1
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Wu N, Van Chung H, Shi S, Shi X, Liu F, Jiang J, Chen Y. Additive partitioning of multispecies distributional aggregation of local assemblages. J Anim Ecol 2024. [PMID: 38860293 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.14114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
The distribution of species is not random in space. At the finest-resolution spatial scale, that is, field sampling locations, distributional aggregation level of different species would be determined by various factors, for example spatial autocorrelation or environmental filtering. However, few studies have quantitatively measured the importance of these factors. In this study, inspired by the statistical properties of a Markov transition model, we propose a novel additive framework to partition local multispecies distributional aggregation levels for sequential sampling-derived field biodiversity data. The framework partitions the spatial distributional aggregation of different species into two independent components: regional abundance variability and the local spatial inertia effect. Empirical studies from field amphibian surveys through line-transect sampling in southwestern China (Minya Konka) and central-southern Vietnam showed that local spatial inertia was always the dominant mechanism structuring the local occurrence and distributional aggregation of amphibians in the two regions with a latitudinal gradient from 1200 to nearly 4000 m. However, regional abundance variability is still nonnegligible in highly diverse tropical regions (i.e. Vietnam) where the altitude is not higher than 2000 m. In summary, we propose a novel framework that shows that the multispecies distributional aggregation level can be structured by two additive components. The two partitioned components could be theoretically independent. These findings are expected to deepen our understanding of the local community structure from the perspective of both spatial distribution and regional diversity patterns. The partitioning framework might have potential applications in field ecology and macroecology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Hoang Van Chung
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Shengchao Shi
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoqin Shi
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Fangyao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Electronic and Information Engineering, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianping Jiang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Youhua Chen
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
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2
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De Blasio FV, Freiesleben De Blasio B. Rapid clade divergence and phyletic gradualism in an interacting particle model of sympatric speciation. Biosystems 2024; 239:105198. [PMID: 38575052 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2024.105198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The coexistence of cladogenesis, i.e., the branching of lineages along an evolutionary tree as observed in the fossil record, and anagenesis, which is the progressive evolution within populations, lacks a clear explanation. In this study, we examine a simple model that simulates the evolutionary changes occurring within populations inhabiting the same environment in sympatry, and driven by ecological competition. Our model characterizes populations through a set of evolving morphological traits represented by mathematical points within a two-dimensional morphospace. Such points may reproduce or die due to overcrowding, implying competition in morphospace as suggested by the ecological phenomenon of character displacement. By focusing on the morphospace rather than physical space, the model effectively captures the simultaneous evolution of coexisting populations. Central to the model is the delicate balance between the range of competition and the range of reproduction within the morphospace. Interesting patterns emerge when the ratio between the competition to reproducetion ranges, referred to as CR ratio, changes from values slightly smaller to significantly larger than unity. When competition acts over short distances relative to the reproduction range (low CR), the phylogenetic tree takes on a nearly uniform appearance, gradually transforming into a more bush-like structure for slightly higher CR values. With further increases in CR, evolutionary lineages become more discernible, and the morphogenetic pattern shifts from a bush-like shape to a more tree-like arrangement and few branches for very large CRs. At specific time sections, the synthetic phylogenetic tree appears as an assembly of clusters of individuals within the morphospace. These clusters, interpretable as simulated models of species, exhibit distinct separation within the morphospace and are subject to dynamic inter-cluster repulsion. Notably, clusters tend to be resistant to change. They maintain relatively constant abundances while gradually shifting their positions within the morphospace-a phase that aligns with the concept of phyletic gradualism. However, this predictable pattern is occasionally upset by the abrupt divisions into multiple groups, interpreted as cladogenesis events. The intricacies of the splitting process are explored, revealing that in scenarios with large CR values, the splitting can emerge much more rapidly than phyletic changes. This accelerated process of splitting is initiated by one or few individuals at the fringes of a cluster, where competition is minimal. The newly generated cluster then undergoes deformation, swiftly followed by divergence and splitting (seen as branching in the synthetic phylogenetic tree), as if an inherent "repulsion" triggered the division between species. The simple rules implied in the interacting-particle model may provide insight into the coexistence of gradualism and cladogenesis along lineages, illustrating the capacity for rapid shifts during cladogenesis and the more gradual process of anagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Vittorio De Blasio
- Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Milano, 20126, Italy.
| | - Birgitte Freiesleben De Blasio
- Department of Methods Development and Analytics, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O.Box 222, 0213, Oslo, Norway; Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1122 Blindern, 0318, Oslo, Norway.
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3
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Hernandez J, Villalobos-Leiva A, Bermúdez A, Ahumada-C D, Suazo MJ, Correa M, Díaz A, Benítez HA. Ecomorphology and Morphological Disparity of Caquetaia Kraussii (Perciformes: Cichlidae) in Colombia. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233438. [PMID: 36496959 PMCID: PMC9737233 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the interspecific morphological variability of Caquetaia kraussii (Perciformes: Cichlidae) between different localities in its distribution range is becoming essential, as this species constitutes a valuable resource for the economy and subsistence of the local human communities where it is endemic in Colombia and Venezuela. In order to develop efficient farming and handling plans for this species, a deep understanding of the factors and mechanisms generating morphological variability is crucial. This study analyzes the morphological variability of C. kraussii by using geometric morphometrics in four localities distributed between the Dique and North channels, which are part of the Bolívar department in Colombia. Likewise, the effect of environmental variables such as temperature (T°), dissolved oxygen (OD) and pH on morphological variability was analyzed using a partial least squares approach. The results show that environmental stress has an influence on ~10% of the body shape of C. kraussii, whereas ~90% of the body shape is not directly influenced by environmental parameters, suggesting an effect from stress related to sexual dimorphism. Similarly, the analyses show shape variation among localities, mainly between populations of lotic environments and those of lentic environments. This morphological disparity seems to be subject to environmental and sexual stresses in the different localities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Hernandez
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología Descriptiva y Aplicada, Programa de Biología, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias 130015, Colombia
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (H.A.B.)
| | - Amado Villalobos-Leiva
- Laboratorio de Ecología y Morfometría Evolutiva, Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Instituto Milenio Biodiversidad de Ecosistemas Antárticos y Subantárticos (BASE), Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3466706, Chile
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - Adriana Bermúdez
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología Descriptiva y Aplicada, Programa de Biología, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias 130015, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación Hidrobiología, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias 130015, Colombia
| | - Daniela Ahumada-C
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología Descriptiva y Aplicada, Programa de Biología, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias 130015, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación Hidrobiología, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias 130015, Colombia
| | - Manuel J. Suazo
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Casilla 7D, Arica 1000000, Chile
| | - Margarita Correa
- Laboratorio de Ecología y Morfometría Evolutiva, Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Instituto Milenio Biodiversidad de Ecosistemas Antárticos y Subantárticos (BASE), Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3466706, Chile
| | - Angie Díaz
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - Hugo A. Benítez
- Laboratorio de Ecología y Morfometría Evolutiva, Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Instituto Milenio Biodiversidad de Ecosistemas Antárticos y Subantárticos (BASE), Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3466706, Chile
- Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad (CIRENYS), Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Avenida Viel 1497, Santiago 8370993, Chile
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (H.A.B.)
