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Sato Y, Tharasanit T, Thitaram C, Somgird C, Mahasawangkul S, Thongtip N, Chatdarong K, Tiptanavattana N, Taniguchi M, Otoi T, Techakumphu M. Heat Shock Related Protein Expression in Abdominal Testes of Asian Elephant ( Elephas maximus). Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2211. [PMID: 39123737 PMCID: PMC11311082 DOI: 10.3390/ani14152211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The abdominal testes of Asian elephants show normal spermatogenesis. Heat shock in cryptorchid testes elevates heat shock factor (HSF) expression, leading to germ cell apoptosis, while increased heat shock proteins (HSPs) levels provide protection. To investigate how heat shock affects elephant spermatogenic cells, focusing on heat shock-related molecules and the cell death mechanism, immunohistochemistry and TUNEL staining were employed to assess the immunoexpression of several heat shock-related molecules and the status of apoptosis in elephant fibroblasts (EF) induced by heat shock stimulus. Additionally, the immunoexpression of heat shock-related molecules and cell proliferation status in the elephant spermatogenic cells. Our finding indicated that heat shock-induced HSF1 immunoexpression in EF leads to apoptosis mediated by T-cell death-associated gene 51 (TDAG51) while also upregulating HSP70 to protect damaged cells. In elephant spermatogenic cells, immunostaining revealed a predominance of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cells with minimal TDAG51- and TUNEL-positive cells, suggesting active proliferation and apoptosis suppression during normal spermatogenesis in the abdominal testis. Interestingly, spermatogonia co-immunoexpressed HSF1 and HSP90, potentially reducing apoptosis through protective mechanisms different from those observed in other mammals. Spermatogenic cells did not show immunolocalisation of HSP70, and hence, it may not contribute to protecting the spermatogonia from heat shock because the transcriptional activity of HSF1 is suppressed by HSP90A binding. This study provides insight into the specific heat shock response and defence mechanisms in elephant spermatogenic cells and may contribute to our understanding of species-specific adaptation to environmental stresses of the testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Sato
- Department of Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Tokai University, Sapporo 0058601, Japan
| | - Theerawat Tharasanit
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (T.T.); (K.C.); (M.T.)
- Veterinary Clinical Stem Cells and Bioengineering Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Chatchote Thitaram
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (C.T.); (C.S.)
| | - Chaleamchat Somgird
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (C.T.); (C.S.)
| | | | - Nikorn Thongtip
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand;
| | - Kaywalee Chatdarong
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (T.T.); (K.C.); (M.T.)
| | - Narong Tiptanavattana
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand;
| | - Masayasu Taniguchi
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 7538515, Japan;
| | - Takeshige Otoi
- Bio-Innovation Research Center, Tokushima University, Tokushima 7793233, Japan;
| | - Mongkol Techakumphu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (T.T.); (K.C.); (M.T.)
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2
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Yoshimura S, Shimada R, Kikuchi K, Kawagoe S, Abe H, Iisaka S, Fujimura S, Yasunaga KI, Usuki S, Tani N, Ohba T, Kondoh E, Saio T, Araki K, Ishiguro KI. Atypical heat shock transcription factor HSF5 is critical for male meiotic prophase under non-stress conditions. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3330. [PMID: 38684656 PMCID: PMC11059408 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47601-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Meiotic prophase progression is differently regulated in males and females. In males, pachytene transition during meiotic prophase is accompanied by robust alteration in gene expression. However, how gene expression is regulated differently to ensure meiotic prophase completion in males remains elusive. Herein, we identify HSF5 as a male germ cell-specific heat shock transcription factor (HSF) for meiotic prophase progression. Genetic analyzes and single-cell RNA-sequencing demonstrate that HSF5 is essential for progression beyond the pachytene stage under non-stress conditions rather than heat stress. Chromatin binding analysis in vivo and DNA-binding assays in vitro suggest that HSF5 binds to promoters in a subset of genes associated with chromatin organization. HSF5 recognizes a DNA motif different from typical heat shock elements recognized by other canonical HSFs. This study suggests that HSF5 is an atypical HSF that is required for the gene expression program for pachytene transition during meiotic prophase in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Yoshimura
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics (IMEG), Kumamoto University, Honjo 2-2-1, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Ryuki Shimada
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics (IMEG), Kumamoto University, Honjo 2-2-1, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Koji Kikuchi
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics (IMEG), Kumamoto University, Honjo 2-2-1, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Soichiro Kawagoe
- Division of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hironori Abe
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics (IMEG), Kumamoto University, Honjo 2-2-1, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Sakie Iisaka
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics (IMEG), Kumamoto University, Honjo 2-2-1, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Sayoko Fujimura
- Liaison Laboratory Research Promotion Center, IMEG, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichiro Yasunaga
- Liaison Laboratory Research Promotion Center, IMEG, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Shingo Usuki
- Liaison Laboratory Research Promotion Center, IMEG, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Naoki Tani
- Liaison Laboratory Research Promotion Center, IMEG, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Takashi Ohba
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Eiji Kondoh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Tomohide Saio
- Division of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Kimi Araki
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
- Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichiro Ishiguro
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics (IMEG), Kumamoto University, Honjo 2-2-1, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.
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3
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Baur J, Zwoinska M, Koppik M, Snook RR, Berger D. Heat stress reveals a fertility debt owing to postcopulatory sexual selection. Evol Lett 2024; 8:101-113. [PMID: 38370539 PMCID: PMC10872150 DOI: 10.1093/evlett/qrad007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Climates are changing rapidly, demanding equally rapid adaptation of natural populations. Whether sexual selection can aid such adaptation is under debate; while sexual selection should promote adaptation when individuals with high mating success are also best adapted to their local surroundings, the expression of sexually selected traits can incur costs. Here we asked what the demographic consequences of such costs may be once climates change to become harsher and the strength of natural selection increases. We first adopted a classic life history theory framework, incorporating a trade-off between reproduction and maintenance, and applied it to the male germline to generate formalized predictions for how an evolutionary history of strong postcopulatory sexual selection (sperm competition) may affect male fertility under acute adult heat stress. We then tested these predictions by assessing the thermal sensitivity of fertility (TSF) in replicated lineages of seed beetles maintained for 68 generations under three alternative mating regimes manipulating the opportunity for sexual and natural selection. In line with the theoretical predictions, we find that males evolving under strong sexual selection suffer from increased TSF. Interestingly, females from the regime under strong sexual selection, who experienced relaxed selection on their own reproductive effort, had high fertility in benign settings but suffered increased TSF, like their brothers. This implies that female fertility and TSF evolved through genetic correlation with reproductive traits sexually selected in males. Paternal but not maternal heat stress reduced offspring fertility with no evidence for adaptive transgenerational plasticity among heat-exposed offspring, indicating that the observed effects may compound over generations. Our results suggest that trade-offs between fertility and traits increasing success in postcopulatory sexual selection can be revealed in harsh environments. This can put polyandrous species under immediate risk during extreme heat waves expected under future climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Baur
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Division of Animal Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martyna Zwoinska
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Division of Animal Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mareike Koppik
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Division of Animal Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Zoology, Animal Ecology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Rhonda R Snook
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Berger
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Division of Animal Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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4
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Kmiecik SW, Mayer MP. Molecular mechanisms of heat shock factor 1 regulation. Trends Biochem Sci 2021; 47:218-234. [PMID: 34810080 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To thrive and to fulfill their functions, cells need to maintain proteome homeostasis even in the face of adverse environmental conditions or radical restructuring of the proteome during differentiation. At the center of the regulation of proteome homeostasis is an ancient transcriptional mechanism, the so-called heat shock response (HSR), orchestrated in all eukaryotic cells by heat shock transcription factor 1 (Hsf1). As Hsf1 is implicated in aging and several pathologies like cancer and neurodegenerative disorders, understanding the regulation of Hsf1 could open novel therapeutic opportunities. In this review, we discuss the regulation of Hsf1's transcriptional activity by multiple layers of control circuits involving Hsf1 synthesis and degradation, conformational rearrangements and post-translational modifications (PTMs), and molecular chaperones in negative feedback loops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon W Kmiecik
