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Ngamsri KC, Wagner R, Vollmer I, Stark S, Reutershan J. Adenosine Receptor A1 Regulates Polymorphonuclear Cell Trafficking and Microvascular Permeability in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Lung Injury. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:4374-84. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Rainard P, Riollet C, Berthon P, Cunha P, Fromageau A, Rossignol C, Gilbert FB. The chemokine CXCL3 is responsible for the constitutive chemotactic activity of bovine milk for neutrophils. Mol Immunol 2008; 45:4020-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2008] [Revised: 06/02/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Gomez CR, Hirano S, Cutro BT, Birjandi S, Baila H, Nomellini V, Kovacs EJ. Advanced age exacerbates the pulmonary inflammatory response after lipopolysaccharide exposure. Crit Care Med 2007; 35:246-51. [PMID: 17133178 DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000251639.05135.e0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aged population is at a higher risk of mortality as a result of complications of injury or infection, such as acute lung injury. The objective of this study was to analyze pulmonary inflammatory responses in young and aged mice after administration of lipopolysaccharide. DESIGN Prospective, controlled laboratory study. SETTING Animal resource facilities and research laboratory. SUBJECTS Young (2-3 months old) and aged (18-20 months old) female BALB/c mice. INTERVENTIONS Animals received intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide derived from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Control mice received saline alone. After 24 hrs, mice were killed. Pulmonary neutrophil infiltration was assessed histologically and by myeloperoxidase activity. Pulmonary levels of the CXC chemokines, monocyte inflammatory protein-2 and KC, and cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta, were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Lungs of aged mice given lipopolysaccharide showed a six-fold higher neutrophil infiltration and three-fold higher level of myeloperoxidase activity than lungs of young mice given lipopolysaccharide. Pulmonary levels of monocyte inflammatory protein-2 and KC were significantly higher in the lungs of aged mice given lipopolysaccharide, compared with younger mice. Levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta in the lung were analyzed as well. After lipopolysaccharide treatment, there was no difference in the level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in lungs of young and aged animals, but interleukin-1beta was two-fold higher in the lungs of the aged group. These data suggest that at this time point, interleukin-1beta may contribute to the higher production of CXC chemokines observed in lungs of aged mice vs. young mice receiving lipopolysaccharide. CONCLUSIONS The hyperreactive systemic inflammatory response seen in aged individuals after lipopolysaccharide administration is accompanied by an exacerbated pulmonary inflammatory response, which may contribute to the higher mortality seen in the aged given an inflammatory insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian R Gomez
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
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Li Z, Stonehuerner J, Devlin RB, Huang YCT. Discrimination of vanadium from zinc using gene profiling in human bronchial epithelial cells. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2005; 113:1747-54. [PMID: 16330358 PMCID: PMC1314916 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.7947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesized that gene expression profiling may discriminate vanadium from zinc in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs). RNA from HBECs exposed to vehicle, V (50 microM), or Zn (50 microM) for 4 hr (n = 4 paired experiments) was hybridized to Affymetrix Hu133A chips. Using one-class t-test with p < 0.01, we identified 140 and 76 genes with treatment:control ratios > or = 2.0 or < or = 0.5 for V and Zn, respectively. We then categorized these genes into functional pathways and compared the number of genes in each pathway between V and Zn using Fisher's exact test. Three pathways regulating gene transcription, inflammatory response, and cell proliferation distinguished V from Zn. When genes in these three pathways were matched with the 163 genes flagged by the same statistical filtration for V:Zn ratios, 12 genes were identified. The hierarchical clustering analysis showed that these 12 genes discriminated V from Zn and consisted of two clusters. Cluster 1 genes (ZBTB1, PML, ZNF44, SIX1, BCL6, ZNF450) were down-regulated by V and involved in gene transcription, whereas cluster 2 genes (IL8, IL1A, PTGS2, DTR, TNFAIP3, CXCL3) were up-regulated and linked to inflammatory response and cell proliferation. Also, metallothionein 1 genes (MT1F, MT1G, MT1K) were up-regulated by Zn only. Thus, using microarray analysis, we identified a small set of genes that may be used as biomarkers for discriminating V from Zn. The novel genes and pathways identified by the microarray may help us understand the pathogenesis of health effects caused by environmental V and Zn exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuowei Li
- Center for Environmental Medicine and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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5