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4
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Du FK, Qi M, Zhang YY, Petit RJ. Asymmetric character displacement in mixed oak stands. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:1212-1224. [PMID: 35706383 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ecological character displacement (ECD) refers to a pattern of increased divergence at sites where species ranges overlap caused by competition for resources. Although ECD is believed to be common, there are few in-depth studies that clearly establish its existence, especially in plants. Thus, we have compared leaf traits in allopatric and sympatric populations of two East Asian deciduous oaks: Quercus dentata and Quercus aliena. In contrast to previous studies, we define sympatry and allopatry at a local scale, thereby comparing populations that can or cannot directly interact. Using genetic markers, we found greater genetic divergence between the two oak species growing in mixed stands and inferred that long-term gene flow has predominantly occurred asymmetrically from the cold-tolerant species (Q. dentata) to the warm-demanding later colonizing species (Q. aliena). Analysis of leaf traits revealed greater divergence in mixed than in pure oak stands. This was mostly due to the later colonizing species being characterized by more resource-conservative traits in the presence of the other species. Controlling for relevant environmental differences did not alter these conclusions. These results suggest that asymmetric trait divergence can take place where species coexist, possibly due to the imbalance in demographic history of species resulting in asymmetric inter-specific selection pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang K Du
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Min Qi
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuan-Ye Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Rémy J Petit
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, BIOGECO, F-33610, Cestas, France
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5
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Kanamori S, Nishikawa K, Matsui M, Tanabe S. A new species of lotic breeding salamander (Amphibia, Caudata, Hynobiidae) from Shikoku, Japan. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13891. [PMID: 36046503 PMCID: PMC9422979 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hynobius hirosei is a lotic-breeding salamander endemic to Shikoku Island in western Japan. Significant allozymic and morphological differences have been found among the populations of this species; however, the degree and pattern of intraspecific variation have not been surveyed using a sufficient number of samples. Methods For the taxonomic revision of H. hirosei, we conducted genetic and morphological surveys using samples collected throughout the distribution. Phylogenetic analysis using the cytochrome b region of mitochondrial DNA and population structure analysis using single nucleotide polymorphisms were conducted to evaluate the population structure within the species and the degree of genetic differentiation. Subsequently, a morphological survey based on multivariate and univariate analyses was performed to assess the morphological variation. Results Genetic analyses revealed three genetic groups (Tsurugi, Central, and Nanyo) within H. hirosei, with the Nanyo group distributed allopatrically from the others, and the Tsurugi and Central groups distributed parapatrically with the formation of a hybrid zone between them. The Nanyo group was morphologically distinguishable from the remaining samples, including the topotype of H. hirosei, based on a smaller body size and several ratio values of characters to snout-vent length, longer axilla-groin distance, shorter tail length, shorter internarial distance, longer upper eyelid length, and larger medial tail width. These results support the notion that the Nanyo group is an undescribed species. However, the remaining genetically differentiated groups could not be divided in the present study. Herein, we described the Nanyo group as a new species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Kanamori
- Graduate School of Global and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kanto Nishikawa
- Graduate School of Global and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan,Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masafumi Matsui
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shingo Tanabe
- Graduate School of Global and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Horta P, Raposeira H, Baños A, Ibáñez C, Razgour O, Rebelo H, Juste J. Counteracting forces of introgressive hybridization and interspecific competition shape the morphological traits of cryptic Iberian Eptesicus bats. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11695. [PMID: 35803997 PMCID: PMC9270368 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15412-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptic species that coexist in sympatry are likely to simultaneously experience strong competition and hybridization. The first phenomenon would lead to character displacement, whereas the second can potentially promote morphological similarity through adaptive introgression. The main goal of this work was to investigate the effect of introgressive hybridization on the morphology of cryptic Iberian Eptesicus bats when facing counteracting evolutionary forces from interspecific competition. We found substantial overlap both in dentition and in wing morphology traits, though mainly in individuals in sympatry. The presence of hybrids contributes to a fifth of this overlap, with hybrids showing traits with intermediate morphometry. Thus, introgressive hybridization may contribute to species adaptation to trophic and ecological space responding directly to the macro-habitats characteristics of the sympatric zone and to local prey availability. On the other hand, fur shade tended to be browner and brighter in hybrids than parental species. Colour differences could result from partitioning of resources as an adaptation to environmental factors such as roost and microhabitats. We argue that a balance between adaptive introgression and niche partitioning shapes species interactions with the environment through affecting morphological traits under selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Horta
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal. .,Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4099-002, Porto, Portugal. .,OII - Observatório Inovação Investigação, Seia, Portugal. .,BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal.
| | - Helena Raposeira
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal.,Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4099-002, Porto, Portugal.,OII - Observatório Inovação Investigação, Seia, Portugal.,BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal
| | | | - Carlos Ibáñez
- Departmento de Ecología Evolutiva, Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC), Avda. Américo Vespucio 26, 41092, Sevilla, Spain.,CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Hugo Rebelo
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal.,ESS, Polytechnic Institute of Setúbal, Setúbal, Portugal, Campus do IPS - Estefanilha, 2910-761 Setúbal.,BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Javier Juste
- Departmento de Ecología Evolutiva, Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC), Avda. Américo Vespucio 26, 41092, Sevilla, Spain.,CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain
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7
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Hu N, Brönmark C, Bourdeau PE, Hollander J. Marine gastropods at higher trophic level show stronger tolerance to ocean acidification. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Hu
- Dept of Biology ‐ Aquatic Ecology, Lund Univ. Lund Sweden
| | | | | | - Johan Hollander
- Dept of Biology ‐ Aquatic Ecology, Lund Univ. Lund Sweden
- Global Ocean Inst., World Maritime Univ. Malmö Sweden
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8
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An X, Luo X, Liu T, Li W, Zou L. Development and Application of Fruit Color-Related Expressed Sequence Tag-Simple Sequence Repeat Markers in Abelmoschus esculentus on the Basis of Transcriptome Sequencing. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:907895. [PMID: 35677229 PMCID: PMC9168766 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.907895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Abelmoschus esculentus is a medicinal and edible plant that contains large amounts of active ingredients, including anthocyanins, polysaccharides, flavonoids, and terpenoids. However, because of a relative lack of molecular research, there are few molecular markers applicable for this plant species. In this study, on the basis of A. esculentus fruit color-related transcriptome sequencing data, we analyzed the patterns of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) in differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and revealed the biological processes and metabolic pathways associated with the related genes. We also designed primers for SSR loci to develop SSR molecular markers. Primers were synthesized using a DEG associated with a protein-protein interaction network. Polymorphic SSR markers were screened for the subsequent examination of A. esculentus germplasm resources and fruit color association analysis. The results indicated that 24.98% of the unigenes contained SSR motifs. Single-base (mononucleotide) repeats were the main SSRs, followed by trinucleotide and dinucleotide repeats. We selected 47 expressed sequence tag (EST)-SSR primer pairs for the genotyping of 153 A. esculentus varieties/lines. We ultimately obtained 21 EST-SSR markers suitable for genotyping. A generalized linear model-based association analysis detected two EST-SSR markers significantly associated with A. esculentus fruit color. In conclusion, several EST-SSR and SSR molecular markers in A. esculentus were developed in this study. The fruit color-associated markers may be useful for the molecular marker-assisted breeding of new A. esculentus varieties.