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH-Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias P Mayer
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH-Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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5
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Hemati A, Modarressi MH, Kolivand S, Azarnia M. Heat shock factor 5 is essential for spermatogenesis in mice: Detected by a new monoclonal antibody. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020; 23:293-297. [PMID: 32440314 PMCID: PMC7229516 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2019.38615.9155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Here, we examined the function of our produced monoclonal antibody (mAb10C3) to recognize one of the most important members of the HEAT shock factor family, Hsf5, in embryonic development and in spermatogenic cells of adult mouse testis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The targeting effects of mAb10C3 were investigated by immunohistochemistry analysis in the different phases of the embryo and in the adult testis tissue sections. RESULTS The results of immunohistochemistry staining on the mouse embryos by the supernatant of hybridoma clone that produced mAb10C3, in the early and late phases (E7.5 and E14.5) of embryonic development, indicated that mAb10C3 could only detect Hsf5 in E7.5 and it did not have any targeting activity in the late phase of development. Therefore, we showed that the hsf5 gene has expressed in early mouse embryonic development. On the other hand, mAb10C3 could detect Hsf5 in spermatogonia and spermatocytes of adult testis in comparison with a known anti-Hsf5 antibody (ab98939) and an anti-PCNA antibody as a marker of spermatogonia cells. CONCLUSION Taken together, these data indicated that generated anti-testis mAb10C3 was generated against anti-testis proteins, specifically to target Hsf5, and can be useful as a scientific tool to investigate the critical genes in the development and spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Hemati
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Sedighe Kolivand
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Azarnia
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
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6
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Soren S, Vir Singh S, Singh P. Seasonal variation of mitochondria activity related and heat shock protein genes in spermatozoa of Karan Fries bulls in tropical climate. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2017.1361584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simson Soren
- Khalsa College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Amritsar, India
| | - Sohan Vir Singh
- Climate Resilient Livestock Research Centre, Dairy Cattle Physiology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Dairy Research Institute (ICAR-NDRI), Karnal, India
| | - Pawan Singh
- Livestock Production and Management Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Dairy Research Institute (ICAR-NDRI), Karnal, India
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7
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Widlak W, Vydra N. The Role of Heat Shock Factors in Mammalian Spermatogenesis. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY, AND CELL BIOLOGY 2017; 222:45-65. [PMID: 28389750 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-51409-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock transcription factors (HSFs), as regulators of heat shock proteins (HSPs) expression, are well known for their cytoprotective functions during cellular stress. They also play important yet less recognized roles in gametogenesis. All HSF family members are expressed during mammalian spermatogenesis, mainly in spermatocytes and round spermatids which are characterized by extensive chromatin remodeling. Different HSFs could cooperate to maintain proper spermatogenesis. Cooperation of HSF1 and HSF2 is especially well established since their double knockout results in meiosis arrest, spermatocyte apoptosis, and male infertility. Both factors are also involved in the repackaging of the DNA during spermatid differentiation. They can form heterotrimers regulating the basal level of transcription of target genes. Moreover, HSF1/HSF2 interactions are lost in elevated temperatures which can impair the transcription of genes essential for spermatogenesis. In most mammals, spermatogenesis occurs a few degrees below the body temperature and spermatogenic cells are extremely heat-sensitive. Pro-survival pathways are not induced by heat stress (e.g., cryptorchidism) in meiotic and postmeiotic cells. Instead, male germ cells are actively eliminated by apoptosis, which prevents transition of the potentially damaged genetic material to the next generation. Such a response depends on the transcriptional activity of HSF1 which in contrary to most somatic cells, acts as a proapoptotic factor in spermatogenic cells. HSF1 activation could be the main trigger of impaired spermatogenesis related not only to elevated temperature but also to other stress conditions; therefore, HSF1 has been proposed to be the quality control factor in male germ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieslawa Widlak
- Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15, 44-101, Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Natalia Vydra
- Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15, 44-101, Gliwice, Poland
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8
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Hentze N, Le Breton L, Wiesner J, Kempf G, Mayer MP. Molecular mechanism of thermosensory function of human heat shock transcription factor Hsf1. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 26785146 PMCID: PMC4775227 DOI: 10.7554/elife.11576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The heat shock response is a universal homeostatic cell autonomous reaction of organisms to cope with adverse environmental conditions. In mammalian cells, this response is mediated by the heat shock transcription factor Hsf1, which is monomeric in unstressed cells and upon activation trimerizes, and binds to promoters of heat shock genes. To understand the basic principle of Hsf1 activation we analyzed temperature-induced alterations in the conformational dynamics of Hsf1 by hydrogen exchange mass spectrometry. We found a temperature-dependent unfolding of Hsf1 in the regulatory region happening concomitant to tighter packing in the trimerization region. The transition to the active DNA binding-competent state occurred highly cooperative and was concentration dependent. Surprisingly, Hsp90, known to inhibit Hsf1 activation, lowered the midpoint temperature of trimerization and reduced cooperativity of the process thus widening the response window. Based on our data we propose a kinetic model of Hsf1 trimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Hentze
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laura Le Breton
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Wiesner
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Georg Kempf
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias P Mayer
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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9
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Asokan Y, Honguntikar SD, Uppangala S, Salian SR, Kumar D, Kalthur G, Adiga SK. In situviability detection assays induce heat-shock protein 70 expression in spermatozoa without affecting the chromatin integrity. Andrologia 2014; 47:958-65. [DOI: 10.1111/and.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Asokan
- Division of Clinical Embryology; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Kasturba Medical College; Manipal University; Manipal India
| | - S. D. Honguntikar
- Division of Clinical Embryology; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Kasturba Medical College; Manipal University; Manipal India
| | - S. Uppangala
- Division of Clinical Embryology; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Kasturba Medical College; Manipal University; Manipal India
| | - S. R. Salian
- Division of Clinical Embryology; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Kasturba Medical College; Manipal University; Manipal India
| | - D. Kumar
- Division of Clinical Embryology; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Kasturba Medical College; Manipal University; Manipal India
| | - G. Kalthur
- Division of Clinical Embryology; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Kasturba Medical College; Manipal University; Manipal India
| | - S. K. Adiga
- Division of Clinical Embryology; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Kasturba Medical College; Manipal University; Manipal India
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10
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Rajoriya J, Prasad J, Ghosh S, Perumal P, Kumar A, Kaushal S, Ramteke S. Studies on effect of different seasons on expression of HSP70 and HSP90 gene in sperm of Tharparkar bull semen. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTION 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s2305-0500(14)60025-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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11
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McNulty S, Colaco CA, Blandford LE, Bailey CR, Baschieri S, Todryk S. Heat-shock proteins as dendritic cell-targeting vaccines--getting warmer. Immunology 2013; 139:407-15. [PMID: 23551234 PMCID: PMC3719058 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat-shock proteins (hsp) provide a natural link between innate and adaptive immune responses by combining the ideal properties of antigen carriage (chaperoning), targeting and activation of antigen-presenting cells (APC), including dendritic cells (DC). Targeting is achieved through binding of hsp to distinct cell surface receptors and is followed by antigen internalization, processing and presentation. An improved understanding of the interaction of hsp with DC has driven the development of numerous hsp-containing vaccines, designed to deliver antigens directly to DC. Studies in mice have shown that for cancers, such vaccines generate impressive immune responses and protection from tumour challenge. However, translation to human use, as for many experimental immunotherapies, has been slow partly because of the need to perform trials in patients with advanced cancers, where demonstration of efficacy is challenging. Recently, the properties of hsp have been used for development of prophylactic vaccines against infectious diseases including tuberculosis and meningitis. These hsp-based vaccines, in the form of pathogen-derived hsp-antigen complexes, or recombinant hsp combined with selected antigens in vitro, offer an innovative approach against challenging diseases where broad antigen coverage is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun McNulty
- ImmunoBiology Ltd., Babraham Research Campus, Babraham, Cambridge, UK.
