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Sellamuthu G, Tarafdar A, Jasrotia RS, Chaudhary M, Vishwakarma H, Padaria JC. Introgression of Δ 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (PgP5CS) confers enhanced resistance to abiotic stresses in transgenic tobacco. Transgenic Res 2024:10.1007/s11248-024-00385-x. [PMID: 38739244 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-024-00385-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) is one of the key regulatory enzymes involved in the proline biosynthetic pathway. Proline acts as an osmoprotectant, molecular chaperone, antioxidant, and regulator of redox homeostasis. The accumulation of proline during stress is believed to confer tolerance in plants. In this study, we cloned the complete CDS of the P5CS from pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br. and transformed into tobacco. Three transgenic tobacco plants with single-copy insertion were analyzed for drought and heat stress tolerance. No difference was observed between transgenic and wild-type (WT) plants when both were grown in normal conditions. However, under heat and drought, transgenic plants have been found to have higher chlorophyll, relative water, and proline content, and lower malondialdehyde (MDA) levels than WT plants. The photosynthetic parameters (stomatal conductance, intracellular CO2 concentration, and transpiration rate) were also observed to be high in transgenic plants under abiotic stress conditions. qRT-PCR analysis revealed that the expression of the transgene in drought and heat conditions was 2-10 and 2-7.5 fold higher than in normal conditions, respectively. Surprisingly, only P5CS was increased under heat stress conditions, indicating the possibility of feedback inhibition. Our results demonstrate the positive role of PgP5CS in enhancing abiotic stress tolerance in tobacco, suggesting its possible use to increase abiotic stress-tolerance in crops for sustained yield under adverse climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gothandapani Sellamuthu
- National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Forest Molecular Entomology Laboratory, Excellent Team for Mitigation (ETM), Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Avijit Tarafdar
- National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
- International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheruvu, India
| | - Rahul Singh Jasrotia
- National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Florida State University, Tallahassee, USA
| | - Minakshi Chaudhary
- National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Harinder Vishwakarma
- National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Jasdeep C Padaria
- National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India.
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2
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Forlani G, Sabbioni G, Barera S, Funck D. A complex array of factors regulate the activity of Arabidopsis thaliana δ 1 -pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase isoenzymes to ensure their specific role in plant cell metabolism. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:1348-1362. [PMID: 38223941 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The first and committed step in proline synthesis from glutamate is catalyzed by δ1 -pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS). Two P5CS genes have been found in most angiosperms, one constitutively expressed to satisfy proline demand for protein synthesis, the other stress-induced. Despite the number of papers to investigate regulation at the transcriptional level, to date, the properties of the enzymes have been subjected to limited study. The isolation of Arabidopsis thaliana P5CS isoenzymes was achieved through heterologous expression and affinity purification. The two proteins were characterized with respect to kinetic and biochemical properties. AtP5CS2 showed KM values in the micro- to millimolar range, and its activity was inhibited by NADP+ , ADP and proline, and by glutamine and arginine at high levels. Mg2+ ions were required for activity, which was further stimulated by K+ and other cations. AtP5CS1 displayed positive cooperativity with glutamate and was almost insensitive to inhibition by proline. In the presence of physiological, nonsaturating concentrations of glutamate, proline was slightly stimulatory, and glutamine strongly increased the catalytic rate. Data suggest that the activity of AtP5CS isoenzymes is differentially regulated by a complex array of factors including the concentrations of proline, glutamate, glutamine, monovalent cations and pyridine dinucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Forlani
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sabbioni
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Simone Barera
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Dietmar Funck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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3
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Chang J, Yuan W, Gao C, Zhang B, Liu JL, Chen G, Tan YW. Single-Molecule Fluorescence Imaging Reveals Coassembly of CTPS and P5CS. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:949-959. [PMID: 38236746 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c06498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
The cellular compartmentation induced by self-assembly of natural proteins has recently attracted widespread attention due to its structural-functional significance. Among them, as a highly conserved metabolic enzyme and one of the potential targets for cancers and parasitic diseases in drug development, CTP synthase (CTPS) has also been reported to self-assemble into filamentous structures termed cytoophidia. To elucidate the dynamical mechanism of cytoophidium filamentation, we utilize single-molecule fluorescence imaging to observe the real-time self-assembly dynamics of CTPS and the coordinated assembly between CTPS and its interaction partner, Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (P5CS). Significant differences exist in the direction of growth and extension when the two proteins self-assemble. The oligomer state distribution analysis of the CTPS minimum structural subunit under different conditions and the stoichiometry statistics of binding CTPS and P5CS by single-molecule fluorescence photobleach counting further confirm that the CTPS cytoophidia are mainly stacked with tetramers. CTPS can act as the nucleation core to induce the subsequent growth of the P5CS filaments. Our work not only provide evidence from the molecular level for the self-assembly and coordinated assembly (coassembly) of CTPS with its interaction partner P5CS in vitro but also offer new experimental perspectives for the dynamics research of coordinated regulation between other protein polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metasurfaces for Light Manipulation, Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Weijie Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metasurfaces for Light Manipulation, Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chendi Gao
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Ji-Long Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Guosong Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yan-Wen Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metasurfaces for Light Manipulation, Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Cerqueira WM, Scalon SPQ, Santos CC, Santiago EF, Almeida JLCS, Figueiredo VMA, Linné JA, Silverio JM. Ecophysiological mechanisms and growth of Inga vera Willd. under different water and light availability. BRAZ J BIOL 2023; 83:e275378. [PMID: 38055578 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.275378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Light and water availability can impact plant survival and growth, making ecophysiological studies crucial for understanding their tolerance and to single and combined stresses. The aimed of this study was to investigate the physiological and growth responses of Inga vera Willd. plants induced by different water regimes and light intensities. Three water regimes were implemented based on substrate water retention capacity (WRC) - 50%, 75%, and 100%, along with shading levels (SH) - 0% (full sun), 30%, and 70%. Evaluations were conducted at 25 and 50 days after applying the water regimes, and during a recovery period of 30 days when all treatments were maintained at 75% of WRC. Photochemical efficiency, gas exchange, chlorophylls indices, growth, quality of the seedlings and content proline amino acid were assessed. Overall, I. vera plants showed greater sensitivity to increased exposure to light than to low water availability. The interaction of SH + WRC was beneficial for the gas exchange and chlorophylls indices characteristics under SH 70% + WRC 75-100% at 25 and 50 days, with higher results, greater plant growth and higher proline contents for leaves and roots under SH 30% and 70% + WRC 50%, 75% and 100% at 25 and 50 days. There was no recovery effect for seedlings grown in full sun. The plants grown under shade during the recovery period maintained their values for most of the characteristics evaluated. SH 30% + WRC 75% contributed to an increase in photosynthetic metabolism and, as a result, to the quality of the seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Cerqueira
- Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados - UFGD, Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Ambientais, Dourados, MS, Brasil
| | - S P Q Scalon
- Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados - UFGD, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Dourados, MS, Brasil
| | - C C Santos
- Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados - UFGD, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Dourados, MS, Brasil
| | - E F Santiago
- Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul - UEMS, Departamento de Recursos Naturais, Dourados, MS, Brasil
| | - J L C S Almeida
- Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados - UFGD, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Dourados, MS, Brasil
| | - V M A Figueiredo
- Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados - UFGD, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Dourados, MS, Brasil
| | - J A Linné
- Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados - UFGD, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Dourados, MS, Brasil
| | - J M Silverio
- Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados - UFGD, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Dourados, MS, Brasil
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Halawani RF, Aloufi FA. Galaxolide-contaminated soil and tolerance strategies in soybean plants using biofertilization and selenium nanoparticle supplementation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1221780. [PMID: 37692435 PMCID: PMC10484750 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1221780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The current study aimed to address the response of soybean (Glycine max) plants to biofertilization and selenium supplementation treatments under galaxolide contamination of soil. In this regard, a pot experiment was carried out where the soybean plants were treated with the plant growth-promoting Actinobacteria (Actinobacterium sp.) as a biofertilizer (PGPB treatment) and/or selenium nanoparticles (Se treatment; 25 mg L-1) under two non-polluted and galaxolide-polluted soils (250 mg galaxolide per kg of soil) to assess the modifications in some plant physiological and biochemical traits. Although higher accumulation of oxidative biomarkers, including hydrogen peroxide (+180%), malondialdehyde (+163%), and protein oxidation (+125%), indicating oxidative stress in galaxolide-contaminated plants, an apparent decline in their contents was observed in response to biofertilization/supplementation treatments in contaminated soil, especially. It was mainly related to the higher detoxification of ROS in PGPB- and Se-treated plants under galaxolide-induced oxidative stress, in which the direct ROS-scavenging enzymes (+44 -179%), enzymatic (+34 - 293%) and non-enzymatic (+35 - 98%) components of the ascorbate-glutathione pathway, and antioxidant molecules (+38 - 370%) were more activated than in control plants. In addition, a higher accumulation of detoxification activity markers, including phytochelatins (+32%) and metallothioneins (+79%), were found in the combined treatments (PGPB+Se) under galaxolide contamination. Moreover, combined treatment with PGPB and Se ameliorated the levels of chlorophyll a content (+58%), stomatal conductance (+57%), the maximum efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) (+36%), and photorespiratory metabolism (including +99% in glycolate oxidase and +54% in hydroxypyruvate reductase activity) in leaves under galaxolide contamination, which resulted in higher photosynthesis capacity (+36%) and biomass production (+74%) in galaxolide-stressed plants as compared to control group. In conclusion, the application of beneficial Actinobacteria and selenium nanoparticles as biofertilization/supplementation is expected to be useful for improving plant toleration and adaptation against galaxolide contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riyadh F. Halawani
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Cacefo V, Ribas AF, Vieira LGE. Proline metabolism as a mechanism for the energy dissipation in VaP5CSF129A transgenic tobacco plants under water deficit. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 283:153964. [PMID: 36917876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.153964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In plants, proline accumulation in cells is a common response to alleviate the stress caused by water deficits. It has been shown that foliar proline spraying, as well as its overaccumulation in transgenic plants can increase drought tolerance, as proline metabolism plays important roles in cell redox balance and on energy dissipation pathways. The aim of this work was to evaluate the role of exogenous proline application or its endogenous overproduction as a potential mechanism for energy dissipation. For this, wild-type and VaP5CSF129A transgenic tobacco plants were sprayed with proline (10 mM) and submitted to water deficit. Changes in plant physiology and biochemistry were evaluated. Transcriptional changes in the relative expression of genes involved in proline synthesis and catabolism, NAD (P)-dependent malate dehydrogenase (NAD(P)-MDH), alternative oxidase (AOX), and VaP5CSF129A transgene were measured. Exogenous proline reduced the negative effects of water deficit on photosynthetic activity in both genotypes; with the transgenic plants even less affected. Water deficit caused an increase in the relative expression of proline biosynthesis genes. On the other hand, the expression of catabolism genes decreased, primarily in transgenic plants. Exogenous proline reduced activity of the NADP-MDH enzyme and decreased expression of the AOX and NADP-MDH genes, mainly in transgenic plants under water stress. Finally, our results suggest that proline metabolism could act as a complementary/compensatory mechanism for the energy dissipation pathways in plants under water deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Cacefo
- Universidade do Oeste Paulista (UNOESTE), Pós Graduação em Produção Vegetal. Rodovia Raposo Tavares, Km 572, CEP 19067-175, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil; Universidade do Oeste Paulista (UNOESTE), Centro de Estudos em Ecofisiologia Vegetal do Oeste Paulista (CEVOP), Rodovia Raposo Tavares, Km 572, CEP 19067-175, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil.
| | - Alessandra Ferreira Ribas
- Universidade do Oeste Paulista (UNOESTE), Pós Graduação em Produção Vegetal. Rodovia Raposo Tavares, Km 572, CEP 19067-175, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Departamento de Fitotecnia e Fitossanidade, Rua dos Funcionários, 1540, Cabral, CEP 80035-050, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Gonzaga Esteves Vieira
- Universidade do Oeste Paulista (UNOESTE), Pós Graduação em Produção Vegetal. Rodovia Raposo Tavares, Km 572, CEP 19067-175, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil.