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Inoda T, Watanabe K, Odajima T, Miyazaki Y, Yasui S, Kitano T, Konuma J. Larval clypeus shape provides an indicator for quantitative discrimination of species and larval stages in Japanese diving beetles Cybister (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae). ZOOL ANZ 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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10
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Robinson KE, Holding ML, Whitford MD, Saviola AJ, Yates JR, Clark RW. Phenotypic and functional variation in venom and venom resistance of two sympatric rattlesnakes and their prey. J Evol Biol 2021; 34:1447-1465. [PMID: 34322920 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Predator-prey interactions often lead to the coevolution of adaptations associated with avoiding predation and, for predators, overcoming those defences. Antagonistic coevolutionary relationships are often not simple interactions between a single predator and prey but rather a complex web of interactions between multiple coexisting species. Coevolution between venomous rattlesnakes and small mammals has led to physiological venom resistance in several mammalian taxa. In general, viperid venoms contain large quantities of snake venom metalloproteinase toxins (SVMPs), which are inactivated by SVMP inhibitors expressed in resistant mammals. We explored variation in venom chemistry, SVMP expression, and SVMP resistance across four co-distributed species (California Ground Squirrels, Bryant's Woodrats, Southern Pacific Rattlesnakes, and Red Diamond Rattlesnakes) collected from four different populations in Southern California. Our aim was to understand phenotypic and functional variation in venom and venom resistance in order to compare coevolutionary dynamics of a system involving two sympatric predator-prey pairs to past studies that have focused on single pairs. Proteomic analysis of venoms indicated that these rattlesnakes express different phenotypes when in sympatry, with Red Diamonds expressing more typical viperid venom (with a diversity of SVMPs) and Southern Pacifics expressing a more atypical venom with a broader range of non-enzymatic toxins. We also found that although blood sera from both mammals were generally able to inhibit SVMPs from both rattlesnake species, inhibition depended strongly on the snake population, with snakes from one geographic site expressing SVMPs to which few mammals were resistant. Additionally, we found that Red Diamond venom, rather than woodrat resistance, was locally adapted. Our findings highlight the complexity of coevolutionary relationships between multiple predators and prey that exhibit similar offensive and defensive strategies in sympatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Robinson
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA.,Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Matthew L Holding
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA.,Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Malachi D Whitford
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.,Ecology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Anthony J Saviola
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Neurobiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - John R Yates
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Neurobiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rulon W Clark
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
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11
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Ishikawa K, Taguchi Y, Kobayashi R, Anzai W, Hayashi T, Tokita M. Cranial skeletogenesis of one of the largest amphibians, Andrias japonicus, provides insight into ontogenetic adaptations for feeding in salamanders. Zool J Linn Soc 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Skeletal development in salamanders is greatly influenced by their complex life history. Although the relationship between skull development and life history has been investigated in a variety of salamander species, few studies have compared skull development among lineages. Here, we describe the cranial skeletogenesis of the Japanese giant salamander, Andrias japonicus (family Cryptobranchidae), for the first time. To conduct interspecific comparisons, we also describe the cranial skeletogenesis of Hynobius nebulosus (Hynobiidae), Pleurodeles waltl (Salamandridae) and Ambystoma mexicanum (Ambystomatidae). Our comparative analyses reveal interspecific differences in cranial skeletogenesis, particularly in the timing of the onset of ossification, the direction of ossification (e.g. from anterior to posterior) and the ossification pattern of the hyobranchial skeleton. The early onset of jaw ossification, posterior extension of the maxilla and posterolateral inclination of the squamosal in An. japonicus might be adaptations that allow An. japonicus to gulp feed, primarily using the suction force generated by opening the mouth wide, while also supplementing that force by depressing the hyobranchial skeleton. Multivariate regression of skull shape on log10-transformed centroid size revealed that the unique skull shape of adult and subadult An. japonicus forms through hypermorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Ishikawa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
| | - Yuki Taguchi
- Hiroshima City Asa Zoological Park, Doubutsuen, Asa-cho, Asakita-ku, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 731-3355, Japan
| | - Ryomei Kobayashi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
| | - Wataru Anzai
- Hiroshima City Asa Zoological Park, Doubutsuen, Asa-cho, Asakita-ku, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 731-3355, Japan
| | - Toshinori Hayashi
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Tokita
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
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12
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Rhoda D, Segall M, Larouche O, Evans K, Angielczyk KD. Local superimpositions facilitate morphometric analysis of complex articulating structures. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 61:1892-1904. [PMID: 33905523 PMCID: PMC8699094 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icab031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Articulating structures, such as the vertebrate skeleton or the segmented arthropod exoskeleton, comprise a majority of the morphological diversity across the eukaryotic tree of life. Quantifying the form of articulating structures is therefore imperative for a fuller understanding of the factors influencing biological form. A wealth of freely available 3D data capturing this morphological diversity is stored in online repositories such as Morphosource, but the geometric morphometric analysis of an articulating structure is impeded by arbitrary differences in the resting positions of its individual articulating elements. In complex articulating structures, where the angles between articulating elements cannot be standardized, landmarks on articulating elements must be Procrustes superimposed independently (locally) and then recombined to quantify variation in the entire articulating structure simultaneously. Here, we discuss recent advances in local superimposition techniques, namely the “matched local superimpositions” approach, which incorporates anatomically accurate relative sizes, positions, and orientations of locally-superimposed landmarks, enabling clearer biological interpretation. We also use simulations to evaluate the consequences of choice of superimposition approach. Our results show that local superimpositions will isolate shape variation within locally-superimposed landmark subsets by sacrificing size and positional variation. They may also create morphometric “modules” when there are none by increasing integration within the locally-superimposed subsets; however, this effect is no greater than the spurious between-module integration created when superimposing landmark subsets (i.e., articulating elements) together. Taken together, our results show that local superimposition techniques differ from conventional Procrustes superimpositions in predictable ways. Finally, we use empirical datasets of the skulls of wrasses and colubriform snakes to highlight the promise of local superimpositions and their utility. Complex articulating structures must be studied, and the only current solution to do so is local superimpositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rhoda
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, 5801 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Marion Segall
- Department of Herpetology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA
| | - Olivier Larouche
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, 6100 Main St, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Kory Evans
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, 6100 Main St, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Kenneth D Angielczyk
- Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605, USA
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13
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López‐Aguirre C, Wilson LAB, Koyabu D, Tu VT, Hand SJ. Variation in cross‐sectional shape and biomechanical properties of the bat humerus under Wolff's law. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 304:1937-1952. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.24620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camilo López‐Aguirre
- Earth and Sustainability Science Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Laura A. B. Wilson
- Earth and Sustainability Science Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
- School of Archaeology and Anthropology, Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Daisuke Koyabu
- Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong Kowloon Hong Kong
- Department of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo Japan
| | - Vuong Tan Tu
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Suzanne J. Hand
- Earth and Sustainability Science Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
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14
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Rivera JA, Rich HN, Michelle Lawing A, Rosenberg MS, Martins EP. Occurrence data uncover patterns of allopatric divergence and interspecies interactions in the evolutionary history of Sceloporus lizards. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:2796-2813. [PMID: 33767837 PMCID: PMC7981219 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
As shown from several long-term and time-intensive studies, closely related, sympatric species can impose strong selection on one another, leading to dramatic examples of phenotypic evolution. Here, we use occurrence data to identify clusters of sympatric Sceloporus lizard species and to test whether Sceloporus species tend to coexist with other species that differ in body size, as we would expect when there is competition between sympatric congeners. We found that Sceloporus species can be grouped into 16 unique bioregions. Bioregions that are located at higher latitudes tend to be larger and have fewer species, following Rapoport's rule and the latitudinal diversity gradient. Species richness was positively correlated with the number of biomes and elevation heterogeneity of each bioregion. Additionally, most bioregions show signs of phylogenetic underdispersion, meaning closely related species tend to occur in close geographic proximity. Finally, we found that although Sceloporus species that are similar in body size tend to cluster geographically, small-bodied Sceloporus species are more often in sympatry with larger-bodied Sceloporus species than expected by chance alone, whereas large-bodied species cluster with each other geographically and phylogenetically. These results suggest that community composition in extant Sceloporus species is the result of allopatric evolution, as closely related species move into different biomes, and interspecies interactions, with sympatry between species of different body sizes. Our phyloinformatic approach offers unique and detailed insights into how a clade composed of ecologically and morphologically disparate species are distributed over large geographic space and evolutionary time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - A. Michelle Lawing
- Department of Ecosystem and Science ManagementTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
| | - Michael S. Rosenberg
- Center for the Study of Biological ComplexityVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVAUSA
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15
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Sunny A, Domínguez-Vega H, Caballero-Viñas C, Ramírez-Corona F, Suárez-Atilano M, González-Fernández A. A Salamander tale: Relative abundance, morphometrics and microhabitat of the critically endangered Mexican salamander Pseudoeurycea robertsi (Taylor, 1939). HERPETOZOA 2021. [DOI: 10.3897/herpetozoa.34.e54926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Roberts’ False Brook Salamander (Pseudoeurycea robertsi) is a critically endangered plethodontid salamander, endemic to the Nevado de Toluca Volcano (NTV), Mexico. Little is known about the biology and ecology of this species, including its microhabitats. Thus, this study aimed to collect basic information about P. robertsi. We sampled fourteen forested sites in the NTV; to corroborate the correct identification of the species we used genetic data, we assessed the variation in head morphometric measurements and dorsal colouration patterns amongst localities and the microhabitat features associated with P. robertsi presence. Of the four potential salamander species, P. robertsi was the most abundant (89.80%) and widely distributed (approximately within 130 km2) salamander in the NTV. We did not find significant variations in morphometry; however, we found significant differences in dorsal patterns between populations (in the number and size of segments of the dorsal stripe). The average total length for 185 adults was 89.15 mm (38.7–117.9 mm); we found seven patterns of dorsal stripe. We found 98% of P. robertsi individuals under the bark of fallen logs in Abies religiosa and A. religiosa-Pinus sp. forests, with a higher number of detected salamanders in naturally-fallen logs than in cut logs (34% vs. 10%). Thus, keeping well-preserved A. religiosa forests and retaining fallen logs is essential to P. robertsi conservation.