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Kajikawa O, Frevert CW, Lin SM, Goodman RB, Mongovin SM, Wong V, Ballman K, Daubeuf B, Elson G, Martin TR. Gene expression of Toll-like receptor-2, Toll-like receptor-4, and MD2 is differentially regulated in rabbits with Escherichia coli pneumonia. Gene 2004; 344:193-202. [PMID: 15656985 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2004.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2004] [Revised: 09/01/2004] [Accepted: 09/23/2004] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis, a common sequela to Gram-negative pneumonia, results in considerable morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. The goal of this study was to determine whether Gram-negative pneumonia alters the expression TLR2, TLR4, and MD2 in lungs or in organs distant to the site of the primary infection. The cDNA sequence coding open reading frames for rabbit TLR2, TLR4, and MD2 were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, and specific polyclonal antibodies and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) probes were produced to identify changes in these receptors in rabbits with Gram-negative pneumonia. Using tissues from lungs and distant organs, we show that TLR2, TLR4, and MD2 gene expression is differentially regulated in rabbits with E. coli pneumonia. The increased expression of TLR2 and TLR4 could play an important role in the innate immune response to bacterial infection in the lungs, and improve pathogen recognition and bacterial clearance. In contrast, the increased gene expression of TLR2, TLR4, and MD2 in organs distant to the primary site of infection may contribute to the deleterious systemic inflammatory response observed in patients with sepsis.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- Antigens, Surface/metabolism
- Base Sequence
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Escherichia coli Infections/genetics
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/microbiology
- Lung/pathology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rabbits
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Toll-Like Receptor 2
- Toll-Like Receptor 4
- Toll-Like Receptors
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Kajikawa
- Pulmonary Research Laboratories at the Seattle Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Washington School of Medicine, 151L 1660 South Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
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Brégeon F, Delpierre S, Roch A, Kajikawa O, Martin TR, Autillo-Touati A, Jammes Y. Persistence of diaphragmatic contraction influences the pulmonary inflammatory response to mechanical ventilation. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2004; 142:185-95. [PMID: 15450479 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2004.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2004] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Because we already showed (Brégeon, F., Roch, A., Delpierre, S., Ghigo, E., Autillo-Touati, A., Kajikawa, O., Martin, T., Pugin, J., Portugal, H., Auffray, J., Jammes, Y., 2002. Conventional mechanical ventilation of healthy lungs induced pro-inflammatory cytokine gene transcription, Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol. 132, 191-203) that non-injurious mechanical ventilation (MV) elicited inflammatory signal in paralyzed rabbits having normal lungs, we examined the role of neuromuscular blockade in the pulmonary inflammatory response. In the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), leukocyte count, MCP-1 and IL-8 cytokine concentrations (ELISA) and mRNAs (reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, RT-PCR) were measured in paralyzed (P) or non-paralyzed (NP) rabbits ventilated for a 6-h period. Compared to the P group and despite the tidal volume was the same, we measured in the NP one a lower compliance of the respiratory system (Crs,stat), a longer inspiratory time (Ti), a negative inspiratory tracheal pressure (Ptr) wave preceding the pump-induced positive pressure wave, and a higher peak tracheal pressure. Moreover, in NP animals, gross autopsy showed negligible lung abnormalities, and marked reduction of leukocyte count and lung cytokines (P < 0.05). Thus, the absence of neuromuscular blockade decreased the pulmonary chemotactic response to MV suggesting that the total suppression of negative pressure waves elicited by the diaphragmatic (di) contractions could be involved in this lung response to positive pressure MV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Brégeon
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Respiratoire (EA 2201), Institut Jean Roche, Faculté de Médecine, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France.
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Bench-to-bedside review: acute respiratory distress syndrome - how neutrophils migrate into the lung. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2004; 8:453-61. [PMID: 15566616 PMCID: PMC1065041 DOI: 10.1186/cc2881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Acute lung injury and its more severe form, acute respiratory distress syndrome, are major challenges in critically ill patients. Activation of circulating neutrophils and transmigration into the alveolar airspace are associated with development of acute lung injury, and inhibitors of neutrophil recruitment attenuate lung damage in many experimental models. The molecular mechanisms of neutrophil recruitment in the lung differ fundamentally from those in other tissues. Distinct signals appear to regulate neutrophil passage from the intravascular into the interstitial and alveolar compartments. Entry into the alveolar compartment is under the control of CXC chemokine receptor (CXCR)2 and its ligands (CXC chemokine ligand [CXCL]1–8). The mechanisms that govern neutrophil sequestration into the vascular compartment of the lung involve changes in the actin cytoskeleton and adhesion molecules, including selectins, β2 integrins and intercellular adhesion molecule-1. The mechanisms of neutrophil entry into the lung interstitial space are currently unknown. This review summarizes mechanisms of neutrophil trafficking in the inflamed lung and their relevance to lung injury.