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Bandurska H, Breś W, Zielezińska M, Mieloszyk E. Does Potassium Modify the Response of Zinnia ( Zinnia elegans Jacq.) to Long-Term Salinity? PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1439. [PMID: 37050066 PMCID: PMC10097175 DOI: 10.3390/plants12071439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Salinity is one of the major abiotic stress factors hindering crop production, including ornamental flowering plants. The present study examined the response to salt stress of Zinnia elegans 'Lilliput' supplemented with basic (150 mg·dm-3) and enhanced (300 mg·dm-3) potassium doses. Stress was imposed by adding 0.96 and 1.98 g of NaCl per dm-3 of the substrate. The substrate's electrical conductivity was 1.1 and 2.3 dS·m-1 for lower potassium levels and 1.2 and 2.4 dS·m-1 for higher potassium levels. Salt stress caused a significant and dose-dependent reduction in leaf RWC, increased foliar Na and Cl concentrations, and reduced K. About 15% and 25% of cell membrane injury at lower and higher NaCl doses, respectively, were accompanied by only slight chlorophyll reduction. Salt stress-induced proline increase was accompanied by increased P5CS activity and decreased PDH activity. More than a 25% reduction in most growth parameters at EC 1.1-1.2 dS·m-1 but only a slight decrease in chlorophyll and a 25% reduction in the decorative value (number of flowers produced, flower diameter) only at EC 2.3-2.4 dS·m-1 were found. Salt stress-induced leaf area reduction was accompanied by increased cell wall lignification. An enhanced potassium dose caused a reduction in leaf Na and Cl concentrations and a slight increase in K. It was also effective in membrane injury reduction and proline accumulation. Increasing the dose of potassium did not improve growth and flowering parameters but affected the lignification of the leaf cell walls, which may have resulted in growth retardation. Zinnia elegans 'Lilliput' may be considered sensitive to long-term salt stress.
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Ma C, Wang M, Zhao M, Yu M, Zheng X, Tian Y, Sun Z, Liu X, Wang C. The Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase family performs diverse physiological functions in stress responses in pear ( Pyrus betulifolia). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1066765. [PMID: 36507426 PMCID: PMC9731112 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1066765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Δ1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) acts as the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of proline in plants. Although P5CS plays an essential role in plant responses to environmental stresses, its biological functions remain largely unclear in pear (Pyrus betulifolia). In the present study, 11 putative pear P5CSs (PbP5CSs) were identified by comprehensive bioinformatics analysis and classified into five subfamilies. Segmental and tandem duplications contributed to the expansion and evolution of the PbP5CS gene family. Various cis-acting elements associated with plant development, hormone responses, and/or stress responses were identified in the promoters of PbP5CS genes. To investigate the regulatory roles of PbP5CS genes in response to abiotic and biotic stresses, gene expression patterns in publicly available data were explored. The tissue-specific expressional dynamics of PbP5CS genes indicate potentially important roles in pear growth and development. Their spatiotemporal expression patterns suggest key functions in multiple environmental stress responses. Transcriptome and real-time quantitative PCR analyses revealed that most PbP5CS genes exhibited distinct expression patterns in response to drought, waterlogging, salinity-alkalinity, heat, cold, and infection by Alternaria alternate and Gymnosporangium haraeanum. The results provide insight into the versatile functions of the PbP5CS gene family in stress responses. The findings may assist further exploration of the physiological functions of PbP5CS genes for the development and enhancement of stress tolerance in pear and other fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Ma
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticulture Plants, Qingdao, China
| | - Mengqi Wang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticulture Plants, Qingdao, China
| | - Mingrui Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticulture Plants, Qingdao, China
| | - Mengyuan Yu
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticulture Plants, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaodong Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticulture Plants, Qingdao, China
| | - Yike Tian
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticulture Plants, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhijuan Sun
- College of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticulture Plants, Qingdao, China
| | - Caihong Wang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticulture Plants, Qingdao, China
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Bao G, Huang S, Ashraf U, Qiao J, Zheng A, Zhou Q, Li L, Wan X. Insights of Improved Aroma under Additional Nitrogen Application at Booting Stage in Fragrant Rice. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:2092. [PMID: 36421767 PMCID: PMC9691032 DOI: 10.3390/genes13112092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant mineral nutrition substantially affects the growth, yield and quality of rice, whereas nitrogen (N) application contributes significantly in this regard. Undoubtedly, N application improves rice aroma biosynthesis; however, the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of grain 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) biosynthesis in the presence of nitrogen application at the booting stage has remained largely unexplored. The present study examined the effects of three N levels, i.e., 0 g per pot (N0), 0.43 g per pot (N1) and 0.86 g per pot (N2) on intermediates, enzymes and genes involved in 2-AP biosynthesis, as well as on the yield of two fragrant rice cultivars viz, Meixiangzhan2 and Xiangyaxiangzhan. N was additionally applied at the booting stage. The results depicted that the levels of precursor, such as proline, and the activity of enzymes involved in 2-AP biosynthesis, such as Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) and diamine oxidase (DAO), and P5CS1 gene expression were comparatively higher under N1 than N0 in both fragrant rice cultivars. Moreover, the N2 treatment increased the grain panicle-1, filled grain percentage and grain yield of both rice cultivars, while the grain yield of Meixiangzhan2 and Xiangyaxiangzhan was increased by 15.87% and 12.09%, respectively, under N2 compared to N1 treatment. Hence, 0.43 g per pot of N showed positive performances in yield and aroma accumulation in fragrant rice and should be further employed in the practice and production for better cultivation in the rice market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gegen Bao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Innovative Institute for Modern Seed Industry, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Suihua Huang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Umair Ashraf
- Department of Botany, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore 54770, Pakistan
| | - Jingxuan Qiao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Innovative Institute for Modern Seed Industry, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Axiang Zheng
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Innovative Institute for Modern Seed Industry, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Lin Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Innovative Institute for Modern Seed Industry, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Xiaorong Wan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Innovative Institute for Modern Seed Industry, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
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Ge L, Guo H, Li X, Tang M, Guo C, Bao H, Huang L, Yi Y, Cui Y, Chen L. OsSIDP301, a Member of the DUF1644 Family, Negatively Regulates Salt Stress and Grain Size in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:863233. [PMID: 35968081 PMCID: PMC9366248 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.863233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As a major environmental factor, salt stress substantially retards growth and reduces the productivity of rice (Oryza sativa). Members of the DUF1644 family, "the domains of unknown function 1644 motif" are predicted to play an essential regulatory role in response to abiotic stress. However, the specific molecular mechanisms of most members of this family remain elusive. Here, we report that the OsSIDP301 (stress-induced DUF1644 protein) was induced by salt stress and abscisic acid (ABA). We found that overexpression of OsSIDP301 (OE) in plants conferred salt hypersensitivity and reduced grain size, whereas plants with OsSIDP301 RNA interference (RNAi) exhibited salt tolerance and increased grain size in rice. OsSIDP301 determines salt stress tolerance by modulating genes involved in the salt-response and ABA signaling pathways. Further studies suggest that OsSIDP301 regulates grain size by influencing cell expansion in spikelet hulls. Moreover, OsSIDP301 interacts with OsBUL1 COMPLEX1 (OsBC1), which positively regulates grain size in rice. Our findings reveal that OsSIDP301 functions as a negative regulator of salt stress and grain size, and repressing its expression represents a promising strategy for improving salt stress tolerance and yield in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ge
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for Plant Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hongming Guo
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for Plant Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiu Li
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for Plant Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ming Tang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Karst Mountainous Areas of Southwestern China, School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chiming Guo
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Subtropical Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Fujian Institute of Subtropical Botany, Xiamen, China
| | - Han Bao
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for Plant Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Linjuan Huang
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for Plant Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yin Yi
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Karst Mountainous Areas of Southwestern China, School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yuchao Cui
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for Plant Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for Plant Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Bao G, Ashraf U, Wan X, Zhou Q, Li S, Wang C, He L, Tang X. Transcriptomic Analysis Provides Insights into Foliar Zinc Application Induced Upregulation in 2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline and Related Transcriptional Regulatory Mechanism in Fragrant Rice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:11350-11360. [PMID: 34528806 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The involvement of zinc (Zn) in terms of aroma formation has been rarely investigated. This study shows that the regulation of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) biosynthesis was evaluated in two different rice cultivars under foliar Zn application. The results showed that the 2AP and Zn contents in leaves and grains were improved substantially under foliar Zn application. The 2AP content was positively related to the expression P5CS2 gene, contents of proline, 1-pyrroline, and Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C), and the activity of pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (P5CS) under Zn application in fragrant rice. Multiple transcription factors (TFs) were differently expressed, such as bZIPs, NACs, and MYBs, to play a role under Zn treatments in fragrant rice, suggesting the crucial role of 46 differently expressed TFs in 2AP improvements in fragrant rice. Furthermore, this study showed that the optimal foliar Zn application at a concentration of 30 mg L-1 could increase the 2AP content of aromatic rice and keep the yield stable or increase the yield. TFs were involved in regulating to promote the 2AP formation in aromatic rice under the foliar Zn application. However, the relationship between 2AP biosynthesis pathway genes and TFs in fragrant rice remains to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gegen Bao
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, P. R. China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Umair Ashraf
- Department of Botany, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore 54770, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Xiaorong Wan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, P. R. China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, P. R. China
| | - Shengyu Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, P. R. China
| | - Chunling Wang
- Guangdong Microbial Culture Collection Center (GDMCC), Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Longxin He
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Xiangru Tang
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
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12
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Yang D, Ni R, Yang S, Pu Y, Qian M, Yang Y, Yang Y. Functional Characterization of the Stipa purpurea P5CS Gene under Drought Stress Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179599. [PMID: 34502515 PMCID: PMC8431763 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Free proline has multiple functions in plant cells, such as regulating osmotic potential and protecting both proteins and cell membranes. The expression of Δ1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (P5CS), a key enzyme in the proline biosynthetic pathway, increases under drought, salt and cold stress conditions, causing plant cells to accumulate large amounts of proline. In this study, we cloned and identified the P5CS gene from Stipa purpurea, which has a full-length of 2196 bp and encodes 731 amino acids. A subcellular localization analysis indicated that SpP5CS localized to the cytoplasm. The ectopic overexpression of SpP5CS in Arabidopsis thaliana resulted in higher proline contents, longer roots, higher survival rates and less membrane damage under drought stress conditions compared with wild-type controls. SpP5CS-overexpressing A. thaliana was more resistant to drought stress than the wild type, whereas the deletion mutant sp5cs was less resistant to drought stress. Thus, SpP5CS may be a potential candidate target gene for increasing plant resistance to drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Yang
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; (D.Y.); (R.N.); (S.Y.); (Y.P.); (M.Q.)