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16
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Rhoda D, Polly PD, Raxworthy C, Segall M. Morphological integration and modularity in the hyperkinetic feeding system of aquatic-foraging snakes. Evolution 2020; 75:56-72. [PMID: 33226114 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The kinetic skull is a key innovation that allowed snakes to capture, manipulate, and swallow prey exclusively using their heads using the coordinated movement of eight bones. Despite these unique feeding behaviors, patterns of evolutionary integration and modularity within the feeding bones of snakes in a phylogenetic framework have yet to be addressed. Here, we use a dataset of 60 μCT-scanned skulls and high-density geometric morphometric methods to address the origin and patterns of variation and integration in the feeding bones of aquatic-foraging snakes. By comparing alternate superimposition protocols allowing us to analyze the entire kinetic feeding system simultaneously, we find that the feeding bones are highly integrated, driven predominantly by functional selective pressures. The most supported pattern of modularity contains four modules, each associated with distinct functional roles: the mandible, the palatopterygoid arch, the maxilla, and the suspensorium. Further, the morphological disparity of each bone is not linked to its magnitude of integration, indicating that integration within the feeding system does not strongly constrain morphological evolution, and that adequate biomechanical solutions to a wide range of feeding ecologies and behaviors are readily evolvable within the constraint due to integration in the snake feeding system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rhoda
- Department of Herpetology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, 10024.,Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637
| | - P David Polly
- Department of Geological Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405
| | - Christopher Raxworthy
- Department of Herpetology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, 10024
| | - Marion Segall
- Department of Herpetology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, 10024
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17
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Dwivedi AK, Verma H, Dewan S, Verma S. Trends in morphological relationships among Gangetic Cyprinids. ZOOL ANZ 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Matocq MD, Ochsenrider KM, Jeffrey CS, Nielsen DP, Richards LA. Fine-Scale Differentiation in Diet and Metabolomics of Small Mammals Across a Sharp Ecological Transition. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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19
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Adams DC, Glynne E, Kaliontzopoulou A. Interspecific allometry for sexual shape dimorphism: Macroevolution of multivariate sexual phenotypes with application to Rensch's rule. Evolution 2020; 74:1908-1922. [PMID: 32578880 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Allometric trends in the degree of sexual dimorphism with body size have long fascinated evolutionary biologists. Many male-biased clades display more prominent sexual dimorphism in larger taxa (Rensch's rule), with most examples documenting this pattern for body size dimorphism. Although sexual dimorphism in traits other than body size is equally functionally relevant, characterizing allometric patterns of sexual dimorphism in such traits is hampered by lack of an analytical framework that can accommodate multivariate phenotypes. In this article, we derive a multivariate equivalency for investigating trends in sexual dimorphism-relative to overall body size-across taxa and provide a generalized test to determine whether such allometric patterns correspond with Rensch's rule. For univariate linear traits such as body size, our approach yields equivalent results to those from standard procedures, but our test is also capable of detecting trends in multivariate datasets such as shape. Computer simulations reveal that the method displays appropriate statistical properties, and an empirical example in Mediterranean lizards provides the first demonstration of Rensch's rule in a multivariate phenotype (head shape). Our generalized procedure substantially extends the analytical toolkit for investigating macroevolutionary patterns of sexual dimorphism and seeking a better understanding of the processes that underlie them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean C Adams
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011
| | - Elizabeth Glynne
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011
| | - Antigoni Kaliontzopoulou
- CIBIO Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Vila do Conde, Porto, 4099-002, Portugal
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20
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Parsons KJ, Rigg A, Conith AJ, Kitchener AC, Harris S, Zhu H. Skull morphology diverges between urban and rural populations of red foxes mirroring patterns of domestication and macroevolution. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20200763. [PMID: 32486981 PMCID: PMC7341913 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human activity is drastically altering the habitat use of natural populations. This has been documented as a driver of phenotypic divergence in a number of wild animal populations. Here, we show that urban and rural populations of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from London and surrounding boroughs are divergent in skull traits. These changes are primarily found to be involved with snout length, with urban individuals tending to have shorter and wider muzzles relative to rural individuals, smaller braincases and reduced sexual dimorphism. Changes were widespread and related to muscle attachment sites and thus are likely driven by differing biomechanical demands of feeding or cognition between habitats. Through extensive sampling of the genus Vulpes, we found no support for phylogenetic effects on skull morphology, but patterns of divergence found between urban and rural habitats in V. vulpes quantitatively aligned with macroevolutionary divergence between species. The patterns of skull divergence between urban and rural habitats matched the description of morphological changes that can occur during domestication. Specifically, urban populations of foxes show variation consistent with 'domestication syndrome'. Therefore, we suggest that occurrences of phenotypic divergence in relation to human activity, while interesting themselves, also have the potential to inform us of the conditions and mechanisms that could initiate domestication. Finally, this also suggests that patterns of domestication may be developmentally biased towards larger patterns of interspecific divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. J. Parsons
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Anders Rigg
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - A. J. Conith
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - A. C. Kitchener
- Department of Natural Sciences, National Museums Scotland, Chambers Street, Edinburgh EH1 1JF, UK
- Institute of Geography, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Drummond Street, Edinburgh EH8 9XP, UK
| | - S. Harris
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Haoyu Zhu
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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21
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Sottas C, Reif J, Kreisinger J, Schmiedová L, Sam K, Osiejuk TS, Reifová R. Tracing the early steps of competition-driven eco-morphological divergence in two sister species of passerines. Evol Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-020-10050-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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22
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Roth-Monzón AJ, Belk MC, Zúñiga-Vega JJ, Johnson JB. Beyond Pairwise Interactions: Multispecies Character Displacement in Mexican Freshwater Fish Communities. Am Nat 2020; 195:983-996. [PMID: 32469659 DOI: 10.1086/708513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Competition has long been recognized as a central force in shaping evolution, particularly through character displacement. Yet research on character displacement is biased, as it has focused almost exclusively on pairs of interacting species while ignoring multispecies interactions. Communities are seldom so simple that only pairs of species interact, and it is not clear whether inferences from pairwise interactions are sufficient to explain patterns of phenotypes in nature. Here, we test for character displacement in a natural system of freshwater fishes in western Mexico that contains up to four congeneric species of the genus Poeciliopsis. We analyzed body shape differences between populations with different numbers of competitors while accounting for confounding environmental variables. Surprisingly, we found evidence for convergent character displacement in populations of P. prolifica, P. viriosa, and P. latidens. We also found that the convergence in body shape was not consistently in the same direction, meaning that when three or more competitors co-occurred, we did not find more extreme body shapes compared with when there were only two competitors. Instead, when three or more competitors co-occurred, body shape was intermediate between the shape found with a pair of species and the shape found with no competitor present. This intermediate shape suggests that evolution in multispecies communities likely occurs in response to several competitors rather than to simple pairwise interactions. Overall, our results suggest that competition among multiple species is more complex than simple pairwise competitive interactions.
