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Feng J, Sun M, Liu C, Zhang W, Xu C, Wang J, Wang G, Wan S. SAMP: Identifying Antimicrobial Peptides by an Ensemble Learning Model Based on Proportionalized Split Amino Acid Composition. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.25.590553. [PMID: 38712184 PMCID: PMC11071531 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.25.590553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
It is projected that 10 million deaths could be attributed to drug-resistant bacteria infections in 2050. To address this concern, identifying new-generation antibiotics is an effective way. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), a class of innate immune effectors, have received significant attention for their capacity to eliminate drug-resistant pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Recent years have witnessed widespread applications of computational methods especially machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) for discovering AMPs. However, existing methods only use features including compositional, physiochemical, and structural properties of peptides, which cannot fully capture sequence information from AMPs. Here, we present SAMP, an ensemble random projection (RP) based computational model that leverages a new type of features called Proportionalized Split Amino Acid Composition (PSAAC) in addition to conventional sequence-based features for AMP prediction. With this new feature set, SAMP captures the residue patterns like sorting signals at around both the N-terminus and the C-terminus, while also retaining the sequence order information from the middle peptide fragments. Benchmarking tests on different balanced and imbalanced datasets demonstrate that SAMP consistently outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods, such as iAMPpred and AMPScanner V2, in terms of accuracy, MCC, G-measure and F1-score. In addition, by leveraging an ensemble RP architecture, SAMP is scalable to processing large-scale AMP identification with further performance improvement, compared to those models without RP. To facilitate the use of SAMP, we have developed a Python package freely available at https://github.com/wan-mlab/SAMP .
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Xiong Y, Li S, Bai Y, Chen T, Sun W, Chen L, Yu J, Sun L, Li C, Wang J, Wu B. Generating detailed intercellular communication patterns in psoriasis at the single-cell level using social networking, pattern recognition, and manifold learning methods to optimize treatment strategies. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:2194-2231. [PMID: 38289616 PMCID: PMC10911347 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Psoriasis, a complex and recurrent chronic inflammatory skin disease involving various inflammatory cell types, requires effective cell communication to maintain the homeostatic balance of inflammation. However, patterns of communication at the single-cell level have not been systematically investigated. In this study, we employed social network analysis tools, pattern recognition, and manifold learning to compare molecular communication features between psoriasis cells and normal skin cells. Utilizing a process that facilitates the discovery of cell type-specific regulons, we analyzed internal regulatory networks among different cells in psoriasis. Advanced techniques for the quantitative detection of non-targeted proteins in pathological tissue sections were employed to demonstrate protein expression. Our findings revealed a synergistic interplay among the communication signals of immune cells in psoriasis. B-cells were activated, while Langerhans cells shifted into the primary signaling output mode to fulfill antigen presentation, mediating T-cell immunity. In contrast to normal skin cells, psoriasis cells shut down numerous signaling pathways, influencing the balance of skin cell renewal and differentiation. Additionally, we identified a significant number of active cell type-specific regulons of resident immune cells around the hair follicle. This study unveiled the molecular communication features of the hair follicle cell-psoriasis axis, showcasing its potential for therapeutic targeting at the single-cell level. By elucidating the pattern of immune cell communication in psoriasis and identifying new molecular features of the hair follicle cell-psoriasis axis, our findings present innovative strategies for drug targeting to enhance psoriasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xiong
- Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen 518028, China
| | - Sidi Li
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yunmeng Bai
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen 518028, China
| | - Wenwen Sun
- Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen 518028, China
| | - Lijie Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen 518028, China
| | - Jia Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen 518028, China
| | - Liwei Sun
- Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen 518028, China
| | - Chijun Li
- Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen 518028, China
| | - Jiajian Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, Guangdong, China
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, Guangdong, China
- Clinical Laboratory Department of The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen and Longgang District People’s Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518172, China
- Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen 518028, China
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Johnsson H, Cole J, McInnes IB, Graham G, Siebert S. Differences in transcriptional changes in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis skin with immunoglobulin gene enrichment in psoriatic arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2024; 63:218-225. [PMID: 37137278 PMCID: PMC10765156 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kead195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Approximately 20% of people with psoriasis develop PsA. Although genetic, clinical and environmental risk factors have been identified, it is not known why some people with psoriasis develop PsA. The skin disease is traditionally considered the same in both. This study compares transcriptional changes in psoriasis and PsA skin for the first time. METHODS Skin biopsies were collected from healthy controls (HC), and uninvolved and lesional skin from patients with PsA. Bulk tissue sequencing was performed and analysed using the pipeline Searchlight 2.0. Transcriptional changes in PsA skin were compared with existing sequencing data from participants with psoriasis without PsA (GSE121212). Psoriasis and PsA datasets could not be directly compared as different analysis methods were used. Data from participants with PsA in the GSE121212 dataset were used for validation. RESULTS Skin samples from 9 participants with PsA and 9 HC were sequenced, analysed and compared with available transcriptomic data for 16 participants with psoriasis compared with 16 HC. Uninvolved skin in psoriasis shared transcriptional changes with lesional skin in psoriasis, but uninvolved skin in PsA did not. Most transcriptional changes in psoriasis and PsA lesional skin were shared, but immunoglobulin genes were upregulated in PsA lesional skin specifically. The transcription factor POU2F1, which regulates immunoglobulin gene expression, was enriched in PsA lesional skin. This was confirmed in the validation cohort. CONCLUSIONS Immunoglobulin genes are upregulated in PsA but not in psoriasis skin lesions. This may have implications for the spread from the cutaneous compartment to other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Johnsson
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - John Cole
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Iain B McInnes
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gerard Graham
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Stefan Siebert
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Sharma T, Kundu N, Kaur S, Shankaraswamy J, Saxena S. Why to target G-quadruplexes using peptides: Next-generation G4-interacting ligands. J Pept Sci 2023; 29:e3491. [PMID: 37009771 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Guanine-rich oligonucleotides existing in both DNA and RNA are able to fold into four-stranded DNA secondary structures via Hoogsteen type hydrogen-bonding, where four guanines self-assemble into a square planar arrangement, which, when stacked upon each other, results in the formation of higher-order structures called G-quadruplexes. Their distribution is not random; they are more frequently present at telomeres, proto-oncogenic promoters, introns, 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions, stem cell markers, ribosome binding sites and so forth and are associated with various biological functions, all of which play a pivotal role in various incurable diseases like cancer and cellular ageing. Several studies have suggested that G-quadruplexes could not regulate biological processes by themselves; instead, various proteins take part in this regulation and can be important therapeutic targets. There are certain limitations in using whole G4-protein for therapeutics purpose because of its high manufacturing cost, laborious structure prediction, dynamic nature, unavailability for oral administration due to its degradation in the gut and inefficient penetration to reach the target site because of the large size. Hence, biologically active peptides can be the potential candidates for therapeutic intervention instead of the whole G4-protein complex. In this review, we aimed to clarify the biological roles of G4s, how we can identify them throughout the genome via bioinformatics, the proteins interacting with G4s and how G4-interacting peptide molecules may be the potential next-generation ligands for targeting the G4 motifs located in biologically important regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taniya Sharma
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Nikita Kundu
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Sarvpreet Kaur
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Jadala Shankaraswamy
- Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture, Mojerla, Sri Konda Laxman Telangana State Horticultural University, Budwel, Telangana, India
| | - Sarika Saxena
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
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Pambianchi E, Hagenberg Z, Pecorelli A, Pasqui A, Therrien JP, Valacchi G. Tension as a key factor in skin responses to pollution. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16013. [PMID: 37749125 PMCID: PMC10519937 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42629-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Being the more apparent organ exposed to the outdoor stressors, the effect of pollution on the skin has been widely studied in the last few decades. Although UV light is known as the most aggressive stressor to which our cutaneous tissue is daily exposed, other components of the tropospheric pollution have also shown to affect skin health and functionality. Among them, ozone has been proven to be one of the most toxic due to its high reactivity with the epidermal lipids. Studying the cutaneous effect of pollution in a laboratory setting presents challenges, therefore it becomes critical to employ appropriate and tailored models that aim to answer specific questions. Several skin models are available nowadays: in vitro models (2D cell lines and 3D cutaneous tissues), ex vivo skin explants and in vivo approaches (animals and humans). Although in the last 20 years researchers developed skin models that closely resemble human skin (3D cutaneous tissues), ex vivo skin explants still remain one of the best models to study cutaneous responses. Unfortunately, one important cutaneous property that is not present in the traditional ex vivo human skin explants is the physiological tension, which has been shown to be a cardinal player in skin structure, homeostasis, functional properties and responses to external stimuli. For this reason, in this study, to confirm and further comprehend the harmful mechanism of ozone exposure on the integumentary system, we have performed experiments using the state of art in cutaneous models: the innovative TenSkin™ model in which ex vivo human skin explants are cultured under physiologically relevant tension during the whole experimental procedure. Specifically, we were interested in corroborating previous findings showing that ozone exposure modulates the expression of cutaneous antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). The present work demonstrates that cutaneous exposure to ozone induces AMPs gene and protein levels (CAMP/LL-37, hBD2, hBD3) and that the presence of tension can further modulate their expression. In addition, different responses between tension and non-tension cultured skin were also observed during the evaluation of OxInflammatory markers [cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), matrix-metallo-proteinase 9 (MMP9) and 4-hydroxy-nonenal (4HNE)]. This current study supports our previous findings confirming the ability of pollution to induce the cutaneous expression of AMPs via redox signaling and corroborates the principle that skin explants are a good and reliable model to study skin responses even though it underlines the need to holistically consider the role of skin tension before extrapolating the data to real life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Pambianchi
- Department of Animal Science, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Zachary Hagenberg
- Department of Animal Science, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Alessandra Pecorelli
- Department of Animal Science, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
- Department of Biotechnologies, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
- Toscana Life Sciences Foundation, 53100, Siena, Italy
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Arianna Pasqui
- Department of Biotechnologies, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
- Toscana Life Sciences Foundation, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Jean-Philippe Therrien
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- Department of Animal Science, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA.
