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Kubota C, Torii R, Hosaka M, Takeuchi T, Gomi H, Torii S. Phogrin Regulates High-Fat Diet-Induced Compensatory Pancreatic β-Cell Growth by Switching Binding Partners. Nutrients 2024; 16:169. [PMID: 38201998 PMCID: PMC10780347 DOI: 10.3390/nu16010169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase phogrin primarily localizes to hormone secretory granules in neuroendocrine cells. Concurrent with glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, phogrin translocates to pancreatic β-cell plasma membranes, where it interacts with insulin receptors (IRs) to stabilize insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2) that, in turn, contributes to glucose-responsive β-cell growth. Pancreatic β-cell development was not altered in β-cell-specific, phogrin-deficient mice, but the thymidine incorporation rate decreased in phogrin-deficient islets with a moderate reduction in IRS2 protein expression. In this study, we analyzed the β-cell response to high-fat diet stress and found that the compensatory expansion in β-cell mass was significantly suppressed in phogrin-deficient mice. Phogrin-IR interactions occurred only in high-fat diet murine islets and proliferating β-cell lines, whereas they were inhibited by the intercellular binding of surface phogrin under confluent cell culture conditions. Thus, phogrin could regulate glucose-stimulated compensatory β-cell growth by changing its binding partner from another β-cell phogrin to IR in the same β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisato Kubota
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Gunma, Japan (T.T.)
- Department of Nutrition, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki 370-0033, Gunma, Japan
| | - Ryoko Torii
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Gunma, Japan (T.T.)
| | - Masahiro Hosaka
- Department of Biotechnology, Akita Prefectural University, Akita 010-0195, Akita, Japan;
| | - Toshiyuki Takeuchi
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Gunma, Japan (T.T.)
| | - Hiroshi Gomi
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa 252-0880, Kanagawa, Japan;
| | - Seiji Torii
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8512, Gunma, Japan (T.T.)
- Center for Food Science and Wellness, Gunma University, Maebashi 371-8511, Gunma, Japan
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2
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Sacks DB, Arnold M, Bakris GL, Bruns DE, Horvath AR, Lernmark Å, Metzger BE, Nathan DM, Kirkman MS. Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 2023; 46:e151-e199. [PMID: 37471273 PMCID: PMC10516260 DOI: 10.2337/dci23-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous laboratory tests are used in the diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus. The quality of the scientific evidence supporting the use of these assays varies substantially. APPROACH An expert committee compiled evidence-based recommendations for laboratory analysis in screening, diagnosis, or monitoring of diabetes. The overall quality of the evidence and the strength of the recommendations were evaluated. The draft consensus recommendations were evaluated by invited reviewers and presented for public comment. Suggestions were incorporated as deemed appropriate by the authors (see Acknowledgments). The guidelines were reviewed by the Evidence Based Laboratory Medicine Committee and the Board of Directors of the American Association for Clinical Chemistry and by the Professional Practice Committee of the American Diabetes Association. CONTENT Diabetes can be diagnosed by demonstrating increased concentrations of glucose in venous plasma or increased hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in the blood. Glycemic control is monitored by the people with diabetes measuring their own blood glucose with meters and/or with continuous interstitial glucose monitoring (CGM) devices and also by laboratory analysis of HbA1c. The potential roles of noninvasive glucose monitoring, genetic testing, and measurement of ketones, autoantibodies, urine albumin, insulin, proinsulin, and C-peptide are addressed. SUMMARY The guidelines provide specific recommendations based on published data or derived from expert consensus. Several analytes are found to have minimal clinical value at the present time, and measurement of them is not recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B. Sacks
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Mark Arnold
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - George L. Bakris
- Department of Medicine, American Heart Association Comprehensive Hypertension Center, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - David E. Bruns
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Medical School, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Andrea R. Horvath
- New South Wales Health Pathology Department of Chemical Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Åke Lernmark
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/CRC, Skane University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Boyd E. Metzger
- Division of Endocrinology, Northwestern University, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - David M. Nathan
- Massachusetts General Hospital Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - M. Sue Kirkman
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
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3
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Sacks DB, Arnold M, Bakris GL, Bruns DE, Horvath AR, Lernmark Å, Metzger BE, Nathan DM, Kirkman MS. Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus. Clin Chem 2023:hvad080. [PMID: 37473453 DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/hvad080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous laboratory tests are used in the diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus. The quality of the scientific evidence supporting the use of these assays varies substantially. APPROACH An expert committee compiled evidence-based recommendations for laboratory analysis in screening, diagnosis, or monitoring of diabetes. The overall quality of the evidence and the strength of the recommendations were evaluated. The draft consensus recommendations were evaluated by invited reviewers and presented for public comment. Suggestions were incorporated as deemed appropriate by the authors (see Acknowledgments). The guidelines were reviewed by the Evidence Based Laboratory Medicine Committee and the Board of Directors of the American Association of Clinical Chemistry and by the Professional Practice Committee of the American Diabetes Association. CONTENT Diabetes can be diagnosed by demonstrating increased concentrations of glucose in venous plasma or increased hemoglobin A1c (Hb A1c) in the blood. Glycemic control is monitored by the people with diabetes measuring their own blood glucose with meters and/or with continuous interstitial glucose monitoring (CGM) devices and also by laboratory analysis of Hb A1c. The potential roles of noninvasive glucose monitoring, genetic testing, and measurement of ketones, autoantibodies, urine albumin, insulin, proinsulin, and C-peptide are addressed. SUMMARY The guidelines provide specific recommendations based on published data or derived from expert consensus. Several analytes are found to have minimal clinical value at the present time, and measurement of them is not recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Sacks
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mark Arnold
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - George L Bakris
- Department of Medicine, American Heart Association Comprehensive Hypertension Center, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, ILUnited States
| | - David E Bruns
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Medical School, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Andrea R Horvath
- New South Wales Health Pathology Department of Chemical Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Åke Lernmark
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/CRC, Skane University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Boyd E Metzger
- Division of Endocrinology, Northwestern University, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - David M Nathan
- Massachusetts General Hospital Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - M Sue Kirkman
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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4
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Sasaki A, Murphy KE, Briollais L, McGowan PO, Matthews SG. DNA methylation profiles in the blood of newborn term infants born to mothers with obesity. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267946. [PMID: 35500004 PMCID: PMC9060365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal obesity is an important risk factor for childhood obesity and influences the prevalence of metabolic diseases in offspring. As childhood obesity is influenced by postnatal factors, it is critical to determine whether children born to women with obesity during pregnancy show alterations that are detectable at birth. Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation modifications have been proposed to mediate prenatal programming. We investigated DNA methylation signatures in male and female infants from mothers with a normal Body Mass Index (BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m2) compared to mothers with obesity (BMI≥30 kg/m2). BMI was measured during the first prenatal visit from women recruited into the Ontario Birth Study (OBS) at Mount Sinai Hospital in Toronto, ON, Canada. DNA was extracted from neonatal dried blood spots collected from heel pricks obtained 24 hours after birth at term (total n = 40) from women with a normal BMI and women with obesity matched for parity, age, and neonatal sex. Reduced representation bisulfite sequencing was used to identify genomic loci associated with differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in CpG-dense regions most likely to influence gene regulation. DMRs were predominantly localized to intergenic regions and gene bodies, with only 9% of DMRs localized to promoter regions. Genes associated with DMRs were compared to those from a large publicly available cohort study, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC; total n = 859). Hypergeometric tests revealed a significant overlap in genes associated with DMRs in the OBS and ALSPAC cohorts. PTPRN2, a gene involved in insulin secretion, and MAD1L1, which plays a role in the cell cycle and tumor suppression, contained DMRs in males and females in both cohorts. In males, KEGG pathway analysis revealed significant overrepresentation of genes involved in endocytosis and pathways in cancer, including IGF1R, which was previously shown to respond to diet-induced metabolic stress in animal models and in lymphocytes in the context of childhood obesity. These preliminary findings are consistent with Developmental Origins of Health and Disease paradigm, which posits that adverse prenatal exposures set developmental health trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Sasaki
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kellie E. Murphy
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laurent Briollais
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patrick O. McGowan
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen G. Matthews
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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5
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Firdous P, Nissar K, Masoodi SR, Ganai BA. Biomarkers: Tools for Discriminating MODY from Other Diabetic Subtypes. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2022; 26:223-231. [PMID: 36248040 PMCID: PMC9555386 DOI: 10.4103/ijem.ijem_266_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Maturity Onset Diabetes of Young (MODY), characterized by the pancreatic b-cell dysfunction, the autosomal dominant mode of inheritance and early age of onset (often ≤25 years). It differs from normal type 1 and type 2 diabetes in that it occurs at a low rate of 1-5%, three-generational autosomal dominant patterns of inheritance and lacks typical diabetic features such as obesity. MODY patients can be managed by diet alone for many years, and sulfonylureas are also recommended to be very effective for managing glucose levels for more than 30 years. Despite rapid advancements in molecular disease diagnosis methods, MODY cases are frequently misdiagnosed as type 1 or type 2 due to overlapping clinical features, genetic testing expenses, and a lack of disease understanding. A timely and accurate diagnosis method is critical for disease management and its complications. An early diagnosis and differentiation of MODY at the clinical level could reduce the risk of inappropriate insulin or sulfonylurea treatment therapy and its associated side effects. We present a broader review to highlight the role and efficacy of biomarkers in MODY differentiation and patient selection for genetic testing analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parveena Firdous
- Centre of Research for Development (CORD), University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir
| | - Kamran Nissar
- Centre of Research for Development (CORD), University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir
| | | | - Bashir Ahmad Ganai
- Centre of Research for Development (CORD), University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir
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Honkova K, Rossnerova A, Chvojkova I, Milcova A, Margaryan H, Pastorkova A, Ambroz A, Rossner P, Jirik V, Rubes J, Sram RJ, Topinka J. Genome-Wide DNA Methylation in Policemen Working in Cities Differing by Major Sources of Air Pollution. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031666. [PMID: 35163587 PMCID: PMC8915177 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is the most studied epigenetic mechanism that regulates gene expression, and it can serve as a useful biomarker of prior environmental exposure and future health outcomes. This study focused on DNA methylation profiles in a human cohort, comprising 125 nonsmoking city policemen (sampled twice), living and working in three localities (Prague, Ostrava and Ceske Budejovice) of the Czech Republic, who spent the majority of their working time outdoors. The main characterization of the localities, differing by major sources of air pollution, was defined by the stationary air pollution monitoring of PM2.5, B[a]P and NO2. DNA methylation was analyzed by a genome-wide microarray method. No season-specific DNA methylation pattern was discovered; however, we identified 13,643 differentially methylated CpG loci (DML) for a comparison between the Prague and Ostrava groups. The most significant DML was cg10123377 (log2FC = −1.92, p = 8.30 × 10−4) and loci annotated to RPTOR (total 20 CpG loci). We also found two hypomethylated loci annotated to the DNA repair gene XRCC5. Groups of DML annotated to the same gene were linked to diabetes mellitus (KCNQ1), respiratory diseases (PTPRN2), the dopaminergic system of the brain and neurodegenerative diseases (NR4A2). The most significant possibly affected pathway was Axon guidance, with 86 potentially deregulated genes near DML. The cluster of gene sets that could be affected by DNA methylation in the Ostrava groups mainly includes the neuronal functions and biological processes of cell junctions and adhesion assembly. The study demonstrates that the differences in the type of air pollution between localities can affect a unique change in DNA methylation profiles across the human genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Honkova
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Epigenetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine CAS, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (A.R.); (I.C.); (A.M.); (H.M.); (R.J.S.); (J.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-775-406-170
| | - Andrea Rossnerova
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Epigenetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine CAS, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (A.R.); (I.C.); (A.M.); (H.M.); (R.J.S.); (J.T.)
