 17/20 sarcoids from Switzerland contained DNA that hybridized to the BPV-1 probe. Restriction enzyme analysis of the positive samples demonstrated restriction fragment profiles characteristic of BPV-1 in 22 sarcoids and restriction fragment profiles characteristic of bovine papillomavirus type 2 (BPV-2) in 7 sarcoids. In addition, three tissues histologically diagnosed as pyogranulomatous dermatitis, fibropapilloma, and fibrosarcoma contained BPV-like DNA. Tissues with BPV-1-like and BPV-2-like DNA contained an average of 285.7 (21 to 808) and 125.8 (2 to 762) BPV-like genomes per cell, respectively. Minor differences in the restriction fragment profiles of the BPV-like DNA and evidence for partial BPV-like genomes were found in some sarcoids. BPV-like DNA was not detected in lymphocyte DNA from sarcoid-affected horses. These results confirm previous observations and support the hypothesis that bovine papillomavirus, or a very similar virus, is linked to the cause of equine sarcoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Angelos
- James A. Baker Institute for Animal Health, New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca
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26
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Abstract
The recognition of multiple types of human papillomaviruses has resulted in remarkable progress in the detection of persisting viral nucleic acid sequences in carcinomas. The consistent transcription in tumors of two early open reading frames, E6 and E7, with few exceptions (Lehn et al., 1985), indicates a role for the products of these genes in the induction and/or maintenance of the transformed state. A number of studies have shown that in vitro transformation can be achieved by transfection of E6/E7 DNA, and proteins encoded by these DNA sequences can be demonstrated in primary human keratinocytes immortalized by this DNA (Kaur et al., 1989). Mutagenesis experiments are needed to determine the absolute requirement for and function of these genes in transformation. A preferential association of some types with benign lesions while others may be frequently found in malignant tumors has been observed. HPV types 5 and 8 in epidermodysplasia verruciformis patients and types 16, 18, 31, 33, etc. in genital lesions are most frequently associated with progression to malignancy, whereas other types, such as HPV-6,-10, -11, and -20, are regularly identified in benign warts. Such distinctions are not absolute but provide the initial steps toward establishing a causal role for some human papillomaviruses in carcinomas. The need for well-designed epidemiological studies in concert with optimum molecular and serologic evaluations is evident (Armstrong et al., 1988). The data from human and animal studies indicate that papillomaviruses contribute significantly to the development of many, if not all, carcinomas, but we do not yet have a clear understanding of the importance of other interacting viral, chemical, or cellular factors. The application of gene cloning and non-stringent hybridization (Law et al., 1979) has provided us with an apparently ever-increasing catalog of human papillomaviruses. More effort is now required to establish their prevalence, the natural history of infection, and the mechanism of neoplastic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Galloway
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98104
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27
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Abstract
Of 61 horses with sarcoids treated with intralesional injection of a double emulsion incorporating inactivated bacillus Calmette Guérin organisms, 36 (59 per cent) showed complete regression and 11 (18 per cent) showed partial regression. The majority of cases required only one treatment. Not all sarcoids were responsive to this therapy; those not responding were usually large or on horses with multiple sarcoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Vanselow
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
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28
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29
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Abstract
DNA was extracted from 14 equine sarcoids, electrophoresed and hybridised with a radioactively labelled probe of bovine papillomavirus type I (BPV 1) DNA under conditions of low stringency. Twelve sarcoids contained sequences of DNA that hybridised with the probe and that comigrated with BPV 2 DNA. The viral DNAs in four of these sarcoids differed from BPV 1 and BPV 2 DNA on restriction endonuclease analysis. One of four cell lines derived from sarcoids also contained BPV 1 related DNA. The results confirm the frequent presence in equine sarcoids of unintegrated papillomaviral DNA and suggest a role for papillomavirus infection in this disease.