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Prevention, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea.
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Çetinarslan T, Kümper L, Fölster-Holst R. The immunological and structural epidermal barrier dysfunction and skin microbiome in atopic dermatitis-an update. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1159404. [PMID: 37654796 PMCID: PMC10467310 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1159404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common, chronic and relapsing inflammatory skin disease with various clinical presentations and combinations of symptoms. The pathophysiology of AD is complex and multifactorial. There are several factors involved in the etiopathogenesis of AD including structural and immunological epidermal barrier defect, imbalance of the skin microbiome, genetic background and environmental factors. Alterations in structural proteins, lipids, proteases, and their inhibitors, lead to the impairment of the stratum corneum which is associated with the increased skin penetration and transepidermal water loss. The elevated serum immunoglobulin E levels and blood eosinophilia have been shown in the majority of AD patients. Type 2 T-helper cell immune pathway with increased expression of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13, has an important role in the etiopathogenesis of AD. Both T cells and keratinocytes contribute to epidermal barrier impairment in AD via a dynamic interaction of cytokines and chemokines. The skin microbiome is another factor of relevance in the etiopathogenesis of AD. It has been shown that during AD flares, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) colonization increased, while Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) decreased. On the contrary, S. epidermidis and species of Streptococcus, Corynebacterium and Propionibacterium increased during the remision phases. However, it is not clear whether skin dysbiosis is one of the symptoms or one of the causes of AD. There are several therapeutic options, targeting these pathways which play a critical role in the etiopathogenesis of AD. Although topical steroids are the mainstay of the treatment of AD, new biological therapies including IL-4, IL-13, and IL-31 inhibitors, as well as Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKi), increasingly gain more importance with new advances in the therapy of AD. In this review, we summarize the role of immunological and structural epidermal barrier dysfunction, immune abnormalities, impairment of lipids, filaggrin mutation and skin microbiome in the etiopathogenesis of AD, as well as the therapeutic options for AD and their effects on these abnormalities in AD skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tubanur Çetinarslan
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Türkiye
| | - Lisa Kümper
- MEDICE Arzneimittel Pütter GmbH and Co. KG, Iserlohn, Germany
| | - Regina Fölster-Holst
- Department of Dermatology-Venereology and Allergology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
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Chen C, Wang P, Zhang L, Liu X, Zhang H, Cao Y, Wang X, Zeng Q. Exploring the Pathogenesis and Mechanism-Targeted Treatments of Rosacea: Previous Understanding and Updates. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2153. [PMID: 37626650 PMCID: PMC10452301 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by recurrent erythema, flushing, telangiectasia, papules, pustules, and phymatous changes in the central area of the face. Patients with this condition often experience a significant negative impact on their quality of life, self-esteem, and overall well-being. Despite its prevalence, the pathogenesis of rosacea is not yet fully understood. Recent research advances are reshaping our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of rosacea, and treatment options based on the pathophysiological perspective hold promise to improve patient outcomes and reduce incidence. In this comprehensive review, we investigate the pathogenesis of rosacea in depth, with a focus on emerging and novel mechanisms, and provide an up-to-date overview of therapeutic strategies that target the diverse pathogenic mechanisms of rosacea. Lastly, we discuss potential future research directions aimed at enhancing our understanding of the condition and developing effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiuli Wang
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Qingyu Zeng
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200040, China
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Tran HG, Shuayprom A, Kueanjinda P, Leelahavanichkul A, Wongsinkongman P, Chaisomboonpan S, Tawatsin A, Ruchusatsawat K, Wongpiyabovorn J. Oxyresveratrol Attenuates Inflammation in Human Keratinocyte via Regulating NF-kB Signaling and Ameliorates Eczematous Lesion in DNCB-Induced Dermatitis Mice. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1709. [PMID: 37376157 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxyresveratrol (ORV) is one of the novel antioxidants having been extensively studied in recent years. One of the main sources of ORV is Artocarpus lakoocha, which has been used in traditional medicine in Thailand for decades. However, the role of ORV in skin inflammation has not been clearly demonstrated. Therefore, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of ORV on dermatitis model. The effect of ORV was examined on human immortalized and primary skin cells exposed to bacterial components including peptidoglycan (PGN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and 2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced dermatitis mouse model. PGN and LPS were used to induce inflammation on immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaT) and human epidermal keratinocytes (HEKa). We then performed MTT assay, Annexin V and PI assay, cell cycle analysis, real-time PCR, ELISA and Western blot in these in vitro models. H&E staining, immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining with CD3, CD4 and CD8 markers were used to evaluate the effects of ORV in in vivo model of skin inflammation using BALB/c mice. Pretreatment of HaCaT and HEKa cells with ORV inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokine production through inhibition of NF-κB pathway. In DNCB-induced dermatitis mouse model, ORV treatment reduced lesion severity, and skin thickness and numbers of CD3, CD4 and CD8 T cells in the sensitized skin of mice. In conclusion, it has been demonstrated that ORV treatment can ameliorate inflammation in the in vitro models of skin inflammation and in vivo models of dermatitis, suggesting a therapeutic potential of ORV for treatment of skin diseases particularly eczema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Gia Tran
- Graduate Program in Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Aussavashai Shuayprom
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand
| | - Patipark Kueanjinda
- Center of Excellence in Immune-Mediated Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Asada Leelahavanichkul
- Center of Excellence on Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology (CETRII), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Prapai Wongsinkongman
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand
| | | | - Apiwat Tawatsin
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand
| | | | - Jongkonnee Wongpiyabovorn
- Center of Excellence in Immune-Mediated Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Johnsson H, Cole J, Siebert S, McInnes IB, Graham G. Cutaneous lesions in psoriatic arthritis are enriched in chemokine transcriptomic pathways. Arthritis Res Ther 2023; 25:73. [PMID: 37131254 PMCID: PMC10152590 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-023-03034-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Skin from people with psoriasis has been extensively studied and is assumed to be identical to skin from those with psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Chemokines and the CC chemokine scavenger receptor ACKR2 are upregulated in uninvolved psoriasis. ACKR2 has been proposed as a regulator of cutaneous inflammation in psoriasis. The aim of this study was to compare the transcriptome of PsA skin to healthy control (HC) skin and evaluate ACKR2 expression in PsA skin. METHODS Full-thickness skin biopsies from HC, lesional and uninvolved skin from participants with PsA were sequenced on NovaSeq 6000. Findings were validated using qPCR and RNAscope. RESULTS Nine HC and nine paired PsA skin samples were sequenced. PsA uninvolved skin was transcriptionally similar to HC skin, and lesional PsA skin was enriched in epidermal and inflammatory genes. Lesional PsA skin was enriched in chemokine-mediated signalling pathways, but uninvolved skin was not. ACKR2 was upregulated in lesional PsA skin but had unchanged expression in uninvolved compared with HC skin. The expression of ACKR2 was confirmed by qPCR, and RNAscope demonstrated strong expression of ACKR2 in the suprabasal layer of the epidermis in PsA lesions. CONCLUSION Chemokines and their receptors are upregulated in lesional PsA skin but relatively unchanged in uninvolved PsA skin. In contrast to previous psoriasis studies, ACKR2 was not upregulated in uninvolved PsA skin. Further understanding of the chemokine system in PsA may help to explain why inflammation spreads from the skin to the joints in some people with psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Johnsson
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - John Cole
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Stefan Siebert
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Iain B McInnes
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Gerard Graham
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK.