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12
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Kim B, Park K, Rhee K. Heat stress response of male germ cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:2623-36. [PMID: 23007846 PMCID: PMC11113252 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1165-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 08/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The vast majority of mammalian testes are located outside the body cavity for proper thermoregulation. Heat has an adverse effect on mammalian spermatogenesis and eventually leads to sub- or infertility. Recent studies have provided insights into the molecular response of male germ cells to high temperatures. Here, we review the effects of heat on male germ cells and discuss the mechanisms underlying germ cell loss and impairment. We also discuss the role of translational control in male germ cells as a potential protective mechanism against heat-induced germ cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byunghyuk Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-747 Korea
| | - Kyosun Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-747 Korea
| | - Kunsoo Rhee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-747 Korea
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13
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Lieshout E, Tomkins JL, Simmons LW. Heat stress but not inbreeding affects offensive sperm competitiveness in Callosobruchus maculatus. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:2859-66. [PMID: 24101978 PMCID: PMC3790535 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental and genetic stress have well-known detrimental effects on ejaculate quality, but their concomitant effect on male fitness remains poorly understood. We used competitive fertilization assays to expose the effects of stress on offensive sperm competitive ability in the beetle Callosobruchus maculatus, a species where ejaculates make up more than 5% of male body mass. To examine the effects of environmental and genetic stress, males derived from outcrosses or sib matings were heat shocked at 50°C for 50 min during the pupal stage, while their siblings were maintained at a standard rearing temperature of 28°C. Heat-shocked males achieved only half the offensive paternity success of their siblings. While this population exhibited inbreeding depression in body size, sperm competitiveness was unaffected by inbreeding, nor did the effect of heat shock stress on sperm competitiveness depend on inbreeding status. In contrast, pupal emergence success was increased by 34% among heat-stressed individuals, regardless of their inbreeding status. Heat-shocked males' ejaculate size was 19% reduced, but they exhibited 25% increased mating duration in single mating trials. Our results highlight both the importance of stress in postcopulatory sexual selection, and the variability among stressors in affecting male fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emile Lieshout
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Animal Biology (M092), University of Western Australia Crawley, Australia
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14
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Abstract
The heat shock response is a highly conserved primitive response that is essential for survival against a wide range of stresses, including extremes of temperature. Fever is a more recently evolved response, during which organisms raise their core body temperature and temporarily subject themselves to thermal stress in the face of infections. The present review documents studies showing the potential overlap between the febrile response and the heat shock response and how both activate the same common transcriptional programme (although with different magnitudes) including the stress-activated transcription factor, heat shock factor-1, to modify host defences in the context of infection, inflammation and injury. The review focuses primarily on how hyperthermia within the febrile range that often accompanies infections and inflammation acts as a biological response modifier and modifies innate immune responses. The characteristic 2-3 °C increase in core body temperature during fever activates and utilises elements of the heat shock response pathway to modify cytokine and chemokine gene expression, cellular signalling and immune cell mobilisation to sites of inflammation, infection and injury. Interestingly, typical proinflammatory agonists such as Toll-like receptor agonists modify the heat shock-induced transcriptional programme and expression of HSP genes following co-exposure to febrile range hyperthermia or heat shock, suggesting a complex reciprocal regulation between the inflammatory pathway and the heat shock response pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishwar S Singh
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Kus-Liśkiewicz M, Polańska J, Korfanty J, Olbryt M, Vydra N, Toma A, Widłak W. Impact of heat shock transcription factor 1 on global gene expression profiles in cells which induce either cytoprotective or pro-apoptotic response following hyperthermia. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:456. [PMID: 23834426 PMCID: PMC3711851 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Elevated temperatures induce activation of the heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) which in somatic cells leads to heat shock proteins synthesis and cytoprotection. However, in the male germ cells (spermatocytes) caspase-3 dependent apoptosis is induced upon HSF1 activation and spermatogenic cells are actively eliminated. Results To elucidate a mechanism of such diverse HSF1 activity we carried out genome-wide transcriptional analysis in control and heat-shocked cells, either spermatocytes or hepatocytes. Additionally, to identify direct molecular targets of active HSF1 we used chromatin immunoprecipitation assay (ChIP) combined with promoter microarrays (ChIP on chip). Genes that are differently regulated after HSF1 binding during hyperthermia in both types of cells have been identified. Despite HSF1 binding to promoter sequences in both types of cells, strong up-regulation of Hsps and other genes typically activated by the heat shock was observed only in hepatocytes. In spermatocytes HSF1 binding correlates with transcriptional repression on a large scale. HSF1-bound and negatively regulated genes encode mainly for proteins required for cell division, involved in RNA processing and piRNA biogenesis. Conclusions Observed suppression of the transcription could lead to genomic instability caused by meiotic recombination disturbances, which in turn might induce apoptosis of spermatogenic cells. We propose that HSF1-dependent induction of cell death is caused by the simultaneous repression of many genes required for spermatogenesis, which guarantees the elimination of cells damaged during heat shock. Such activity of HSF1 prevents transmission of damaged genetic material to the next generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Kus-Liśkiewicz
- Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
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16
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Balogh G, Péter M, Glatz A, Gombos I, Török Z, Horváth I, Harwood JL, Vígh L. Key role of lipids in heat stress management. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:1970-80. [PMID: 23684645 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Heat stress is a common and, therefore, an important environmental impact on cells and organisms. While much attention has been paid to severe heat stress, moderate temperature elevations are also important. Here we discuss temperature sensing and how responses to heat stress are not necessarily dependent on denatured proteins. Indeed, it is clear that membrane lipids have a pivotal function. Details of membrane lipid changes and the associated production of signalling metabolites are described and suggestions made as to how the interconnected signalling network could be modified for helpful intervention in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Balogh
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary
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17
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Özdemirler Erata G, Küçükgergin C, Aktan G, Kadioglu A, Uysal M, Koçak-Toker N. Is thioredoxin reductase involved in the defense against DNA fragmentation in varicocele? Asian J Androl 2013; 15:518-22. [PMID: 23603921 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2013.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Revised: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the role of thioredoxin reductase (TR) and inducible heat shock protein 70 (iHsp70) and their relationship with sperm quality in varicocele (VAR) patients. Semen samples were obtained from 16 subfertile men diagnosed as VAR and 10 fertile men who applied to the Andrology Laboratory of Istanbul Medical Faculty of Istanbul University. The sperm TR and iHsp 70 expression levels were determined using Western blot analysis. The TR activity of the sperm was assayed spectrophometrically. The sperm quality was evaluated both by conventional sperm analysis and by a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) technique that assayed DNA-fragmented spermatozoa in semen samples. The percentage of TUNEL-positive spermatozoa in the VAR group (16.3%± 5.6%) was higher than that in the fertile group (5.5%± 1.9%). Significant inverse correlations were detected between the percentage of TUNEL-positive cells and both the concentration (r=-0.609; P=0.001) and motility (r=-0.550; P=0.004) of spermatozoa. Both the TR expression and activity were increased significantly in the VAR group (U=22.0; P=0.001 and U=33.5; P=0.012, respectively) as analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U Wilcoxon rank sum W test. Furthermore, significant positive correlations were found between TR expression and activity (r=0.406; P=0.040) and between TR expression and the percentage of TUNEL-positive cells (r=0.665; P=0.001). Sperm iHsp70 expression did not differ between the VAR and fertile groups. In conclusion, increased sperm TR expression might be a defense mechanism against apoptosis in the spermatozoa of men with VAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gül Özdemirler Erata
- Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul Medical Faculty, University of Istanbul, Çapa, 34093, Istanbul, Turkey.