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research at Kunming, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruize Ni
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; (D.Y.); (R.N.); (S.Y.); (Y.P.); (M.Q.)
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research at Kunming, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shihai Yang
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; (D.Y.); (R.N.); (S.Y.); (Y.P.); (M.Q.)
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research at Kunming, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yanan Pu
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; (D.Y.); (R.N.); (S.Y.); (Y.P.); (M.Q.)
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research at Kunming, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Min Qian
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; (D.Y.); (R.N.); (S.Y.); (Y.P.); (M.Q.)
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research at Kunming, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Yunnan Population and Family Planning Science and Technology Research Institute, Kunming 650021, China
| | - Yunqiang Yang
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; (D.Y.); (R.N.); (S.Y.); (Y.P.); (M.Q.)
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research at Kunming, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Y.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yongping Yang
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; (D.Y.); (R.N.); (S.Y.); (Y.P.); (M.Q.)
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research at Kunming, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Y.); (Y.Y.)
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13
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Potcho PM, Okpala NE, Korohou T, Imran M, Kamara N, Zhang J, Aloryi KD, Tang X. Nitrogen sources affected the biosynthesis of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, cooked rice elongation and amylose content in rice. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254182. [PMID: 34264963 PMCID: PMC8282057 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have been carried out on N sources effect on fragrant rice; however, their impact on rice grain quality is largely unclear. In this study, we evaluated the effects of different types of N sources on rice growth, yield, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP), amylose and cooked rice elongation. Two indica rice cultivars, Basmati 385 (B385), Xiangyaxiangzhan (XYXZ) and two japonica cultivars, Yunjingyou (YJY), Daohuaxiang (DHX) were grown in experimental pots with six replications under four N sources: Potassium nitrate (KNO3), ammonium bicarbonate (NH4HCO3), urea (H2NCONH2) and sodium nitrate (NaNO3) in 2019 and 2020 early seasons. Our results showed that N dynamics regulated the number of panicles, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, amylose and cooked rice elongation across all the four treatments. The NH4HCO3 treatment significantly increased the number of panicles and grain yield across the four rice varieties compared with KNO3, H2NCONH2 and NaNO3 N sources in both 2019 and 2020 early season, The KNO3 treatment significantly showed higher 1000-grain weight in B-385, YJY, XYXZ and DHX compared to other N sources. Compared with other N sources treatment, the NH4HCO3 treatments significantly increased the 2AP contents in heading stage leaves, matured leaves and grains of B-385, YJY, XYXZ and DHX respectively. Cooked rice elongation percentage also showed significant difference in all treatments studied with KNO3 recorded the highest across the four varieties. Analysis of major enzymes and compounds such as P5C, P5CS, PDH, Pyrroline, proline and Methylglyoxal showed remarkable differences in each cultivar at heading and maturity stages with higher activity in NH4HCO3 and H2NCONH2 treatments. Similarly, in all treatments, we also observed significant increase in amylose content percentage, with NH4HCO3 having greater percentage of amylose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouwedeou Mouloumdema Potcho
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nnaemeka Emmanuel Okpala
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tchalla Korohou
- College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Intelligent Agricultural Equipment of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Muhammad Imran
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nabieu Kamara
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Sierra Leone Agricultural Research Institute (SLARI), Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Jisheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kelvin Dodzi Aloryi
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangru Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
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14
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Sun H, Wang S, Lou Y, Zhu C, Zhao H, Li Y, Li X, Gao Z. A bamboo leaf-specific aquaporin gene PePIP2;7 is involved in abiotic stress response. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:1101-1114. [PMID: 34100122 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02673-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
PePIP2;7, a leaf-specific aquaporin gene in bamboo, is upregulated under abiotic stresses. Overexpressing PePIP2;7 confers abiotic stresses tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis plant and yeast. Aquaporins (AQPs) participate in the regulation of water balance in plants. However, the function of AQPs in bamboo remains unclear. Here, PePIP2;7 was identified as a leaf-specific aquaporin gene in moso bamboo based on the expression analysis of transcriptome data and PCR. In situ hybridization further indicated that PePIP2;7 was mainly expressed in mesophyll cells of mature leaves, while in immature leaves it was dominant in blade edge cells followed by mesophyll cells. Interestingly, PePIP2;7 was strongly expressed in the mesophyll cells near bulliform cells of immature leaves, suggesting that PePIP2;7 might function in water transport and contribute to leaf unfolding. The transient expression assay showed that PePIP2;7 was a plasma membrane intrinsic protein. Furthermore, PePIP2;7 was upregulated under abiotic stresses such as high light, drought, and NaCl. Compared with Col-0, transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing PePIP2;7 had better seed germination rate, longer taproot length, higher SOD activity, and lower MDA content under abiotic stresses. Besides, yeasts expressing PePIP2;7 also had higher tolerance to stress compared to the control. Taken together, our results show that PePIP2;7 is leaf-specific and involved in stress response, which provides new insights into aquaporin function in bamboo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayu Sun
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Institute of Gene Science and Industrialization for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, 100102, China
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Sining Wang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Institute of Gene Science and Industrialization for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, 100102, China
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Yongfeng Lou
- Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Chenglei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Institute of Gene Science and Industrialization for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Hansheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Institute of Gene Science and Industrialization for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Institute of Gene Science and Industrialization for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Xueping Li
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Institute of Gene Science and Industrialization for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Zhimin Gao
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Institute of Gene Science and Industrialization for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, 100102, China.
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15
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Omari Alzahrani F. Metabolic engineering of osmoprotectants to elucidate the mechanism(s) of salt stress tolerance in crop plants. PLANTA 2021; 253:24. [PMID: 33403449 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03550-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies on engineering osmoprotectant metabolic pathway genes focused on the performance of transgenic plants under salt stress conditions rather than elucidating the underlying mechanism(s), and hence, the mechanism(s) remain(s) unclear. Salt stress negatively impacts agricultural crop yields. Hence, to meet future food demands, it is essential to generate salt stress-resistant varieties. Although traditional breeding has improved salt tolerance in several crops, this approach remains inadequate due to the low genetic diversity of certain important crop cultivars. Genetic engineering is used to introduce preferred gene(s) from any genetic reserve or to modify the expression of the existing gene(s) responsible for salt stress response or tolerance, thereby leading to improved salt tolerance in plants. Although plants naturally produce osmoprotectants as an adaptive mechanism for salt stress tolerance, they offer only partial protection. Recently, progress has been made in the identification and characterization of genes involved in the biosynthetic pathways of osmoprotectants. Exogenous application of these osmoprotectants, and genetic engineering of enzymes in their biosynthetic pathways, have been reported to enhance salt tolerance in different plants. However, no clear mechanistic model exists to explain how osmoprotectant accumulation in transgenic plants confers salt tolerance. This review critically examines the results obtained thus far for elucidating the underlying mechanisms of osmoprotectants for improved salt tolerance, and thus, crop yield stability under salt stress conditions, through the genetic engineering of trehalose, glycinebetaine, and proline metabolic pathway genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Omari Alzahrani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Albaha Province, Albaha University, Albaha, 65527, Saudi Arabia.
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16
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Sabbioni G, Funck D, Forlani G. Enzymology and Regulation of δ 1-Pyrroline-5-Carboxylate Synthetase 2 From Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:672702. [PMID: 34603346 PMCID: PMC8480329 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.672702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Under several stress conditions, such as excess salt and drought, many plants accumulate proline inside the cell, which is believed to help counteracting the adverse effects of low water potential. This increase mainly relies upon transcriptional induction of δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS), the enzyme that catalyzes the first two steps in proline biosynthesis from glutamate. P5CS mediates both the phosphorylation of glutamate and the reduction of γ-glutamylphosphate to glutamate-5-semialdehyde, which spontaneously cyclizes to δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C). In most higher plants, two isoforms of P5CS have been found, one constitutively expressed to satisfy proline demand for protein synthesis, the other stress-induced. Despite the number of papers to investigate the regulation of P5CS at the transcriptional level, to date, the properties of the enzyme have been only poorly studied. As a consequence, the descriptions of post-translational regulatory mechanisms have largely been limited to feedback-inhibition by proline. Here, we report cloning and heterologous expression of P5CS2 from Oryza sativa. The protein has been fully characterized from a functional point of view, using an assay method that allows following the physiological reaction of the enzyme. Kinetic analyses show that the activity is subjected to a wide array of regulatory mechanisms, ranging from product inhibition to feedback inhibition by proline and other amino acids. These findings confirm long-hypothesized influences of both, the redox status of the cell and nitrogen availability, on proline biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Sabbioni
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Dietmar Funck
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Forlani
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- *Correspondence: Giuseppe Forlani,
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17
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Mattioli R, Palombi N, Funck D, Trovato M. Proline Accumulation in Pollen Grains as Potential Target for Improved Yield Stability Under Salt Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:582877. [PMID: 33193531 PMCID: PMC7655902 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.582877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Seed yield, a major determinant for the commercial success of grain crops, critically depends on pollen viability, which is dramatically reduced by environmental stresses, such as drought, salinity, and extreme temperatures. Salinity, in particular, is a major problem for crop yield known to affect about 20% of all arable land and cause huge economic losses worldwide. Flowering plants are particularly sensitive to environmental stress during sexual reproduction, and even a short exposure to stressing conditions can severely hamper reproductive success, and thus reduce crop yield. Since proline is required for pollen fertility and accumulates in plant tissues in response to different abiotic stresses, a role of proline in pollen protection under salt stress conditions can be envisaged. In this perspective, we analyze old and new data to evaluate the importance of pollen development under saline conditions, and discuss the possibility of raising proline levels in pollen grains as a biotechnological strategy to stabilize seed yield in the presence of salt stress. The overall data confirm that proline is necessary to preserve pollen fertility and limit seed loss under stressful conditions. However, at present, we have not enough data to conclude whether or not raising proline over wildtype levels in pollen grains can effectively ameliorate seed yield under saline conditions, and further work is still required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Mattioli
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
| | - Noemi Palombi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Dietmar Funck
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Maurizio Trovato
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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18
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Li Y, Liang L, Fu X, Gao Z, Liu H, Tan J, Potcho MP, Pan S, Tian H, Duan M, Tang X, Mo Z. Light and water treatment during the early grain filling stage regulates yield and aroma formation in aromatic rice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14830. [PMID: 32908195 PMCID: PMC7481283 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71944-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of light and water on aromatic rice remain largely unclear. A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the influences of light-water treatments (CK: natural light and well-watered conditions, WS: natural light and water-stressed conditions, LL: low light and well-watered conditions, LL-WS: low light and water-stressed treatment) on yield and 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) formation in aromatic rice. Compared with CK, the light-water treatments decreased grain yield (10.32–39.19%) due to reductions in the filled grain percentage and total dry weight, in the regulation of biomass distribution, and in the attributes of gas exchange and antioxidant response parameters. The 2AP content in grains increased in the LL treatment (5.08–16.32%) but decreased in the WS treatment compared with that in CK. The changes in 2AP were associated with changes in 2AP formation-related traits and element content. Low light and water stress led to yield declines in aromatic rice, but low light alleviated the decrease in 2AP content caused by water stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Luxin Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiaomeng Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zifeng Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hecheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jiangtao Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Mouloumdema Pouwedeou Potcho
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shenggang Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hua Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Meiyang Duan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiangru Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China. .,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Zhaowen Mo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China. .,Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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19
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Liu J, Wang YS. Proline metabolism and molecular cloning of AmP5CS in the mangrove Avicennia marina under heat stress. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2020; 29:698-706. [PMID: 32297058 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-020-02198-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Proline is one of the most important compatible osmolyte in cells, which accumulates in response to various stresses, including salt, water deficit, heavy metal, pathogen infection and extreme temperature. In this study, a growth chamber was employed to simulate heat environment for Avicennia marina seedlings. We detected some physiological indices in the leaves of A. marina at 40 °C, including the activity of delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (P5CS), the content of free proline and soluble protein, transpiration rate and membrane permeability, and discussed the relationship between these five indices and heat resistant ability. And then a P5CS gene was cloned from A. marina using homologous cloning and rapid amplification of cDNA ends methods. It was designated as AmP5CS, encoding a protein that contained a feedback inhibition site of proline, proA, proB, conserved Leu zipper, GSA-DH domain and other functional domains of P5CS protein in high plants. Expression analysis of AmP5CS gene indicated it was involved in heat stress response. It is the first time that P5CS from A. marina has been cloned and the findings laid the foundation of figuring out heat resistant mechanisms and relieving heat damage, which is significant during global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
- Daya Bay Marine Biology Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518121, China
| | - You-Shao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China.