| | - Irena Chvojkova
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Epigenetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine CAS, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (A.R.); (I.C.); (A.M.); (H.M.); (R.J.S.); (J.T.)
| | - Alena Milcova
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Epigenetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine CAS, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (A.R.); (I.C.); (A.M.); (H.M.); (R.J.S.); (J.T.)
| | - Hasmik Margaryan
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Epigenetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine CAS, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (A.R.); (I.C.); (A.M.); (H.M.); (R.J.S.); (J.T.)
| | - Anna Pastorkova
- Department of Nanotoxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine CAS, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (A.P.); (A.A.); (P.R.J.)
| | - Antonin Ambroz
- Department of Nanotoxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine CAS, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (A.P.); (A.A.); (P.R.J.)
| | - Pavel Rossner
- Department of Nanotoxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine CAS, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (A.P.); (A.A.); (P.R.J.)
| | - Vitezslav Jirik
- Centre for Epidemiological Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Syllabova 19, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic;
| | - Jiri Rubes
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Radim J. Sram
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Epigenetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine CAS, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (A.R.); (I.C.); (A.M.); (H.M.); (R.J.S.); (J.T.)
| | - Jan Topinka
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Epigenetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine CAS, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (A.R.); (I.C.); (A.M.); (H.M.); (R.J.S.); (J.T.)
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7
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So M, Speake C, Steck AK, Lundgren M, Colman PG, Palmer JP, Herold KC, Greenbaum CJ. Advances in Type 1 Diabetes Prediction Using Islet Autoantibodies: Beyond a Simple Count. Endocr Rev 2021; 42:584-604. [PMID: 33881515 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Islet autoantibodies are key markers for the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes. Since their discovery, they have also been recognized for their potential to identify at-risk individuals prior to symptoms. To date, risk prediction using autoantibodies has been based on autoantibody number; it has been robustly shown that nearly all multiple-autoantibody-positive individuals will progress to clinical disease. However, longitudinal studies have demonstrated that the rate of progression among multiple-autoantibody-positive individuals is highly heterogenous. Accurate prediction of the most rapidly progressing individuals is crucial for efficient and informative clinical trials and for identification of candidates most likely to benefit from disease modification. This is increasingly relevant with the recent success in delaying clinical disease in presymptomatic subjects using immunotherapy, and as the field moves toward population-based screening. There have been many studies investigating islet autoantibody characteristics for their predictive potential, beyond a simple categorical count. Predictive features that have emerged include molecular specifics, such as epitope targets and affinity; longitudinal patterns, such as changes in titer and autoantibody reversion; and sequence-dependent risk profiles specific to the autoantibody and the subject's age. These insights are the outworking of decades of prospective cohort studies and international assay standardization efforts and will contribute to the granularity needed for more sensitive and specific preclinical staging. The aim of this review is to identify the dynamic and nuanced manifestations of autoantibodies in type 1 diabetes, and to highlight how these autoantibody features have the potential to improve study design of trials aiming to predict and prevent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle So
- Diabetes Clinical Research Program, and Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Cate Speake
- Diabetes Clinical Research Program, and Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Andrea K Steck
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Markus Lundgren
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö 22200, Sweden
| | - Peter G Colman
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Jerry P Palmer
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Kevan C Herold
- Department of Immunobiology, and Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Carla J Greenbaum
- Diabetes Clinical Research Program, and Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
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8
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Lu C, Zhao Q, Wang D, Feng Y, Feng L, Li Z, Shi Q. Rab35 regulates insulin secretion via phogrin in pancreatic β cells. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 49:104-112. [PMID: 34448213 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of pancreatic β cell insulin secretion is related to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Rab proteins have been shown to be key players in insulin secretion by pancreatic β cells, and phogrin is a marker for the processes of exocytosis and insulin secretion. The purposes of this study were to clarify the regulatory role of Rab35 in insulin secretion and analyse the Rab35/phogrin interaction mechanism in β-TC-6 cells. We studied the effects of Rab35 gene overexpression and interference on insulin secretion and phogrin expression and levels in β-TC-6 cells. The Rab35/phogrin interaction was verified by GST pulldown, co-IP and co-localisation experiments. Here, we report that Rab35 is mainly distributed in the β-TC-6-cell plasma membrane and cytoplasm. Rab35 overexpression promotes insulin secretion and decreases phogrin expression in β-TC-6 cells, whereas its silencing significantly inhibits insulin secretion, promotes phogrin expression (p < 0.05) and causes phogrin redistribution. Furthermore, Rab35 silencing suppresses exocytosis of insulin. Rab35 interacts with phogrin, and both proteins co-localise in the plasma membranes and cytoplasm of β-TC-6 cells. Our study presents novel evidence that Rab35 regulates insulin secretion by inhibiting phogrin expression and causing intracellular phogrin redistribution in pancreatic β cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunting Lu
- Science and Education Office, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingtong Zhao
- Medical Centre of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Science and Education Office, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunlu Feng
- South China Normal University Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lie Feng
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zejian Li
- Medical Centre of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiping Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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9
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Živković ML, Gajarský M, Beková K, Stadlbauer P, Vicherek L, Petrová M, Fiala R, Rosenberg I, Šponer J, Plavec J, Trantírek L. Insight into formation propensity of pseudocircular DNA G-hairpins. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:2317-2332. [PMID: 33524154 PMCID: PMC7913771 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently showed that Saccharomyces cerevisiae telomeric DNA can fold into an unprecedented pseudocircular G-hairpin (PGH) structure. However, the formation of PGHs in the context of extended sequences, which is a prerequisite for their function in vivo and their applications in biotechnology, has not been elucidated. Here, we show that despite its ‘circular’ nature, PGHs tolerate single-stranded (ss) protrusions. High-resolution NMR structure of a novel member of PGH family reveals the atomistic details on a junction between ssDNA and PGH unit. Identification of new sequences capable of folding into one of the two forms of PGH helped in defining minimal sequence requirements for their formation. Our time-resolved NMR data indicate a possibility that PGHs fold via a complex kinetic partitioning mechanism and suggests the existence of K+ ion-dependent PGH folding intermediates. The data not only provide an explanation of cation-type-dependent formation of PGHs, but also explain the unusually large hysteresis between PGH melting and annealing noted in our previous study. Our findings have important implications for DNA biology and nanotechnology. Overrepresentation of sequences able to form PGHs in the evolutionary-conserved regions of the human genome implies their functionally important biological role(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Lenarčič Živković
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic.,Slovenian NMR Centre, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Martin Gajarský
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic.,National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Beková
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic.,National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Stadlbauer
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno 61265, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Vicherek
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Magdalena Petrová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radovan Fiala
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Rosenberg
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Šponer
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic.,Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno 61265, Czech Republic
| | - Janez Plavec
- Slovenian NMR Centre, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.,EN-FIST Centre of Excellence, Ljubljana SI-1001, Slovenia.,Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Lukáš Trantírek
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic
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10
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Reiterer V, Pawłowski K, Desrochers G, Pause A, Sharpe HJ, Farhan H. The dead phosphatases society: a review of the emerging roles of pseudophosphatases. FEBS J 2020; 287:4198-4220. [PMID: 32484316 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatases are a diverse family of enzymes, comprising at least 10 distinct protein folds. Like most other enzyme families, many have sequence variations that predict an impairment or loss of catalytic activity classifying them as pseudophosphatases. Research on pseudoenzymes is an emerging area of interest, with new biological functions repurposed from catalytically active relatives. Here, we provide an overview of the pseudophosphatases identified to date in all major phosphatase families. We will highlight the degeneration of the various catalytic sequence motifs and discuss the challenges associated with the experimental determination of catalytic inactivity. We will also summarize the role of pseudophosphatases in various diseases and discuss the major challenges and future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guillaume Desrochers
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Arnim Pause
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Hesso Farhan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
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11
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Ilinca A, Martinez-Majander N, Samuelsson S, Piccinelli P, Truvé K, Cole J, Kittner S, Soller M, Kristoffersson U, Tatlisumak T, Puschmann A, Putaala J, Lindgren A. Whole-Exome Sequencing in 22 Young Ischemic Stroke Patients With Familial Clustering of Stroke. Stroke 2020; 51:1056-1063. [PMID: 32172663 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.119.027474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Backgrounds and Purpose- Although new methods for genetic analyses are rapidly evolving, there are currently knowledge gaps in how to detect Mendelian forms of stroke. Methods- We performed whole-exome sequencing in 22 probands, under 56 years at their first ischemic stroke episode, from multi-incident stroke families. With the use of a comprehensive stroke-gene panel, we searched for variants in stroke-related genes. The probands' clinical stroke subtype was related to clinical characteristics previously associated with pathogenic variants in these genes. Relatives were genotyped in 7 families to evaluate stroke-gene variants of unknown significance. In 2 larger families with embolic stroke of unknown source, whole-exome sequencing was performed in additional members to examine the possibility of identifying new stroke genes. Results- Six of 22 probands carried pathogenic or possibly pathogenic variants in genes reported to be associated with their stroke subtype. A known pathogenic variant in NOTCH3 and a possibly pathogenic variant in ACAD9 gene were identified. A novel JAK2:c.3188G>A (p.Arg1063His) mutation was seen in a proband with embolic stroke of undetermined source and prothrombotic status. However, penetrance in the family was incomplete. COL4A2:c.3368A>G (p.Glu1123Gly) was detected in 2 probands but did not cosegregate with the disease in their families. Whole-exome sequencing in multiple members of 2 pedigrees with embolic stroke of undetermined source revealed possibly pathogenic variants in genes not previously associated with stroke, GPR142:c.148C>G (p.Leu50Val), and PTPRN2:c.2416A>G (p.Ile806Val); LRRC1 c.808A>G (p.Ile270Val), SLC7A10c.1294dupG (p.Val432fs), IKBKB: c.1070C>T (p.Ala357Val), and OXGR1 c.392G>A (p.Arg131His), respectively. Conclusions- Screening with whole-exome sequencing using a comprehensive stroke-gene panel may identify rare monogenic forms of stroke, but careful evaluation of clinical characteristics and potential pathogenicity of novel variants remain important. In our study, the majority of individuals with familial aggregation of stroke lacked any identified genetic causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Ilinca
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurology (A.I., A.P., A.L.), Lund University, Sweden.,Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, Neurology, Skåne University Hospital, Sweden (A.L., A.P., A.L.)
| | | | - Sofie Samuelsson
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Pathology (S.S., P.P.), Lund University, Sweden
| | - Paul Piccinelli
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Pathology (S.S., P.P.), Lund University, Sweden
| | - Katarina Truvé
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden (K.T.)
| | - John Cole
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System (J.C., S.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Steven Kittner
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System (J.C., S.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore.,Department of Neurology (S.K.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Maria Soller
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden (M.S.)
| | - Ulf Kristoffersson
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Laboratory Medicine (U.K.), Lund University, Sweden
| | - Turgut Tatlisumak
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Andreas Puschmann
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurology (A.I., A.P., A.L.), Lund University, Sweden.,Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, Neurology, Skåne University Hospital, Sweden (A.L., A.P., A.L.)
| | - Jukka Putaala
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, Finland (N.M.-M., J.P.)
| | - Arne Lindgren
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurology (A.I., A.P., A.L.), Lund University, Sweden.,Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, Neurology, Skåne University Hospital, Sweden (A.L., A.P., A.L.)