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30
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31
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Pascoe RR. Infectious skin diseases of horses. THE VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA. LARGE ANIMAL PRACTICE 1984; 6:27-46. [PMID: 6330957 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9846(17)30037-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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32
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Reid R, Crum CP, Herschman BR, Fu YS, Braun L, Shah KV, Agronow SJ, Stanhope CR. Genital warts and cervical cancer. III. Subclinical papillomaviral infection and cervical neoplasia are linked by a spectrum of continuous morphologic and biologic change. Cancer 1984; 53:943-53. [PMID: 6318956 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19840215)53:4<943::aid-cncr2820530421>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomaviral (HPV) infection is now widely advanced as an important etiologic factor in cervical cancer. This study was undertaken to clarify morphologic relationships within the biologic spectrum linking subclinical papillomaviral infection (SPI) to cervical intraepithelial (CIN). Two pathologists analyzed 72 colposcopic biopsies, using a semi-objective rating scheme that scored 24 different histologic criteria. Each individual criterion was checked for reproducibility, and validated against an objective measure of papillomaviral infection (immunoperoxidase staining) or premalignant change (microspectrophotometry). The individual criteria were then combined into histologic indices of benign warty change, presumed viral atypia, abnormal cell phenotype, and disturbed tissue maturation. Histologic expression of papillomaviral infection decreased with increasing degrees of premalignant change. Plotting the index of abnormal cell phenotype against that of disturbed tissue maturation produced a linear plot in which cases clustered into four diagnostic groups. The histologic indices of papillomaviral infection displayed significant curvilinear correlations with genotypic distortion, benign warty change being maximal in the CIN 1 range and presumed viral atypia in the CIN 2 range. Disturbance of nuclear DNA content also increased with worsening diagnosis; diploidy being most common in SPI (67%), polyploidy in CIN 1 (59%), and aneuploidy in CIN 2 (65%) and CIN 3 (82%). Conversely, capsid antigen production decreased from 36% in SPI to 9% in CIN 3. Three aneuploid epithelia were immunoperoxidase positive. These inverse relationships between late viral expression and nuclear distortion fit experimental models of viral oncogenesis. The gradual transition and morphologic overlap between diagnostic groups support the postulate that SPI and CIN are a single disease spectrum, in which differences are those of degree rather than of kind.
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33
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34
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Howley PM. The molecular biology of papillomavirus transformation. Warner-Lambert Parke-Davis Award Lecture. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1983; 113:414-21. [PMID: 6316792 PMCID: PMC1916352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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35
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Stenlund A, Moreno-Lopez J, Ahola H, Pettersson U. European elk papillomavirus: characterization of the genome, induction of tumors in animals, and transformation in vitro. J Virol 1983; 48:370-6. [PMID: 6312094 PMCID: PMC255361 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.48.2.370-376.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The European elk papillomavirus (EEPV) genome was cloned in the BamHI cleavage site of the pBR322 vector. The cloned genome was used for construction of a physical map, employing restriction endonucleases BamHI, BglII, HindIII, PvuII, SacI, and XhoI. The sequence homology between the EEPV and bovine papillomavirus type 1 genomes was elucidated by performing hybridizations in different concentrations of formamide. Sequence homology could only be revealed under less stringent conditions, i.e., Tm - 43 degrees C. Nucleotide sequence information was also collected from the regions which lie adjacent to the three HindIII sites that are present in the EEPV genome. The results made it possible to align the EEPV and bovine papillomavirus type 1 genomes. Transformation by EEPV was demonstrated with the C127 mouse cell line, and fibrosarcomas were induced in young hamsters after subcutaneous injection. The transformed cells and the tumors contain multiple, nonintegrated copies of the EEPV genome. Virus particles could not be detected either in tumors or in transformed cells.
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36
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The equine sarcoid: An audit of progress. Equine Vet J 1982. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1982.tb02417.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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37
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Abstract
The connective tissue composition and organisation of the "equine sarcoid" was compared with that of normal adult equine skin to determine whether the cells which produce their respective connective tissue matrices show similar biosynthetic characteristics. No major qualitative difference could be found between the collagen compositions of skin and sarcoid material, although the organisation into fibres of Type III collagen in the sarcoid was markedly greater than that of skin.