- Daya Bay Marine Biology Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518121, China.
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China.
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Sequential expression of key genes in proline, glycine betaine and artemisinin biosynthesis of Artemisia aucheri Boiss using salicylic acid under in vitro osmotic stress. Biologia (Bratisl) 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-020-00507-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zhang B, Tastan ÖY, Zhou X, Guo CJ, Liu X, Thind A, Hu HH, Zhao S, Liu JL. The proline synthesis enzyme P5CS forms cytoophidia in Drosophila. J Genet Genomics 2020; 47:131-143. [PMID: 32317150 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Compartmentation of enzymes via filamentation has arisen as a mechanism for the regulation of metabolism. In 2010, three groups independently reported that CTP synthase (CTPS) can assemble into a filamentous structure termed the cytoophidium. In searching for CTPS-interacting proteins, here we perform a yeast two-hybrid screening of Drosophila proteins and identify a putative CTPS-interacting protein, △1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (P5CS). Using the Drosophila follicle cell as the in vivo model, we confirm that P5CS forms cytoophidia, which are associated with CTPS cytoophidia. Overexpression of P5CS increases the length of CTPS cytoophidia. Conversely, filamentation of CTPS affects the morphology of P5CS cytoophidia. Finally, in vitro analyses confirm the filament-forming property of P5CS. Our work links CTPS with P5CS, two enzymes involved in the rate-limiting steps in pyrimidine and proline biosynthesis, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China; Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ömür Y Tastan
- MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Xian Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Chen-Jun Guo
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Xuyang Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China; iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Aaron Thind
- MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Huan-Huan Hu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Suwen Zhao
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China; iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Ji-Long Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China; MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, United Kingdom.
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Arruda P, Barreto P. Lysine Catabolism Through the Saccharopine Pathway: Enzymes and Intermediates Involved in Plant Responses to Abiotic and Biotic Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:587. [PMID: 32508857 PMCID: PMC7253579 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The saccharopine pathway (SACPATH) involves the conversion of lysine into α-aminoadipate by three enzymatic reactions catalyzed by the bifunctional enzyme lysine-ketoglutarate reductase/saccharopine dehydrogenase (LKR/SDH) and the enzyme α-aminoadipate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (AASADH). The LKR domain condenses lysine and α-ketoglutarate into saccharopine, and the SDH domain hydrolyzes saccharopine to form glutamate and α-aminoadipate semialdehyde, the latter of which is oxidized to α-aminoadipate by AASADH. Glutamate can give rise to proline by the action of the enzymes Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) and Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (P5CR), while Δ1-piperideine-6-carboxylate the cyclic form of α-aminoadipate semialdehyde can be used by P5CR to produce pipecolate. The production of proline and pipecolate by the SACPATH can help plants face the damage caused by osmotic, drought, and salt stress. AASADH is a versatile enzyme that converts an array of aldehydes into carboxylates, and thus, its induction within the SACPATH would help alleviate the toxic effects of these compounds produced under stressful conditions. Pipecolate is the priming agent of N-hydroxypipecolate (NHP), the effector of systemic acquired resistance (SAR). In this review, lysine catabolism through the SACPATH is discussed in the context of abiotic stress and its potential role in the induction of the biotic stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Arruda
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Genomics for Climate Change Research Center (GCCRC), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Paulo Arruda,
| | - Pedro Barreto
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Genomics for Climate Change Research Center (GCCRC), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
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Luo H, Du B, He L, He J, Hu L, Pan S, Tang X. Exogenous application of zinc (Zn) at the heading stage regulates 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) biosynthesis in different fragrant rice genotypes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19513. [PMID: 31862962 PMCID: PMC6925297 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56159-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is an important microelement for rice and plays a key role in many physiological processes. This study assessed the physio-biochemical responses involved in biosynthesis of 2-acety-1-pyrroline (2-AP), which is a key compound in the aroma of fragrant rice, in four different fragrant rice varieties, i.e., Meixiangzhan-2, Xiangyaxiangzhan, Ruanhuayou-134, and Yunjingyou. Four concentrations (0, 0.50, 1.00 and 2.00 g L-1) of zinc chloride were applied to fragrant rice foliage at the heading stage and named CK, Zn1, Zn2 and Zn3, respectively. Our results showed that compared with CK, the Zn1, Zn2 and Zn3 treatments all significantly increased the 2-AP concentration in mature grains of the four fragrant rice genotypes. Furthermore, exogenous application of Zn not only enhanced the activities of enzymes, including proline dehydrogenase (PDH), △1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid synthetase (P5CS), and diamine oxidase (DAO), which are involved in 2-AP biosynthesis, but also improved the contents of the related precursors, such as Δ1-pyrroline, proline and pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid (P5C). In addition, compared to the CK treatment, the Zn2 treatment markedly increased the net photosynthetic rate of fragrant rice during the grain filling stage and increased the seed-setting rate, 1000-grain weight and grain yield in all fragrant rice genotypes. Foliar application of Zn also markedly increased the grain Zn content. In general, 1.00 g L-1 seemed to be the most suitable application concentration because the highest 2-AP content and grain weight were recorded with this treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowen Luo
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
- Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
| | - Bin Du
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
- Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
| | - Longxin He
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
- Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
| | - Jing He
- College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
| | - Lian Hu
- College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
| | - Shenggang Pan
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
- Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
| | - Xiangru Tang
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China.
- Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China.