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12
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Harmonization of immunoassays for biomarkers in diabetes mellitus. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 39:107359. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Rotunno MS, Lane M, Zhang W, Wolf P, Oliva P, Viel C, Wills AM, Alcalay RN, Scherzer CR, Shihabuddin LS, Zhang K, Sardi SP. Cerebrospinal fluid proteomics implicates the granin family in Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2479. [PMID: 32051502 PMCID: PMC7015906 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59414-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease, the most common age-related movement disorder, is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with unclear etiology. Better understanding of the underlying disease mechanism(s) is an urgent need for the development of disease-modifying therapeutics. Limited studies have been performed in large patient cohorts to identify protein alterations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a proximal site to pathology. We set out to identify disease-relevant protein changes in CSF to gain insights into the etiology of Parkinson's disease and potentially assist in disease biomarker identification. In this study, we used liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in data-independent acquisition (DIA) mode to identify Parkinson's-relevant biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid. We quantified 341 protein groups in two independent cohorts (n = 196) and a longitudinal cohort (n = 105 samples, representing 40 patients) consisting of Parkinson's disease and healthy control samples from three different sources. A first cohort of 53 Parkinson's disease and 72 control samples was analyzed, identifying 53 proteins with significant changes (p < 0.05) in Parkinson's disease relative to healthy control. We established a biomarker signature and multiple protein ratios that differentiate Parkinson's disease from healthy controls and validated these results in an independent cohort. The second cohort included 28 Parkinson's disease and 43 control samples. Independent analysis of these samples identified 41 proteins with significant changes. Evaluation of the overlapping changes between the two cohorts identified 13 proteins with consistent and significant changes (p < 0.05). Importantly, we found the extended granin family proteins as reduced in disease, suggesting a potential common mechanism for the biological reduction in monoamine neurotransmission in Parkinson's patients. Our study identifies several novel protein changes in Parkinson's disease cerebrospinal fluid that may be exploited for understanding etiology of disease and for biomarker development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa S Rotunno
- Rare and Neurologic Diseases Therapeutic Area, Sanofi, Inc., Framingham, MA, 01701, USA.,Biomarkers and Bioanalytics, Translational Sciences, Sanofi, Inc., Framingham, MA, 01701, USA
| | - Monica Lane
- Biomarkers and Bioanalytics, Translational Sciences, Sanofi, Inc., Framingham, MA, 01701, USA
| | - Wenfei Zhang
- Translational Medicine, Sanofi, Inc., Framingham, MA, 01701, USA
| | - Pavlina Wolf
- Biomarkers and Bioanalytics, Translational Sciences, Sanofi, Inc., Framingham, MA, 01701, USA.,Editas Medicine, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Petra Oliva
- Biomarkers and Bioanalytics, Translational Sciences, Sanofi, Inc., Framingham, MA, 01701, USA.,ARCHIMED Life Sciences GmbH, Leberstraße 20/2, 1110, Vienna, Austria
| | - Catherine Viel
- Rare and Neurologic Diseases Therapeutic Area, Sanofi, Inc., Framingham, MA, 01701, USA
| | - Anne-Marie Wills
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Roy N Alcalay
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032-3784, USA
| | - Clemens R Scherzer
- Precision Neurology Program, Harvard Medical School, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,APDA Center for Advance Parkinson Research, Harvard Medical School, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Lamya S Shihabuddin
- Rare and Neurologic Diseases Therapeutic Area, Sanofi, Inc., Framingham, MA, 01701, USA
| | - Kate Zhang
- Biomarkers and Bioanalytics, Translational Sciences, Sanofi, Inc., Framingham, MA, 01701, USA.,Editas Medicine, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - S Pablo Sardi
- Rare and Neurologic Diseases Therapeutic Area, Sanofi, Inc., Framingham, MA, 01701, USA.
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14
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Rahmani B, Gandhi J, Joshi G, Smith NL, Reid I, Khan SA. The Role of Diabetes Mellitus in Diseases of the Gallbladder and Biliary Tract. Curr Diabetes Rev 2020; 16:931-948. [PMID: 32133965 DOI: 10.2174/1573399816666200305094727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus worldwide continues to pose a heavy burden. Though its gastrointestinal impact is appropriately recognized, the lesser known associations may be overlooked. OBJECTIVE We aim to review the negative implications of diabetes on the gallbladder and the biliary tract. METHODS A MEDLINE® database search of literature was conducted with emphasis on the previous five years, combining keywords such as "diabetes," "gallbladder," and "biliary". RESULTS The association of diabetes to the formation of gallstones, gallbladder cancer, and cancer of the biliary tract are discussed along with diagnosis and treatment. CONCLUSION Though we uncover the role of diabetic neuropathy in gallbladder and biliary complications, the specific individual diabetic risk factors behind these developments is unclear. Also, in addition to diabetes control and surgical gallbladder management, the treatment approach also requires further focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Rahmani
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook,
NY, USA
| | - Jason Gandhi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook,
NY, USA
- Medical Student Research Institute, St. George’s University School of Medicine, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Gunjan Joshi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Stony Brook Southampton Hospital, Southampton, NY, USA
| | | | - Inefta Reid
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook,
NY, USA
| | - Sardar Ali Khan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook,
NY, USA
- Department of Urology, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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15
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Bonifacio E, Achenbach P. Birth and coming of age of islet autoantibodies. Clin Exp Immunol 2019; 198:294-305. [PMID: 31397889 PMCID: PMC6857083 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This review takes the reader through 45 years of islet autoantibody research, from the discovery of islet‐cell antibodies in 1974 to today’s population‐based screening for presymptomatic early‐stage type 1 diabetes. The review emphasizes the current practical value of, and factors to be considered in, the measurement of islet autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bonifacio
- Technische Universität Dresden, DFG Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - P Achenbach
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany.,Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Forschergruppe Diabetes, Munich, Germany
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16
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Castro-Sánchez P, Aguilar-Sopeña O, Alegre-Gómez S, Ramirez-Munoz R, Roda-Navarro P. Regulation of CD4 + T Cell Signaling and Immunological Synapse by Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases: Molecular Mechanisms in Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1447. [PMID: 31297117 PMCID: PMC6607956 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell activation and effector function is mediated by the formation of a long-lasting interaction established between T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) called immunological synapse (IS). During T cell activation, different signaling molecules as well as the cytoskeleton and the endosomal compartment are polarized to the IS. This molecular dynamics is tightly regulated by phosphorylation networks, which are controlled by protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). While some PTPs are known to be important regulators of adhesion, ligand discrimination or the stimulation threshold, there is still little information about the regulatory role of PTPs in cytoskeleton rearrangements and endosomal compartment dynamics. Besides, spatial and temporal regulation of PTPs and substrates at the IS is only barely known. Consistent with an important role of PTPs in T cell activation, multiple mutations as well as altered expression levels or dynamic behaviors have been associated with autoimmune diseases. However, the precise mechanism for the regulation of T cell activation and effector function by PTPs in health and autoimmunity is not fully understood. Herein, we review the current knowledge about the regulatory role of PTPs in CD4+ T cell activation, IS assembly and effector function. The potential molecular mechanisms mediating the action of these enzymes in autoimmune disorders are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Castro-Sánchez
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Health Research Institute '12 de Octubre (imas12)', Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Aguilar-Sopeña
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Health Research Institute '12 de Octubre (imas12)', Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Alegre-Gómez
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Health Research Institute '12 de Octubre (imas12)', Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocio Ramirez-Munoz
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Health Research Institute '12 de Octubre (imas12)', Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Roda-Navarro
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Health Research Institute '12 de Octubre (imas12)', Madrid, Spain
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17
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Tirosh A, Mukherjee S, Lack J, Gara SK, Wang S, Quezado MM, Keutgen XM, Wu X, Cam M, Kumar S, Patel D, Nilubol N, Tyagi MV, Kebebew E. Distinct genome-wide methylation patterns in sporadic and hereditary nonfunctioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Cancer 2019; 125:1247-1257. [PMID: 30620390 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.31930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant methylation is a known cause of cancer initiation and/or progression. There are scant data on the genome-wide methylation pattern of nonfunctioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (NFPanNETs) and sporadic and hereditary NFPanNETs. METHODS Thirty-three tissue samples were analyzed: they included samples from sporadic (n = 9), von Hippel-Lindau (VHL)-related (n = 10), and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1)-related NFPanNETs (n = 10) as well as normal islet cells (n = 4) for comparison. Genome-wide CpG methylation profiling was performed with the Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip assay and was analyzed with R-based tools. RESULTS In unsupervised hierarchical clustering, sporadic and MEN1-related NFPanNETs clustered together, and the VHL group was in a separate cluster. MEN1-related NFPanNETs had a higher rate of hypermethylated CpG sites in comparison with sporadic and VHL-related tumor groups. Differentially methylated region analysis confirmed the higher rate of hypermethylation in MEN1-related tumors. Moreover, in an integrated analysis of gene expression data for the same tumor samples, downregulated gene expression was found in most genes that were hypermethylated. In a CpG island methylator phenotype analysis, 3 genes were identified and confirmed to have downregulated gene expression: secreted frizzle-related protein 5 (SFRP5) in sporadic NFPanNETs and cell division cycle-associated 7-like (CDCA7L) and RNA binding motif 47 (RBM47) in MEN1-related NFPanNETs. CONCLUSIONS MEN1 NFPanNETs have a higher rate of geno me-wide hypermethylation than other NFPanNET subtypes. The similarity between the pathways enriched in a methylation analysis of known genes involved in NFPanNET tumorigenesis suggests a key role for aberrant methylation in the pathogenesis of NFPanNETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Tirosh
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Endocrine Oncology Bioinformatics Lab, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sanjit Mukherjee
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Justin Lack
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sudheer Kumar Gara
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sophie Wang
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Martha M Quezado
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Xavier M Keutgen
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xiaolin Wu
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Maggie Cam
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Dhaval Patel
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Naris Nilubol
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Monica Varun Tyagi
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Electron Kebebew
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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18