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23
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Quantifying the Geometric Shell Shape between Populations of True Limpets Lottia Mesoleuca (Mollusca: Lottidae) in Colombia. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10040675. [PMID: 32294895 PMCID: PMC7222701 DOI: 10.3390/ani10040675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing activity in morphological studies has provided new tools to analyses the shape quantitatively, these quantitative measurements allow the researcher to examine the variation in shape and perform analysis to examine the quantitative differences among the species shapes, where geometric morphometrics has rendered great results in the last years. This study was focused on assessing the morphometric variation between populations of Lottia mesoleuca of the family Lottidae, an abundant group of gastropods in the rocky ecosystems of Bahía Málaga and Isla Gorgona (Colombian Pacific). This family has a high morphological diversity, making the identification of some morphotypes problematic work. Geometric morphometrics methods were applied on the shell using dorsal, lateral and ventral views. Different multivariate analyses were performed to differentiate the groups of species and populations (principal component analysis, morphological distances comparisons and grouping analysis by means of the Ward method). The results indicate that individuals of the species Lottia mesoleuca have key geometric characteristics associated to the different populations (depth intertidal zones) for classification, being the geometric shape of the shell enough to determine morphotypes between the different populations studied. Aspects associated with the combination of ecological variables with morphometric ones are necessary to be able to visualize with a higher resolution the structural complexity of populations and their adaptation processes. Furthermore, it is obvious that there is a strong need to conduct more explorations of environmental and ecological processes that provide some insight on why the morphological characteristics are so variable in the same species.
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24
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Factors Facilitating Co-occurrence at the Range Boundary of Shenandoah and Red-Backed Salamanders. J HERPETOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1670/18-162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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25
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Newman E, Anderson B. Character displacement drives floral variation in Pelargonium (Geraniaceae) communities. Evolution 2020; 74:283-296. [PMID: 31883274 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between plant community members are an underexplored driver of angiosperm floral variation. We investigate character displacement as a potential contributor to floral variation in Pelargonium communities. Pelargoniums all place pollen on the ventral sides of their pollinators, potentially leading to interspecific pollen transfer (IPT) in sympatry. We show that the positions of pollen placement and receipt are determined by anther and style exsertion lengths. Using field experiments, we demonstrate that heterospecific species experience higher IPT if they have similar style lengths than when they have greater style length differences. Using crosses, we show that IPT has negative consequences on seed set. In combination, these results suggest that character displacement in style length is likely to reduce IPT and increase female fitness in sympatry. Patterns of style length variation across 29 different Pelargonium communities suggest that character displacement has occurred in multiple communities. Furthermore, analyses using a wide-ranging species pair show that style lengths are more different between sympatric populations than they are between allopatric populations. In addition to pollinators as agents of floral divergence, this study suggests that variation in Pelargonium community structure has driven style length variation through character displacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Newman
- Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - Bruce Anderson
- Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
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26
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Yao F, Shi B, Wang X, Pan D, Bai M, Yan J, Cumberlidge N, Sun H. Rapid divergent coevolution of Sinopotamon freshwater crab genitalia facilitates a burst of species diversification. Integr Zool 2019; 15:174-186. [PMID: 31773900 PMCID: PMC7216907 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
One of the most striking radiations in brachyuran evolution is the considerable morphological diversification of the external reproductive structures of primary freshwater crabs: the male first gonopod (G1) and the female vulva (FV). However, the lack of quantitative studies, especially the lack of data on female genitalia, has seriously limited our understanding of genital evolution in these lineages. Here we examined 69 species of the large Chinese potamid freshwater crab genus Sinopotamon Bott, 1967 (more than 80% of the described species). We used a landmark-based geometric morphometric approach to analyze variation in the shape of the G1 and FV, and to compare the relative degree of variability of the genitalia with non-reproductive structures (the third maxillipeds). We found rapid divergent evolution of the genitalia among species of Sinopotamon when compared to non-reproductive traits. In addition, the reconstruction of ancestral groundplans, together with plotting analyses, indicated that the FV show the most rapid divergence, and that changes in FV traits correlate with changes in G1 traits. Here we provide new evidence for coevolution between the male and female external genitalia of Sinopotamon that has likely contributed to rapid divergent evolution and an associated burst of speciation in this lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxin Yao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Boyang Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoqi Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Da Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Bai
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Neil Cumberlidge
- Department of Biology, Northern Michigan University, Marquette, Michigan, USA
| | - Hongying Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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27
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Alarcón-Ríos L, Nicieza AG, Kaliontzopoulou A, Buckley D, Velo-Antón G. Evolutionary History and Not Heterochronic Modifications Associated with Viviparity Drive Head Shape Differentiation in a Reproductive Polymorphic Species, Salamandra salamandra. Evol Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-019-09489-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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28
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Interspecific larvae competence and mandible shape disparity in cutworm pest complex (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). ZOOL ANZ 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Murray C, Litmer A, Grisnik M, Sconyers ML, Guyer C. Head shape variation among cryptic populations of ground skinks (
Scincella lateralis
). J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Murray
- Department of Biological Sciences Tennessee Technological University Cookeville Tennessee
| | - Allison Litmer
- Department of Biological Sciences Tennessee Technological University Cookeville Tennessee
| | - Matthew Grisnik
- Department of Biology Middle Tennessee State University Murfreesboro Tennessee
| | - Mackenzie L. Sconyers
- Division of Habitat and Species Conservation Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission Tallahassee Florida
| | - Craig Guyer
- Department of Biological Sciences Auburn University Auburn Alabama
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30
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Yoakum CB, Romero AN, Latham C, Douglas EC, Gallagher KM, Terhune CE. Sex and Height Influence Neck Posture When Using Electronic Handheld Devices. Clin Anat 2019; 32:1061-1071. [PMID: 31376296 DOI: 10.1002/ca.23440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
With increased tablet ownership in the United States comes increased levels of neck flexion compared to desktop or laptop computer use, and these neck postures have been linked to increases in neck pain. Importantly, tablet viewing postures can be achieved in multiple ways and could be determined by the morphology of the individual and/or other extraneous factors. In this study, we aim to preliminarily evaluate how neck postures vary during tablet use among individuals and link this variation to other factors such as sex, height, weight, presence/absence of temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD), and morphology of the head and neck. We analyzed two-dimensional landmarks placed on lateral-view radiographs of 22 participants (10 female and 12 male) seated in neutral, upright, fully flexed, semi-reclined, and reclined postures. We utilize geometric morphometric techniques, which are advantageous for evaluating shape variation and have not been extensively applied to biomechanical analyses. We found skeletal morphology to be significantly related to sex and height in all but the neutral posture (P < 0.05), and weight was marginally significantly related to shape in the semi-reclined posture (P = 0.047). Morphologically, male participants exhibited more flexion at the articulatio atlantooccipitalis than females, and females showed greater mandibular protrusion than males, although this result is likely related to height. No relationship was found between posture and TMD. This research establishes a framework for future work that uses geometric morphometric analyses to evaluate how neck postures vary in relation to TMD. Clin. Anat. 32:1061-1071, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin B Yoakum
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Ashly N Romero
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Courtney Latham
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Ethan C Douglas
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Kaitlin M Gallagher
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Claire E Terhune
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