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Luo H, Du B, He L, Zheng A, Pan S, Tang X. Foliar application of sodium selenate induces regulation in yield formation, grain quality characters and 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline biosynthesis in fragrant rice. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:502. [PMID: 31730480 PMCID: PMC6858753 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2104-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selenium (Se) is a beneficial element for higher plants and essential for mammals. To study the effect of the foliar application of sodium selenate on fragrant rice performance, a pot experiment was conducted in Guangdong, China. At the initial heading stage, one-time foliar application of sodium selenate with concentrations of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 μmol·L- 1 (named CK, Se1, Se2, Se3, Se4 and Se5, respectively) were foliar applied on two fragrant rice varieties, 'Meixiangzhan-2' and 'Xiangyaxiangzhan'. RESULTS Selenate application at the initial heading stage not only improved the grain yield of fragrant rice by increasing the seed-setting rate and grain weight, but also promoted the grain quality by increasing crude protein contents and lowering the chalky rice rate. Furthermore, Se applications enhanced the biosynthesis of 2-acetyl-1- pyrroline (2-AP), the main aromatic compound, by increasing the contents of precursors (△1- pyrroline, proline and pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid (P5C)) and the activities of enzymes (proline dehydrogenase (PRODH), △1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid synthetase (P5CS), and ornithine aminotransferase (OAT)) in fragrant rice. The results also showed that foliar application of sodium selenate enhanced the antioxidant system of both varieties by promoting the activities of peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and reducing the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA). Furthermore, the real-time PCR analyses depicted that foliar application of selenate up-regulated the GPX1, GPX4 and CATC transcripts. The higher antioxidative enzymatic activities might strength the stress resistant to ensure the stability of yield in fragrant rice form abiotic stress. CONCLUSIONS Foliar applications of sodium selenate at the initial heading stage increased the grain 2-AP content by enhancing the biosynthesis-related enzymes and precursors. The grain yield and quality of fragrant rice also increased due to selenate application. Furthermore, foliar application of selenate promoted the activities of enzymes such as POD, SOD and CAT and up-regulated the expression of gene GPX4, GPX1 and CATC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowen Luo
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Bin Du
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Longxin He
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Axiang Zheng
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Shenggang Pan
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Xiangru Tang
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642 China
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Xie W, Ashraf U, Zhong D, Lin R, Xian P, Zhao T, Feng H, Wang S, Duan M, Tang X, Mo Z. Application of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and nitrogen regulates aroma biochemistry in fragrant rice. Food Sci Nutr 2019; 7:3784-3796. [PMID: 31763028 PMCID: PMC6848825 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) is a key aroma compound in fragrant rice. The present study assessed the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and nitrogen (N) application induced regulations in the biochemical basis of rice aroma formation. Four N levels, that is, 0, 0.87, 1.75, and 2.61 g/pot, and two GABA treatments, that is, 0 mg/L (GABA0) and 250 mg/L (GABA250), were applied to three fragrant rice cultivars, that is, Yuxiangyouzhan, Yungengyou 14, and Basmati-385. Results showed that GABA250 increased 2AP, Na, Mn, Zn, and Fe contents by 8.44%, 10.95%, 25.70%, 11.14%, and 43.30%, respectively, under N treatments across cultivars. The GABA250 further enhanced the activities of proline dehydrogenase (PDH), ornithine aminotransferase (OAT) (both at 15 days after heading (d AH), and diamine oxidase (DAO) (at maturity) by 20.36%, 11.24%, and 17.71%, respectively. Significant interaction between GABA and N for Mn, Zn, and Fe contents in grains, proline content in leaves, GABA content in leaves at 15 d AH and maturity stage (MS), Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid (P5C) contents in leaves at 15 d AH, and Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (P5CS), PDH, and OAT activities in leaves at MS was noted. Moreover, the 2AP contents in grains at MS showed a significant and positive correlation with the proline contents in the leaves at 15d AH. In conclusion, GABA250 enhanced the 2AP, Na, Mn, Zn, and Fe contents, as well as the enzyme activities involved in 2AP biosynthesis. Exogenous GABA and N application improved the 2AP contents and nutrient uptake in fragrant rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Xie
- College of AgricultureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Umair Ashraf
- College of AgricultureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Department of BotanyDivision of Science and TechnologyUniversity of EducationLahore, PunjabPakistan
| | - Dating Zhong
- College of AgricultureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Rongbin Lin
- College of AgricultureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Peiqi Xian
- College of AgricultureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Tong Zhao
- College of AgricultureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Huoyi Feng
- College of AgricultureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Shuli Wang
- College of AgricultureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South ChinaMinistry of Agriculture, P. R. ChinaGuangzhouChina
| | - Meiyang Duan
- College of AgricultureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South ChinaMinistry of Agriculture, P. R. ChinaGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiangru Tang
- College of AgricultureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South ChinaMinistry of Agriculture, P. R. ChinaGuangzhouChina
| | - Zhaowen Mo
- College of AgricultureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South ChinaMinistry of Agriculture, P. R. ChinaGuangzhouChina
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Mo Z, Li Y, Nie J, He L, Pan S, Duan M, Tian H, Xiao L, Zhong K, Tang X. Nitrogen application and different water regimes at booting stage improved yield and 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) formation in fragrant rice. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 12:74. [PMID: 31583492 PMCID: PMC6776583 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-019-0328-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Water (W) and nitrogen (N) management generally cause regulations in the 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) accumulation in fragrant rice; nevertheless, the feasibility of such management strategies at booting stage in improving 2AP accumulation has not been examined in details. METHODS Field experiments were conducted in the early season (March-July) and repeated in the late season (July-November) in 2013. The treatments were applied urea (90 kg ha- 1), calcium super phosphate (90 kg ha- 1) and potassium chloride (195 kg ha- 1) as basal fertilizer, and urea (65 kg ha- 1) at tillering stage. Three N levels i.e., 0 kg N ha- 1 (N1), 30 kg N ha- 1 (N2), and 60 kg N ha- 1 (N3) and three water levels i.e., W1 treatment (well-watered treatment with water layer of 2-4 cm), W2 treatment (soil water potential was - 15 ± 5 kPa), and W3 treatment (soil water potential was - 25 ± 5 kPa) at booting stage was set up for three rice varieties i.e., Nongxiang 18, Yungengyou 14 and Basmati. The grain yield, head milled rice yield, 2AP contents and the biochemical parameters related to 2AP formation were investigated. RESULTS Result indicated that W and N dynamics regulated the grain yield, head milled rice yield, and 2AP contents in brown rice across three varieties. The N2 and N3 treatment significantly increased the 2AP contents in brown rice by 9.54% and 11.95%, and 8.88% and 32.54% in the early and the late season, respectively; improved grain yield and head milled rice yield. The W3 treatment improved grain yield, head milled rice yield and 2AP content. Significant W and N interaction effect on 2AP content in brown rice was detected, where the W3 N3 treatment showed the strongest interaction regarding improvement of 2AP contents in brown rice. The 2AP accumulation and its related biochemical parameters and their relationships in different plant tissues at different growth stages under W and N treatments had also been assessed. The 2AP content, P5C content and DAO activity during grain filling periods was highly related to the 2AP content in brown rice. CONCLUSION This study revealed that the 60 kg N ha- 1 coupled with - 25 ± 5 kPa treatment showed the best positive effects on yield and aroma in fragrant rice, suggested that water and nitrogen management at booting stage can improve grain yield and fragrance in fragrant rice. However, further study to evaluate the metabolic and molecular basis of 2AP accumulation in fragrant rice is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowen Mo
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture.P. R. China, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Yanhong Li
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong China
- Agro-innovative Demonstration Base Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Jun Nie
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong China
- Agro-innovative Demonstration Base Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Longxin He
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture.P. R. China, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Shenggang Pan
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture.P. R. China, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Meiyang Duan
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture.P. R. China, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Hua Tian
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture.P. R. China, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Lizhong Xiao
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture.P. R. China, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Keyou Zhong
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture.P. R. China, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Xiangru Tang
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 Guangdong China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture.P. R. China, Guangzhou, 510642 China
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Rice-duck co-culture benefits grain 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline accumulation and quality and yield enhancement of fragrant rice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cj.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Du P, Luo H, He J, Mao T, Du B, Hu L. Different tillage induces regulation in 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline biosynthesis in direct-seeded fragrant rice. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:308. [PMID: 31299895 PMCID: PMC6626333 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1913-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Land preparation is an important component of fragrant rice production. However, the effect of tillage on fragrant rice production is unclear, especially regarding the biosynthesis of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP), which is the main compound of the unique aroma of fragrant rice. This study aimed to explore 2-AP biosynthesis in fragrant rice under different tillage regimes. Three tillage methods were applied in the present study: conventional rotary tillage (CK) as the control, plough tillage (PT), and no-tillage (NT). RESULT Compared with CK, the PT treatment increased 2-AP content in grain, upregulated the activity of ornithine aminotransferase (OAT) and increased contents of 1-pyrroline and pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid (P5C). Furthermore, the PT treatment increased the grain yield and nitrogen accumulation of fragrant rice. Meanwhile, the 2-AP content in the grain produced under the NT treatment was significantly higher than that in the grain produced under both the PT and CK treatments due to the enhancement of proline content and the activities of proline dehydrogenase (PDH) and △1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid synthetase (P5CS). However, the present study observed that the overall production of fragrant rice under NT conditions was inferior due to lower yield, nitrogen accumulation, and anti-oxidative enzymatic activities. Moreover, the organic matter content and soil microorganism quantity increased due to PT and NT treatments. CONCLUSIONS Compared to CK, PT improved fragrant rice grain yield and nitrogen accumulation and induced an increase in OAT activity and led to an increase in 2-AP concentration. No-tillage also produced increased 2-AP content in grain by enhancing PDH and P5CS activities but limited yields and nitrogen accumulation in fragrant rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Du
- College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Key Technology for South Agricultural Machine and Equipment Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510642 People’s Republic of China
| | - Haowen Luo
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing He
- College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Key Technology for South Agricultural Machine and Equipment Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510642 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting Mao
- College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Key Technology for South Agricultural Machine and Equipment Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510642 People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Du
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lian Hu
- College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Key Technology for South Agricultural Machine and Equipment Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510642 People’s Republic of China
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Khan S, Anwar S, Yu S, Sun M, Yang Z, Gao ZQ. Development of Drought-Tolerant Transgenic Wheat: Achievements and Limitations. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3350. [PMID: 31288392 PMCID: PMC6651533 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Crop yield improvement is necessary to keep pace with increasing demand for food. Due to climatic variability, the incidence of drought stress at crop growth stages is becoming a major hindering factor to yield improvement. New techniques are required to increase drought tolerance along with improved yield. Genetic modification for increasing drought tolerance is highly desirable, and genetic engineering for drought tolerance requires the expression of certain stress-related genes. Genes have been identified which confer drought tolerance and improve plant growth and survival in transgenic wheat. However, less research has been conducted for the development of transgenic wheat as compared to rice, maize, and other staple food. Furthermore, enhanced tolerance to drought without any yield penalty is a major task of genetic engineering. In this review, we have focused on the progress in the development of transgenic wheat cultivars for improving drought tolerance and discussed the physiological mechanisms and testing of their tolerance in response to inserted genes under control or field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahbaz Khan
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Sumera Anwar
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Shaobo Yu
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Min Sun
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Zhenping Yang
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Gao
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China.
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Priya M, Sharma L, Singh I, Bains TS, Siddique KHM, H B, Nair RM, Nayyar H. Securing reproductive function in mungbean grown under high temperature environment with exogenous application of proline. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 140:136-150. [PMID: 31103796 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Escalating temperatures are adversely impacting the production potential of various cool- and warm-season crops, such as Mungbean, therefore effective strategies are required to improve heat tolerance of various crops. Mungbean, a summer season food legume, is seriously affected at temperatures more than 35/25 °C, especially at its reproductive stage, resulting in pollen infertility to induce loss of flowers and potential pods. Proline (Pro), a well-researched stress-related molecule, has been implicated in determining pollen fertility, but its involvement in affecting reproductive function under heat stress is not reported so far. In the present study, it was hypothesised that depletion of endogenous Pro in reproductive components of the flowers of heat-stressed Mungbean plants might impair the reproductive function. To test this hypothesis, Mungbean genotypes (heat tolerant and heat-sensitive), growing in outdoor environment (32.5/17.5 ± 1 °C mean day/night temperature), until on the onset of flowering (30 days after sowing) were subjected to mild heat stress (MS; 40/28 °C) and high heat stress (HS; 45/33 °C), in the absence or presence of 5 mM proline treatment, applied as soil drenching and foliar spray, 2 days before imposition of heat stress. In MS plants, the endogenous Pro showed a significant increase in leaves, anthers, pollen and ovules, while in SS plants, a marked reduction was noticed. In later case, the activity of proline synthesising enzymes (pyrolline-5-carboxylate synthase and pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase) declined severely, along with a proline catabolism enzyme (proline dehydrogenase) suggesting disruption in proline metabolism in vegetative and reproductive components. This was associated with considerable decrease in pollen germination, stigma receptivity and ovule viability in heat-stressed plants. Simultaneously, leaf tissue showed high damage to cell membranes, leaf water status, stomatal conductance and cellular respiration. Photosynthetic ability (Chlorophyll, Photo system II function), carbon fixation (RuBisCo activity) and assimilation processes (sucrose synthesis and its hydrolysis) were significantly inhibited, in heat-stressed (HS) plants, which impacted the pod number, pod and seed weight per plant. Pro treatment, especially to HS plants resulted in appreciable increase in its endogenous concentration in vegetative and reproductive parts, which significantly improved the pollen fertility as well as stigma and ovule function. At the same time, stress damage to leaves was reduced significantly, leaf water status and chlorophyll were significantly higher, as a result the carbon fixation and assimilation capacity improved notably to increase the pod set, filled pod number, pod weight and seed weight per plants, suggesting a vital role of proline in enhancing the thermo-tolerance. The effects of Pro treatment were more pronounced in heat-sensitive genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu Priya
- Department of Botany, Panjab University Chandigarh, India
| | | | | | - T S Bains
- Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Kadambot H M Siddique
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6001, Australia
| | - Bindumadhava H
- World Vegetable Center, South Asia, ICRISAT Campus, 502 324, Hyderabad, AP, India
| | - Ramkrishnan M Nair
- World Vegetable Center, South Asia, ICRISAT Campus, 502 324, Hyderabad, AP, India
| | - Harsh Nayyar
- Department of Botany, Panjab University Chandigarh, India.