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38
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Reid R, Stanhope CR, Herschman BR, Booth E, Phibbs GD, Smith JP. Genital warts and cervical cancer. I. Evidence of an association between subclinical papillomavirus infection and cervical malignancy. Cancer 1982; 50:377-87. [PMID: 6282442 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19820715)50:2<377::aid-cncr2820500236>3.0.co;2-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A blind comparative survey was undertaken to study the prevalence of subclinical papillomavirus infection (SPI) in a representative sample of women treated surgically for invasive or preinvasive cervical neoplasia. According to a semiobjective rating system, 73 of 80 women (91%) with cervical neoplasia and ten of 80 matched controls (12.5%) showed histologic evidence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Sixty of the controls (75%), but none of the study group, had normal cervicovaginal epithelium. A highly significant statistical relationship exists between subclinical papillomavirus infection of the lower genital tract and the occurrence of cervical neoplasia (F = 378; P less than 0.001; X2 = 109, P less than 0.001). The prevalence of SPI was seven times greater in the study group than in comparable controls of equivalent disease status. Because both are covariables of promiscuity, statistical association exist between cervical neoplasia and all sexually transmitted diseases. However, the strength, specificity and consistency of this relationship suggest that SPI may be a precursor or cervical malignancy. This contention is given biologic plausibility by a broad fabric of supporting epidemiology, virologic and clinicopathologic evidence.
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39
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Green M, Brackmann KH, Sanders PR, Loewenstein PM, Freel JH, Eisinger M, Switlyk SA. Isolation of a human papillomavirus from a patient with epidermodysplasia verruciformis: presence of related viral DNA genomes in human urogenital tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1982; 79:4437-41. [PMID: 6289302 PMCID: PMC346687 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.79.14.4437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA genome of a human papillomavirus (HPV), tentatively designated HPV-EV, was molecularly cloned from hand to leg lesions of a patient with epidermodysplasia verruciformis, a chronic skin disease associated with a 30% risk of developing cancer. Using stringent hybridization conditions, we observed less than 5% homology between HPV-EV and the cloned genomes of HPV-1, HPV-4, HPV-5, and HPV-5a. HPV-EV DNA showed approximately 6% homology with HPV-2 and 36% homology with HPV-3. These data suggest that HPV-EV is partially related to HPV-3. Using 32P-labeled cloned HPV-EV as probe in Southern blot hybridization experiments, we detected HPV-EV-related DNA in the carcinoma in situ (Bowenoid lesion) of the vulva of the patient from which HPV-EV was isolated. HPV-EV-related DNA was detected in 2 of 10 vulva carcinomas and in 2 of 31 cervical carcinomas. Related DNA sequences were found in papillomas from each of two patients with condyloma acuminata (anogenital warts), which is of interest considering that condylomas have been reported to convert occasionally to carcinomas. The positive vulva DNAs were also probed with other cloned HPV DNAs: HPV-1, HPV-4, and HPV-5a-related sequences were not detected; HPV-3 and HPV-2 DNA probes detected strong and weak DNA bands, respectively, of the same size as found with HPV-EV. The HPV DNA sequences were present in the positive tumors mainly as free viral DNA molecules; no evidence for integration into cellular DNA was found. The emerging biological picture with papillomaviruses is that cells transformed by these viruses are maintained in a transformed state by free episomal genomes. Thus, our findings are consistent with the idea, but by no means establish, that HPVs play a role in human cancer by a similar mechanism.