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18
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Khan S, Heikkila JJ. Curcumin-induced inhibition of proteasomal activity, enhanced HSP accumulation and the acquisition of thermotolerance in Xenopus laevis A6 cells. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2011; 158:566-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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19
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Abstract
Heat shock factors form a family of transcription factors (four in mammals), which were named according to the first discovery of their activation by heat shock. As a result of the universality and robustness of their response to heat shock, the stress-dependent activation of heat shock factor became a ‘paradigm’: by binding to conserved DNA sequences (heat shock elements), heat shock factors trigger the expression of genes encoding heat shock proteins that function as molecular chaperones, contributing to establish a cytoprotective state to various proteotoxic stress and in several pathological conditions. Besides their roles in the stress response, heat shock factors perform crucial roles during gametogenesis and development in physiological conditions. First, during these process, in stress conditions, they are either proactive for survival or, conversely, for apoptotic process, allowing elimination or, inversely, protection of certain cell populations in a way that prevents the formation of damaged gametes and secure future reproductive success. Second, heat shock factors display subtle interplay in a tissue- and stage-specific manner, in regulating very specific sets of heat shock genes, but also many other genes encoding growth factors or involved in cytoskeletal dynamics. Third, they act not only by their classical transcription factor activities, but are necessary for the establishment of chromatin structure and, likely, genome stability. Finally, in contrast to the heat shock gene paradigm, heat shock elements bound by heat shock factors in developmental process turn out to be extremely dispersed in the genome, which is susceptible to lead to the future definition of ‘developmental heat shock element’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryma Abane
- CNRS, UMR7216 Epigenetics and Cell Fate, Paris, France
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20
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Celastrol can inhibit proteasome activity and upregulate the expression of heat shock protein genes, hsp30 and hsp70, in Xenopus laevis A6 cells. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2010; 156:285-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Revised: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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21
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Heikkila JJ. Heat shock protein gene expression and function in amphibian model systems. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2010; 156:19-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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22
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Simultaneous exposure of Xenopus A6 kidney epithelial cells to concurrent mild sodium arsenite and heat stress results in enhanced hsp30 and hsp70 gene expression and the acquisition of thermotolerance. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2009; 153:417-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Revised: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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23
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A comparison of the swim-up procedure at body and testis temperatures. J Assist Reprod Genet 2008; 25:413-5. [PMID: 18696226 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-008-9242-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 07/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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24
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Incapacitating the evolutionary capacitor: Hsp90 modulation of disease. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2008; 18:264-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2008.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2008] [Accepted: 07/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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25
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Gau BH, Chu IM, Huang MC, Yang KT, Chiou SH, Fan YH, Chen MY, Lin JH, Chuang CK, Huang SY, Lee WC. Transcripts of enriched germ cells responding to heat shock as potential markers for porcine semen quality. Theriogenology 2008; 69:758-66. [PMID: 18258292 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2007] [Revised: 11/22/2007] [Accepted: 11/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A cDNA microarray-assisted experiment was conducted to survey genes that respond early to heat shock in enriched immature porcine germ cells; the 5'-UTR flanking the highest upregulated gene, heat shock 105/110 kDa protein 1 (Hsph1 or Hsp105), in response to heat shock was also investigated. We established a porcine testis cDNA microarray with 9944 transcripts from two libraries constructed from the testes of mature boars, with or without heat shock. After a mild heat shock treatment (39 degrees C for 1h and recovered at 34 degrees C for 2h), 380 transcripts demonstrated significant gene expression in enriched immature germ cells; 326 were upregulated and 54 were downregulated. Ten transcripts of interest exhibiting significance analysis of microarrays (SAM) scores higher than the median were subjected to quantitative real-time PCR; three (Hsp105, Hspa4l and Thap4) were upregulated >1.5-fold. The sequence of the 5'-UTR of Hsp105, the highest upregulated transcript, was cloned and analyzed. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was found at position -762 (C or T) upstream of the translational start site (ATG codon). Only two genotypes (CC or TC) were found in the mature boars that were studied (n=31). A heterozygous genotype (TC) at this SNP site revealed an elevated percentage of morphologically normal sperm during hot and cold seasons; this SNP may be a useful marker for semen quality in boars. Furthermore, the cell-model established from enriched primitive germ cells has potential for the study of reproduction in mature animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- B-H Gau
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Sectio 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, ROC
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26
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Murapa P, Gandhapudi S, Skaggs HS, Sarge KD, Woodward JG. Physiological Fever Temperature Induces a Protective Stress Response in T Lymphocytes Mediated by Heat Shock Factor-1 (HSF1). THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:8305-12. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.12.8305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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27
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Mulligan-Tuttle A, Heikkila JJ. Expression of the small heat shock protein gene, hsp30, in Rana catesbeiana fibroblasts. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2007; 148:308-16. [PMID: 17540592 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2007] [Revised: 04/25/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we examined the expression of the Rana catesbeiana small heat shock protein gene, hsp30, in an FT fibroblast cell line. Northern and western blot analyses revealed that hsp30 mRNA or HSP30 protein was not present constitutively but was strongly induced at a heat shock temperature of 35 degrees C. However, treatment of FT cells with sodium arsenite at concentrations that induced hsp gene expression in other amphibian systems caused cell death. Non-lethal concentrations of sodium arsenite (10 microM) induced only minimal accumulation of hsp30 mRNA or protein after 12 h. Immunocytochemical analyses employing laser scanning confocal microscopy detected the presence of heat-inducible HSP30, in a granular or punctate pattern. HSP30 was enriched in the nucleus with more diffuse localization in the cytoplasm. The nuclear localization of HSP30 was more prominent with continuous heat shock. These heat treatments did not alter FT cell shape or disrupt actin cytoskeletal organization. Also, HSP30 did not co-localize with the actin cytoskeleton.
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28
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Erata GO, Koçak Toker N, Durlanik O, Kadioğlu A, Aktan G, Aykaç Toker G. The role of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp 70) in male infertility: is it a line of defense against sperm DNA fragmentation? Fertil Steril 2007; 90:322-7. [PMID: 17880957 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2006] [Revised: 03/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To clarify the role of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp 70) and its relation with DNA damage in male infertility. DESIGN Prospective study. SETTING Andrology laboratory of Istanbul Medical Faculty. PATIENT(S) Semen samples from 37 infertile men and 13 fertile men (as controls). INTERVENTION(S) The percentage of DNA fragmentation was assayed with the use of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL). Sperm Hsp 70 expression was determined by using Western blot analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Both the percentages of sperm DNA fragmentation and Hsp 70 expression were correlated with semen analysis parameters. RESULTS TUNEL-positive spermatozoa in the infertile group (18.7% for asthenospermics and 13.0% for oligoasthenospermics) were higher than the fertile group (4.9%). Significant inverse correlations were detected between percentage of TUNEL-positive cells and both concentration (r = -0.487) and motility (r = -0.377) of spermatozoa. No expression of Hsp 70 was observed in azospermic group, whereas Hsp 70 levels were found increased significantly in infertile group (U = 62 for asthenospermics and U = 38 for oligoasthenospermics) compared to fertile group as analyzed by using Mann-Whitney U Wilcoxon rank sum test. Furthermore, significant positive correlation was found between percentage of TUNEL-positive cells and Hsp 70 expression (r = 0.357). CONCLUSION(S) Hsp 70 expression may have been increased as a protective mechanism against apoptosis in spermatozoa of infertile men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gül Ozdemirler Erata
- Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul Medical Faculty, University of Istanbul, Capa, Istanbul, Turkey.