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Chen K, Gong W, Huang J, Yoshimura T, Ming Wang J. Developmental and homeostatic signaling transmitted by the G-protein coupled receptor FPR2. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 118:110052. [PMID: 37003185 PMCID: PMC10149111 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) and its mouse counterpart Fpr2 are the members of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family. FPR2 is the only member of the FPRs that interacts with ligands from different sources. FPR2 is expressed in myeloid cells as well as epithelial cells, endothelial cells, neurons, and hepatocytes. During the past years, some unusual properties of FPR2 have attracted intense attention because FPR2 appears to possess dual functions by activating or inhibiting intracellular signal pathways based on the nature, concentration of the ligands, and the temporal and spatial settings of the microenvironment in vivo, the cell types it interacts with. Therefore, FPR2 controls an abundant array of developmental and homeostatic signaling cascades, in addition to its "classical" capacity to mediate the migration of hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells including malignant cells. In this review, we summarize recent development in FPR2 research, particularly in its role in diseases, therefore helping to establish FPR2 as a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keqiang Chen
- Laboratory of Cancer Innovation, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA.
| | - Wanghua Gong
- Basic Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jiaqiang Huang
- Laboratory of Cancer Innovation, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA; College of Life Sciences, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Teizo Yoshimura
- Laboratory of Cancer Innovation, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Ji Ming Wang
- Laboratory of Cancer Innovation, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
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Sowers A, Wang G, Xing M, Li B. Advances in Antimicrobial Peptide Discovery via Machine Learning and Delivery via Nanotechnology. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1129. [PMID: 37317103 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been investigated for their potential use as an alternative to antibiotics due to the increased demand for new antimicrobial agents. AMPs, widely found in nature and obtained from microorganisms, have a broad range of antimicrobial protection, allowing them to be applied in the treatment of infections caused by various pathogenic microorganisms. Since these peptides are primarily cationic, they prefer anionic bacterial membranes due to electrostatic interactions. However, the applications of AMPs are currently limited owing to their hemolytic activity, poor bioavailability, degradation from proteolytic enzymes, and high-cost production. To overcome these limitations, nanotechnology has been used to improve AMP bioavailability, permeation across barriers, and/or protection against degradation. In addition, machine learning has been investigated due to its time-saving and cost-effective algorithms to predict AMPs. There are numerous databases available to train machine learning models. In this review, we focus on nanotechnology approaches for AMP delivery and advances in AMP design via machine learning. The AMP sources, classification, structures, antimicrobial mechanisms, their role in diseases, peptide engineering technologies, currently available databases, and machine learning techniques used to predict AMPs with minimal toxicity are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Sowers
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Guangshun Wang
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985900 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Malcolm Xing
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Bingyun Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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12
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Lao J, Xie Z, Qin Q, Qin R, Li S, Yuan Y. Serum LL‐37 and inflammatory cytokines levels in psoriasis. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e802. [PMID: 36988247 PMCID: PMC10013411 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Psoriasis (PsO) is a T‐cell‐associated inflammatory autoimmune dermatitis. Leucine leucine‐37 (LL‐37) is upregulated in PsO patients and correlated with the area and severity of PsO. However, the exact relation between LL‐37 and T cell‐associated inflammation is not well understood. It is very important to clarify the relationship between LL‐37 and inflammatory response for clinical diagnosis and treatment of PsO. This study investigated the serum levels of LL‐37 and inflammatory cytokines, as well as correlations between them in PsO patients, which aimed to provide new ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of PsO. Methods PsO patients (n = 50) and healthy volunteers (n = 33) were recruited in this study. Skin specimens were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). The serum levels of LL‐37, T‐helper type 1 (Th1, IFN‐γ), T‐helper type 17 (Th17, IL‐17), T‐helper type 22 (Th22, IL‐22), and T‐helper type 2 cytokines (Th2, IL‐4) were assessed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Some of the patients were re‐recruited after treatment to evaluate LL‐37 and cytokines levels. Results Pathological changes were observed in PsO skin lesions. LL‐37, IFN‐γ, IL‐17, and IL‐22 serum levels were much higher in PsO patients than those in healthy volunteers (p < .001), and posttreatment reduction was observed in five patients. However, no remarkable difference in IL‐4 level (p > .05) was found. LL‐37 level was positively correlated with IFN‐γ, IL‐17, and IL‐22 levels (p < .001) in PsO patients. Conclusion LL‐37 expression was significantly associated with inflammatory response, which may provide us new ideas for diagnosing and monitoring disease activity of PsO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanfeng Lao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangxi Academy of Medical SciencesThe People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous RegionNanningGuangxiChina
| | - Zhi Xie
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Guangxi Academy of Medical SciencesThe People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous RegionNanningGuangxiChina
| | - Qunshi Qin
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Guangxi Academy of Medical SciencesThe People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous RegionNanningGuangxiChina
| | - Ru Qin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangxi Academy of Medical SciencesThe People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous RegionNanningGuangxiChina
| | - Shangyang Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangxi Academy of Medical SciencesThe People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous RegionNanningGuangxiChina
| | - Yulin Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangxi Academy of Medical SciencesThe People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous RegionNanningGuangxiChina
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13
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Trompette A, Ubags ND. Skin barrier immunology from early life to adulthood. Mucosal Immunol 2023; 16:194-207. [PMID: 36868478 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Our skin has a unique barrier function, which is imperative for the body's protection against external pathogens and environmental insults. Although interacting closely and sharing many similarities with key mucosal barrier sites, such as the gut and the lung, the skin also provides protection for internal tissues and organs and has a distinct lipid and chemical composition. Skin immunity develops over time and is influenced by a multiplicity of different factors, including lifestyle, genetics, and environmental exposures. Alterations in early life skin immune and structural development may have long-term consequences for skin health. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on cutaneous barrier and immune development from early life to adulthood, with an overview of skin physiology and immune responses. We specifically highlight the influence of the skin microenvironment and other host intrinsic, host extrinsic (e.g. skin microbiome), and environmental factors on early life cutaneous immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Trompette
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Service de Pneumologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Niki D Ubags
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Service de Pneumologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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14
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CYSRT1: an antimicrobial epidermal protein that can interact with late cornified envelope (LCE) proteins. J Invest Dermatol 2023:S0022-202X(23)00085-4. [PMID: 36804407 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Late cornified envelope (LCE) proteins are small cationic epidermal proteins with antimicrobial properties, and the combined deletion of LCE3B and LCE3C genes is a risk factor for psoriasis that affects skin microbiome composition. In a yeast two-hybrid screen we identified cysteine-rich tail 1 protein (CYSRT1) as an interacting partner of members of all LCE groups except LCE6. These interactions were confirmed in a mammalian cell system by co-immunoprecipitation. CYSRT1 is a protein of unknown function that is specifically expressed in cutaneous and oral epithelia and spatially colocalizes with LCE proteins in the upper layers of the suprabasal epidermis. Constitutive CYSRT1 expression is present in fully differentiated epidermis and can be further induced in vivo by disruption of the skin barrier upon stratum corneum removal. Transcriptional regulation correlates to keratinocyte terminal differentiation but not to skin bacteria exposure. Similar to LCEs, CYSRT1 was found to have antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Comparative gene sequence analysis and protein amino acid alignment indicates that CYSRT1 is highly conserved among vertebrates and has putative antimicrobial activity. To summarize, we identified CYSRT1 in the outer skin layer, where it colocalizes with LCE proteins and contributes to the constitutive epidermal antimicrobial host defense repertoire.