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Kumar A, de Leiva A. Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) in Asian and European populations. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2017; 33. [PMID: 28198081 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disorder caused by relative or absolute insulin deficiency and characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia. It is expected that by year 2025, 80% of all type 2 diabetic patients will be living in developing or low- and middle-income countries. Among Asians, there has been an overall increase in abdominal obesity; however, the risk of diabetes in these populations starts at much lower body mass index as compared to Caucasians. A significant proportion of diabetic patients with adult-onset, initially nonrequiring insulin treatment, have diabetes-associated autoantibodies in their sera. A new subclass of diabetes with the designation of latent autoimmune diabetes of adult-onset (LADA) has been proposed for this category of subjects. Studies have demonstrated that patients with autoimmune diabetes, characterized by the presence of glutamic decarboxylase autoantibodies display a different clinical phenotype from classical type 2 diabetes without glutamic decarboxylase autoantibodies. This subset of phenotypic type 2 diabetes subjects with islet autoantibodies tend to have sulphonylurea failure and need insulin treatment earlier in the disease process. Diagnosing LADA at an initial stage will be important so that insulin can be initiated earlier, facilitating improved glycemic control sooner as well as the preservation of residual beta-cell function in adult-onset autoimmune diabetes. Because of differences in dietary habits, environmental factors, and phenotypic characteristics between European and Asian populations, there may be heterogeneity in the prevalence and other characteristics of LADA in these two populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Kumar
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital de Sant Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto de Leiva
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital de Sant Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
- EDUAB-IIB-HSP (CIBER-BBN, ISCIII), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
- Fundación DIABEM, Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Bian X, Wasserfall C, Wallstrom G, Wang J, Wang H, Barker K, Schatz D, Atkinson M, Qiu J, LaBaer J. Tracking the Antibody Immunome in Type 1 Diabetes Using Protein Arrays. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:195-203. [PMID: 27690455 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We performed an unbiased proteome-scale profiling of humoral autoimmunity in recent-onset type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients and nondiabetic controls against ∼10 000 human proteins using a Nucleic Acid Programmable Protein Array (NAPPA) platform, complemented by a knowledge-based selection of proteins from genes enriched in human pancreas. Although the global response was similar between cases and controls, we identified and then validated six specific novel T1D-associated autoantibodies (AAbs) with sensitivities that ranged from 16 to 27% at 95% specificity. These included AAbs against PTPRN2, MLH1, MTIF3, PPIL2, NUP50 (from NAPPA screening), and QRFPR (by targeted ELISA). Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that NUP50 protein behaved differently in islet cells, where it stained both nucleus and cytoplasm, compared with only nuclear staining in exocrine pancreas. Conversely, PPIL2 staining was absent in islet cells, despite its presence in exocrine cells. The combination of anti-PTPRN2, -MLH1, -PPIL2, and -QRFPR had an AUC of 0.74 and 37.5% sensitivity at 95% specificity. These data indicate that these markers behave independently and support the use of unbiased screening to find biomarkers because the majority was not predicted based on predicted abundance. Our study enriches the knowledge of the "autoantibody-ome" in unprecedented breadth and width.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Bian
- The Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Clive Wasserfall
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32603, United States
| | - Garrick Wallstrom
- The Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Jie Wang
- The Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Haoyu Wang
- The Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Kristi Barker
- The Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Desmond Schatz
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 30607, United States
| | - Mark Atkinson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32603, United States
| | - Ji Qiu
- The Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Joshua LaBaer
- The Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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20
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Ramírez-Franco JJ, Munoz-Cuevas FJ, Luján R, Jurado S. Excitatory and Inhibitory Neurons in the Hippocampus Exhibit Molecularly Distinct Large Dense Core Vesicles. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:202. [PMID: 27630542 PMCID: PMC5005380 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal interneurons comprise a diverse family of inhibitory neurons that are critical for detailed information processing. Along with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), interneurons secrete a myriad of neuroactive substances via secretory vesicles but the molecular composition and regulatory mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, we have carried out an immunohistofluorescence analysis to describe the molecular content of vesicles in distinct populations of hippocampal neurons. Our results indicate that phogrin, an integral protein of secretory vesicles in neuroendocrine cells, is highly enriched in parvalbumin-positive interneurons. Consistently, immunoelectron microscopy revealed phogrin staining in axon terminals of symmetrical synapses establishing inhibitory contacts with cell bodies of CA1 pyramidal neurons. Furthermore, phogrin is highly expressed in CA3 and dentate gyrus (DG) interneurons which are both positive for PV and neuropeptide Y. Surprisingly, chromogranin B a canonical large dense core vesicle marker, is excluded from inhibitory cells in the hippocampus but highly expressed in excitatory CA3 pyramidal neurons and DG granule cells. Our results provide the first evidence of phogrin expression in hippocampal interneurons and suggest the existence of molecularly distinct populations of secretory vesicles in different types of inhibitory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rafael Luján
- Synaptic Structure Laboratory, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas, Universidad Castilla-La ManchaAlbacete, Spain
| | - Sandra Jurado
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
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21
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Roberts C, Roberts GA, Löbner K, Bearzatto M, Clark A, Bonifacio E, Christie MR. Expression of the Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase-like Protein IA-2 During Pancreatic Islet Development. J Histochem Cytochem 2016; 49:767-76. [PMID: 11373323 DOI: 10.1177/002215540104900610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A tyrosine phosphatase-like protein, IA-2, is a major autoantigen in Type 1 diabetes but its role in islet function is unclear. Tyrosine phosphorylation mediates regulation of cellular processes such as exocytosis, cell growth, and cell differentiation. To investigate the potential involvement of IA-2 in islet differentiation and insulin secretion, we analyzed by immunohistochemistry expression of IA-2 during islet development in fetal rats and during the maturation of insulin secretory responses after birth. In the fetus, IA-2 immunoreactivity was detected in primitive islets positive for insulin and glucagon at 12 days' gestation. Subsequently, IA-2 was only weakly detectable in the fetal pancreas. In neonatal rat, a progressive increase in IA-2 immunoreactivity was observed in islets from very low levels at 1 day of age to moderate labeling at 10 days. In the adult, relatively high levels of IA-2 were detected in islets, with heterogeneous expression in individual cells within each islet. IA-2 marks a population of endocrine cells that transiently appear early in pancreatic ontogeny. Islet IA-2 expression reappears after birth concomitant with the development of mature insulin secretory responses, consistent with a role for this protein in regulated hormone secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Roberts
- Department of Medicine, Guy's, King's College, and St Thomas' School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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22
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Li Yim AYF, Duijvis NW, Zhao J, de Jonge WJ, D'Haens GRAM, Mannens MMAM, Mul ANPM, Te Velde AA, Henneman P. Peripheral blood methylation profiling of female Crohn's disease patients. Clin Epigenetics 2016; 8:65. [PMID: 27279921 PMCID: PMC4897922 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-016-0230-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder belonging to the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). CD affects distinct parts of the gastrointestinal tract, leading to symptoms including diarrhea, fever, abdominal pain, weight loss, and anemia. The aim of this study was to assess whether the DNA methylome of peripheral blood cells can be associated with CD in women. Methods Samples were obtained from 18 female patients with histologically confirmed ileal or ileocolic CD and 25 healthy age- and gender-matched controls (mean age and standard deviation: 30.5 ± 6.5 years for both groups). Genome-wide DNA methylation was determined using the Illumina HumanMethylation 450k BeadChip. Results Our analysis implicated 4287 differentially methylated positions (DMPs; corrected p < 0.05) that are associated to 2715 unique genes. Gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed significant enrichment of our DMPs in immune response processes and inflammatory pathways. Of the 4287 DMPs, 32 DMPs were located on chromosome X with several hits for MIR223 and PABPC5. Comparison with previously performed (epi)genome-wide studies revealed that we replicated 33 IBD-associated genes. In addition to DMPs, we found eight differentially methylated regions (DMRs). Conclusions CD patients display a characteristic DNA methylation landscape, with the differentially methylated genes being implicated in immune response. Additionally, DMPs were found on chromosome X suggesting X-linked manifestations of CD that could be associated with female-specific symptoms. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13148-016-0230-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Y F Li Yim
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Genome Diagnostics Laboratory, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Epinova Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
| | - Nicolette W Duijvis
- Tytgat Institute for Liver & Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jing Zhao
- Tytgat Institute for Liver & Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter J de Jonge
- Tytgat Institute for Liver & Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geert R A M D'Haens
- Department of Gastroenterology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel M A M Mannens
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Genome Diagnostics Laboratory, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adri N P M Mul
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Genome Diagnostics Laboratory, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anje A Te Velde
- Tytgat Institute for Liver & Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Henneman
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Genome Diagnostics Laboratory, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Biochemical, biophysical, and functional properties of ICA512/IA-2 RESP18 homology domain. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2016; 1864:511-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Shim YJ, Kim JE, Hwang SK, Choi BS, Choi BH, Cho EM, Jang KM, Ko CW. Identification of Candidate Gene Variants in Korean MODY Families by Whole-Exome Sequencing. Horm Res Paediatr 2016; 83:242-51. [PMID: 25765181 DOI: 10.1159/000368657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To date, 13 genes causing maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) have been identified. However, there is a big discrepancy in the genetic locus between Asian and Caucasian patients with MODY. Thus, we conducted whole-exome sequencing in Korean MODY families to identify causative gene variants. METHODS Six MODY probands and their family members were included. Variants in the dbSNP135 and TIARA databases for Koreans and the variants with minor allele frequencies >0.5% of the 1000 Genomes database were excluded. We selected only the functional variants (gain of stop codon, frameshifts and nonsynonymous single-nucleotide variants) and conducted a case-control comparison in the family members. The selected variants were scanned for the previously introduced gene set implicated in glucose metabolism. RESULTS Three variants c.620C>T:p.Thr207Ile in PTPRD, c.559C>G:p.Gln187Glu in SYT9, and c.1526T>G:p.Val509Gly in WFS1 were respectively identified in 3 families. We could not find any disease-causative alleles of known MODY 1-13 genes. Based on the predictive program, Thr207Ile in PTPRD was considered pathogenic. CONCLUSIONS Whole-exome sequencing is a valuable method for the genetic diagnosis of MODY. Further evaluation is necessary about the role of PTPRD, SYT9 and WFS1 in normal insulin release from pancreatic beta cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Jee Shim
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Cai T, Notkins AL. Pathophysiologic changes in IA-2/IA-2β null mice are secondary to alterations in the secretion of hormones and neurotransmitters. Acta Diabetol 2016; 53:7-12. [PMID: 25861885 PMCID: PMC5243143 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-015-0750-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
IA-2 and IA-2β are transmembrane proteins of dense-core vesicles (DCV). The deletion of these proteins results in a reduction in the number of DCV and the secretion of hormones and neurotransmitters. As a result, this leads to a variety of pathophysiologic changes. The purpose of this review is to describe these changes, which are characterized by glucose intolerance, female infertility, behavior and learning abnormalities and alterations in the diurnal circadian rhythms of blood pressure, heart rate, spontaneous physical activity and body temperature. These findings show that the deletion of IA-2 and IA-2β results in multiple pathophysiologic changes and represents a unique in vivo model for studying the effect of hormone and neurotransmitter reduction on known and still unrecognized targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Cai