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Bao G, Ashraf U, Wang C, He L, Wei X, Zheng A, Mo Z, Tang X. Molecular basis for increased 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline contents under alternate wetting and drying (AWD) conditions in fragrant rice. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 133:149-157. [PMID: 30409674 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Factors affecting rice aroma biosynthesis have been well documented previously, however the molecular mechanism lies behind the regulations in grain 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) biosynthesis under alternate wetting and drying (AWD) remained largely unexplored. Present study investigated the effects of three irrigation regimes i.e., conventional irrigation (CI), alternate wetting and moderate drying (WMD), and alternate wetting and severe drying (WSD) on the yield, quality traits, intermediates, enzyme activities and genes involved in 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline biosynthesis in two fragrant rice cultivars viz, Meixiangzhan2 and Xiangyaxiangzhan. Results revealed that the levels of intermediates such as Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) and Δ1-pyrroline, and the activity of enzymes such as proline dehydrogenase (PRODH), Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS), diamine oxidase (DAO), and gene expressions of PRODH, P5CS2 and DAO were comparatively higher under AWD than CI in both aromatic rice cultivars. The levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (BADH2) and BADH2 gene were lower that together led to enhanced 2-AP contents in rice grains. Moreover, WMD irrigation improved yield and yield characters, while WSD irrigation reduced yield and quality traits of rice. Overall, up-regulation of P5C and Δ1-pyrroline and down-regulation of GABA under AWD treatments resulted in enhanced 2AP biosynthesis in both rice cultivars. Evaluation and adoption of AWD (within safe limits) at field level could be an alternative option to conventional flooded rice to get better yield and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gegen Bao
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Umair Ashraf
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, PR China; Department of Botany, University of Education, Lahore, Faisalabad-Campus, Faisalabad, 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Chunling Wang
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Microbial Culture Collection Center, Guangdong Institution of Microbiology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Longxin He
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaoshan Wei
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Axiang Zheng
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhaowen Mo
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiangru Tang
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, PR China.
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Anwar A, She M, Wang K, Riaz B, Ye X. Biological Roles of Ornithine Aminotransferase (OAT) in Plant Stress Tolerance: Present Progress and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113681. [PMID: 30469329 PMCID: PMC6274847 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses is complicated by interactions between different stresses. Maintaining crop yield under abiotic stresses is the most daunting challenge for breeding resilient crop varieties. In response to environmental stresses, plants produce several metabolites, such as proline (Pro), polyamines (PAs), asparagine, serine, carbohydrates including glucose and fructose, and pools of antioxidant reactive oxygen species. Among these metabolites, Pro has long been known to accumulate in cells and to be closely related to drought, salt, and pathogen resistance. Pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) is a common intermediate of Pro synthesis and metabolism that is produced by ornithine aminotransferase (OAT), an enzyme that functions in an alternative Pro metabolic pathway in the mitochondria under stress conditions. OAT is highly conserved and, to date, has been found in all prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. In addition, ornithine (Orn) and arginine (Arg) are both precursors of PAs, which confer plant resistance to drought and salt stresses. OAT is localized in the cytosol in prokaryotes and fungi, while OAT is localized in the mitochondria in higher plants. We have comprehensively reviewed the research on Orn, Arg, and Pro metabolism in plants, as all these compounds allow plants to tolerate different kinds of stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alia Anwar
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Maoyun She
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, WA 6150, Australia.
| | - Ke Wang
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Bisma Riaz
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Xingguo Ye
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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Guo Q, Wang Y, Zhang H, Qu G, Wang T, Sun Q, Liang D. Alleviation of adverse effects of drought stress on wheat seed germination using atmospheric dielectric barrier discharge plasma treatment. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16680. [PMID: 29192193 PMCID: PMC5709406 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16944-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Atmospheric dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) was attempted to improve the resistance of wheat seed to drought stress. Effects of DBD plasma on wheat seed germination, seedling growth, osmotic-adjustment products, lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidant enzyme activity, abscisic acid, and drought resistant related genes expression under drought stress were investigated. The changes of the wheat seed coat before and after the DBD plasma treatment were explored. Experimental results showed that the DBD plasma treatment could alleviate the adverse effects of drought stress on wheat seed germination and seedling growth; the germination potential and germination rate increased by 27.2% and 27.6%, and the root length and shoot length of the wheat seedlings also increased. Proline and soluble sugar levels under drought stress were improved after the DBD plasma treatment, whereas the malondialdehyde content decreased. ROS contents under drought stress were reduced after the DBD plasma treatment, whereas the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase were promoted. DBD plasma treatment promoted abscisic acid generation in wheat seedlings, and it also regulated functional gene LEA1 and stimulated regulation genes SnRK2 and P5CS to resist drought stress. Etching effect and surface modification occurred on the seed coat after the DBD plasma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Guo
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Haoran Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Guangzhou Qu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Province, 712100, P.R. China.
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, P.R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China.
| | - Qiuhong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Province, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Dongli Liang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P.R. China
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Bandurska H, Niedziela J, Pietrowska-Borek M, Nuc K, Chadzinikolau T, Radzikowska D. Regulation of proline biosynthesis and resistance to drought stress in two barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes of different origin. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 118:427-437. [PMID: 28711792 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Drought is considered the main abiotic stress factor that inhibits growth of crop plants (including barley), limiting yield in many regions worldwide. Predicted climate changes show that in future the frequency and intensity of drought events will rise, so crops that are resistant to this stress are in demand. One of the adaptive metabolic responses to drought is the accumulation of proline. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of 10-day drought on tissue dehydration and proline biosynthesis in leaves as well as in roots of barley genotypes of different origin: the Syrian breeding line Cam/B1/CI and the German cultivar Maresi. The involvement of Δ1 pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS), the expression of the P5CS gene and ABA in proline synthesis under drought were also studied. Finally, we examined the resistance of tested genotypes to applied drought using chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and above-ground dry matter accumulation. Drought caused a gradual decrease of water content and an increase of proline and ABA content in roots and leaves of both genotypes. A statistically significant positive correlation between proline accumulation and activity of P5CS was also revealed. The skyrocketing increase of P5CS activity and proline accumulation was proceeded by transcriptional up-regulation of P5CS. The relationships between changes in P5CS expression, P5CS activity and ABA content show that the latter compound is involved in drought-induced proline synthesis at the transcription and enzyme activity level. The examined barley genotypes were equally resistant to applied moderate drought stress regardless of the differences in the level of proline accumulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Bandurska
- Department of Plant Physiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Justyna Niedziela
- Department of Plant Physiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Pietrowska-Borek
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznań, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Nuc
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznań, Poland
| | - Tamara Chadzinikolau
- Department of Plant Physiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
| | - Dominika Radzikowska
- Department of Agronomy, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznań, Poland
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35
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Per TS, Khan NA, Reddy PS, Masood A, Hasanuzzaman M, Khan MIR, Anjum NA. Approaches in modulating proline metabolism in plants for salt and drought stress tolerance: Phytohormones, mineral nutrients and transgenics. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 115:126-140. [PMID: 28364709 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Major abiotic stress factors such as salt and drought adversely affect important physiological processes and biochemical mechanisms and cause severe loss in crop productivity worldwide. Plants develop various strategies to stand healthy against these stress factors. The accumulation of proline (Pro) is one of the striking metabolic responses of plants to salt and drought stress. Pro biosynthesis and signalling contribute to the redox balance of cell under normal and stressful conditions. However, literature is meager on the sustainable strategies potentially fit for modulating Pro biosynthesis and production in stressed plants. Considering the recent literature, this paper in its first part overviews Pro biosynthesis and transport in plants and also briefly highlights the significance of Pro in plant responses to salt and drought stress. Secondly, this paper discusses mechanisms underlying the regulation of Pro metabolism in salt and drought-exposed plant via phytohormones, mineral nutrients and transgenic approaches. The outcome of the studies may give new opportunities in modulating Pro metabolism for improving plant tolerance to salt and drought stress and benefit sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasir S Per
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Nafees A Khan
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India.
| | - Palakolanu Sudhakar Reddy
- Cell, Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Group, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Hyderabad 502 324, Telangana, India
| | - Asim Masood
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Mirza Hasanuzzaman
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - M Iqbal R Khan
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India; Crop and Environmental Sciences Division, International Rice Research Institute, 4030 Los Banos, Philippines.
| | - Naser A Anjum
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental & Marine Studies and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-19 Aveiro, Portugal
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Behr JH, Bouchereau A, Berardocco S, Seal CE, Flowers TJ, Zörb C. Metabolic and physiological adjustment of Suaeda maritima to combined salinity and hypoxia. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:965-976. [PMID: 28110268 PMCID: PMC5604547 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Suaeda maritima is a halophyte commonly found on coastal wetlands in the intertidal zone. Due to its habitat S. maritima has evolved tolerance to high salt concentrations and hypoxic conditions in the soil caused by periodic flooding. In the present work, the adaptive mechanisms of S. maritima to salinity combined with hypoxia were investigated on a physiological and metabolic level. Methods To compare the adaptive mechanisms to deficient, optimal and stressful salt concentrations, S. maritima plants were grown in a hydroponic culture under low, medium and high salt concentrations. Additionally, hypoxic conditions were applied to investigate the impact of hypoxia combined with different salt concentrations. A non-targeted metabolic approach was used to clarify the biochemical pathways underlying the metabolic and physiological adaptation mechanisms of S. maritima . Key Results Roots exposed to hypoxic conditions showed an increased level of tricarboxylic acid (TCA)-cycle intermediates such as succinate, malate and citrate. During hypoxia, the concentration of free amino acids increased in shoots and roots. Osmoprotectants such as proline and glycine betaine increased in concentrations as the external salinity was increased under hypoxic conditions. Conclusions The combination of high salinity and hypoxia caused an ionic imbalance and an increase of metabolites associated with osmotic stress and photorespiration, indicating a severe physiological and metabolic response under these conditions. Disturbed proline degradation in the roots induced an enhanced proline accumulation under hypoxia. The enhanced alanine fermentation combined with a partial flux of the TCA cycle might contribute to the tolerance of S. maritima to hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alain Bouchereau
- UMR1349 INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Université de Rennes 1, 35653, Le Rheu, France
| | - Solenne Berardocco
- UMR1349 INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Université de Rennes 1, 35653, Le Rheu, France
| | - Charlotte E. Seal
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex RH17 6TN, UK
| | - Timothy J. Flowers
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN7 1BD, UK
- School of Plant Biology (M084), The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Christian Zörb
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Crop Science, Quality of Plant Products, Emil-Wolff-Str. 25, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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Balestro GC, Higashi B, Lopes SMS, Gonçalves JE, Vieira LGE, de Oliveira AJB, Gonçalves RAC. Biochemical composition of symplastic sap from sugarcane genetically modified to overproduce proline. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 113:133-140. [PMID: 28213180 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Global interest in sugarcane has increased significantly in recent years because of its economic impact on sustainable energy production. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate changes in the concentrations of total sugars, amino acids, free proline, and total proteins by colorimetric analyses and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to perform a metabolic profiling of a water-soluble fraction of symplastic sap in response to the constitutive expression of a mutant Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) gene from Vigna aconitifolia. However, there was not a significant increase in the free proline content in the sap of transgenic plants compared to the non-transformed control plants. The most noticeable difference between the two genotypes was an almost two-fold increase in the accumulation of sucrose in the stem internodes of P5CS transgenic sugarcane plants. The results presented in this work showed that transgenic sugarcane plants with increased levels of free proline accumulates high soluble sugar content and, therefore, may represent a novel genotype for improving sugarcane cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciele Carraro Balestro
- Department of Pharmacy, Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo 5790, 87.020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Bruna Higashi
- Department of Pharmacy, Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo 5790, 87.020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Sheila Mara Sanches Lopes
- Department of Pharmacy, Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo 5790, 87.020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - José Eduardo Gonçalves
- Program of Master in Health Promotion and Program of Master in Clean Technologies, University Center of Maringá, Avenida Guedner, 1610, 87050-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Luiz Gonzaga Esteves Vieira
- Universidade do Oeste Paulista (UNOESTE), Rodovia Raposo Tavares, km 572, 19.067-175 Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Arildo José Braz de Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacy, Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo 5790, 87.020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Regina Aparecida Correia Gonçalves
- Department of Pharmacy, Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo 5790, 87.020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil.