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15
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Chrobak-Chmiel D, Golke A, Kwiecień E, Biegańska MJ, Dembele K, Dziekiewicz-Mrugasiewicz M, Czopowicz M, Kizerwetter-Świda M, Rzewuska M. Is Vitamin D3 a Worthy Supplement Protecting against Secondary Infections in Dogs with Atopic Dermatitis? Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12010145. [PMID: 36678493 PMCID: PMC9860574 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) is a common, chronic, inflammatory skin disease in dogs worldwide. This disease often predisposes for secondary organisms overgrowth and skin infections with pathogens, such as Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Malassezia pachydermatis. Unfortunately, the causes of this disease in both humans and animals are not fully understood; therefore, the only possible option is a lifelong, symptomatic treatment. The management of CAD is mainly based on limiting contact with allergens and antipruritic therapy, most often with glucocorticoids and antihistamines. A serious problem in this situation is the fact, that long-term administration of glucocorticoids leads to side effects like polyuria, alopecia, increased susceptibility to infection, muscle atrophy, and many others. For this reason, great emphasis is placed on the development of replacement and supportive therapies. It is a well-documented fact that reduced concentrations of serum vitamin D3 contribute to the severity of atopic dermatitis symptoms in humans. Moreover, unlike the most commonly used therapeutic methods, of which the main goal is to ameliorate inflammation and pruritus, namely the symptoms of AD, vitamin D3 supplementation affects some underlying factors of this disease. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the role of vitamin D3 in CAD, its protective effect against secondary bacterial and fungal infections, and the potential of its supplementation in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Chrobak-Chmiel
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-593-60-67
| | - Anna Golke
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewelina Kwiecień
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata J. Biegańska
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kourou Dembele
- Department of Small Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Dziekiewicz-Mrugasiewicz
- Department of Large Animal Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 100, 02-797 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Czopowicz
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kizerwetter-Świda
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Rzewuska
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
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16
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Lu F, Zhu Y, Zhang G, Liu Z. Renovation as innovation: Repurposing human antibacterial peptide LL-37 for cancer therapy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:944147. [PMID: 36081952 PMCID: PMC9445486 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.944147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In many organisms, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) display wide activities in innate host defense against microbial pathogens. Mammalian AMPs include the cathelicidin and defensin families. LL37 is the only one member of the cathelicidin family of host defense peptides expressed in humans. Since its discovery, it has become clear that they have pleiotropic effects. In addition to its antibacterial properties, many studies have shown that LL37 is also involved in a wide variety of biological activities, including tissue repair, inflammatory responses, hemotaxis, and chemokine induction. Moreover, recent studies suggest that LL37 exhibits the intricate and contradictory effects in promoting or inhibiting tumor growth. Indeed, an increasing amount of evidence suggests that human LL37 including its fragments and analogs shows anticancer effects on many kinds of cancer cell lines, although LL37 is also involved in cancer progression. Focusing on recent information, in this review, we explore and summarize how LL37 contributes to anticancer effect as well as discuss the strategies to enhance delivery of this peptide and selectivity for cancer cells.
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17
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Johnstone KF, Herzberg MC. Antimicrobial peptides: Defending the mucosal epithelial barrier. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 3:958480. [PMID: 35979535 PMCID: PMC9376388 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2022.958480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent epidemic caused by aerosolized SARS-CoV-2 virus illustrates the importance and vulnerability of the mucosal epithelial barrier against infection. Antimicrobial proteins and peptides (AMPs) are key to the epithelial barrier, providing immunity against microbes. In primitive life forms, AMPs protect the integument and the gut against pathogenic microbes. AMPs have also evolved in humans and other mammals to enhance newer, complex innate and adaptive immunity to favor the persistence of commensals over pathogenic microbes. The canonical AMPs are helictical peptides that form lethal pores in microbial membranes. In higher life forms, this type of AMP is exemplified by the defensin family of AMPs. In epithelial tissues, defensins, and calprotectin (complex of S100A8 and S100A9) have evolved to work cooperatively. The mechanisms of action differ. Unlike defensins, calprotectin sequesters essential trace metals from microbes, which inhibits growth. This review focuses on defensins and calprotectin as AMPs that appear to work cooperatively to fortify the epithelial barrier against infection. The antimicrobial spectrum is broad with overlap between the two AMPs. In mice, experimental models highlight the contribution of both AMPs to candidiasis as a fungal infection and periodontitis resulting from bacterial dysbiosis. These AMPs appear to contribute to innate immunity in humans, protecting the commensal microflora and restricting the emergence of pathobionts and pathogens. A striking example in human innate immunity is that elevated serum calprotectin protects against neonatal sepsis. Calprotectin is also remarkable because of functional differences when localized in epithelial and neutrophil cytoplasm or released into the extracellular environment. In the cytoplasm, calprotectin appears to protect against invasive pathogens. Extracellularly, calprotectin can engage pathogen-recognition receptors to activate innate immune and proinflammatory mechanisms. In inflamed epithelial and other tissue spaces, calprotectin, DNA, and histones are released from degranulated neutrophils to form insoluble antimicrobial barriers termed neutrophil extracellular traps. Hence, calprotectin and other AMPs use several strategies to provide microbial control and stimulate innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark C. Herzberg
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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18
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Chopra D, Arens RA, Amornpairoj W, Lowes MA, Tomic-Canic M, Strbo N, Lev-Tov H, Pastar I. Innate immunity and microbial dysbiosis in hidradenitis suppurativa – vicious cycle of chronic inflammation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:960488. [PMID: 35967376 PMCID: PMC9368759 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.960488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hidradenitis Suppurativa (HS) is a chronic multifactorial inflammatory skin disease with incompletely understood mechanisms of disease pathology. HS is characterized by aberrant activation of the innate immune system, resulting in activation of pathways that aim to protect against pathogenic microorganisms, and also contribute to failure to resolve inflammation. Imbalance in innate immunity is evident in deregulation of host antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and the complement system associated with the microbiome dysbiosis. The pathology is further complicated by ability of pathogens associated with HS to overcome host immune response. Potential roles of major AMPs, cathelicidin, defensins, dermcidin, S100 proteins, RNAse 7 and complement proteins are discussed. Dysregulated expression pattern of innate immunity components in conjunction with bacterial component of the disease warrants consideration of novel treatment approaches targeting both host immunity and pathogenic microbiome in HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Chopra
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Rachel A. Arens
- College of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Watcharee Amornpairoj
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Michelle A. Lowes
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Marjana Tomic-Canic
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Natasa Strbo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Hadar Lev-Tov
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Irena Pastar, ; Hadar Lev-Tov,
| | - Irena Pastar
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Irena Pastar, ; Hadar Lev-Tov,
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19
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Antiviral Effect of hBD-3 and LL-37 during Human Primary Keratinocyte Infection with West Nile Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071552. [PMID: 35891533 PMCID: PMC9319560 DOI: 10.3390/v14071552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is an emerging flavivirus transmitted through mosquito bites and responsible for a wide range of clinical manifestations. Following their inoculation within the skin, flaviviruses replicate in keratinocytes of the epidermis, inducing an innate immune response including the production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Among them, the cathelicidin LL-37 and the human beta-defensin (hBD)-3 are known for their antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties. We assessed their role during WNV infection of human primary keratinocytes. LL-37 reduced the viral load in the supernatant of infected keratinocytes and of the titer of a viral inoculum incubated in the presence of the peptide, suggesting a direct antiviral effect of this AMP. Conversely, WNV replication was not inhibited by hBD-3. The two peptides then demonstrated immunomodulatory properties whether in the context of keratinocyte stimulation by poly(I:C) or infection by WNV, but not alone. This study demonstrates the immunostimulatory properties of these two skin AMPs at the initial site of WNV replication and the ability of LL-37 to directly inactivate West Nile viral infectious particles. The results provide new information on the multiple functions of these two peptides and underline the potential of AMPs as new antiviral strategies in the fight against flaviviral infections.