- Experimental Medicine Section, Laboratory of Sensory Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B30/Rm106, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Abner L Notkins
- Experimental Medicine Section, Laboratory of Sensory Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B30/Rm106, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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26
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Sengelaub CA, Navrazhina K, Ross JB, Halberg N, Tavazoie SF. PTPRN2 and PLCβ1 promote metastatic breast cancer cell migration through PI(4,5)P2-dependent actin remodeling. EMBO J 2015; 35:62-76. [PMID: 26620550 PMCID: PMC4717998 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201591973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered abundance of phosphatidyl inositides (PIs) is a feature of cancer. Various PIs mark the identity of diverse membranes in normal and malignant cells. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5‐bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) resides predominantly in the plasma membrane, where it regulates cellular processes by recruiting, activating, or inhibiting proteins at the plasma membrane. We find that PTPRN2 and PLCβ1 enzymatically reduce plasma membrane PI(4,5)P2 levels in metastatic breast cancer cells through two independent mechanisms. These genes are upregulated in highly metastatic breast cancer cells, and their increased expression associates with human metastatic relapse. Reduction in plasma membrane PI(4,5)P2 abundance by these enzymes releases the PI(4,5)P2‐binding protein cofilin from its inactive membrane‐associated state into the cytoplasm where it mediates actin turnover dynamics, thereby enhancing cellular migration and metastatic capacity. Our findings reveal an enzymatic network that regulates metastatic cell migration through lipid‐dependent sequestration of an actin‐remodeling factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin A Sengelaub
- Laboratory of Systems Cancer Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kristina Navrazhina
- Laboratory of Systems Cancer Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jason B Ross
- Laboratory of Systems Cancer Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nils Halberg
- Laboratory of Systems Cancer Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sohail F Tavazoie
- Laboratory of Systems Cancer Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
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Luan L, Xue R, Lu C, Cui A, Hou Y, Quan J, Xiang M, Wang X, Yuan W, Sun N, Meng D, Chen S. Anti-serum with anti-autoantibody activity decreases autoantibody-positive B lymphocytes and type 1 diabetes of female NOD mice. Autoimmunity 2015; 49:21-30. [PMID: 26334951 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2015.1079819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease characterized by an autoimmune-mediated loss of insulin secreting β-cells. Each B lymphocyte clone that escapes immune tolerance produces a specific antibody. No specific treatment against autoantibodies is available for autoimmune diseases. We have developed a strategy to produce an antiserum against autoantibodies for the treatment of T1DM. Non-obese diabetic (NOD) but not Balb/c mouse serum contains autoantibodies. Antisera were produced by immunizing Balb/c mice with affinity-purified IgG from NOD or BALB/c mice along with the immune adjuvant (hereafter, NIgG or BIgG, respectively). A bolus administration of NIgG significantly reduced serum autoantibodies, autoantibody-positive B lymphocytes in the spleens of NOD mice, mortality and morbidity of diabetes, blood glucose and islet immune infiltration, whereas it increased islet mass in NOD mice for at least 26 weeks. NIgG antiserum treatment has no significant effect on CD3(+), CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cells and B220(+) or CD19(+) B cells. BIgG also imparted a moderate therapeutic effect, although it was considerably lower than that of NIgG. NIgG did not cross-react with allogeneic serum. NIgG showed no effect on Balb/c mice. The results show the feasibility of producing antiserum against autoantibodies to prevent and treat autoimmune-induced T1DM with a single bolus administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Luan
- a Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology , School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Rong Xue
- a Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology , School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Chao Lu
- a Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology , School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Anfeng Cui
- b Department of Physiology , Ningxia Medical College , Yinchuan , Ningxia , China , and
| | - Yanqiang Hou
- c Department of Central Laboratory , Songjiang Hospital Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Jing Quan
- a Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology , School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Meng Xiang
- a Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology , School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Xinhong Wang
- a Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology , School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Wenjun Yuan
- b Department of Physiology , Ningxia Medical College , Yinchuan , Ningxia , China , and
| | - Ning Sun
- a Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology , School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Dan Meng
- a Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology , School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Sifeng Chen
- a Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology , School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai , China
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Cai T, Hirai H, Xu H, Notkins AL. The minimal promoter region of the dense-core vesicle protein IA-2: transcriptional regulation by CREB. Acta Diabetol 2015; 52:573-80. [PMID: 25528004 PMCID: PMC5273861 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-014-0689-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS IA-2 is a transmembrane protein found in the dense-core vesicles (DCV) of neuroendocrine cells and one of the major autoantigens in type 1 diabetes. DCV are involved in the secretion of hormones (e.g., insulin) and neurotransmitters. Stimulation of pancreatic β cells with glucose upregulates the expression of IA-2 and an increase in IA-2 results in an increase in the number of DCV. Little is known, however, about the promoter region of IA-2 or the transcriptional factors that regulate the expression of this gene. METHODS In the present study, we constructed eight deletion fragments from the upstream region of the IA-2 transcription start site and linked them to a luciferase reporter. RESULTS By this approach, we have identified a short bp region (-216 to +115) that has strong promoter activity. We also identified a transcription factor, cAMP responsive element-binding protein (CREB), which binds to two CREB-related binding sites located in this region. The binding of CREB to these sites enhanced IA-2 transcription by more than fivefold. We confirmed these findings by site-directed mutagenesis, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays and RNAi inhibition. CONCLUSION Based on these findings, we conclude that the PKA pathway is a critical, but not the exclusive signaling pathway involved in IA-2 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Cai
- Experimental Medicine Section, Laboratory of Sensory Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B30/Rm106, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA,
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Doran TM, Simanski S, Kodadek T. Discovery of native autoantigens via antigen surrogate technology: application to type 1 diabetes. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:401-12. [PMID: 25474415 PMCID: PMC4339956 DOI: 10.1021/cb5007618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental goal in understanding the mechanisms of autoimmune disease is the characterization of autoantigens that are targeted by autoreactive antibodies and T cells. Unfortunately, the identification of autoantigens is a difficult problem. We have begun to explore a novel route to the discovery of autoantibody/autoantigen pairs that involves comparative screening of combinatorial libraries of unnatural, synthetic molecules for compounds that bind antibodies present at much higher levels in the serum of individuals with a given autoimmune disease than in the serum of control individuals. We have shown that this approach can yield "antigen surrogates" capable of capturing disease-specific autoantibodies from serum. In this report, we demonstrate that the synthetic antigen surrogates can be used to affinity purify the autoantibodies from serum and that these antibodies can then be used to identify their cognate autoantigen in an appropriate tissue lysate. Specifically, we report the discovery of a peptoid able to bind autoantibodies present in about one-third of nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. The peptoid-binding autoantibodies were highly enriched through peptoid affinity chromatography and employed to probe mouse pancreatic and brain lysates. This resulted in identification of murine GAD65 as the native autoantigen. GAD65 is a known humoral autoantigen in human type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), but its existence in mice had been controversial. This study demonstrates the potential of this chemical approach for the unbiased identification of autoantigen/autoantibody complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd M. Doran
- Departments
of Chemistry
& Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research
Institute, 130 Scripps
Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Scott Simanski
- Departments
of Chemistry
& Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research
Institute, 130 Scripps
Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Thomas Kodadek
- Departments
of Chemistry
& Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research
Institute, 130 Scripps
Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
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Precechtelova J, Borsanyiova M, Sarmirova S, Bopegamage S. Type I diabetes mellitus: genetic factors and presumptive enteroviral etiology or protection. J Pathog 2014; 2014:738512. [PMID: 25574400 PMCID: PMC4276674 DOI: 10.1155/2014/738512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We review type 1 diabetes and host genetic components, as well as epigenetics and viruses associated with type 1 diabetes, with added emphasis on the enteroviruses, which are often associated with triggering the disease. Genus Enterovirus is classified into twelve species of which seven (Enterovirus A, Enterovirus B, Enterovirus C, and Enterovirus D and Rhinovirus A, Rhinovirus B, and Rhinovirus C) are human pathogens. These viruses are transmitted mainly by the fecal-oral route; they may also spread via the nasopharyngeal route. Enterovirus infections are highly prevalent, but these infections are usually subclinical or cause a mild flu-like illness. However, infections caused by enteroviruses can sometimes be serious, with manifestations of meningoencephalitis, paralysis, myocarditis, and in neonates a fulminant sepsis-like syndrome. These viruses are often implicated in chronic (inflammatory) diseases as chronic myocarditis, chronic pancreatitis, and type 1 diabetes. In this review we discuss the currently suggested mechanisms involved in the viral induction of type 1 diabetes. We recapitulate current basic knowledge and definitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Precechtelova
- Enterovirus Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Limbova 12, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Maria Borsanyiova
- Enterovirus Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Limbova 12, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Sona Sarmirova
- Enterovirus Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Limbova 12, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Shubhada Bopegamage
- Enterovirus Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Limbova 12, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia
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X-ray structure of the mature ectodomain of phogrin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 16:1-9. [PMID: 25421040 DOI: 10.1007/s10969-014-9191-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Phogrin/IA-2β and ICA512/IA-2 are two paralogs receptor-type protein-tyrosine phosphatases (RPTP) that localize in secretory granules of various neuroendocrine cells. In pancreatic islet β-cells, they participate in the regulation of insulin secretion, ensuring proper granulogenesis, and β-cell proliferation. The role of their cytoplasmic tail has been partially unveiled, while that of their luminal region remains unclear. To advance the understanding of its structure-function relationship, the X-ray structure of the mature ectodomain of phogrin (ME phogrin) at pH 7.4 and 4.6 has been solved at 1.95- and 2.01-Å resolution, respectively. Similarly to the ME of ICA512, ME phogrin adopts a ferredoxin-like fold: a sheet of four antiparallel β-strands packed against two α-helices. Sequence conservation among vertebrates, plants and insects suggests that the structural similarity extends to all the receptor family. Crystallized ME phogrin is monomeric, in agreement with solution studies but in striking contrast with the behavior of homodimeric ME ICA512. The structural details that may cause the quaternary structure differences are analyzed. The results provide a basis for building models of the overall orientation and oligomerization state of the receptor in biological membranes.