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Vanderbilt JN, Mager EM, Allen L, Sawa T, Wiener-Kronish J, Gonzalez R, Dobbs LG. CXC chemokines and their receptors are expressed in type II cells and upregulated following lung injury. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2003; 29:661-8. [PMID: 12829448 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2002-0227oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The proinflammatory CXC chemokines GRO, CINC-2alpha, and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2 are a closely related family of neutrophil chemoattractants. Here, we report that freshly isolated alveolar Type II (TII) cells express these chemokine mRNAs at much higher levels than do freshly isolated Type I cells or alveolar macrophages (AM). TII cells also express CXCR2, the receptor for these chemokines. Lung injury caused by acid or Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) caused an increase in TII cell expression of chemokine mRNAs and GRO protein. We compared the time courses of chemokine mRNA expression in cultured TII cells and AM. In TII cells, GRO mRNA levels were stable over 4 h, but decreased to undetectable levels by 24 h. CINC-2alpha and MIP-2 mRNA levels were low in freshly isolated cells, increased over 2-4 h in culture, and by 24 h dropped to undetectable levels. In contrast, none of these chemokine mRNAs were detected in freshly isolated AM, but expression was induced by tissue culture. In summary, we have shown that TII alveolar epithelial cells produce three of the major proinflammatory CXC chemokines (GRO, CINC-2alpha, and MIP-2) and their cognate receptor CXCR2. Chemokine expression is upregulated in response to lung injury. These observations support a central role for the TII cell as an immunologic effector cell in the alveolus and raise intriguing questions about how CXC chemokines and receptors modulate diverse normal and pathologic cellular responses in the alveoli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff N Vanderbilt
- Cardiovascular Research Institute/Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, Laurel Heights Campus, Suite 150, 3333 California Street, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
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Brégeon F, Roch A, Delpierre S, Ghigo E, Autillo-Touati A, Kajikawa O, Martin TR, Pugin J, Portugal H, Auffray JP, Jammes Y. Conventional mechanical ventilation of healthy lungs induced pro-inflammatory cytokine gene transcription. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2002; 132:191-203. [PMID: 12161332 DOI: 10.1016/s1569-9048(02)00069-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the potential inflammatory reaction induced by mechanical ventilation (MV) using 10 ml/kg tidal volume and no positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) in control (C, n = 8), spontaneously breathing (SB, n = 12) and mechanically ventilated (MV, n = 12) rabbits with normal lungs. After 6 h (MV and SB groups) or immediately (C group), lungs were removed for measurement of wet-to-dry (W/D) weight ratio and for bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Pulmonary mechanics were also studied. MV animals developed a modest but significant (P < 0.01) impairment of arterial blood oxygenation and had higher W/D lung weight ratio than C ones. In MV group, BAL macrophage count was greater (P < 0.05) than in SB one. MV induced an upregulation of MCP-1, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta gene transcription (mRNAs), without significant elevation of the corresponding protein cytokines in the BAL supernatant, except for MCP-1 (P < 0.05). These data suggest that MV, even using moderate tidal volume, elicits a pro-inflammatory stimulus to the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Brégeon
- Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Respiratoire (EA 2201), Institut Jean Roche, Faculté de Médecine, Université de la Mediterranée, Bd P Dramard, 13916 Marseille cedex 20, France
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Abstract
Host defense of the lung is characterized by a fine balance between the generation of a vigorous inflammatory response to clear pathogens and maintenance of the integrity of the alveolar gas-exchange surface. The magnitude of the inflammatory response is therefore tightly regulated by pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine mediators. This article summarizes current information on the roles of specific cytokines in pneumonia, with particular emphasis on ongoing investigations into the role of innate immunity in bacterial and fungal pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mehrad
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, USA.