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29
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Wheeler DS, Wong HR. Heat shock response and acute lung injury. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 42:1-14. [PMID: 17157189 PMCID: PMC1790871 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2006] [Revised: 08/23/2006] [Accepted: 08/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
All cells respond to stress through the activation of primitive, evolutionarily conserved genetic programs that maintain homeostasis and assure cell survival. Stress adaptation, which is known in the literature by a myriad of terms, including tolerance, desensitization, conditioning, and reprogramming, is a common paradigm found throughout nature, in which a primary exposure of a cell or organism to a stressful stimulus (e.g., heat) results in an adaptive response by which a second exposure to the same stimulus produces a minimal response. More interesting is the phenomenon of cross-tolerance, by which a primary exposure to a stressful stimulus results in an adaptive response whereby the cell or organism is resistant to a subsequent stress that is different from the initial stress (i.e., exposure to heat stress leading to resistance to oxidant stress). The heat shock response is one of the more commonly described examples of stress adaptation and is characterized by the rapid expression of a unique group of proteins collectively known as heat shock proteins (also commonly referred to as stress proteins). The expression of heat shock proteins is well described in both whole lungs and in specific lung cells from a variety of species and in response to a variety of stressors. More importantly, in vitro data, as well as data from various animal models of acute lung injury, demonstrate that heat shock proteins, especially Hsp27, Hsp32, Hsp60, and Hsp70 have an important cytoprotective role during lung inflammation and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek S. Wheeler
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center; Kindervelt Laboratory for Critical Care Medicine Research, Children’s Hospital Research Foundation;]Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Hector R. Wong
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center; Kindervelt Laboratory for Critical Care Medicine Research, Children’s Hospital Research Foundation;]Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
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30
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Widlak W, Winiarski B, Krawczyk A, Vydra N, Malusecka E, Krawczyk Z. Inducible 70 kDa heat shock protein does not protect spermatogenic cells from damage induced by cryptorchidism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 30:80-7. [PMID: 17014532 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2006.00713.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of inducible heat shock proteins (e.g. Hsp70i) during cellular stress confers thermotolerance, reduces the consequences of damage and facilitates cellular recovery, while abrogation of Hsp70i expression renders sensitivity to apoptosis. Testis translocation into abdominal cavity, which results in temperature elevation, does not induce expression of the Hsp70i proteins. Despite constitutive expression of testis-specific Hsp70 proteins, spermatocytes are very sensitive to damage at elevated temperatures. To test whether Hsp70i protein could protect testes from heat-induced damage, we have engineered transgenic mice that over-express this protein selectively in spermatocytes and spermatids. We demonstrate that the testes of cryptorchid transgenic mice, like those of wild-type mice, exhibit reduced weight and smaller sizes of their seminiferous tubules, disorganization of their germinal epithelium structures, appearance of multinucleated giant cells, and reduced populations of germ cells. The data show that constitutive expression of Hsp70i does not protect the seminiferous epithelium against cryptorchidism-induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieslawa Widlak
- Department of Tumor Biology, Maria-Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice, Poland.
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31
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Gauley J, Heikkila JJ. Examination of the expression of the heat shock protein gene, hsp110, in Xenopus laevis cultured cells and embryos. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2006; 145:225-34. [PMID: 16861019 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2006] [Revised: 06/16/2006] [Accepted: 06/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic organisms respond to various stresses with the synthesis of heat shock proteins (HSPs). HSP110 is a large molecular mass HSP that is part of the HSP70/DnaK superfamily. In this study, we have examined, for the first time, the expression of the hsp110 gene in Xenopus laevis cultured cells and embryos. Sequence analysis revealed that the protein encoded by the hsp110 cDNA exhibited 74% identity with its counterparts in mammals and only 27-29% with members of the Xenopus HSP70 family. Hsp110 mRNA and/or protein was detected constitutively in A6 kidney epithelial cells and was inducible by heat shock, sodium arsenite, and cadmium chloride. However, treatment with ethanol or copper sulfate had no detectable effect on hsp110 mRNA levels. Similar results were obtained for hsp70 mRNA except that it was inducible with ethanol. In Xenopus embryos, hsp110 mRNA was present constitutively during development. Heat shock-inducible accumulation of hsp110 mRNA occurred only after the midblastula stage. Whole mount in situ hybridization analysis revealed that hsp110 mRNA accumulation in control and heat shocked embryos was enriched in selected tissues. These studies demonstrate that Xenopus hsp110 gene expression is constitutive and stress inducible in cultured cells and developmentally- and tissue specifically-regulated during early embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Gauley
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada ON N2L 3G1
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32
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Maresca B, Schwartz JH. Sudden origins: a general mechanism of evolution based on stress protein concentration and rapid environmental change. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 289:38-46. [PMID: 16437551 DOI: 10.1002/ar.b.20089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A major theme in Darwinian evolutionary theory is that novelty arises through a process in which organisms and their features are gradually transformed. Morgan provided Darwinism and the evolutionary synthesis with the idea that minor mutations produce the minuscule morphological variations on which natural selection then acts, and that, although mutation is random, once a process of gradual genetic modification begins, it becomes directional and leads to morphological, and consequently organismal, transformation. In contrast, studies on the role of cell membrane physical states in regulating the expression of stress proteins in response to environmental shifts indicate the existence of a downstream mechanism that prevents or corrects genetic change (i.e., maintains "DNA homeostasis"). However, episodic spikes in various kinds of environmental stress that exceed an organism's cells' thresholds for expression of proper amounts of stress proteins responsible for protein folding (including stochastically occurring DNA repair) may increase mutation rate and genetic change, which in turn will alter the pattern of gene expression during development. If severe stress disrupts DNA homeostasis during meiosis (gametogenesis), this could allow for the appearance of significant mutational events that would otherwise be corrected or suppressed. In evolutionary terms, extreme spikes in environmental stress make possible the emergence of new genetic and consequent developmental and epigenetic networks, and thus also the emergence of potentially new morphological traits, without invoking geographic or other isolating mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Maresca
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy.