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Olsson AH, Volkov P, Bacos K, Dayeh T, Hall E, Nilsson EA, Ladenvall C, Rönn T, Ling C. Genome-wide associations between genetic and epigenetic variation influence mRNA expression and insulin secretion in human pancreatic islets. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004735. [PMID: 25375650 PMCID: PMC4222689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms may interact and together affect biological processes and disease development. However, most previous studies have investigated genetic and epigenetic mechanisms independently, and studies examining their interactions throughout the human genome are lacking. To identify genetic loci that interact with the epigenome, we performed the first genome-wide DNA methylation quantitative trait locus (mQTL) analysis in human pancreatic islets. We related 574,553 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with genome-wide DNA methylation data of 468,787 CpG sites targeting 99% of RefSeq genes in islets from 89 donors. We identified 67,438 SNP-CpG pairs in cis, corresponding to 36,783 SNPs (6.4% of tested SNPs) and 11,735 CpG sites (2.5% of tested CpGs), and 2,562 significant SNP-CpG pairs in trans, corresponding to 1,465 SNPs (0.3% of tested SNPs) and 383 CpG sites (0.08% of tested CpGs), showing significant associations after correction for multiple testing. These include reported diabetes loci, e.g. ADCY5, KCNJ11, HLA-DQA1, INS, PDX1 and GRB10. CpGs of significant cis-mQTLs were overrepresented in the gene body and outside of CpG islands. Follow-up analyses further identified mQTLs associated with gene expression and insulin secretion in human islets. Causal inference test (CIT) identified SNP-CpG pairs where DNA methylation in human islets is the potential mediator of the genetic association with gene expression or insulin secretion. Functional analyses further demonstrated that identified candidate genes (GPX7, GSTT1 and SNX19) directly affect key biological processes such as proliferation and apoptosis in pancreatic β-cells. Finally, we found direct correlations between DNA methylation of 22,773 (4.9%) CpGs with mRNA expression of 4,876 genes, where 90% of the correlations were negative when CpGs were located in the region surrounding transcription start site. Our study demonstrates for the first time how genome-wide genetic and epigenetic variation interacts to influence gene expression, islet function and potential diabetes risk in humans. Inter-individual variation in genetics and epigenetics affects biological processes and disease susceptibility. However, most studies have investigated genetic and epigenetic mechanisms independently and to uncover novel mechanisms affecting disease susceptibility there is a highlighted need to study interactions between these factors on a genome-wide scale. To identify novel loci affecting islet function and potentially diabetes, we performed the first genome-wide methylation quantitative trait locus (mQTL) analysis in human pancreatic islets including DNA methylation of 468,787 CpG sites located throughout the genome. Our results showed that DNA methylation of 11,735 CpGs in 4,504 unique genes is regulated by genetic factors located in cis (67,438 SNP-CpG pairs). Furthermore, significant mQTLs cover previously reported diabetes loci including KCNJ11, INS, HLA, PDX1 and GRB10. We also found mQTLs associated with gene expression and insulin secretion in human islets. By performing causality inference tests (CIT), we identified CpGs where DNA methylation potentially mediates the genetic impact on gene expression and insulin secretion. Our functional follow-up experiments further demonstrated that identified mQTLs/genes (GPX7, GSTT1 and SNX19) directly affect pancreatic β-cell function. Together, our study provides a detailed map of genome-wide associations between genetic and epigenetic variation, which affect gene expression and insulin secretion in human pancreatic islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders H. Olsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Epigenetics and Diabetes, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Clinical Research Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Petr Volkov
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Epigenetics and Diabetes, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Clinical Research Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Karl Bacos
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Epigenetics and Diabetes, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Clinical Research Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Tasnim Dayeh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Epigenetics and Diabetes, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Clinical Research Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Elin Hall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Epigenetics and Diabetes, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Clinical Research Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Emma A. Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Epigenetics and Diabetes, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Clinical Research Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Claes Ladenvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Clinical Research Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Tina Rönn
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Epigenetics and Diabetes, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Clinical Research Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Ling
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Epigenetics and Diabetes, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Clinical Research Centre, Malmö, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Reiterer V, Eyers PA, Farhan H. Day of the dead: pseudokinases and pseudophosphatases in physiology and disease. Trends Cell Biol 2014; 24:489-505. [PMID: 24818526 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pseudophosphatases and pseudokinases are increasingly viewed as integral elements of signaling pathways, and there is mounting evidence that they have frequently retained the ability to interact with cellular 'substrates', and can exert important roles in different diseases. However, these pseudoenzymes have traditionally received scant attention compared to classical kinases and phosphatases. In this review we explore new findings in the emerging pseudokinase and pseudophosphatase fields, and discuss their different modes of action which include exciting new roles as scaffolds, anchors, spatial modulators, traps, and ligand-driven regulators of canonical kinases and phosphatases. Thus, it is now apparent that pseudokinases and pseudophosphatases both support and drive a panoply of signaling networks. Finally, we highlight recent evidence on their involvement in human pathologies, marking them as potential novel drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Reiterer
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Patrick A Eyers
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Hesso Farhan
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland; Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
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Carmona GN, Nishimura T, Schindler CW, Panlilio LV, Notkins AL. The dense core vesicle protein IA-2, but not IA-2β, is required for active avoidance learning. Neuroscience 2014; 269:35-42. [PMID: 24662847 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The islet-antigens IA-2 and IA-2β are major autoantigens in type-1 diabetes and transmembrane proteins in dense core vesicles (DCV). Recently we showed that deletion of both IA-2 and IA-2β alters the secretion of hormones and neurotransmitters and impairs behavior and learning. The present study was designed to evaluate the contribution to learning of each of these genes by using single knockout (SKO) and double knockout (DKO) mice in an active avoidance test. After 5 days of training, wild-type (WT) mice showed 60-70% active avoidance responses, whereas the DKO mice showed only 10-15% active avoidance responses. The degree of active avoidance responses in the IA-2 SKO mice was similar to that of the DKO mice, but in contrast, the IA-2β SKO mice behaved like WT mice showing 60-70% active avoidance responses. Molecular studies revealed a marked decrease in the phosphorylation of the cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CAMKII) in the striatum and hippocampus of the IA-2 SKO and DKO mice, but not in the IA-2β SKO mice. To evaluate the role of CREB and CAMKII in the SKO and DKO mice, GBR-12909, which selectively blocks the dopamine uptake transporter and increases CREB and CAMKII phosphorylation, was administered. GBR-12909 restored the phosphorylation of CREB and CAMKII and increased active avoidance learning in the DKO and IA-2 SKO to near the normal levels found in the WT and IA-2β SKO mice. We conclude that in the absence of the DCV protein IA-2, active avoidance learning is impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- G N Carmona
- Experimental Medicine Section, Laboratory of Sensory Biology Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - T Nishimura
- Experimental Medicine Section, Laboratory of Sensory Biology Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - C W Schindler
- Preclinical Pharmacology Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - L V Panlilio
- Preclinical Pharmacology Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A L Notkins
- Experimental Medicine Section, Laboratory of Sensory Biology Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Rydén AKE, Wesley JD, Coppieters KT, Von Herrath MG. Non-antigenic and antigenic interventions in type 1 diabetes. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 10:838-46. [PMID: 24165565 PMCID: PMC4896560 DOI: 10.4161/hv.26890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic β-cells. Current T1D therapies are exclusively focused on regulating glycemia rather than the underlying immune response. A handful of trials have sought to alter the clinical course of T1D using various broad immune-suppressors, e.g., cyclosporine A and azathioprine.1–3 The effect on β-cell preservation was significant, however, these therapies were associated with unacceptable side-effects. In contrast, more recent immunomodulators, such as anti-CD3 and antigenic therapies such as DiaPep277, provide a more targeted immunomodulation and have been generally well-tolerated and safe; however, as a monotherapy there appear to be limitations in terms of therapeutic benefit. Therefore, we argue that this new generation of immune-modifying agents will likely work best as part of a combination therapy. This review will summarize current immune-modulating therapies under investigation and discuss how to move the field of immunotherapy in T1D forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K E Rydén
- Type 1 Diabetes R&D Center; Novo Nordisk Inc.; Seattle, WA USA; Pacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute; Seattle, WA USA
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Donelan W, Wang H, Li SW, Pittman D, Li Y, Han S, Sun Y, Carter C, Atkinson M, Reeves W, Winter WE, Yang LJ. Novel detection of pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 autoantibodies (PAA) in human sera using luciferase immunoprecipitation systems (LIPS) assay. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2013; 6:1202-1210. [PMID: 23696946 PMCID: PMC3657381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We have previously identified pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (Pdx1) autoantibodies (PAA) in sera from both non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice and human type 1 diabetic (T1D) patients. A suitable non-radioactive, sensitive and specific assay is needed for large-scale testing to determine the clinical utility of PAA. Here we reported a liquid-phase luciferase immunoprecipitation system (LIPS) assay by generating a renilla luciferase (Rluc)-Pdx1 fusion protein as a sensitive non-radioactive antigen from mammalian cells combined with immunoprecipitation to detect PAA in human sera. Sera from healthy donors and the University of Florida Pathology Laboratories, Endocrine Autoantibody Laboratory were used to validate the LIPS assay for PAA. Antigenic specificity to Pdx1 was confirmed by using a Rluc-only control compared to Rluc-Pdx1 fusion antigen and by competition assays using purified recombinant Pdx1 protein. We then used the LIPS assay to assess the prevalence of triple autoantibodies (GADA, IA-2A, and IA-2βA), and PAA in non-T1D control sera, recent onset (RO)-T1D sera (mean duration of T1D = 9.5 weeks), and long standing (LS)-T1D sera. Compared to clinical radioimmunoprecipitation assays (RIPA), the LIPS assay showed comparable sensitivity and specificity for detection of GADA and IA-2A. PAA were detectable in human serum samples and higher in triple-positive T1D autoantibodies (21% PAA positive in triple positive sera and 4% PAA positive in triple negative sera). Interestingly, PAA were found to be highest in the non-T1D population, suggesting that PAA might have a clinical utility in screening high-risk population susceptible for developing T1D. In conclusion, we have developed a liquid-phase, non-radioactive, sensitive and specific LIPS assay to detect PAA in human sera, providing a useful tool for evaluating the clinical relevance of PAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Donelan
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory MedicineGainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Hai Wang
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory MedicineGainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Shi-Wu Li
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory MedicineGainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - David Pittman
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory MedicineGainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of MedicineGainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Shuhong Han
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of MedicineGainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory MedicineGainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Christopher Carter
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory MedicineGainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Mark Atkinson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory MedicineGainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Westley Reeves
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of MedicineGainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - William E Winter
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory MedicineGainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Li-Jun Yang
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory MedicineGainesville, Florida 32610, USA
- Tianjin University of Science & TechnologyTianjin, 300457, China
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Elvers KT, Geoghegan I, Shoemark DK, Lampasona V, Bingley PJ, Williams AJ. The core cysteines, (C909) of islet antigen-2 and (C945) of islet antigen-2β, are crucial to autoantibody binding in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2013; 62:214-22. [PMID: 22966073 PMCID: PMC3526053 DOI: 10.2337/db11-1590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cysteines are thought integral to conformational epitopes of islet antigen-2 (IA-2) autoantibodies (IA-2A), possibly through disulfide bond formation. We therefore investigated which cysteines are critical to IA-2A binding in patients with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes. All 10 cysteines in the intracellular domain of IA-2 were modified to serine by site-directed mutagenesis, and the effects of these changes on autoantibody binding in comparison with wild-type control were investigated by radiobinding assay. Mutation of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) core cysteine (C909) in IA-2 caused large reductions in autoantibody binding. In contrast, little or no reduction in binding was seen following substitution of the other cysteines. Modification of the core cysteine (C945) in IA-2β also greatly reduced autoantibody binding. Lysine substitution of glutamate-836 in IA-2 or glutamate-872 in IA-2β resulted in modest reductions in binding and identified a second epitope region. Binding to IA-2 PTP and IA-2β PTP was almost abolished by mutation of both the core cysteine and these glutamates. The core cysteine is key to the major PTP conformational epitope, but disulfide bonding contributes little to IA-2A epitope integrity. In most patients, at disease onset, >90% of antibodies binding to the PTP domain of IA-2 recognize just two epitope regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen T. Elvers
- School of Clinical Sciences, Learning and Research, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, U.K
| | - Ivey Geoghegan
- School of Clinical Sciences, Learning and Research, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, U.K
| | | | - Vito Lampasona
- Genomic Unit for the Diagnosis of Human Pathologies, Center for Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Polly J. Bingley
- School of Clinical Sciences, Learning and Research, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, U.K
| | - Alistair J.K. Williams
- School of Clinical Sciences, Learning and Research, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, U.K
- Corresponding author: Alistair J.K. Williams,
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Punia S, Rumery KK, Yu EA, Lambert CM, Notkins AL, Weaver DR. Disruption of gene expression rhythms in mice lacking secretory vesicle proteins IA-2 and IA-2β. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 303:E762-76. [PMID: 22785238 PMCID: PMC3468428 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00513.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Insulinoma-associated protein (IA)-2 and IA-2β are transmembrane proteins involved in neurotransmitter secretion. Mice with targeted disruption of both IA-2 and IA-2β (double-knockout, or DKO mice) have numerous endocrine and physiological disruptions, including disruption of circadian and diurnal rhythms. In the present study, we have assessed the impact of disruption of IA-2 and IA-2β on molecular rhythms in the brain and peripheral oscillators. We used in situ hybridization to assess molecular rhythms in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of wild-type (WT) and DKO mice. The results indicate significant disruption of molecular rhythmicity in the SCN, which serves as the central pacemaker regulating circadian behavior. We also used quantitative PCR to assess gene expression rhythms in peripheral tissues of DKO, single-knockout, and WT mice. The results indicate significant attenuation of gene expression rhythms in several peripheral tissues of DKO mice but not in either single knockout. To distinguish whether this reduction in rhythmicity reflects defective oscillatory function in peripheral tissues or lack of entrainment of peripheral tissues, animals were injected with dexamethasone daily for 15 days, and then molecular rhythms were assessed throughout the day after discontinuation of injections. Dexamethasone injections improved gene expression rhythms in liver and heart of DKO mice. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that peripheral tissues of DKO mice have a functioning circadian clockwork, but rhythmicity is greatly reduced in the absence of robust, rhythmic physiological signals originating from the SCN. Thus, IA-2 and IA-2β play an important role in the regulation of circadian rhythms, likely through their participation in neurochemical communication among SCN neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohan Punia
- Experimental Medicine Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Verhulst PJ, Depoortere I. Ghrelin's second life: From appetite stimulator to glucose regulator. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:3183-95. [PMID: 22783041 PMCID: PMC3391754 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i25.3183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin, a 28 amino acid peptide hormone produced by the stomach, was the first orexigenic hormone to be discovered from the periphery. The octanoyl modification at Ser3, mediated by ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT), is essential for ghrelin’s biological activity. Ghrelin stimulates food intake through binding to its receptor (GRLN-R) on neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. Ghrelin is widely expressed throughout the body; accordingly, it is implicated in several other physiological functions, which include growth hormone release, gastric emptying, and body weight regulation. Ghrelin and GRLN-R expression are also found in the pancreas, suggesting a local physiological role. Accordingly, several recent studies now point towards an important role for ghrelin and its receptor in the regulation of blood glucose homeostasis, which is the main focus of this review. Several mechanisms of this regulation by ghrelin have been proposed, and one possibility is through the regulation of insulin secretion. Despite some controversy, most studies suggest that ghrelin exerts an inhibitory effect on insulin secretion, resulting in increased circulating glucose levels. Ghrelin may thus be a diabetogenic factor. Obesity-related type 2 diabetes has become an increasingly important health problem, almost reaching epidemic proportions in the world; therefore, antagonists of the ghrelin-GOAT signaling pathway, which will tackle both energy- and glucose homeostasis, may be considered as promising new therapies for this disease.