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20
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de Souza GS, de Jesus Sonego L, Santos Mundim AC, de Miranda Moraes J, Sales-Campos H, Lorenzón EN. Antimicrobial-wound healing peptides: Dual-function molecules for the treatment of skin injuries. Peptides 2022; 148:170707. [PMID: 34896165 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic non-healing wounds caused by microbial infections extend the necessity for hospital care and constitute a public health problem and a great financial burden. Classic therapies include a wide range of approaches, from wound debridement to vascular surgery. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a preserved trait of the innate immune response among different animal species, with known effects on the immune system and microorganisms. Thus, AMPs may represent promising candidates for the treatment of chronic wounds with dual functionality in two of the main agents that lead to this condition, proliferation of microorganisms and uncontrolled inflammation. Here, our goal is to critically review AMPs with wound healing properties. We strongly believe that these dual-function peptides alone, or in combination with other wound healing strategies, constitute an underexplored field that researchers can take advantage of.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Helioswilton Sales-Campos
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiás, Brazil
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21
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Kotlyarov S. Involvement of the Innate Immune System in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:985. [PMID: 35055174 PMCID: PMC8778852 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common, socially significant disease characterized by progressive airflow limitation due to chronic inflammation in the bronchi. Although the causes of COPD are considered to be known, the pathogenesis of the disease continues to be a relevant topic of study. Mechanisms of the innate immune system are involved in various links in the pathogenesis of COPD, leading to persistence of chronic inflammation in the bronchi, their bacterial colonization and disruption of lung structure and function. Bronchial epithelial cells, neutrophils, macrophages and other cells are involved in the development and progression of the disease, demonstrating multiple compromised immune mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Kotlyarov
- Department of Nursing, Ryazan State Medical University, 390026 Ryazan, Russia
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22
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Branisteanu D, Cojocaru C, Diaconu R, Porumb E, Alexa A, Nicolescu A, Brihan I, Bogdanici C, Branisteanu G, Dimitriu A, Zemba M, Anton N, Toader M, Grechin A, Branisteanu D. Update on the etiopathogenesis of psoriasis (Review). Exp Ther Med 2022; 23:201. [PMID: 35126704 PMCID: PMC8794554 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daciana Branisteanu
- Department of Dermatology, ‘Grigore T. Popa’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Catalina Cojocaru
- Department of Dermatology, Railway Clinical Hospital, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Roxana Diaconu
- Department of Dermatology, Railway Clinical Hospital, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Elena Porumb
- Department of Dermatology, ‘Sf. Spiridon’ Clinical Emergency County Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Anisia Alexa
- Department of Ophthalmology, ‘Grigore T. Popa’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alin Nicolescu
- Department of Dermatology, ‘Roma’ Medical Center for Diagnosis and Treatment, 011773 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ilarie Brihan
- Department of Dermatology, Dermatology Clinic, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
| | - Camelia Bogdanici
- Department of Ophthalmology, ‘Grigore T. Popa’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - George Branisteanu
- Faculty of Medicine, ‘Grigore T. Popa’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Andreea Dimitriu
- Department of Dermatology, ‘Arcadia’ Hospitals and Medical Centers, 700620 Iasi, Romania
| | - Mihail Zemba
- Department of Ophthalmology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Nicoleta Anton
- Department of Ophthalmology, ‘Grigore T. Popa’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Mihaela Toader
- Department of Oral Dermatology, ‘Grigore T. Popa’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Adrian Grechin
- Department of Ophthalmology, ‘Sf. Spiridon’ Clinical Emergency County Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Daniel Branisteanu
- Department of Ophthalmology, ‘Grigore T. Popa’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
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23
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Christophers E, Schröder JM. Evolution of innate defense in human skin. Exp Dermatol 2021; 31:304-311. [PMID: 34694661 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
More often as compared to other barrier systems (gastrointestinal, urogenital, and respiratory linings) human skin over millions of years has been subject to fundamental changes in structure and function. When life on land started, the first changes consisted in the formation of a coherent impermeable stratum corneum. Two-legged locomotion was followed by loss of body hair and formation of sweat glands. Major changes took place after the agricultural revolution, investigating settlements with domestication of animals and plants. Living together after giving up nomadic life, hairless skin became a battlefield for pathogens, members of the skin microbiome, and arthropod visits. Human skin became exceptional in showing a boosted, highly developed immune system which is much more complex as compared to the "skins" of other species. A recently found skin disinfection system ("Cationic Intrinsically Disordered Antimicrobial Peptides, CIDAMPs") dates back to the origins of life and still is active in present-day integuments. As a skin-restricted and effective principle, keratinocyte- myeloid synergy (KMS) is recognized. As a consequence of such highly developed immune defense, the basic contributions of KMS - cells (keratinocytes, neutrophils, macrophages) in regulating innate immunity is emphasized. Antimicrobial peptides and chemokines became major keratinocyte products. The formation of impermeable str. corneum membrane has enabled KMS - cells to accumulate within upper skin levels and cause a special group of human skin diseases, pustular dermatoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enno Christophers
- Department of Dermatology, University-Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
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24
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Sigurgrimsdottir H, Bjornsdottir EO, Eysteinsdottir JH, Olafsson JH, Sigurgeirsson B, Agnarsson BA, Einarsdottir HK, Freysdottir J, Ludviksson BR. Keratinocytes secrete multiple inflammatory and immune biomarkers, which are regulated by LL‐37, in a psoriasis mimicking microenvironment. Scand J Immunol 2021; 94:e13096. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.13096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hildur Sigurgrimsdottir
- Faculty of Medicine University of Iceland Reykjavík Iceland
- Department of Immunology Landspitali—the National University Hospital of Iceland Reykjavík Iceland
| | - Eva Osp Bjornsdottir
- Faculty of Medicine University of Iceland Reykjavík Iceland
- Department of Immunology Landspitali—the National University Hospital of Iceland Reykjavík Iceland
| | - Jenna Huld Eysteinsdottir
- Faculty of Medicine University of Iceland Reykjavík Iceland
- Department of Immunology Landspitali—the National University Hospital of Iceland Reykjavík Iceland
| | | | | | - Bjarni A. Agnarsson
- Department of Pathology Landspitali—the National University Hospital of Iceland Reykjavík Iceland
| | | | - Jona Freysdottir
- Faculty of Medicine University of Iceland Reykjavík Iceland
- Department of Immunology Landspitali—the National University Hospital of Iceland Reykjavík Iceland
| | - Bjorn Runar Ludviksson
- Faculty of Medicine University of Iceland Reykjavík Iceland
- Department of Immunology Landspitali—the National University Hospital of Iceland Reykjavík Iceland
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Yamanishi K, Imai Y. Alarmins/stressorins and immune dysregulation in intractable skin disorders. Allergol Int 2021; 70:421-429. [PMID: 34127380 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike other barrier epithelia of internal organs, the stratified squamous epithelium of the skin is always exposed to the external environment. However, the robust barrier structure and function of the skin are highly resistant against external insults so as to not easily allow foreign invasions. Upon sensing danger signals, the innate immunity system is promptly activated. This process is mediated by alarmins, which are released passively from damaged cells. Nuclear alarmins or stressorins are actively released from intact cells in response to various cellular stresses. Alarmins/stressorins are deeply involved in the disease processes of chronic skin disorders of an unknown cause, such as rosacea, psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis. Furthermore, alarmins/stressorins are also induced in the congenital skin disorders of ichthyosis and keratoderma due to defective keratinization. Studies on alarmin activation and its downstream pathways may help develop novel therapeutic agents for intractable skin disorders.