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Ahi EP, Singh P, Duenser A, Gessl W, Sturmbauer C. Divergence in larval jaw gene expression reflects differential trophic adaptation in haplochromine cichlids prior to foraging. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:150. [PMID: 31340758 PMCID: PMC6657104 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1483-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding how variation in gene expression contributes to morphological diversity is a major goal in evolutionary biology. Cichlid fishes from the East African Great lakes exhibit striking diversity in trophic adaptations predicated on the functional modularity of their two sets of jaws (oral and pharyngeal). However, the transcriptional basis of this modularity is not so well understood, as no studies thus far have directly compared the expression of genes in the oral and pharyngeal jaws. Nor is it well understood how gene expression may have contributed to the parallel evolution of trophic morphologies across the replicate cichlid adaptive radiations in Lake Tanganyika, Malawi and Victoria. Results We set out to investigate the role of gene expression divergence in cichlid fishes from these three lakes adapted to herbivorous and carnivorous trophic niches. We focused on the development stage prior to the onset of exogenous feeding that is critical for understanding patterns of gene expression after oral and pharyngeal jaw skeletogenesis, anticipating environmental cues. This framework permitted us for the first time to test for signatures of gene expression underlying jaw modularity in convergent eco-morphologies across three independent adaptive radiations. We validated a set of reference genes, with stable expression between the two jaw types and across species, which can be important for future studies of gene expression in cichlid jaws. Next we found evidence of modular and non-modular gene expression between the two jaws, across different trophic niches and lakes. For instance, prdm1a, a skeletogenic gene with modular anterior-posterior expression, displayed higher pharyngeal jaw expression and modular expression pattern only in carnivorous species. Furthermore, we found the expression of genes in cichlids jaws from the youngest Lake Victoria to exhibit low modularity compared to the older lakes. Conclusion Overall, our results provide cross-species transcriptional comparisons of modularly-regulated skeletogenic genes in the two jaw types, implicating expression differences which might contribute to the formation of divergent trophic morphologies at the stage of larval independence prior to foraging. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-019-1483-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Pashay Ahi
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, A-8010, Graz, Austria. .,Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Pooja Singh
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Anna Duenser
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Gessl
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Christian Sturmbauer
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, A-8010, Graz, Austria
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Bondi C, Beier C, Fierke M, Ducey P. The role of feeding strategy in the tolerance of a terrestrial salamander ( Plethodon cinereus) to biogeochemical changes in northern hardwood forests. CAN J ZOOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2017-0302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether the trophic ecology of an apex predator is influenced by ecosystem-level nutrient depletion. The feeding behavior and nutrient assimilation of a terrestrial salamander, Eastern Red-backed Salamander (Plethodon cinereus (Green, 1818)), was surveyed along a gradient of forest biogeochemistry. Recent studies have documented populations of these salamanders in forests with low-pH soils that were long thought to be fatal. One mechanism that may enable P. cinereus to tolerate acid-impaired habitats is its generalist life history. We sampled diet, invertebrate prey abundance, and tissue composition of P. cinereus from sites that range in calcium availability and soil pH in northern forests of North America. We found that P. cinereus consistently exhibited a generalist feeding strategy, having diverse diets closely representing resource availability. Prey abundances were unrelated to the biogeochemical gradient (excluding gastropods), indicating relatively intact food webs. Although P. cinereus at the two most acid-impaired sites consumed more prey, overall trophic strategies were consistent across the gradient. Salamander tissue composition was unrelated to variation in forest biogeochemistry, although manganese levels were elevated in the most acid-impaired forests. We suggest that a generalist feeding strategy, combined with diverse and compositionally stable food webs, facilitates tolerance by this abundant predator of the challenges imposed by acid-impaired habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- C.A. Bondi
- College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - C.M. Beier
- College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - M.K. Fierke
- College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - P.K. Ducey
- Biological Sciences Department, State University of New York, Cortland, P.O. Box 2000, Cortland, NY 13045, USA
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Variations in body shape of mountain habitat specialist Carabus croaticus and its sister species Carabus caelatus (Coleoptera: Carabidae) populations across Dinaric Alps. ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-018-0428-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Gupta D, Dwivedi AK, Tripathi M. Taxonomic validation of five fish species of subfamily Barbinae from the Ganga river system of northern India using traditional and truss analyses. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206031. [PMID: 30365551 PMCID: PMC6203374 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphometric differences were investigated among five fish species of subfamily Barbinae from the Ganga river system through traditional morphometrics and the truss network system. Species taken into account were Puntius chola (Hamilton 1822), Puntius sophore (Hamilton 1822), Pethia ticto (Hamilton 1822), Pethia conchonius (Hamilton 1822) and Systomus sarana (Hamilton 1822). Although, taxonomists carefully examine external body features to discriminate these species, there is still a risk of misidentification during a visual assessment. In the present study, the traditional morphological analysis included 22 morphometric measurements and 10 meristic counts. Truss network system of 14 landmarks was interconnected to yield 91 distance variables. The principal component analysis (PCA), discriminant function analysis (DFA) and cluster analysis (CA) were employed in order to determine morphometric variations. In traditional analysis, 29 characters out of 32 were found significant (p<0.05). Eight principal components were extracted through PCA explaining 85.30% of the total variance in samples, DFA correctly classified 100.0% of original grouped cases and 100.0% of cross-validated grouped cases. Truss analysis showed that all the 90 characters were significant (p<0.05). PCA extracted four principal components explaining 96.45% of the total variance. DFA correctly classified 96.1% of original grouped cases and 92.1% of cross-validated grouped cases. The results acquired from the traditional as well as truss analyses indicate significant morphometric heterogeneity. However, variations are not the same for the two different methods (traditional and truss) employed for the analyses. Shape differences among species were evident from relative warps (RW) supporting truss network analysis. Geometric morphometric methods (GMM), but limited use of Procrustes methods revealed even very small dissimilarity between groups. In spite of determining the morphometric differentiation among species, the present study also provides a useful insight on the application and complementary role of truss analysis with traditional morphometric analysis in the correct classification of the selected species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepmala Gupta
- Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Madhu Tripathi
- Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- * E-mail:
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Eberle J, Bazzato E, Fabrizi S, Rossini M, Colomba M, Cillo D, Uliana M, Sparacio I, Sabatinelli G, Warnock RCM, Carpaneto G, Ahrens D. Sex-Biased Dispersal Obscures Species Boundaries in Integrative Species Delimitation Approaches. Syst Biol 2018; 68:441-459. [DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syy072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Eberle
- Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Centre of Taxonomy and Evolutionary Research, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Erika Bazzato
- Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Centre of Taxonomy and Evolutionary Research, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Botany Division, University of Cagliari, viale Sant’Ignazio da Laconi 13, 09123, Cagliari (CA), Italy
| | - Silvia Fabrizi
- Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Centre of Taxonomy and Evolutionary Research, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michele Rossini
- Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Centre of Taxonomy and Evolutionary Research, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany
- Strada dei Guazzi, 1/3, 61122 Pesaro (PU), Italy
| | - Mariastella Colomba
- Università di Urbino, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari (DiSB), Via maggetti 22, 61029 Urbino (PU), Italy
| | | | - Marco Uliana
- Museo di Storia Naturale, Santa Croce 1730, 30135 Venezia, Italy
| | | | - Guido Sabatinelli
- Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Route de Malagnou 1, 1208 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Giuseppe Carpaneto
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università Roma Tre, Viale Marconi 446, 00146 Roma, Italy
| | - Dirk Ahrens
- Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Centre of Taxonomy and Evolutionary Research, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany