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Giardino WJ, Cote DM, Li J, Ryabinin AE. Characterization of Genetic Differences within the Centrally Projecting Edinger-Westphal Nucleus of C57BL/6J and DBA/2J Mice by Expression Profiling. Front Neuroanat 2012; 6:22. [PMID: 22347848 PMCID: PMC3278674 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2012.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Detailed examination of the midbrain Edinger–Westphal (EW) nucleus revealed the existence of two distinct nuclei. One population of EW preganglionic (EWpg) neurons was found to control oculomotor functions, and a separate population of EW centrally projecting (EWcp) neurons was found to contain stress- and feeding-related neuropeptides. Although it has been shown that EWcp neurons are highly responsive to drugs of abuse and behavioral stress, a genetic characterization of the EWcp was needed. To identify genetic differences in the EWcp of inbred mouse strains that differ in behaviors relevant to EWcp function, we used publicly available tools from the Allen Brain Atlas to identify 68 transcripts that were selectively expressed in the EWcp, and examined their expression within tissue punch microdissection samples containing the EWcp of adult male C57BL/6J (B6) and DBA/2J (D2) mice. Using 96-well quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) arrays that included the EWcp-specific genes, several other genes of interest, and five housekeeping genes, we identified strain differences in expression of 11 EWcp-specific genes (BC023892, Btg3, Bves, Cart, Cck, Ghsr, Neto1, Postn, Ptprn, Rcn1, and Ucn), two immediate early genes (Egr1 and Fos), and one dopamine-related gene (Drd5). All significant expression differences were greater in B6 vs. D2 mice, and several of these were verified either at the protein level using immunohistochemistry (IHC) or in silico using microarray data sets from whole brain and other brain areas. These results demonstrate a significant advance in our understanding of the EWcp on three levels. First, we generated a list of EWcp-specific genes (most of which had not yet been reported within the EWcp in the literature) that will be informative for future studies of EWcp function. Second, due to similarity in results from qPCR and IHC, we revealed that strain differences in basal EWcp neuropeptide content are accounted for by differential transcription and number of peptidergic neurons, rather than by differential rates of peptide release. And third, our identification of differentially expressed EWcp-specific genes between B6 and D2 mice may hold powerful insight into the neurogenetic contributions of the EWcp to stress- and addiction-related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Giardino
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University Portland, OR, USA
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Cai T, Hirai H, Zhang G, Zhang M, Takahashi N, Kasai H, Satin LS, Leapman RD, Notkins AL. Deletion of Ia-2 and/or Ia-2β in mice decreases insulin secretion by reducing the number of dense core vesicles. Diabetologia 2011; 54:2347-57. [PMID: 21732083 PMCID: PMC3168514 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2221-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Islet antigen 2 (IA-2) and IA-2β are dense core vesicle (DCV) transmembrane proteins and major autoantigens in type 1 diabetes. The present experiments were initiated to test the hypothesis that the knockout of the genes encoding these proteins impairs the secretion of insulin by reducing the number of DCV. METHODS Insulin secretion, content and DCV number were evaluated in islets from single knockout (Ia-2 [also known as Ptprn] KO, Ia-2β [also known as Ptprn2] KO) and double knockout (DKO) mice by a variety of techniques including electron and two-photon microscopy, membrane capacitance, Ca(2+) currents, DCV half-life, lysosome number and size and autophagy. RESULTS Islets from single and DKO mice all showed a significant decrease in insulin content, insulin secretion and the number and half-life of DCV (p < 0.05 to 0.001). Exocytosis as evaluated by two-photon microscopy, membrane capacitance and Ca(2+) currents supports these findings. Electron microscopy of islets from KO mice revealed a marked increase (p < 0.05 to 0.001) in the number and size of lysosomes and enzymatic studies showed an increase in cathepsin D activity (p < 0.01). LC3 protein, an indicator of autophagy, also was increased in islets of KO compared with wild-type mice (p < 0.05 to 0.01) suggesting that autophagy might be involved in the deletion of DCV. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION We conclude that the decrease in insulin content and secretion, resulting from the deletion of Ia-2 and/or Ia-2β, is due to a decrease in the number of DCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Cai
- Experimental Medicine Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
- Correspondences: T. Cai: OIIB, NIDCR/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA Tel: 301-402-5320; Fax: 301-402-4163; ; Or A. Notkins: EMS, OIIB, NIDCR/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA Tel: 301-496-4535; Fax: 301-402-4163;
| | - H. Hirai
- Experimental Medicine Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - G. Zhang
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Physical Science, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - M. Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - N. Takahashi
- Laboratory of Structural Physiology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - H. Kasai
- Laboratory of Structural Physiology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - L. S. Satin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Brehm Diabetes Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - R. D. Leapman
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Physical Science, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - A. L. Notkins
- Experimental Medicine Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
- Correspondences: T. Cai: OIIB, NIDCR/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA Tel: 301-402-5320; Fax: 301-402-4163; ; Or A. Notkins: EMS, OIIB, NIDCR/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA Tel: 301-496-4535; Fax: 301-402-4163;
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Vermeulen I, Weets I, Asanghanwa M, Ruige J, Van Gaal L, Mathieu C, Keymeulen B, Lampasona V, Wenzlau JM, Hutton JC, Pipeleers DG, Gorus FK. Contribution of antibodies against IA-2β and zinc transporter 8 to classification of diabetes diagnosed under 40 years of age. Diabetes Care 2011; 34:1760-5. [PMID: 21715527 PMCID: PMC3142046 DOI: 10.2337/dc10-2268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated whether measuring autoantibodies against zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8A) and IA-2β (IA-2βA) may improve classification of new-onset type 1 diabetic patients based on detection of autoantibodies against insulin (IAA), GAD (GADA), and IA-2 (IA-2A). In addition, we studied the correlation of IA-2βA and ZnT8A with other biological and demographic variables. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Circulating autoantibodies were determined by liquid-phase radiobinding assays from 761 healthy control subjects and 655 new-onset (<1 week insulin) diabetic patients (aged 0-39 years) with clinical type 1 diabetes phenotype consecutively recruited by the Belgian Diabetes Registry. RESULTS At diagnosis, IA-2βA and ZnT8A prevalences were 41 and 58%, respectively. In IAA-negative, GADA-negative, and IA-2A-negative patients, one IA-2βA-positive and eleven ZnT8A-positive individuals were identified at the expense of eight and seven additional positive control subjects (1%), respectively, for each test. ZnT8A or IA-2βA screening increased (P < 0.001; McNemar) the number of patients with ≥2 antibodies both under (from 78 to 87% for ZnT8A and 82% for IA-2βA) and above age 15 (from 51 to 63% for ZnT8A and 56% for IA-2βA) versus 0% in control subjects. IA-2βA and ZnT8A were preferentially associated with IA-2A, and with younger age at diagnosis. Unlike ZnT8A, IA-2βA levels were positively correlated with HLA-DQ8 and negatively with HLA-DQ2. ZnT8A could replace IAA for classification of patients above age 10 without loss of sensitivity or specificity. CONCLUSIONS ZnT8A, and to a lesser degree IA-2βA, may usefully complement GADA, IA-2A, and IAA for classifying insulin-treated diabetes under age 40 years.