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40
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Amtmann E, Sauer G. Activation of non-expressed bovine papilloma virus genomes by tumour promoters. Nature 1982; 296:675-7. [PMID: 6280062 DOI: 10.1038/296675a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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41
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Ostrow RS, Bender M, Niimura M, Seki T, Kawashima M, Pass F, Faras AJ. Human papillomavirus DNA in cutaneous primary and metastasized squamous cell carcinomas from patients with epidermodysplasia verruciformis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1982; 79:1634-8. [PMID: 6280194 PMCID: PMC346030 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.79.5.1634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA extracted from squamous cell carcinomas from patients with the chronic wart disease syndrome, epidermodysplasia verruciformis, was analyzed for the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-specific DNA sequences by Southern blot hybridization analysis. Employing an HPV probe obtained by molecular cloning of viral DNA purified from benign warts from these patients, we have unequivocally identified HPV-specific nucleotide sequences in squamous cell carcinomas from these patients. Restriction endonuclease mapping indicated that the DNA present in the carcinomas was of the same type (type 5) as that found in the benign tumors from these patients and was present as unintegrated, free viral DNA. Moreover, we have demonstrated the presence of HPV-5 DNA in a subcutaneous metastatic tumor from one of these patients. This latter observation essentially eliminates the possibility that the HPV-5 DNA present in the malignant tumors in these patients resulted from cross-contamination from an adjacent benign warty lesion. In addition to wild-type HPV-5 DNA, both the primary and metastatic carcinomas analyzed also contained an HPV-5 DNA species lacking approximately 20% of the HPV-5 DNA genome. These subgenomic forms of HPV-5 DNA could not be detected in benign papillomas from these patients.
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42
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Law MF, Lowy DR, Dvoretzky I, Howley PM. Mouse cells transformed by bovine papillomavirus contain only extrachromosomal viral DNA sequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1981; 78:2727-31. [PMID: 6265905 PMCID: PMC319430 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.78.5.2727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The viral DNA sequences in mouse C127 cells transformed by bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) virions, by full-length linear BPV-1 DNA, or by a defined transforming subgenomic DNA segment of BPV-1 were examined by reassociation kinetics and blot hybridization. In all cases, the transformed cells contained multiple copies of BPV-1 DNA, present exclusively as supercoiled or nicked circular extrachromosomal molecules or as a slowly migrating complex of circular viral DNA molecules. In the transformed cell lines established from cells transfected with full-length linear BPV-1 DNA, there was recircularization of the input DNA which in some cases resulted in the loss of the restriction site used in the linearization of the DNA. In the transformed cell lines established with the defined subgenomic segment there was circularization of the DNA accompanied by the acquisition of new sequences or duplication and rearrangement of the BPV-1 sequences. In contrast to other well-studied virus transformation systems, no integration of the BPV-1 genome into the host chromosome could be detected under conditions sensitive enough to detect 0.1-0.2 viral genome equivalent. It was concluded that maintenance of transformation may be mediated by nonintegrated viral DNA.
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43
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Lowy DR, Dvoretzky I, Shober R, Law MF, Engel L, Howley PM. In vitro tumorigenic transformation by a defined sub-genomic fragment of bovine papilloma virus DNA. Nature 1980; 287:72-4. [PMID: 6251381 DOI: 10.1038/287072a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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44
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Amtmann E, Müller H, Sauer G. Equine connective tissue tumors contain unintegrated bovine papilloma virus DNA. J Virol 1980; 35:962-4. [PMID: 6252350 PMCID: PMC288890 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.35.3.962-964.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine papilloma virus (BPV) appears to be the etiological agent of common equine connective tissue tumors. We investigated the physical state of the viral DNA within such tumors and found no indication for integration into the host genome. The BPV genomes were present as free circular episomes. Two equine sarcoids were shown to contain multiple copies of free circular BPV type 1 (BPV-1) DNA. When the tumors were digested with several single-cut restriction enzymes, there were only form III BPV-1 DNA sequences could be revealed. One of the sarcoids contained, apart from wild-type BPV-1 DNA, a class of smaller BPV-1 circular DNA molecules bearing a deletion of approximately 9% of the BPV-1 genome. This deletion is located in the physical map between the relative units 0 and 0.32.
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45
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zur Hausen H. Human papillomaviruses and their possible role in squamous cell carcinomas. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1977; 78:1-30. [PMID: 202434 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-66800-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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