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33
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Giovannelli L, Pitozzi V, Moretti S, Boddi V, Dolara P. Seasonal variations of DNA damage in human lymphocytes: correlation with different environmental variables. Mutat Res 2006; 593:143-52. [PMID: 16095632 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2005.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2004] [Revised: 02/02/2005] [Accepted: 07/07/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Several types of DNA damage, including DNA breaks and DNA base oxidation, display a seasonal trend. In the present work, a sample of 79 healthy subjects living in the city of Florence, Italy, was used to analyse this effect. Three possible causative agents were taken into consideration: solar radiation, air temperature and air ozone level. DNA damage was measured in isolated human lymphocytes at different times during the year and the observed damage was correlated with the levels of these three agents in the days preceding blood sampling. Three time windows were chosen: 3, 7 and 30 days before blood sampling. DNA strand breaks and the oxidized purinic bases cleaved by the formamidopyrimidine glycosylase (FPG sites) were measured by means of the comet assay. The results of multivariate regression analysis showed a positive correlation between lymphocyte DNA damage and air temperature, and a less strong correlation with global solar radiation and air ozone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Giovannelli
- Dipartimento di Farmacologia Preclinica e Clinica, Università di Firenze, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy
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34
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Buckley BA, Hofmann GE. Magnitude and Duration of Thermal Stress Determine Kinetics ofhspGene Regulation in the GobyGillichthys mirabilis. Physiol Biochem Zool 2004; 77:570-81. [PMID: 15449228 DOI: 10.1086/420944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2003] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The stress-induced transcription of heat shock genes is controlled by heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1), which becomes activated in response to heat and other protein denaturants. In previous research on the eurythermal goby Gillichthys mirabilis, thermal activation of HSF1 was shown to vary as a function of acclimation temperature, suggesting the mechanistic importance of HSF1 activation to the plasticity of heat shock protein (Hsp) induction temperature. We examined the effect of season on the thermal activation of HSF1 in G. mirabilis, as well as the relative kinetics of HSF1 activation and Hsp70 mRNA production at ecologically relevant temperatures. There was no predictable seasonality in the thermal activation of HSF1, perhaps due to the existence of stressors, in addition to heat, acting in the field. Concentrations of Hsp70, a negative regulator of HSF1, as well as those of HSF1, varied with collection date. The rapidity of HSF1 activation and of Hsp70 mRNA synthesis increased with laboratory exposure temperature. Furthermore, Hsp70 mRNA production was more sustained at 35 degrees C than at 30 degrees C. Therefore, both the magnitude and the duration of a heat shock are important in determining the intensity of heat shock gene induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley A Buckley
- Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA.
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35
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Ojima N, Yamashita M. Cloning and characterization of two distinct isoforms of rainbow trout heat shock factor 1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 271:703-12. [PMID: 14764086 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.2003.03972.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the heat shock response in cold-water fish species, genes encoding heat shock transcription factors (HSFs) were cloned from RTG-2 cells of the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Consequently, two distinct HSF1 genes, named HSF1a and HSF1b, were identified. The predicted amino acid sequence of HSF1a shows 86.4% identity to that of HSF1b. The two proteins contained the general structural motifs of HSF1, i.e. a DNA-binding domain, hydrophobic heptad repeats and nuclear localization signals. Southern blot analysis showed that each HSF1 is encoded by a distinct gene. The two HSF1 mRNAs were coexpressed in unstressed rainbow trout RTG-2 cells and in various tissues. In an electrophoretic mobility shift assay, each in vitro translated HSF1 bound to the heat shock element. Chemical cross-linking and immunoprecipitation analysis showed that HSF1a and HSF1b form heterotrimers as well as homotrimers. Taken together, these results demonstrate that in rainbow trout cells there are two distinct HSF1 isoforms that can form heterotrimers, suggesting that a unique molecular mechanism underlies the stress response in tetraploid and/or cold-water fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiko Ojima
- Cell Biology Section, Physiology and Molecular Biology Division, National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency, Yokohama, Japan.
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36
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Heikkila JJ. Expression and function of small heat shock protein genes during Xenopus development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2003; 14:259-66. [PMID: 14986855 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2003.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The hsp30 small heat shock protein family is a stress-inducible group of molecular chaperones in the frog, Xenopus laevis. Hsp30 genes are intronless and present in clusters. Expression of these genes are developmentally regulated likely at the level of chromatin structure. Also heat-induced hsp30 transcripts and protein are enriched in selected embryonic tissues. In vitro studies revealed that multimeric hsp30 binds to heat denatured target protein, inhibits their aggregation and maintains them in a folding-competent state until reactivated by other cellular chaperones. Finally optimal chaperone activity and secondary structure of hsp30 can be inhibited by phosphorylation or mutagenesis of the C-terminal end.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Heikkila
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont., Canada N2L 3G1.
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37
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Gothard LQ, Ruffner ME, Woodward JG, Park-Sarge OK, Sarge KD. Lowered temperature set point for activation of the cellular stress response in T-lymphocytes. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:9322-6. [PMID: 12519785 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m209412200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The induction of heat shock protein gene expression in response to stress is critical for the ability of organisms to cope with and survive exposure to these stresses. However, most studies on HSF1-mediated induction of hsp70 gene expression have utilized immortalized cell lines and temperatures above the physiologically relevant range. For these reasons much less is known about the heat shock response as it occurs in mammalian cells within tissues in the intact organism. To gain insight into this area we determined the temperature thresholds for activation of HSF1 DNA binding in different mouse tissues. We have found that HSF1 DNA binding activity and hsp70 synthesis are induced in spleen cells at significantly lower temperatures relative to cells of other tissues, with a temperature threshold for activation (39 degrees C) that is within the physiological range for fever. Furthermore, we found that the lowered temperature set point for induction of the stress response in spleen is specific to T-lymphocytes residing within this tissue and is not exhibited by B-lymphocytes. This lowered threshold is also observed in T-lymphocytes isolated from lymph nodes, suggesting that it is a general property of T-lymphocytes, and is seen in different mouse strains. Fever is an early event in the immune response to infection, and thus activation of the cellular stress response in T-lymphocytes by fever temperatures could serve as a way to give these cells enough time to express hsps in anticipation of their function in the coming immune response. The induced hsps likely protect these cells from the stressful conditions that can exist during the immune response, for example increasing their protection against stress-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Q Gothard
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0294, USA
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38
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Iuchi Y, Kaneko T, Matsuki S, Sasagawa I, Fujii J. Concerted changes in the YB2/RYB-a protein and protamine 2 messenger RNA in the mouse testis under heat stress. Biol Reprod 2003; 68:129-35. [PMID: 12493704 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.102.005124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Translation of a number of mRNAs is under strict regulation via RNA-binding proteins in the spermatogenic cells of testes. A family of Y-box binding proteins represents promising candidates for these presently uncharacterized RNA-binding proteins. The effects of heat stress on the expression of a Y-box binding protein, YB2/RYB-a, and mouse protamine 2 (mP2) were investigated in cultured spermatogenic cells and mouse testes by immunoblot and Northern blot analyses. Localization and alterations in the expression of the YB2/RYB-a protein and the mP2 mRNA in heat-stressed testes were examined by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, respectively. Levels of the YB2/RYB-a protein in spermatogenic cells decreased rapidly as the result of exposure to higher temperature, 37 degrees C or 43 degrees C, compared with the scrotal temperature, 32.5 degrees C, under the culture conditions used. In experimental cryptorchidism, levels of the YB2/RYB-a protein were decreased after Day 10, while the mRNA levels were affected only slightly. The levels of the mP2 mRNA were also decreased and about comparable with those of the YB2/RYB-a protein. Exposure of the lower abdomen to a high temperature, 43 degrees C for 15 min, also damaged the testis and led to a decrease in YB2/RYB-a protein and the mP2 mRNA levels in a coordinated manner. Because YB2/RYB-a is proposed to function as a stabilizer of mP2 mRNA, the perturbation of YB2/RYB-a by heat stress could account for the decline of the mP2 mRNA in elongated spermatids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihito Iuchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
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39
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Buckley BA, Hofmann GE. Thermal acclimation changes DNA-binding activity of heat shock factor 1(HSF1) in the gobyGillichthys mirabilis: implications for plasticity in the heat-shock response in natural populations. J Exp Biol 2002; 205:3231-40. [PMID: 12235201 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.205.20.3231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYThe intracellular build-up of thermally damaged proteins following exposure to heat stress results in the synthesis of a family of evolutionarily conserved proteins called heat shock proteins (Hsps) that act as molecular chaperones, protecting the cell against the aggregation of denatured proteins. The transcriptional regulation of heat shock genes by heat shock factor 1(HSF1) has been extensively studied in model systems, but little research has focused on the role HSF1 plays in Hsp gene expression in eurythermal organisms from broadly fluctuating thermal environments. The threshold temperature for Hsp induction in these organisms shifts with the recent thermal history of the individual but the mechanism by which this plasticity in Hsp induction temperature is achieved is unknown. We examined the effect of thermal acclimation on the heat-activation of HSF1 in the eurythermal teleost Gillichthys mirabilis. After a 5-week acclimation period (at 13, 21 or 28°C) the temperature of HSF1 activation was positively correlated with acclimation temperature. HSF1 activation peaked at 27°C in fish acclimated to 13°C, at 33°C in the 21°C group, and at 36°C in the 28°C group. Concentrations of both HSF1 and Hsp70 in the 28°C group were significantly higher than in the colder acclimated fish. Plasticity in HSF1 activation may be important to the adjustable nature of the heat shock response in eurythermal organisms and the environmental control of Hsp gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley A Buckley