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Sacks DB, Arnold M, Bakris GL, Bruns DE, Horvath AR, Kirkman MS, Lernmark A, Metzger BE, Nathan DM. Guidelines and recommendations for laboratory analysis in the diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2011; 34:e61-99. [PMID: 21617108 PMCID: PMC3114322 DOI: 10.2337/dc11-9998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple laboratory tests are used to diagnose and manage patients with diabetes mellitus. The quality of the scientific evidence supporting the use of these tests varies substantially. APPROACH An expert committee compiled evidence-based recommendations for the use of laboratory testing for patients with diabetes. A new system was developed to grade the overall quality of the evidence and the strength of the recommendations. Draft guidelines were posted on the Internet and presented at the 2007 Arnold O. Beckman Conference. The document was modified in response to oral and written comments, and a revised draft was posted in 2010 and again modified in response to written comments. The National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry and the Evidence-Based Laboratory Medicine Committee of the American Association for Clinical Chemistry jointly reviewed the guidelines, which were accepted after revisions by the Professional Practice Committee and subsequently approved by the Executive Committee of the American Diabetes Association. CONTENT In addition to long-standing criteria based on measurement of plasma glucose, diabetes can be diagnosed by demonstrating increased blood hemoglobin A(1c) (HbA(1c)) concentrations. Monitoring of glycemic control is performed by self-monitoring of plasma or blood glucose with meters and by laboratory analysis of HbA(1c). The potential roles of noninvasive glucose monitoring, genetic testing, and measurement of autoantibodies, urine albumin, insulin, proinsulin, C-peptide, and other analytes are addressed. SUMMARY The guidelines provide specific recommendations that are based on published data or derived from expert consensus. Several analytes have minimal clinical value at present, and their measurement is not recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Sacks
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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44
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Sacks DB, Arnold M, Bakris GL, Bruns DE, Horvath AR, Kirkman MS, Lernmark A, Metzger BE, Nathan DM. Guidelines and recommendations for laboratory analysis in the diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus. Clin Chem 2011; 57:e1-e47. [PMID: 21617152 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2010.161596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple laboratory tests are used to diagnose and manage patients with diabetes mellitus. The quality of the scientific evidence supporting the use of these tests varies substantially. APPROACH An expert committee compiled evidence-based recommendations for the use of laboratory testing for patients with diabetes. A new system was developed to grade the overall quality of the evidence and the strength of the recommendations. Draft guidelines were posted on the Internet and presented at the 2007 Arnold O. Beckman Conference. The document was modified in response to oral and written comments, and a revised draft was posted in 2010 and again modified in response to written comments. The National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry and the Evidence Based Laboratory Medicine Committee of the AACC jointly reviewed the guidelines, which were accepted after revisions by the Professional Practice Committee and subsequently approved by the Executive Committee of the American Diabetes Association. CONTENT In addition to long-standing criteria based on measurement of plasma glucose, diabetes can be diagnosed by demonstrating increased blood hemoglobin A(1c) (Hb A(1c)) concentrations. Monitoring of glycemic control is performed by self-monitoring of plasma or blood glucose with meters and by laboratory analysis of Hb A(1c). The potential roles of noninvasive glucose monitoring, genetic testing, and measurement of autoantibodies, urine albumin, insulin, proinsulin, C-peptide, and other analytes are addressed. SUMMARY The guidelines provide specific recommendations that are based on published data or derived from expert consensus. Several analytes have minimal clinical value at present, and their measurement is not recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Sacks
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1508, USA.
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Riveros C, Mellor D, Gandhi KS, McKay FC, Cox MB, Berretta R, Vaezpour SY, Inostroza-Ponta M, Broadley SA, Heard RN, Vucic S, Stewart GJ, Williams DW, Scott RJ, Lechner-Scott J, Booth DR, Moscato P. A transcription factor map as revealed by a genome-wide gene expression analysis of whole-blood mRNA transcriptome in multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14176. [PMID: 21152067 PMCID: PMC2995726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several lines of evidence suggest that transcription factors are involved in the pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) but complete mapping of the whole network has been elusive. One of the reasons is that there are several clinical subtypes of MS and transcription factors that may be involved in one subtype may not be in others. We investigate the possibility that this network could be mapped using microarray technologies and contemporary bioinformatics methods on a dataset derived from whole blood in 99 untreated MS patients (36 Relapse Remitting MS, 43 Primary Progressive MS, and 20 Secondary Progressive MS) and 45 age-matched healthy controls. Methodology/Principal Findings We have used two different analytical methodologies: a non-standard differential expression analysis and a differential co-expression analysis, which have converged on a significant number of regulatory motifs that are statistically overrepresented in genes that are either differentially expressed (or differentially co-expressed) in cases and controls (e.g., V$KROX_Q6, p-value <3.31E-6; V$CREBP1_Q2, p-value <9.93E-6, V$YY1_02, p-value <1.65E-5). Conclusions/Significance Our analysis uncovered a network of transcription factors that potentially dysregulate several genes in MS or one or more of its disease subtypes. The most significant transcription factor motifs were for the Early Growth Response EGR/KROX family, ATF2, YY1 (Yin and Yang 1), E2F-1/DP-1 and E2F-4/DP-2 heterodimers, SOX5, and CREB and ATF families. These transcription factors are involved in early T-lymphocyte specification and commitment as well as in oligodendrocyte dedifferentiation and development, both pathways that have significant biological plausibility in MS causation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Riveros
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery & Information-Based Medicine, University of Newcastle, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Drew Mellor
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery & Information-Based Medicine, University of Newcastle, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
- School of Computer Science and Software Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Kaushal S. Gandhi
- Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Fiona C. McKay
- Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Mathew B. Cox
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery & Information-Based Medicine, University of Newcastle, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Regina Berretta
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery & Information-Based Medicine, University of Newcastle, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - S. Yahya Vaezpour
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery & Information-Based Medicine, University of Newcastle, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
- Department of Computer Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mario Inostroza-Ponta
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery & Information-Based Medicine, University of Newcastle, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
- Departamento de Ingeniería Informática, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Simon A. Broadley
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Gold Coast Hospital, Southport, Australia
| | - Robert N. Heard
- Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Stephen Vucic
- Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Graeme J. Stewart
- Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | | | - Rodney J. Scott
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery & Information-Based Medicine, University of Newcastle, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Jeanette Lechner-Scott
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery & Information-Based Medicine, University of Newcastle, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - David R. Booth
- Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Pablo Moscato
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery & Information-Based Medicine, University of Newcastle, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Bioinformatics, St Lucia, Australia
- * E-mail:
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46
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Bonifacio E, Ziegler AG. Advances in the prediction and natural history of type 1 diabetes. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2010; 39:513-25. [PMID: 20723817 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) has the hallmark characteristics of autoimmunity superimposed on genetic susceptibility. Both genes (HLA) and immune markers (autoantibodies) have been validated as predictive markers of the subsequent development of the disease in higher-risk relatives and the lower-risk general population. Over the last three decades, using a combination of genes, immune, and metabolic markers, clinicians are now able to quantify an individual's disease risk from 1 in 100,000 to more than 1 in 2. This article reviews these biomarkers and T1D prediction strategies, and discusses potential implications of prediction and natural history for the pathogenesis of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezio Bonifacio
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47/49, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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47
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Cheng Y, Zhou M, Tung CH, Ji M, Zhang F. Studies on two types of PTP1B inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: Hologram QSAR for OBA and BBB analogues. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:3329-37. [PMID: 20452766 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Revised: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 04/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hologram quantitative structure-activity relationships (HQSAR) analysis were conducted on two series of PTP1B inhibitors, 39 2-(oxalylamino) benzoic acid (OBA) analogues and 60 benzofuran and benzothiophene biphenyls (BBB) analogues. The optimal HQSAR model of the OBA analogue has q(2)=0.592 and r(2)=0.940, while the optimal HQSAR model for the BBB analogues shows q(2)=0.667 and r(2)=0.863. Two models were employed to predict the biological activities of two test sets. For OBA analogues, the optimal model was validated by an external test set of six compounds with satisfactory predictive r(2) value of 0.786. For BBB analogues, the optimal model shows satisfactory predictive r(2) value of 0.866 for an external test set of 10 compounds. The contribution maps derived from the optimal HQSAR models are consistent with the biological activities of the studied compounds. Two virtual combinatorial libraries were designed and screened by the optimal HQSAR models and potential candidates with high predictive biological activities were discovered. This work may provide valuable information for future design of more promising inhibitors for PTP1B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhua Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
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48
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Ziegler AG, Nepom GT. Prediction and pathogenesis in type 1 diabetes. Immunity 2010; 32:468-78. [PMID: 20412757 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A combination of genetic and immunological features is useful for prediction of autoimmune diabetes. Patterns of immune response correspond to the progression from a preclinical phase of disease to end-stage islet damage, with biomarkers indicating transition from susceptibility to active autoimmunity, and to a final loss of immune regulation. Here, we review the markers that provide evidence for immunological checkpoint failure and that also provide tools for assessment of individualized disease risk. When viewed in the context of genetic variation that influences immune response thresholds, progression from susceptibility to overt disease displays predictable modalities of clinical presentation resulting from a sequential series of failed homeostatic checkpoints for selection and activation of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette-G Ziegler
- Forschergruppe Diabetes, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Kölner Platz 1, 80804 München, Germany.
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49
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Nishimura T, Harashima SI, Yafang H, Notkins AL. IA-2 modulates dopamine secretion in PC12 cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 315:81-6. [PMID: 19799965 PMCID: PMC3495171 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Revised: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The secretion of the hormone insulin from beta cells is modulated by the expression of the dense core vesicle transmembrane protein IA-2. Since IA-2 is found in neuroendocrine cells throughout the body, the present experiments were initiated to determine whether the expression of IA-2 also modulates the secretion of neurotransmitters. Using the dopamine-secreting pheochromocytoma cell line PC12, we found that the overexpressions of IA-2 increased the cellular content and secretion of dopamine, whereas the knockdown of IA-2 by siRNA decreased the cellular content and secretion of dopamine. Neither the overexpression nor knockdown of IA-2 influenced the uptake of [H(3)]dopamine by PC12 cells, but did influence the amount of [H(3)]dopamine secreted. Overexpression of IA-2 also increased the level of the dense core vesicle-associated proteins Rab3A, IA-2beta and secretogranin II, whereas the knockdown of IA-2 decreased the level of these proteins. We conclude that the expression of IA-2 profoundly influences the function of dense core vesicles and has a broad modulating effect on the cellular content and secretion of both hormones and neurotransmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Nishimura
- Experimental Medicine Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shin-ichi Harashima
- Experimental Medicine Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hu Yafang
- Experimental Medicine Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Abner Louis Notkins
- Experimental Medicine Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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50
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Caromile LA, Oganesian A, Coats SA, Seifert RA, Bowen-Pope DF. The neurosecretory vesicle protein phogrin functions as a phosphatidylinositol phosphatase to regulate insulin secretion. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:10487-96. [PMID: 20097759 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.066563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phogrin is a transmembrane protein expressed in cells with stimulus-coupled peptide hormone secretion, including pancreatic beta cells, in which it is localized to the membrane of insulin-containing dense-core vesicles. By sequence, phogrin is a member of the family of receptor-like protein-tyrosine phosphatases, but it contains substitutions in conserved catalytic sequences, and no significant enzymatic activity for phogrin has ever been reported. We report here that phogrin is able to dephosphorylate specific inositol phospholipids, including phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-phosphate and PI 4,5-diphosphate but not PI 3,4,5-trisphosphate. The phosphatidylinositol phosphatase (PIPase) activity of phogrin was measurable but low when evaluated by the ability of a catalytic domain fusion protein to hydrolyze soluble short-chain phosphatidylinositol phospholipids. Unlike most PIPases, which are cytoplasmic proteins that associate with membranes, mature phogrin is a transmembrane protein. When the transmembrane form of phogrin was overexpressed in mammalian cells, it reduced plasma membrane phosphatidylinositol 4,5-disphosphate levels in a dose-dependent manner. When purified and assayed in vitro, the transmembrane form had a specific activity of 142 mol/min/mol, 75-fold more active than the catalytic domain fusion protein and comparable with the specific activities of the other PIPases. The PIPase activity of phogrin depended on the catalytic site cysteine and correlated with effects on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. We propose that phogrin functions as a phosphatidylinositol phosphatase that contributes to maintaining subcellular differences in levels of PIP that are important for regulating stimulus-coupled exocytosis of insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Caromile
- Department of Pathology, University ofWashington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
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