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Sun H, Li L, Lou Y, Zhao H, Yang Y, Wang S, Gao Z. The bamboo aquaporin gene PeTIP4;1-1 confers drought and salinity tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2017; 36:597-609. [PMID: 28168515 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-017-2106-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
PeTIP4;1-1, an aquaporin gene involved in bamboo shoot growth, is regulated by abiotic stresses. Overexpression of PeTIP4;1-1 confers drought and salinity tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis. Aquaporins play a central role in numerous physiological processes throughout plant growth and development. PeTIP4;1-1, an aquaporin gene isolated from moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis), comprises an open reading frame (ORF) of 756 bp encoding a peptide of 251 amino acids. The genomic sequence corresponding to the ORF of PeTIP4;1-1 was 1777 bp and contained three exons separated by two introns. PeTIP4;1-1 was constitutively expressed at the highest level in culms, and the expression level was elevated with increasing height of the bamboo shoot. PeTIP4;1-1 was significantly up-regulated in response to drought and salinity stresses in bamboo roots and leaves. To investigate the role of PeTIP4;1-1 in response to drought and salinity stresses, transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing PeTIP4;1-1 under the control of CaMV 35S promoter were generated and subjected to morphological and physiological assays. Compared with Col-0, the transgenic plants showed enhanced tolerance to drought and salinity stresses and produced longer taproots, which had more green leaves, higher F v/F m and NPQ values, higher activities of SOD, POD and CAT, lower MDA concentration and higher water content. Transcript levels of three stress-related genes (AtP5CS, AtNHX1 and AtLEA) were enhanced. These results indicated that PeTIP4;1-1 might play an important function in response to drought and salinity stresses, and is a candidate gene for breeding of stress tolerance in other crops through genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayu Sun
- State Forestry Administration Key Open Laboratory on the Science and Technology of Bamboo and Rattan, Institute of Gene Science for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Lichao Li
- State Forestry Administration Key Open Laboratory on the Science and Technology of Bamboo and Rattan, Institute of Gene Science for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Yongfeng Lou
- State Forestry Administration Key Open Laboratory on the Science and Technology of Bamboo and Rattan, Institute of Gene Science for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, 100102, China
- Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Hansheng Zhao
- State Forestry Administration Key Open Laboratory on the Science and Technology of Bamboo and Rattan, Institute of Gene Science for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Yihong Yang
- State Forestry Administration Key Open Laboratory on the Science and Technology of Bamboo and Rattan, Institute of Gene Science for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, 100102, China
- College of Horticulture, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Sining Wang
- State Forestry Administration Key Open Laboratory on the Science and Technology of Bamboo and Rattan, Institute of Gene Science for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Zhimin Gao
- State Forestry Administration Key Open Laboratory on the Science and Technology of Bamboo and Rattan, Institute of Gene Science for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, 100102, China.
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Samma MK, Zhou H, Cui W, Zhu K, Zhang J, Shen W. Methane alleviates copper-induced seed germination inhibition and oxidative stress in Medicago sativa. Biometals 2017; 30:97-111. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-017-9989-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Shabnam N, Tripathi I, Sharmila P, Pardha-Saradhi P. A rapid, ideal, and eco-friendlier protocol for quantifying proline. PROTOPLASMA 2016; 253:1577-1582. [PMID: 26573534 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0910-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Proline, a stress marker, is routinely quantified by a protocol that essentially uses hazardous toluene. Negative impacts of toluene on human health prompted us to develop a reliable alternate protocol for proline quantification. Absorbance of the proline-ninhydrin condensation product formed by reaction of proline with ninhydrin at 100 °C in the reaction mixture was significantly higher than that recorded after its transfer to toluene, revealing that toluene lowers sensitivity of this assay. λ max of the proline-ninhydrin complex in the reaction mixture and toluene were 508 and 513 nm, respectively. Ninhydrin in glacial acetic acid yielded higher quantity of the proline-ninhydrin condensation product compared to ninhydrin in mixture of glacial acetic acid and H3PO4, indicating negative impact of H3PO4 on proline quantification. Further, maximum yield of the proline-ninhydrin complex with ninhydrin in glacial acetic acid and ninhydrin in mixture of glacial acetic acid and H3PO4 was achieved within 30 and 60 min, respectively. This revealed that H3PO4 has negative impact on the reaction rate and quantity of the proline-ninhydrin complex formed. In brief, our proline quantification protocol involves reaction of a 1-ml proline sample with 2 ml of 1.25 % ninhydrin in glacial acetic acid at 100 °C for 30 min, followed by recording absorbance of the proline-ninhydrin condensation product in the reaction mixture itself at 508 nm. Amongst proline quantification protocols known till date, our protocol is the most simple, rapid, reliable, cost-effective, and eco-friendlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Shabnam
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Indu Tripathi
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - P Sharmila
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
| | - P Pardha-Saradhi
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
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Signorelli S. The Fermentation Analogy: A Point of View for Understanding the Intriguing Role of Proline Accumulation in Stressed Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1339. [PMID: 27642286 PMCID: PMC5015475 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Signorelli
- School of Plant Biology and the UWA Institute of Agriculture, University of Western AustraliaCrawley, WA, Australia
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la RepúblicaMontevideo, Uruguay
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Li M, Ashraf U, Tian H, Mo Z, Pan S, Anjum SA, Duan M, Tang X. Manganese-induced regulations in growth, yield formation, quality characters, rice aroma and enzyme involved in 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline biosynthesis in fragrant rice. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 103:167-75. [PMID: 26995311 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Micro-nutrient application is essential for normal plant growth while a little is known about manganese (Mn)-induced regulations in morpho-physiological attributes, aroma formation and enzyme involved in 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) biosynthesis in aromatic rice. Present study aimed to examine the influence of four levels of Mn i.e., Mn1 (100 mg MnSO4 pot(-1)), Mn2 (150 mg MnSO4 pot(-1)), Mn3 (200 mg MnSO4 pot(-1)), and Mn4 (250 mg MnSO4 pot(-1)) on the growth, yield formation, quality characters, rice aroma and enzyme involved in 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline biosynthesis in two fragrant rice cultivars i.e., Meixiangzhan and Nongxiang 18. Pots without Mn application were served as control (Ck). Each pot contained 15 kg of soil. Effects on agronomic characters, quality attributes, 2-AP contents and enzymes involved in 2-AP biosynthesis have been studied in early and late season rice. Results depicted that Mn improved rice growth, yield and related characters, and some quality attributes significantly. It further up-regulated proline, pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid (P5C) (precursors of 2-AP), soluble proteins and activities of proline dehydrogenase (ProDH), Δ(1) pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid synthetase (P5CS) ornithine aminotransferase (OAT) that led to enhanced 2-AP production in rice grains. Moreover, higher Mn levels resulted in increased grain Mn contents in both rice cultivars. Along with growth and yield improvement, Mn application significantly improved rice aromatic contents. Overall, Nongxiang 18 accumulated more 2-AP contents than Meixiangzhan in both seasons under Mn application. This study further explored the importance of Mn in rice aroma formation and signifies that micro-nutrients can play significant roles in rice aroma synthesis; however, intensive studies at molecular levels are still needed to understand the exact mechanisms of Mn to improve rice aroma formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijuan Li
- Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China; Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Umair Ashraf
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Hua Tian
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Zhaowen Mo
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Shenggang Pan
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Shakeel Ahmad Anjum
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Meiyang Duan
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Xiangru Tang
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China.