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Boren S, Slice D, Thomas G. Morphometric analysis of shape differences in Windover and Point Hope archaic human mandibles. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 168:119-130. [PMID: 30341944 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The mandible can provide valuable information on both the life history and genetic makeup of Archaic human populations. The following analysis tests two hypotheses: (a) that there are significant differences in morphology in mandibular shape between the genders amongst Archaic North American Homo sapiens and (b) that there is a significant difference in variance in mandibular shape between Archaic Windover and Point Hope. MATERIALS AND METHODS A sample made from mandible specimens taken from both populations is subjected to Principal Component Analyses (PCA). The component scores from the PCAs are subjected to both a Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (mancova) and a general Multivariate Analysis of Variance (manova) to determine whether significant differences in variance exist between the sexes and the populations. RESULTS The mancova found that there are no significant interactions between the PC scores in population, sex, or size. Significant differences in variance were found between males and females and between the Windover and Point Hope populations. CONCLUSIONS Differences in variance observed between the populations are suspected to be due to differences in subsistence strategies and possibly non-masticatory utilizations of teeth. Differences in variance between the genders are suspected to be genetic in origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Boren
- Department of Scientific Computing, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Dennis Slice
- Department of Scientific Computing, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Geoffrey Thomas
- Department of Anthropology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
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37
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Davenport JM, Lowe WH. Testing for Microgeographic Effects on the Strength of Interspecific Competition. COPEIA 2018. [DOI: 10.1643/ce-18-006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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38
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Dufour CMS, Losos JB, Herrel A. Do differences in bite force and head morphology between a native and an introduced species of anole influence the outcome of species interactions? Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire M S Dufour
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Anthony Herrel
- Département ‘Adaptations du vivant’, UMR 7179 C.N.R.S/M.N.H.N., Paris Cedex, France
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Eisen KE, Geber MA. Ecological sorting and character displacement contribute to the structure of communities of Clarkia species. J Evol Biol 2018; 31:1440-1458. [PMID: 30099807 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Despite long-standing interest in the evolutionary ecology of plants that share pollinators, few studies have explored how these interactions may affect communities during both community assembly (ecological sorting) and through ongoing, in situ evolution (character displacement), and how the effects of these interactions may change with community context. To determine if communities display patterns consistent with ecological sorting, we assessed the frequency of co-occurrence of four species of Clarkia in the southern Sierra foothills (Kern County, CA, USA). To investigate potential character displacement, we measured pollination-related traits on plants grown in a greenhouse common garden from seed collected in communities with one, two or four Clarkia species. Among the four species of Clarkia in this region, the two species that are often found in multi-species communities also co-occur with one another more frequently than expected under a null model. This pattern is consistent with ecological sorting, although further investigation is needed to determine the role of pollinators in shaping community assembly. Patterns of trait variation in a common garden suggest that these two species have diverged in floral traits and converged in flowering time where they co-occur, which is consistent with character displacement. Trait variation across community types also suggests that the process and outcome of character displacement may vary with community context. Because community context appears to affect both the direction and magnitude of character displacement, change in more species-rich communities may not be predictable from patterns of change in simpler communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Eisen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Monica A Geber
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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40
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Toyama KS, Junes K, Ruiz J, Mendoza A, Pérez JM. Ontogenetic Changes in the Diet and Head Morphology of an Omnivorous Tropidurid Lizard (Microlophus thoracicus). ZOOLOGY 2018; 129:45-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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41
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Adams DC, Collyer ML. Phylogenetic ANOVA: Group‐clade aggregation, biological challenges, and a refined permutation procedure. Evolution 2018; 72:1204-1215. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dean C. Adams
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology Iowa State University Ames Iowa
- Department of Statistics Iowa State University Ames Iowa
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42
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Mezebish TD, Blackman A, Novarro AJ. Salamander climbing behavior varies among species and is correlated with community composition. Behav Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/ary022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tori D Mezebish
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - August Blackman
- Department of Biology, Oberlin College, Science Center, Oberlin, OH, USA
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Imhoff C, Giri F, Siroski P, Amavet P. Analysis of morphological variability and heritability in the head of the Argentine Black and White Tegu (Salvator merianae): undisturbed vs. disturbed environments. ZOOLOGY 2018; 127:47-62. [PMID: 29576385 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The heterogeneity of biotic and abiotic factors influencing fitness produce selective pressures that promote local adaptation and divergence among different populations of the same species. In order for adaptations to be maintained through evolutionary time, heritable genetic variation controlling the expression of the morphological features under selection is necessary. Here we compare morphological shape variability and size of the cephalic region of Salvator merianae specimens from undisturbed environments to those of individuals from disturbed environments, and estimated heritability for shape and size using geometric morphometric and quantitative genetics tools. The results of these analyzes indicated that there are statistically significant differences in shape and size between populations from the two environments. Possibly, one of the main determinants of cephalic shape and size is adaptation to the characteristics of the environment and to the trophic niche. Individuals from disturbed environments have a cephalic region with less shape variation and also have a larger centroid size when compared to individuals from undisturbed environments. The high heritability values obtained for shape and size in dorsal view and right side view indicate that these phenotypic characters have a great capacity to respond to the selection pressures to which they are subjected. Data obtained here could be used as an important tool when establishing guidelines for plans for the sustainable use and conservation of S. merianae and other species living in disturbed areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Imhoff
- Laboratorio de Genética, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias, UNL, CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Federico Giri
- Instituto Nacional de Limnología (CONICET-UNL), Ciudad Universitaria, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias, UNL, Ciudad Universitaria, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Pablo Siroski
- Laboratorio de Zoología Aplicada: Anexo Vertebrados (FHUC-UNL/MASPyMA), A. del Valle 8700, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-CONICET), Kreder 2805 (S3080HOF) Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Patricia Amavet
- Laboratorio de Genética, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias, UNL, CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina; Laboratorio de Zoología Aplicada: Anexo Vertebrados (FHUC-UNL/MASPyMA), A. del Valle 8700, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
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Detection of favorable alleles for yield and yield components by association mapping in upland cotton. Genes Genomics 2018; 40:725-734. [PMID: 29934807 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-018-0678-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Association mapping based on linkage disequilibrium provides a promising tool for dissecting the genetic basis underlying complex traits. To reveal the genetic variations of yield and yield components traits in upland cotton, 403 upland cotton accessions were collected and analyzed by 560 genome-wide simple sequence repeats (SSRs). A diverse panel consisting of 403 upland cotton accessions was grown in six different environments, and the yield and yield component traits were measured, and 560 SSR markers covering the whole genome were mapped. Association studies were performed to uncover the genotypic and phenotypic variations using a mixed linear model. Favorable alleles and typical accessions for yield traits were identified. A total of 201 markers were polymorphic, revealing 394 alleles. The average gene diversity and polymorphism information content were 0.556 and 0.483, respectively. Based on a population structure analysis, 403 accessions were divided into two subgroups. A mixed linear model analysis of the association mapping detected 43 marker loci according to the best linear unbiased prediction and in at least three of the six environments(- lgP > 1.30, P < 0.05). Among the 43 associated markers, five were associated with more than two traits simultaneously and nine were coincident with those identified previously. Based on phenotypic effects, favorable alleles and typical accessions that contained the elite allele loci related to yield traits were identified and are widely used in practical breeding. This study detected favorable quantitative trait loci's alleles and typical accessions for yield traits, these are excellent genetic resources for future high-yield breeding by marker-assisted selection in upland cotton in China.