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26
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Rumpret M, von Richthofen HJ, van der Linden M, Westerlaken GHA, Talavera Ormeño C, van Strijp JAG, Landau M, Ovaa H, van Sorge NM, Meyaard L. Signal inhibitory receptor on leukocytes-1 recognizes bacterial and endogenous amphipathic α-helical peptides. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21875. [PMID: 34533845 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100812r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Signal inhibitory receptor on leukocytes-1 (SIRL-1) is a negative regulator of myeloid cell function and dampens antimicrobial responses. We here show that different species of the genus Staphylococcus secrete SIRL-1-engaging factors. By screening a library of single-gene transposon mutants in Staphylococcus aureus, we identified these factors as phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs). PSMs are amphipathic α-helical peptides involved in multiple aspects of staphylococcal virulence and physiology. They are cytotoxic and activate the chemotactic formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) on immune cells. Human cathelicidin LL-37 is also an amphipathic α-helical peptide with antimicrobial and chemotactic activities, structurally and functionally similar to α-type PSMs. We demonstrate that α-type PSMs from multiple staphylococcal species as well as human cathelicidin LL-37 activate SIRL-1, suggesting that SIRL-1 recognizes α-helical peptides with an amphipathic arrangement of hydrophobicity, although we were not able to show direct binding to SIRL-1. Upon rational peptide design, we identified artificial peptides in which the capacity to ligate SIRL-1 is segregated from cytotoxic and FPR2-activating properties, allowing specific engagement of SIRL-1. In conclusion, we propose staphylococcal PSMs and human LL-37 as a potential new class of natural ligands for SIRL-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matevž Rumpret
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Helen J von Richthofen
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten van der Linden
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Geertje H A Westerlaken
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cami Talavera Ormeño
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jos A G van Strijp
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Meytal Landau
- Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Huib Ovaa
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nina M van Sorge
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Linde Meyaard
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Zakaryan H, Chilingaryan G, Arabyan E, Serobian A, Wang G. Natural antimicrobial peptides as a source of new antiviral agents. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 34554085 PMCID: PMC10026734 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Current antiviral drugs are limited because of their adverse side effects and increased rate of resistance. In recent decades, much scientific effort has been invested in the discovery of new synthetic and natural compounds with promising antiviral properties. Among this new generation of compounds, antimicrobial peptides with antiviral activity have been described and are attracting attention due to their mechanism of action and biological properties. To understand the potential of antiviral peptides (AVPs), we analyse the antiviral activity of well-known AVP families isolated from different natural sources, discuss their physical-chemical properties, and demonstrate how AVP databases can guide us to design synthetic AVPs with better therapeutic properties. All considerations in this sphere of antiviral therapy clearly demonstrate the remarkable contribution that AVPs may make in conquering old as well as newly emerging viruses that plague humanity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hovakim Zakaryan
- Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Discovery, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS, 0014, Yerevan, Armenia
- Denovo Sciences CJSC, 0033, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Garri Chilingaryan
- Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Discovery, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS, 0014, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Erik Arabyan
- Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Discovery, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS, 0014, Yerevan, Armenia
| | | | - Guangshun Wang
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985900 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5900, USA
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28
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Suwanchote S, Waitayangkoon P, Chancheewa B, Inthanachai T, Niwetbowornchai N, Edwards SW, Virakul S, Thammahong A, Kiatsurayanon C, Rerknimitr P, Chiewchengchol D. Role of antimicrobial peptides in atopic dermatitis. Int J Dermatol 2021; 61:532-540. [PMID: 34432296 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.15814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Host defense peptides (HDPs) or antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are short cationic amphipathic peptides of divergent sequences, which are part of the innate immune system and produced by various types of cells and tissues. The predominant role of HDPs is to respond to and protect humans against infection and inflammation. Common human HDPs include defensins, cathelicidin, psoriasin, dermcidin, and ribonucleases, but these peptides may be dysregulated in the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD). Current evidence suggests that the antimicrobial properties and immunomodulatory effects of HDPs are involved in AD pathogenesis, making HDPs research a promising area for predicting disease severity and developing novel treatments for AD. In this review, we describe a potential role for human HDPs in the development, exacerbation, and progression of AD and propose their potential therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supaporn Suwanchote
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-mediated diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Palapun Waitayangkoon
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-mediated diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Bussabong Chancheewa
- Division of Dermatology, Skin and Allergy Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thananya Inthanachai
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-mediated diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nattarika Niwetbowornchai
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-mediated diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Steven W Edwards
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Sita Virakul
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-mediated diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Arsa Thammahong
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-mediated diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chanisa Kiatsurayanon
- Department of Medical Services, Institute of Dermatology, Ministry of Public Health, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pawinee Rerknimitr
- Division of Dermatology, Skin and Allergy Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Direkrit Chiewchengchol
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-mediated diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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29
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Rademacher F, Gläser R, Harder J. Antimicrobial peptides and proteins: Interaction with the skin microbiota. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:1496-1508. [PMID: 34310774 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The cutaneous microbiota comprises all living skin microorganisms. There is increasing evidence that the microbiota plays a crucial role in skin homeostasis. Accordingly, a dysbiosis of the microbiota may trigger cutaneous inflammation. The need for a balanced microbiota requires specific regulatory mechanisms that control and shape the microbiota. In this review, we highlight the present knowledge suggesting that antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) may exert a substantial influence on the microbiota by controlling their growth. This is supported by own data showing the differential influence of principal skin-derived AMPs on commensal staphylococci. Vice versa, we also illuminate how the cutaneous microbiota interacts with skin-derived AMPs by modulating AMP expression and how microbiota members protect themselves from the antimicrobial activity of AMPs. Taken together, the current picture suggests that a fine-tuned and well-balanced AMP-microbiota interplay on the skin surface may be crucial for skin health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Regine Gläser
- Department of Dermatology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jürgen Harder
- Department of Dermatology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
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30
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Moretta A, Scieuzo C, Petrone AM, Salvia R, Manniello MD, Franco A, Lucchetti D, Vassallo A, Vogel H, Sgambato A, Falabella P. Antimicrobial Peptides: A New Hope in Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Fields. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:668632. [PMID: 34195099 PMCID: PMC8238046 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.668632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics are essential drugs used to treat pathogenic bacteria, but their prolonged use contributes to the development and spread of drug-resistant microorganisms. Antibiotic resistance is a serious challenge and has led to the need for new alternative molecules less prone to bacterial resistance. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have aroused great interest as potential next-generation antibiotics, since they are bioactive small proteins, naturally produced by all living organisms, and representing the first line of defense against fungi, viruses and bacteria. AMPs are commonly classified according to their sources, which are represented by microorganisms, plants and animals, as well as to their secondary structure, their biosynthesis and their mechanism of action. They find application in different fields such as agriculture, food industry and medicine, on which we focused our attention in this review. Particularly, we examined AMP potential applicability in wound healing, skin infections and metabolic syndrome, considering their ability to act as potential Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme I and pancreatic lipase inhibitory peptides as well as antioxidant peptides. Moreover, we argued about the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic approaches to develop new antibiotics, the drug development strategies and the formulation approaches which need to be taken into account in developing clinically suitable AMP applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Moretta
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Carmen Scieuzo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
- Spinoff XFlies s.r.l, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | | | - Rosanna Salvia
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
- Spinoff XFlies s.r.l, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Franco
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
- Spinoff XFlies s.r.l, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Donatella Lucchetti
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Vassallo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Alessandro Sgambato
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata (IRCCS-CROB), Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Patrizia Falabella
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
- Spinoff XFlies s.r.l, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
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31
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Woodby B, Pambianchi E, Ferrara F, Therrien JP, Pecorelli A, Messano N, Lila MA, Valacchi G. Cutaneous antimicrobial peptides: New "actors" in pollution related inflammatory conditions. Redox Biol 2021; 41:101952. [PMID: 33839421 PMCID: PMC8059092 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ozone (O3) exposure has been reported to contribute to various cutaneous inflammatory conditions, such as eczema, psoriasis, rush etc. via a redox-inflammatory pathway. O3 is too reactive to penetrate cutaneous tissue; it interacts with lipids present in the outermost layer of skin, resulting in formation of oxidized molecules and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Interestingly, several inflammatory skin pathologies demonstrate altered levels of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). These small, cationic peptides are found in various cells, including keratinocytes, eccrine gland cells, and seboctyes. Classically, AMPs function as antimicrobial agents. Recent studies indicate that AMPs also play roles in inflammation, angiogenesis, and wound healing. Since altered levels of AMPs have been detected in pollution-associated skin pathologies, we hypothesized that exposure to O3 could affect the levels of AMPs in the skin. We examined levels of AMPs using qRT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence in vitro (human keratinocytes), ex vivo (human skin explants), and in vivo (human volunteer subjects exposed to O3) and observed increased levels of all the measured AMPs upon O3 exposure. In addition, in vitro studies have confirmed the redox regulation of AMPs in keratinocytes. This novel finding suggests that targeting AMPs could be a possible defensive strategy to combat pollution-associated skin conditions. AMPs (hBDs1-3, CAMP) increase in O3 exposed human skin by a redox mechanism. Transcriptional upregulation of AMPs in response to O3 exposure is due to an altered redox status. Pollution increase AMPs could be the connection between pollution exposure and the development/exacerbation of inflammatory skin conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Woodby
- Plants for Human Health Institute Animal Science Dept, NC Research Campus Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Erika Pambianchi
- Plants for Human Health Institute Animal Science Dept, NC Research Campus Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Francesca Ferrara
- Plants for Human Health Institute Animal Science Dept, NC Research Campus Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Pecorelli
- Plants for Human Health Institute Animal Science Dept, NC Research Campus Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Nicolo' Messano
- Plants for Human Health Institute Animal Science Dept, NC Research Campus Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Mary Ann Lila
- Plants for Human Health Institute Animal Science Dept, NC Research Campus Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- Plants for Human Health Institute Animal Science Dept, NC Research Campus Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; JP Therrien Consulting, LLC, USA; Kyung Hee University, Department of Food and Nutrition, South Korea.