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Ibragimova SM, Trifonova EA, Filipenko EA, Shymny VK. Evaluation of salt tolerance of transgenic tobacco plants bearing the P5CS1 gene of Arabidopsis thaliana. RUSS J GENET+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795415120078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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AbdElgawad H, De Vos D, Zinta G, Domagalska MA, Beemster GTS, Asard H. Grassland species differentially regulate proline concentrations under future climate conditions: an integrated biochemical and modelling approach. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 208:354-69. [PMID: 26037253 PMCID: PMC4744684 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Proline (Pro) is a versatile metabolite playing a role in the protection of plants against environmental stresses. To gain a deeper understanding of the regulation of Pro metabolism under predicted future climate conditions, including drought stress, elevated temperature and CO2 , we combined measurements in contrasting grassland species (two grasses and two legumes) at multiple organisational levels, that is, metabolite concentrations, enzyme activities and gene expression. Drought stress (D) activates Pro biosynthesis and represses its catabolism, and elevated temperature (DT) further elevated its content. Elevated CO2 attenuated the DT effect on Pro accumulation. Computational pathway control analysis allowed a mechanistic understanding of the regulatory changes in Pro metabolism. This analysis indicates that the experimentally observed coregulation of multiple enzymes is more effective in modulating Pro concentrations than regulation of a single step. Pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) and pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (P5CR) play a central role in grasses (Lolium perenne, Poa pratensis), and arginase (ARG), ornithine aminotransferase (OAT) and P5CR play a central role in legumes (Medicago lupulina, Lotus corniculatus). Different strategies in the regulation of Pro concentrations under stress conditions were observed. In grasses the glutamate pathway is activated predominantly, and in the legumes the ornithine pathway, possibly related to differences in N-nutritional status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamada AbdElgawad
- Laboratory for Molecular Plant Physiology and BiotechnologyDepartment of BiologyUniversity of AntwerpB‐2020AntwerpBelgium
- Department of BotanyFaculty of ScienceUniversity of Beni‐SueifBeni‐Sueif62511Egypt
| | - Dirk De Vos
- Laboratory for Molecular Plant Physiology and BiotechnologyDepartment of BiologyUniversity of AntwerpB‐2020AntwerpBelgium
- Department of Mathematics and Computer ScienceUniversity of AntwerpB‐2020AntwerpBelgium
| | - Gaurav Zinta
- Laboratory for Molecular Plant Physiology and BiotechnologyDepartment of BiologyUniversity of AntwerpB‐2020AntwerpBelgium
| | - Malgorzata A. Domagalska
- Laboratory for Molecular Plant Physiology and BiotechnologyDepartment of BiologyUniversity of AntwerpB‐2020AntwerpBelgium
- Molecular Parasitology UnitDepartment of Medical SciencesInstitute of Tropical MedicineAntwerpBelgium
| | - Gerrit T. S. Beemster
- Laboratory for Molecular Plant Physiology and BiotechnologyDepartment of BiologyUniversity of AntwerpB‐2020AntwerpBelgium
| | - Han Asard
- Laboratory for Molecular Plant Physiology and BiotechnologyDepartment of BiologyUniversity of AntwerpB‐2020AntwerpBelgium
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Wang H, Tang X, Wang H, Shao HB. Proline accumulation and metabolism-related genes expression profiles in Kosteletzkya virginica seedlings under salt stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:792. [PMID: 26483809 PMCID: PMC4586422 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Proline accumulation is a common response to salt stress in many plants. Salt stress also increased proline concentration in roots, stems, and leaves of Kosteletzkya virginica seedling treated with 300 mM NaCl for 24 h and reached 3.75-, 4.76-, and 6.83-fold higher than controls. Further study on proline content in leaves under salt stress showed that proline content increased with increasing NaCl concentrations or time. The proline level peaked at 300 mM NaCl for 24 h and reached more than sixfold higher than control, but at 400 mM NaCl for 24 h proline content fell back slightly along with wilting symptom. To explore the cause behind proline accumulation, we first cloned full length genes related to proline metabolism including KvP5CS1, KvOAT, KvPDH, and KvProT from K. virginica and investigated their expression profiles. The results revealed that the expressions of KvP5CS1 and KvProT were sharply up-regulated by salt stress and the expression of KvOAT showed a slight increase with increasing salt concentrations or time, while the expression of KvPDH was not changed much and slightly decreased before 12 h and then returned to the original level. As the key enzyme genes for proline biosynthesis, the up-regulated expression of KvP5CS1 played a more important role than KvOAT for proline accumulation in leaves under salt stress. The low expression of KvPDH for proline catabolism also made a contribution to proline accumulation before 12 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresources Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, YantaiChina
- Yantai Academy of China Agricultural University, YantaiChina
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, BeijingChina
| | - Xiaoli Tang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresources Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, YantaiChina
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, BeijingChina
| | - Honglei Wang
- Yantai Academy of China Agricultural University, YantaiChina
| | - Hong-Bo Shao
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresources Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, YantaiChina
- Institute of Agro-biotechnology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, NanjingChina
- *Correspondence: Hong-Bo Shao, Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresources Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; Institute of Agro-biotechnology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China,
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Bhaskara GB, Yang TH, Verslues PE. Dynamic proline metabolism: importance and regulation in water limited environments. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:484. [PMID: 26161086 PMCID: PMC4479789 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Drought-induced proline accumulation observed in many plant species has led to the hypothesis that further increases in proline accumulation would promote drought tolerance. Here we discuss both previous and new data showing that proline metabolism and turnover, rather than just proline accumulation, functions to maintain growth during water limitation. Mutants of Δ (1)-Pyrroline-5-Carboxylate Synthetase1 (P5CS1) and Proline Dehydrogenase1 (PDH1), key enzymes in proline synthesis and catabolism respectively, both have similar reductions in growth during controlled soil drying. Such results are consistent with patterns of natural variation in proline accumulation and with evidence that turnover of proline can act to buffer cellular redox status during drought. Proline synthesis and catabolism are regulated by multiple cellular mechanisms, of which we know only a few. An example of this is immunoblot detection of P5CS1 and PDH1 showing that the Highly ABA-induced (HAI) protein phosphatase 2Cs (PP2Cs) have different effects on P5CS1 and PDH1 protein levels despite having similar increases in proline accumulation. Immunoblot data also indicate that both P5CS1 and PDH1 are subjected to unknown post-translational modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul E. Verslues
- *Correspondence: Paul E. Verslues, Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, No. 128 Section 2 Academia Road, Nankang District, Taipei 11529, Taiwan,
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47
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Fichman Y, Gerdes SY, Kovács H, Szabados L, Zilberstein A, Csonka LN. Evolution of proline biosynthesis: enzymology, bioinformatics, genetics, and transcriptional regulation. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014; 90:1065-99. [PMID: 25367752 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Proline is not only an essential component of proteins but it also has important roles in adaptation to osmotic and dehydration stresses, redox control, and apoptosis. Here, we review pathways of proline biosynthesis in the three domains of life. Pathway reconstruction from genome data for hundreds of eubacterial and dozens of archaeal and eukaryotic organisms revealed evolutionary conservation and variations of this pathway across different taxa. In the most prevalent pathway of proline synthesis, glutamate is phosphorylated to γ-glutamyl phosphate by γ-glutamyl kinase, reduced to γ-glutamyl semialdehyde by γ-glutamyl phosphate reductase, cyclized spontaneously to Δ(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate and reduced to proline by Δ(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase. In higher plants and animals the first two steps are catalysed by a bi-functional Δ(1) -pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase. Alternative pathways of proline formation use the initial steps of the arginine biosynthetic pathway to ornithine, which can be converted to Δ(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate by ornithine aminotransferase and then reduced to proline or converted directly to proline by ornithine cyclodeaminase. In some organisms, the latter pathways contribute to or could be fully responsible for the synthesis of proline. The conservation of proline biosynthetic enzymes and significance of specific residues for catalytic activity and allosteric regulation are analysed on the basis of protein structural data, multiple sequence alignments, and mutant studies, providing novel insights into proline biosynthesis in organisms. We also discuss the transcriptional control of the proline biosynthetic genes in bacteria and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosef Fichman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997803, Israel
| | - Svetlana Y Gerdes
- Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, U.S.A
| | - Hajnalka Kovács
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Szabados
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Aviah Zilberstein
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997803, Israel
| | - Laszlo N Csonka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, U.S.A
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48
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de Oliveira CS, Carlos EF, Vieira LGE, Lião LM, Alcantara GB. HR-MAS NMR metabolomics of 'Swingle' citrumelo rootstock genetically modified to overproduce proline. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2014; 52:422-429. [PMID: 24842075 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of proline is a typical physiological response to abiotic stresses in higher plants. 'Swingle' citrumelo, an important rootstock for citrus production, has been modified with a mutated Δ(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase gene (VaP5CSF129A) linked to the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter to induce the overproduction of free proline. This paper presents a comparative metabolomic study of nontransgenic versus transgenic 'Swingle' citrumelo plants with high endogenous proline. (1)H high-resolution magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and multivariate analysis showed significant differences in some metabolites between the nontransgenic and transgenic leaves and roots. The overproduction of proline has reduced the sucrose content in transgenic leaves, revealing a metabolic cost for these plants. In roots, the high level of free proline acts for the adjustment of cation-anion balance, causing the reduction of acetic acid content. The same sucrose level in roots indicates that they can be considered as sucrose sink. Similar behavior may be waited for fruits produced on transgenic rootstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline S de Oliveira
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Av. Filinto Muller, 1555, CP 549, CEP 79074-460, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil; Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, CP 131, CEP 74001-970, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
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Wang G, Zhang J, Wang G, Fan X, Sun X, Qin H, Xu N, Zhong M, Qiao Z, Tang Y, Song R. Proline responding1 Plays a Critical Role in Regulating General Protein Synthesis and the Cell Cycle in Maize. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:2582-2600. [PMID: 24951479 PMCID: PMC4114953 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.125559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Proline, an important amino acid, accumulates in many plant species. Besides its role in plant cell responses to environmental stresses, the potential biological functions of proline in growth and development are unclear. Here, we report cloning and functional characterization of the maize (Zea mays) classic mutant proline responding1 (pro1) gene. This gene encodes a Δ1-pyrroline-5- carboxylate synthetase that catalyzes the biosynthesis of proline from glutamic acid. Loss of function of Pro1 significantly inhibits proline biosynthesis and decreases its accumulation in the pro1 mutant. Proline deficiency results in an increased level of uncharged tRNApro AGG accumulation and triggers the phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) in the pro1 mutant, leading to a general reduction in protein synthesis in this mutant. Proline deficiency also downregulates major cyclin genes at the transcriptional level, causing cell cycle arrest and suppression of cell proliferation. These processes are reversible when external proline is supplied to the mutant, suggesting that proline plays a regulatory role in the cell cycle transition. Together, the results demonstrate that proline plays an important role in the regulation of general protein synthesis and the cell cycle transition in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China Coordinated Crop Biology Research Center, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Jushan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China
| | - Guifeng Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China Coordinated Crop Biology Research Center, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Xiangyu Fan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China
| | - Xin Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China
| | - Hongli Qin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China
| | - Nan Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China
| | - Mingyu Zhong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China
| | - Zhenyi Qiao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China
| | - Yuanping Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China
| | - Rentao Song
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China Coordinated Crop Biology Research Center, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
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50
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Giberti S, Funck D, Forlani G. Δ1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase from Arabidopsis thaliana: stimulation or inhibition by chloride ions and feedback regulation by proline depend on whether NADPH or NADH acts as co-substrate. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 202:911-919. [PMID: 24467670 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Δ(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) reductase (P5CR) catalyses the final step of proline synthesis in plants. In Arabidopsis thaliana, protein levels are correlated neither to the corresponding mRNA copy numbers, nor to intracellular proline concentrations. The occurrence of post-translational regulatory mechanisms has therefore been hypothesized, but never assessed. The purification of A. thaliana P5CR was achieved through either a six-step protocol from cultured cells, or heterologous expression of AtP5CR in Escherichia coli. The protein was characterized with respect to structural, kinetic, and biochemical properties. P5CR was able to use either NADPH or NADH as the electron donor, with contrasting affinities and maximum reaction rates. The presence of equimolar concentrations of NADP(+) completely suppressed the NADH-dependent activity, whereas the NADPH-dependent reaction was mildly affected. Proline inhibited only the NADH-dependent reaction. At physiological values, increasing concentrations of salt progressively inhibited the NADH-dependent activity, but were stimulatory of the NADPH-dependent reaction. The biochemical properties of A. thaliana P5CR suggest a complex regulation of enzyme activity by the redox status of the pyridine nucleotide pools, and the concentrations of proline and chloride in the cytosol. Data support a to date underestimated role of P5CR in controlling stress-induced proline accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Giberti
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, I-44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Dietmar Funck
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Biology Section, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Forlani
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, I-44121, Ferrara, Italy
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