- Department of Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe 85287-1501, USA
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40
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Mezquita B, Mezquita J, Durfort M, Mezquita C. Constitutive and heat-shock induced expression of Hsp70 mRNA during chicken testicular development and regression. J Cell Biochem 2001; 82:480-90. [PMID: 11500924 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.1183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The constitutive and heat shock induced expression of Hsp70 mRNA was investigated in normal adult chicken testis and in adult testis after testicular regression induced by diethylstilbestrol (DES) treatment. In addition to the canonical form of Hsp70 mRNA, we have detected transcripts with an extended 5'UTR and transcripts containing, in the 5'UTR, sequences of the 18S ribosomal RNA. Hsp70 was expressed in unstressed male gonads in adult and regressed testis, being the expression much lower in regressed testis. Upon heat shock at 44 degrees C or 46 degrees C, Hsp70 was highly induced in both tissues. However, when testicular seminiferous tubules were incubated at the chicken internal temperature of 39 degrees C, no induction of Hsp70 was observed in mature testis, while the expression markedly increased in regressed testis. Induction at 39 degrees C was completely inhibited in the presence of 6 mM aspirin. Aspirin in the range 3-10 mM decreases the expression of Hsp70 in unstressed and stressed testicular cells, in striking contrast with the effect observed in other tissues as liver. These data suggest that the expression of Hsp70 is regulated in a specific manner in chicken testis and particularly in the male gonad undergoing regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mezquita
- Laboratori de Genètica Molecular, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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41
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Lerman DN, Feder ME. Laboratory selection at different temperatures modifies heat-shock transcription factor (HSF) activation in Drosophila melanogaster. J Exp Biol 2001; 204:315-23. [PMID: 11136617 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.204.2.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The magnitude and time course of activation of the heat-shock transcription factor (HSF) differ among Drosophila melanogaster lines evolving at 18 degrees C, 25 degrees C or 28 degrees C for more than 20 years. At lower heat-shock temperatures (27–35 degrees C), flies from the 18 degrees C population had higher levels of activated HSF (as detected by an electrophoretic mobility shift assay) than those reared at 25 degrees C and 28 degrees C. At higher temperatures (36 and 37 degrees C), however, the 28 degrees C flies had the highest levels of HSF. These differences persisted after one generation of acclimation at 25 degrees C, suggesting that phenotypic plasticity was limited. In addition, larvae from the 28 degrees C lines activated HSF less rapidly after a 35 degrees C heat shock than those from the 18 degrees C and 25 degrees C populations. These results are similar but not identical to previously reported differences in expression of Hsp70 (the major heat-inducible stress protein in Drosophila melanogaster) among the experimental lines. We conclude that HSF activation evolves rapidly during laboratory culture at diverse temperatures and could play an important role in the evolution of the heat-shock response.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Lerman
- The Committee on Evolutionary Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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42
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Huang SY, Kuo YH, Lee YP, Tsou HL, Lin EC, Ju CC, Lee WC. Association of heat shock protein 70 with semen quality in boars. Anim Reprod Sci 2000; 63:231-40. [PMID: 10989233 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4320(00)00175-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study attempted to clarify the relationship between the levels of 70kDa heat shock protein (HSP70) and semen quality in boars. Semen samples from 29 (13 Duroc, 9 Landrace, and 7 Yorkshire) boars (mean age=25.2+/-2.2 months) were examined. Three to four ejaculates per boar, collected during cool and hot seasons, were evaluated in terms of the sperm concentration, sperm motility, percentage of normal and abnormal sperm, as well as percentage of sperm with proximal and distal plasma droplets. Significant seasonal and breed differences in semen quality were observed. Experimental results indicate that the semen quality of Landrace boars was better than those of Yorkshire and Duroc boars (P<0.05) and semen quality declined significantly during the hot season (P<0.05). One-dimensional SDS-PAGE analysis of spermatozoa proteins indicated that protein profiles did not significantly differ between seasons and among breeds. Both constitutive and stress-inducible form of HSP70 were detected in boar spermatozoa by Western blot analysis. The level of HSP70, which revealed no difference among breeds within a season, was significantly lower during the hot season in all the three breeds (P<0.05). Although there appeared to be low correlation coefficients between the level of HSP70 and semen quality traits, the semen quality tended to decline significantly in samples with a lower level of HSP70. Results in this study suggest that the levels of HSP70 in boar spermatozoa are significantly lower during the hot season and might be associated with semen quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Huang
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Pig Research Institute Taiwan, P. O. Box 23, Chunan 350, ROC, Miaoli, Taiwan
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43
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Lele Z, Engel S, Krone PH. hsp47 and hsp70 gene expression is differentially regulated in a stress- and tissue-specific manner in zebrafish embryos. DEVELOPMENTAL GENETICS 2000; 21:123-33. [PMID: 9332971 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-6408(1997)21:2<123::aid-dvg2>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We have examined differences in the spatial and temporal regulation of stress-induced hsp47 and hsp70 gene expression following exposure of zebrafish embryos to heat shock or ethanol. Using Northern blot analysis, we found that levels of hsp47 and hsp70 mRNA were dramatically elevated during heat shock in 2-day-old embryos. In contrast, ethanol exposure resulted in strong upregulation of the hsp47 gene whereas hsp70 mRNA levels increased only slightly following the same treatment. Whole-mount in situ hybridization analysis revealed that hsp47 mRNA was expressed predominantly in precartilagenous cells, as well as several other connective tissue cell populations within the embryo following exposure to either stress. hsp70 mRNA displayed a very different cell-specific distribution. For example, neither stress induced hsp70 mRNA accumulation in precartilagenous cells. However, high levels of hsp70 mRNA were detectable in epithelial cells of the developing epidermis following exposure to heat shock, but not to ethanol. These cells did not express the hsp47 gene following exposure to either of these stresses. The results suggest the presence of different inducible regulatory mechanisms for these genes which operate in a cell- and stress-specific manner in zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Lele
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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44
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Lang L, Miskovic D, Lo M, Heikkila JJ. Stress-induced, tissue-specific enrichment of hsp70 mRNA accumulation in Xenopus laevis embryos. Cell Stress Chaperones 2000. [PMID: 10701838 DOI: 10.1379/1466-1268(2000)005<0036:sitseo>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we have employed whole-mount, in situ hybridization to study the spatial pattern of hsc70 and hsp70 mRNA accumulation in normal and heat shocked embryos during Xenopus laevis development. Our findings revealed that hsc70 mRNA was constitutively present in a global fashion throughout the embryo and was not heat inducible. Accumulation of hsp70 mRNA, however, was detected only in heat shocked embryos. Furthermore, hsp70 mRNA accumulation was enriched in a tissue-specific manner in X. laevis tailbud embryos within 15 minutes of a 33 degrees C heat shock. Abundant levels of heat shock-induced hsp70 mRNA were detected in the head region, including the lens placode, the cement gland, and in the somitic region and proctodeum. Preferential heat-induced accumulation of hsp70 mRNA was first detected at a heat shock temperature of 30 degrees C. Placement of embryos at 22 degrees C after a 1-hour, 33 degrees C heat shock resulted in decreased hsp70 mRNA with time, but the message persisted in selected tissues, including the lens placode and somites. Treatment of tailbud embryos with either sodium arsenite or zinc chloride induced a tissue-specific enrichment of hsp70 mRNA in the lens placode and somitic region. These studies reveal the complex nature of the heat shock response in different embryonic tissues and suggest the presence of regulatory mechanisms that lead to a stressor-induced, tissue-specific enrichment of hsp70 mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lang
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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45
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Nakai A, Suzuki M, Tanabe M. Arrest of spermatogenesis in mice expressing an active heat shock transcription factor 1. EMBO J 2000; 19:1545-54. [PMID: 10747023 PMCID: PMC310224 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/19.7.1545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, testicular temperature is lower than core body temperature, and the vulnerable nature of spermatogenesis to thermal insult has been known for a century. However, the primary target affected by increases in temperature is not yet clear. We report here that male mice expressing an active form of heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) in the testis are infertile due to a block in spermatogenesis. The germ cells entered meiotic prophase and were arrested at pachytene stage, and there was a significant increase in the number of apoptotic germ cells in these mice. In wild-type mice, a single heat exposure caused the activation of HSF1 and similar histological changes such as a stage-specific apoptosis of pachytene spermatocytes. These results suggest that male infertility caused by thermal insult is at least partly due to the activation of HSF1, which induces the primary spermatocytes to undergo apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nakai
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8397, USA.