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32
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Passelli K, Billion O, Tacchini-Cottier F. The Impact of Neutrophil Recruitment to the Skin on the Pathology Induced by Leishmania Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:649348. [PMID: 33732265 PMCID: PMC7957080 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.649348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania (L.) are obligate intracellular protozoan parasites that cause the leishmaniases, a spectrum of neglected infectious vector-borne diseases with a broad range of clinical manifestations ranging from local cutaneous, to visceral forms of the diseases. The parasites are deposited in the mammalian skin during the blood meal of an infected female phlebotomine sand fly. The skin is a complex organ acting as the first line of physical and immune defense against pathogens. Insults to skin integrity, such as that occurring during insect feeding, induces the local secretion of pro-inflammatory molecules generating the rapid recruitment of neutrophils. At the site of infection, skin keratinocytes play a first role in host defense contributing to the recruitment of inflammatory cells to the infected dermis, of which neutrophils are the first recruited cells. Although neutrophils efficiently kill various pathogens including Leishmania, several Leishmania species have developed mechanisms to survive in these cells. In addition, through their rapid release of cytokines, neutrophils modulate the skin microenvironment at the site of infection, a process shaping the subsequent development of the adaptive immune response. Neutrophils may also be recruited later on in unhealing forms of cutaneous leishmaniasis and to the spleen and liver in visceral forms of the disease. Here, we will review the mechanisms involved in neutrophil recruitment to the skin following Leishmania infection focusing on the role of keratinocytes in this process. We will also discuss the distinct involvement of neutrophils in the outcome of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katiuska Passelli
- Department of Biochemistry, WHO Collaborative Centre for Research and Training in Immunology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Oaklyne Billion
- Department of Biochemistry, WHO Collaborative Centre for Research and Training in Immunology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Tacchini-Cottier
- Department of Biochemistry, WHO Collaborative Centre for Research and Training in Immunology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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33
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Tian X, Tang L, Wei F, Chen H, Sheng L, Yang Y, Zhou X, Li Y, Xu X, Zhang B, Liu Z, Lei Y, Yu B, Bai C, He X, Huang Z. Pentacyclic triterpene compounds from loquat leaves reduce skin inflammation and epidermal hyperplasia in psoriasis via inhibiting the Th17 cells. Mol Immunol 2021; 132:30-40. [PMID: 33540227 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a refractory inflammatory skin disease affecting 2 %-3 % of the world population, characterized by the infiltration and hyper-proliferation of inflammatory cells and aberrant differentiation of keratinocytes. Targeting the IL-23/ Th17 axis has been well recognized as a promising therapeutic strategy, as the IL-23/ Th17 signal plays a vital role in the pathology of psoriasis. Three pentacyclic triterpene compounds isolated from loquat leaves have been reported with significant inhibitory effects on RORγt transcription activity and Th17 cell differentiation, and excellent performance in preventing lupus nephritis pathogenesis. However, the potential effects of these pentacyclic triterpene compounds on psoriasis remain unknown. In this study, we demonstrated the potent therapeutic effects of these pentacyclic triterpene compounds on psoriasis. These three pentacyclic triterpene compounds significantly alleviated skin inflammation as well as aberrant keratinocyte proliferation in an imiquimod-induced mouse psoriasis model. These compounds also inhibited the infiltration of immune cells and the level of pro-inflammatory cytokine in the dermis, as well as the cells number and changed the cytokine profiling expression of Th17 cells. These compounds could reduce the amount of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in local lymph node, but not in spleen, which is different from hydrocortisone, the positive control treatment. These results suggest better performance of these compounds than steroids on treating psoriasis with less side effects on the integrated immune system. In summary, our findings uncover the potent therapeutic effects of pentacyclic triterpene compounds on psoriasis, providing potential candidate compounds for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyan Tian
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lipeng Tang
- Department of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fengjiao Wei
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huanpeng Chen
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Longxiang Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, China
| | - Yuying Yang
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhou
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongchao Li
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoting Xu
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Boyang Zhang
- Animal Experiment Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Animal Experiment Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Lei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bolan Yu
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuan Bai
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xixin He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zhaofeng Huang
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.
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Luo G, Sun Y, Zhang J, Xu Z, Lu W, Wang H, Zhang Y, Li H, Mao Z, Ye S, Cheng B, Fang X. Nanodefensin-encased hydrogel with dual bactericidal and pro-regenerative functions for advanced wound therapy. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:3642-3660. [PMID: 33664853 PMCID: PMC7914350 DOI: 10.7150/thno.53089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Host defense peptides (HDPs) have emerged as a novel therapeutic paradigm for wound management; however, their clinical applications remain a challenge owing to their poor pharmacological properties and lack of suitable pharmaceutical formulations. Nanodefensin (ND), a nanoengineered human α-defensin 5 (HD5), has shown improved pharmacological properties relative to the parent compound. In this study, we engineered a nanodefensin-encased hydrogel (NDEFgel), investigated the effects of NDEFgel on wound healing, and elucidated underlying mechanisms. Method: ND was chemically synthesized and tested functions by in vitro antimicrobial and scratch assays and western blotting. Different NDEFgels were evaluated by in vitro characterizations including degradation, drug release and antimicrobial activity. In full-thickness excisional murine models, the optimal NDEFgel was directly applied onto wound sites, and the efficacy was assessed. Moreover, the underlying mechanisms of pro-regenerative effect developed by NDEFgel were also explored. Results: Apart from bactericidal effects, ND modulated fibroblast behaviors by promoting migration and differentiation. Among the tested hydrogels, the Pluronic F127 (Plu) hydrogel represented the most desirable carrier for ND delivery owing to its favorable controlled release and compatibility with ND. Local treatment of NDEFgel on the wound bed resulted in accelerated wound regeneration and attenuated bacterial burden. We further demonstrated that NDEFgel therapy significantly upregulated genes related to collagen deposition and fibroblasts, and increased the expression of myofibroblasts and Rac1. We therefore found that Rac1 is a critical factor in the ND-induced modulation of fibroblast behaviors in vitro through a Rac1-dependent cytoskeletal rearrangement. Conclusion: Our results indicate that NDEFgel may be a promising dual-action therapeutic option for advanced wound management in the future.
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35
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Breda LCD, Menezes IG, Paulo LNM, de Almeida SR. Immune Sensing and Potential Immunotherapeutic Approaches to Control Chromoblastomycosis. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 7:jof7010003. [PMID: 33375204 PMCID: PMC7822212 DOI: 10.3390/jof7010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromoblastomycosis (CBM) is a neglected, chronic, and progressive subcutaneous mycosis caused by different species of fungi from the Herpotrichiellaceae family. CBM disease is usually associated with agricultural activities, and its infection is characterized by verrucous, erythematous papules, and atrophic lesions on the upper and lower limbs, leading to social stigma and impacts on patients' welfare. The economic aspect of disease treatment is another relevant issue. There is no specific treatment for CBM, and different anti-fungal drug associations are used to treat the patients. However, the long period of the disease and the high cost of the treatment lead to treatment interruption and, consequently, relapse of the disease. In previous years, great progress had been made in the comprehension of the CBM pathophysiology. In this review, we discuss the differences in the cell wall composition of conidia, hyphae, and muriform cells, with a particular focus on the activation of the host immune response. We also highlight the importance of studies about the host skin immunology in CBM. Finally, we explore different immunotherapeutic studies, highlighting the importance of these approaches for future treatment strategies for CBM.
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Basso V, Tran DQ, Ouellette AJ, Selsted ME. Host Defense Peptides as Templates for Antifungal Drug Development. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040241. [PMID: 33113935 PMCID: PMC7711597 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Current treatment for invasive fungal diseases is limited to three classes of antifungal drugs: azoles, polyenes, and echinocandins. The most recently introduced antifungal class, the echinocandins, was first approved nearly 30 years ago. The limited antifungal drug portfolio is rapidly losing its clinical utility due to the inexorable rise in the incidence of invasive fungal infections and the emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR) fungal pathogens. New antifungal therapeutic agents and novel approaches are desperately needed. Here, we detail attempts to exploit the antifungal and immunoregulatory properties of host defense peptides (HDPs) in the design and evaluation of new antifungal therapeutics and discuss historical limitations and recent advances in this quest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Basso
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; (V.B.); (D.Q.T.); (A.J.O.)
| | - Dat Q. Tran
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; (V.B.); (D.Q.T.); (A.J.O.)
- Oryn Therapeutics, Vacaville, CA 95688, USA
| | - André J. Ouellette
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; (V.B.); (D.Q.T.); (A.J.O.)
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Michael E. Selsted
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; (V.B.); (D.Q.T.); (A.J.O.)