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SSR-based association mapping of fiber quality in upland cotton using an eight-way MAGIC population. Mol Genet Genomics 2018; 293:793-805. [PMID: 29392407 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-018-1419-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The quality of fiber is significant in the upland cotton industry. As complex quantitative traits, fiber quality traits are worth studying at a genetic level. To investigate the genetic architecture of fiber quality traits, we conducted an association analysis using a multi-parent advanced generation inter-cross (MAGIC) population developed from eight parents and comprised of 960 lines. The reliable phenotypic data for six major fiber traits of the MAGIC population were collected from five environments in three locations. Phenotypic analysis showed that the MAGIC lines have a wider variation amplitude and coefficient than the founders. A total of 284 polymorphic SSR markers among eight parents screened from a high-density genetic map were used to genotype the MAGIC population. The MAGIC population showed abundant genetic variation and fast linkage disequilibrium (LD) decay (0.76 cM, r2 > 0.1), which revealed the advantages of high efficiency and power in QTL exploration. Association mapping via a mixed linear model identified 52 significant loci associated with six fiber quality traits; 14 of them were mapped in reported QTL regions with fiber-related or other agronomic traits. Nine markers demonstrated the pleiotropism that controls more than two fiber traits. Furthermore, two SSR markers, BNL1231 and BNL3452, were authenticated as hotspots that were mapped with multi-traits. In addition, we provided candidate regions and screened six candidate genes for identified loci according to the LD decay distance. Our results provide valuable QTL for further genetic mapping and will facilitate marker-based breeding for fiber quality in cotton.
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Marramà G, Kriwet J. Principal component and discriminant analyses as powerful tools to support taxonomic identification and their use for functional and phylogenetic signal detection of isolated fossil shark teeth. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188806. [PMID: 29182683 PMCID: PMC5705141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying isolated teeth of fossil selachians only based on qualitative characters is sometimes hindered by similarity in their morphology, resulting often in heated taxonomic debates. On the other hand, the use of quantitative characters (i.e. measurements) has been often neglected or underestimated in characterization and identification of fossil teeth of selachians. Here we show that, employing a robust methodological protocol based on principal component and discriminant analyses on a sample of 175 isolated fossil teeth of lamniform sharks, the traditional morphometrics can be useful to support and complement the classic taxonomic identification made on qualitative features. Furthermore, we show that discriminant analysis can be successfully useful to assign indeterminate isolated shark teeth to a certain taxon. Finally, the degree of separation of the clusters might be used to predict functional and probably also phylogenetic signals in lamniform shark teeth. However, this needs to be tested in the future employing teeth of more extant and extinct lamniform sharks and it must be pointed out that this approach does not replace in any way the qualitative analysis, but it is intended to complement and support it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Marramà
- Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jürgen Kriwet
- Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Kubiak BB, Gutiérrez EE, Galiano D, Maestri R, Freitas TROD. Can Niche Modeling and Geometric Morphometrics Document Competitive Exclusion in a Pair of Subterranean Rodents (Genus Ctenomys) with Tiny Parapatric Distributions? Sci Rep 2017; 7:16283. [PMID: 29176709 PMCID: PMC5701118 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16243-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Species with similar ecological requirements coexisting in the same geographic region are prone to competitively exclude each other. Alternatively, they may coexist if character displacement acts to change the niche requirements of one or both species. We used two methodological approaches (ecological niche modeling [ENM] and geometric morphometrics) to test two hypotheses: given their behavioral, morphological, and ecological similarities, one species competitively excludes the other; and, character displacement enables their coexistence at two sites in which the species are known to occur in sympatry. The results from the ENM-based approach did not provide evidence for competitive exclusion; however, the morphometric analyses documented displacement in size of C. minutus. This result, suggests that C. minutus might exclude C. flamarioni from areas with softer soils and higher food availability. We stress the importance of using multiple methodological approaches when testing prediction of competitive exclusion. However, both methods had limited explanatory power given that the focal species possess truly peculiar distributions, being largely parapatric and restricted to narrow, small geographic areas with a strange distribution and there is a need to search for additional methods. We discuss the idiosyncrasy of the ENM-based approach when applied to organisms with subterranean habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno B Kubiak
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Departamento de Zoologia Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões - Campus de Frederico Westphalen, Av. Assis Brasil 709, 98400-000, Frederico Westphalen, Brazil.
| | - Eliécer E Gutiérrez
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Av. Roraima n. 1000, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
- Programa Nacional de Pós Doutorado em Ecologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Campus UnB, Universidade de Brasília, Asa Norte 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Division of Mammals, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Daniel Galiano
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais - Universidade Comunitária da Região de Chapecó, - Avenida Senador Attílio Fontana, 591-E, CEP 89809-000, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Renan Maestri
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Departamento de Zoologia Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Thales R O de Freitas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Departamento de Zoologia Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Robustness of newt heads in condition of co-existence: a case of the Carpathian newt and the alpine newt. ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2017; 136:511-521. [PMID: 29104358 PMCID: PMC5653732 DOI: 10.1007/s00435-017-0366-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Co-existence between potentially competing newt species can lead to niche differentiation (e.g., in terms of diet shifts). This may cause adaptive responses involving changes in head shape. Here, we tested the hypothesis: the head shape of Lissotriton montandoni is different in conditions of co-occurrence with Ichthyosaura alpestris than in conditions in which other newt species are absent. We analysed images depicting head shape of specimens of I. alpestris and L. montandoni from a museum collection. All specimens of I. alpestris originated in a habitat where L. montandoni also occurred, whereas specimens of L. montandoni derived from populations that cohabited with I. alpestris and populations in which the presence of another newt species was not recorded. In each image, landmarks and semilandmarks were digitised. Females of L. montandoni from the population where I. alpestris also occurred were characterised by more massive heads and longer mouths in lateral views than females from sites where no other newt species occurred. Significant differences in head shape were also found when analysing ventral views between these species when they occupied the same habitat. We confirmed that the head shape of female L. montandoni differs between conditions of co-occurrence and absence of I. alpestris; no differences were found for males. A differently shaped head may be an adaptation to diet; L. montandoni females with longer mouths and more robust basal parts of the head can feed on larger invertebrates and compete more effectively with I. alpestris. The co-existence of newt species should be taken into account in future ecomorphological studies.
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Kubiak BB, Maestri R, Borges LR, Galiano D, de Freitas TRO. Interspecific interactions may not influence home range size in subterranean rodents: a case study of two tuco-tuco species (Rodentia: Ctenomyidae). J Mammal 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyx138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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50
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Berthaume MA, Schroer K. Extant ape dental topography and its implications for reconstructing the emergence of early Homo. J Hum Evol 2017; 112:15-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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