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46
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Lang L, Miskovic D, Lo M, Heikkila JJ. Stress-induced, tissue-specific enrichment of hsp70 mRNA accumulation in Xenopus laevis embryos. Cell Stress Chaperones 2000. [DOI: 10.1379/1466-1268(2000)005<0036:sitseo>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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47
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Lang L, Miskovic D, Fernando P, Heikkila JJ. Spatial pattern of constitutive and heat shock-induced expression of the small heat shock protein gene family, Hsp30, in Xenopus laevis tailbud embryos. DEVELOPMENTAL GENETICS 1999; 25:365-74. [PMID: 10570468 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-6408(1999)25:4<365::aid-dvg10>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We employed whole-mount in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry to study the spatial pattern of hsp30 gene expression in normal and heatshocked embryos during Xenopus laevis development. Our findings revealed that hsp30 mRNA accumulation was present constitutively only in the cement gland of early and midtailbud embryos, while hsp30 protein was detected until at least the early tadpole stage. Heat shock-induced accumulation of hsp30 mRNA and protein was first observed in early and midtailbud embryos with preferential enrichment in the cement gland, somitic region, lens placode, and proctodeum. In contrast, cytoskeletal actin mRNA displayed a more generalized pattern of accumulation which did not change following heat shock. In heat shocked midtailbud embryos the enrichment of hsp30 mRNA in lens placode and somitic region was first detectable after 15 min of a 33 degrees C heatshock. The lowest temperature capable of inducing this pattern was 30 degrees C. Placement of embryos at 22 degrees C following a 1-h 33 degrees C heat shock resulted in decreased hsp30 mRNA in all regions with time, although enhanced hsp30 mRNA accumulation still persisted in the cement gland after 11 h compared to control. In late tailbud embryos the basic midtailbud pattern of hsp30 mRNA accumulation was enhanced with additional localization to the spinal cord as well as enrichment across the embryo surface. These studies demonstrate that hsp30 gene expression can be detected constitutively in the cement gland of tailbud embryos and that heat shock results in a preferential accumulation of hsp30 mRNA and protein in certain tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lang
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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48
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Ogi S, Tanji N, Iseda T, Yokoyama M. Expression of heat shock proteins in developing and degenerating rat testes. ARCHIVES OF ANDROLOGY 1999; 43:163-71. [PMID: 10624498 DOI: 10.1080/014850199262454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In the testis, several types of heat shock proteins (HSPs) have been identified and characterized, although the cellular basis of the HSPs remains elusive. In the present study, alterations in the cellular localization of HSPs, including HSP 25, 60, 70, and 90, were studied during the developing and degenerating periods in the rat testis using immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. HSP25 was expressed in neither germ cells nor somatic cells on all days examined. In contrast, HSP 60 was expressed in Leydig cells during neonatal and prepuberty periods, and only in spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes after puberty. HSPs 70 and 90 were expressed in germ cells, Sertoli cells, and Leydig cells during neonatal and early developing testes, and in spermatocytes and round spermatids after puberty. Besides, there was faint expression of HSP 90 protein in spermatogonia in this period. In the degenerative condition, all HSP proteins were markedly expressed in germ cells after surgery. It would appear that HSPs play roles in unique homeostasis in testes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ogi
- Department of Urology, Ehime University Medical School, Japan
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49
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Kleene KC, Mastrangelo MA. The promoter of the Poly(A) binding protein 2 (Pabp2) retroposon is derived from the 5'-untranslated region of the Pabp1 progenitor gene. Genomics 1999; 61:194-200. [PMID: 10534404 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1999.5945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mouse Pabp2 retroposon encodes an isoform of poly(A) binding protein that is expressed in meiotic and early haploid spermatogenic cells. In the present study, we have determined the transcription start site of the Pabp2 gene to clarify the source of its promoter, a prerequisite for expression of retroposons and preservation of their function by natural selection. The 5' end of the mouse Pabp2 retroposon exhibits extensive similarity to the entire 5' UTR of the human PABP1 mRNA, but there is no similarity upstream of the transcription start site of the human PABP1 mRNA, indicating that the Pabp2 gene lacks 5' flanking sequences of the parental PABP1 gene. Oligonucleotide-directed RNase H cleavage and 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends both indicate that the transcription start site of the mouse Pabp2 gene is located approximately 330 bases downstream of the capsite of the PABP1 mRNA, indicating that the Pabp2 promoter is derived from the PABP1 5' UTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Kleene
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, Massachusetts, 02125-3393, USA. kenneth.
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50
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Le Goff P, Michel D. HSF1 activation occurs at different temperatures in somatic and male germ cells in the poikilotherm rainbow trout. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 259:15-20. [PMID: 10334908 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.0729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) is the central actor of the response to hyperthermia in eukaryotic cells. In mammals, male germ cells are an exception among all cellular populations for their HSF1 activation occurs at low temperature. This feature was believed to be specific of homeotherms whose testicular compartment is located outside the main body cavity, where temperature is lower. In the present study, we show that in the poikilotherm rainbow trout, the maximal heat shock response of male germ cells, that are located in the same body compartment than the other organs, occurs also at a significantly lower temperature (22 degrees C) than for somatic cells (28 degrees C), regardless of culture conditions before heat shock. In addition, the acquisition of the HSE-binding activity of HSF1 upon heat shock is not associated with the classical hsp70 mRNA accumulation. Taken together, these results strongly suggest the existence of a particular mode of heat shock response that could be specific of male germ cells but not restricted to homeotherms.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Le Goff
- UPRES-A 6026 CNRS, Université de Rennes, 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes Cedex, 35042, France.
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