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Goodman RB, Strieter RM, Frevert CW, Cummings CJ, Tekamp-Olson P, Kunkel SL, Walz A, Martin TR. Quantitative comparison of C-X-C chemokines produced by endotoxin-stimulated human alveolar macrophages. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 275:L87-95. [PMID: 9688939 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.1998.275.1.l87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The C-X-C chemokines are a structurally related and functionally redundant family of proteins with neutrophil chemotactic activity. Many of the C-X-C chemokines are produced by endotoxin-stimulated alveolar macrophages (AMs), but knowledge of their relative quantities and their relative contributions to the total chemotactic activity released from these cells is incomplete. Human AMs were stimulated with or without Escherichia coli endotoxin for 2, 4, 8, and 24 h. The mRNA sequences of interleukin (IL)-8, the 78-amino acid epithelial cell-derived neutrophil activator (ENA-78), growth-related protein (GRO) alpha, GRObeta, and GROgamma were cloned by PCR and identified by sequence analysis. The relative mRNA quantities were compared by Northern analysis, and IL-8 was found to predominate. Similarly, IL-8 protein concentrations in the cell supernatants were consistently higher than either the ENA-78 or GRO concentration, and by 24 h, IL-8 concentrations were 10-fold higher than those of the other C-X-C chemokines. Blocking polyclonal antibodies to IL-8 substantially reduced the chemotactic activity in the AM supernatants, whereas antibodies to ENA-78 and GRO had little or no effect. We conclude that IL-8 is the predominant C-X-C chemokine and the dominant neutrophil chemoattractant accumulating in 24-h supernatants of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human AMs. These studies provide insight into potentially effective strategies of interrupting AM-derived inflammatory signals in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Goodman
- Medical Research Service, Seattle Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Seattle, Washington 98108, USA
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hesselgesser
- Department of Immunology, Berlex Biosciences, Richmond, California 94804, USA
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13
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Lillard JW, McGhee JR. Adjuvants or live delivery systems for the characterization of mucosal T helper subset responses. RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 1997; 148:520-7. [PMID: 9588830 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-2494(98)80145-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J W Lillard
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294-2170, USA
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14
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Abstract
Chemokines are a superfamily of small related protein molecules that are secreted by a variety of cells and that have, among their diverse biological properties, the ability to recruit a wide range of immune cells to the sites of infection and disease. Chemokines are secreted in response to bacterial, viral, parasitic, and mycobacterial pathogens. Our recent progress in understanding the patterns of chemokine secretion in response to various pathogens and their impact on disease manifestations is likely to lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches for a variety of serious infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- N W Schluger
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York University Medical Center, School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
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15
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Kajikawa O, Johnson MC, Goodman RB, Frevert CW, Martin TR. A sensitive immunoassay to detect the alpha-chemokine GRO in rabbit blood and lung fluids. J Immunol Methods 1997; 205:135-43. [PMID: 9294594 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(97)00066-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
GRO-alpha, GRO-beta and GRO-gamma are closely related peptides that stimulate growth of tumor cells and activate leukocytes in acute inflammatory reactions. In order to study the biology of GRO peptides in the lungs of experimental animals, we have developed and characterized a sensitive and specific immunoassay for rabbit GRO, and used this assay to measure GRO in rabbit lung fluids and plasma. GRO was cloned from a rabbit cDNA library and expressed in Escherichia coli. Specific goat polyclonal antibodies were used to create an antigen-capture immunoassay. The assay is sensitive to approximately 30 pg/ml GRO and does not crossreact with rabbit IL-8 or MCP-1, or human GRO. The assay accurately measures GRO in rabbit bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, plasma and serum. Rabbit erythrocytes bind little GRO and do not interfere with the detection of GRO in lung fluids. Circulating GRO was detected in the plasma of 4 of 6 pathogen-free rabbits, but the function of circulating GRO in normal animals is uncertain. This immunoassay will facilitate the study of the biology of GRO in rabbits with acute and chronic inflammation in the lungs and other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Kajikawa
- Medical Research Service, Seattle Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, WA 98108, USA
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Kajikawa O, Goodman RB, Johnson MC, Konishi K, Martin TR. Sensitive and specific immunoassays to detect rabbit IL-8 and MCP-1: cytokines that mediate leukocyte recruitment to the lungs. J Immunol Methods 1996; 197:19-29. [PMID: 8890891 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(96)00101-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The alpha- and beta-chemokines such as IL-8 and MCP-1 direct the recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes into the lungs and other tissues. In order to study the roles of IL-8 and MCP-1 in animals models, specific reagents are required that provide accurate measurements of these cytokines in biological fluids. Here we describe the development of sensitive and specific immunoassays for rabbit IL-8 and rabbit MCP-1, and the validation of these assays in rabbit plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. The sensitivity of each assay in 0.25 ng/ml for IL-8 and 0.1 ng/ml for MCP-1. The rabbit IL-8 assay does not crossreact with rabbit GRO, another alpha-chemokine, and crossreacts only weakly with human IL-8. The rabbit MCP-1 assay does not crossreact with human MCP-1. Anticoagulants interfere with the detection of IL-8 and MCP-1 in plasma, although. EDTA has the least inhibitory effect. Heat-sensitive inhibitors in normal rabbit serum interfere with the detection of IL-8 and MCP-1, although autoantibodies to IL-8 and MCP-1 were not detected. Rabbit erythrocytes bind IL-8 and MCP-1, but erythrocyte contamination of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid causes only a small error in the detection of IL-8 and MCP-1, unless the number of erythrocytes approaches the number found in blood. These assays provide sensitive and specific means to detect IL-8 and MCP-1 in rabbit plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and demonstrate the importance of using species-specific reagents in animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Kajikawa
- Medical Research Service, Seattle Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, WA 98108, USA
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