- Oryn Therapeutics, Vacaville, CA 95688, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Correspondence:
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Assoni L, Milani B, Carvalho MR, Nepomuceno LN, Waz NT, Guerra MES, Converso TR, Darrieux M. Resistance Mechanisms to Antimicrobial Peptides in Gram-Positive Bacteria. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:593215. [PMID: 33193264 PMCID: PMC7609970 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.593215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With the alarming increase of infections caused by pathogenic multidrug-resistant bacteria over the last decades, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been investigated as a potential treatment for those infections, directly through their lytic effect or indirectly, due to their ability to modulate the immune system. There are still concerns regarding the use of such molecules in the treatment of infections, such as cell toxicity and host factors that lead to peptide inhibition. To overcome these limitations, different approaches like peptide modification to reduce toxicity and peptide combinations to improve therapeutic efficacy are being tested. Human defense peptides consist of an important part of the innate immune system, against a myriad of potential aggressors, which have in turn developed different ways to overcome the AMPs microbicidal activities. Since the antimicrobial activity of AMPs vary between Gram-positive and Gram-negative species, so do the bacterial resistance arsenal. This review discusses the mechanisms exploited by Gram-positive bacteria to circumvent killing by antimicrobial peptides. Specifically, the most clinically relevant genera, Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterococcus spp. and Gram-positive bacilli, have been explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Assoni
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Microrganismos, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Barbara Milani
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Microrganismos, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Marianna Ribeiro Carvalho
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Microrganismos, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Lucas Natanael Nepomuceno
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Microrganismos, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Natalha Tedeschi Waz
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Microrganismos, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Maria Eduarda Souza Guerra
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Microrganismos, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Thiago Rojas Converso
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Microrganismos, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Michelle Darrieux
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Microrganismos, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
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Tokuyama M, Mabuchi T. New Treatment Addressing the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207488. [PMID: 33050592 PMCID: PMC7589905 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is an immune cell-mediated inflammatory skin disease. The interleukin (IL)23/IL17 axis plays an important role in the development of psoriasis. The effectiveness of biologic treatments such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α inhibitors (infliximab, adalimumab, certolizumab pegol), IL23 inhibitors (ustekinumab, guselkumab, tildrakizumab, risankizumab), and IL17 inhibitors (secukinumab, ixekizumab, brodalumab) have verified these findings. Immune-related cells such as dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, in addition to Toll-like receptors and cytokines such as interferon (IFN)α, TNFα, IFNɤ, IL12, IL22, IL23, and IL17, are related to the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Here, we first review new insights regarding the pathogenesis of psoriasis, as it relates to DCs, Langerhans cells, macrophages, the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 pathway, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor in cutaneous vascular endothelial cells. Based on these findings, we summarize currently available oral treatments and biologics. Furthermore, we describe a new treatment option including Janus kinase inhibitor, tyrosine kinase 2 inhibitor, modulator of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1, and Rho-associated kinase 2 inhibitor.
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Takahashi T, Yamasaki K. Psoriasis and Antimicrobial Peptides. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186791. [PMID: 32947991 PMCID: PMC7555190 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a systemic inflammatory disease caused by crosstalk between various cells such as T cells, neutrophils, dendritic cells, and keratinocytes. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) such as β-defensin, S100, and cathelicidin are secreted from these cells and activate the innate immune system through various mechanisms to induce inflammation, thus participating in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. In particular, these antimicrobial peptides enhance the binding of damage-associated molecular patterns such as self-DNA and self-RNA to their receptors and promote the secretion of interferon from activated plasmacytoid dendritic cells and keratinocytes to promote inflammation in psoriasis. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), complexes of self-DNA and proteins including LL-37 released from neutrophils in psoriatic skin, induce Th17. Activated myeloid dendritic cells secrete a mass of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-12 and IL-23 in psoriasis, which is indispensable for the proliferation and survival of T cells that produce IL-17. AMPs enhance the production of some of Th17 and Th1 cytokines and modulate receptors and cellular signaling in psoriasis. Inflammation induced by DAMPs, including self-DNA and RNA released due to microinjuries or scratches, and the enhanced recognition of DAMPs by AMPs, may be involved in the mechanism underlying the Köbner phenomenon in psoriasis.
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Liang W, Diana J. The Dual Role of Antimicrobial Peptides in Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2077. [PMID: 32983158 PMCID: PMC7492638 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases (AiDs) are characterized by the destruction of host tissues by the host immune system. The etiology of AiDs is complex, with the implication of multiple genetic defects and various environmental factors (pathogens, antibiotic use, pollutants, stress, and diet). The interaction between these two compartments results in the rupture of tolerance against self-antigens and the unwanted activation of the immune system. Thanks to animal models, the immunopathology of many AiDs is well described, with the implication of both the innate and adaptive immune systems. This progress toward the understanding of AiDs led to several therapies tested in patients. However, the results from these clinical trials have not been satisfactory, from reversing the course of AiDs to preventing them. The need for a cure has prompted many investigators to explore alternative aspects in the immunopathology of these diseases. Among these new aspects, the role of antimicrobial host defense peptides (AMPs) is growing. Indeed, beyond their antimicrobial activity, AMPs are potent immunomodulatory molecules and consequently are implicated in the development of numerous AiDs. Importantly, according to the disease considered, AMPs appear to play a dual role in autoimmunity with either anti- or pro-inflammatory abilities. Here, we aimed to summarize the current knowledge about the role of AMPs in the development of AiDs and attempt to provide some hypotheses explaining their dual role. Definitely, a complete understanding of this aspect is mandatory before the design of AMP-based therapies against AiDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Liang
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Julien Diana
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Paris, Paris, France
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Overview of Host Defense Peptides and Their Applications for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons. Plast Reconstr Surg 2020; 146:91-103. [PMID: 32590651 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000006910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Host defense peptides are a family of endogenous short peptides that are found in all living beings and play a critical role in innate immunity against infection. METHODS A nonsystematic review of host defense peptides was conducted with specific interest in properties and applications relevant to plastic and reconstructive surgery. RESULTS In addition to their direct antimicrobial actions against pathogens, including multidrug-resistant bacteria, they also demonstrate important functions in immunomodulation, tumor cell lysis, and tissue regeneration. These properties have made them a topic of clinical interest for plastic surgeons because of their potential applications as novel antibiotics, wound healing medications, and cancer therapies. The rising clinical interest has led to a robust body of literature describing host defense peptides in great depth and breadth. Numerous mechanisms have been observed to explain their diverse functions, which rely on specific structural characteristics. However, these peptides remain mostly experimental, with limited translation to clinical practice because of numerous failures to achieve acceptable results in human trials. CONCLUSIONS Despite the broad ranging potential of these peptides for use in the field of plastic and reconstructive surgery, they are rarely discussed in the literature or at scientific meetings. In this review, the authors provide a summary of the background, structure, function, bacterial resistance, and clinical applications of host defense peptides with the goal of stimulating host defense peptide-based innovation within the field of plastic and reconstructive surgery.
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Golla RM, Mishra B, Dang X, Lakshmaiah Narayana J, Li A, Xu L, Wang G. Resistome of Staphylococcus aureus in Response to Human Cathelicidin LL-37 and Its Engineered Antimicrobial Peptides. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:1866-1881. [PMID: 32343547 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is notoriously known for its rapid development of resistance to conventional antibiotics. S. aureus can alter its membrane composition to reduce the killing effect of antibiotics and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). To obtain a more complete picture, this study identified the resistance genes of S. aureus in response to human cathelicidin LL-37 peptides by screening the Nebraska Transposon Mutant Library. In total, 24 resistant genes were identified. Among them, six mutants, including the one with the known membrane-modifying gene (mprF) disabled, became more membrane permeable to the LL-37 engineered peptide 17BIPHE2 than the wild type. Mass spectrometry analysis detected minimal lysyl-phosphatidylglycerol (lysylPG) from the mprF mutant of S. aureus JE2, confirming loss-of-function of this gene. Moreover, multiple mutants showed reduced surface adhesion and biofilm formation. In addition, four S. aureus mutants were unable to infect wax moth Galleria mellonella. There appears to be a connection between the ability of bacterial attachment/biofilm formation and infection. These results underscore the multiple functional roles of the identified peptide-response genes in bacterial growth, infection, and biofilm formation. Therefore, S. aureus utilizes a set of resistant genes to weave a complex molecular network to handle the danger posed by cationic LL-37. It appears that different genes are involved depending on the nature of antimicrobials. These resistant genes may offer a novel avenue to designing more potent antibiotics that target the Achilles heels of S. aureus USA300, a community-associated pathogen of great threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radha M. Golla
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985900 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5900, United States
| | - Biswajit Mishra
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985900 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5900, United States
| | - Xiangli Dang
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985900 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5900, United States
| | - Jayaram Lakshmaiah Narayana
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985900 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5900, United States
| | - Amy Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Libin Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Guangshun Wang
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985900 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5900, United States
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Chessa C, Bodet C, Jousselin C, Wehbe M, Lévêque N, Garcia M. Antiviral and Immunomodulatory Properties of Antimicrobial Peptides Produced by Human Keratinocytes. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1155. [PMID: 32582097 PMCID: PMC7283518 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratinocytes, the main cells of the epidermis, are the first site of replication as well as the first line of defense against many viruses such as arboviruses, enteroviruses, herpes viruses, human papillomaviruses, or vaccinia virus. During viral replication, these cells can sense virus associated molecular patterns leading to the initiation of an innate immune response composed of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and antimicrobial peptides. Human keratinocytes produce and secrete at least nine antimicrobial peptides: human cathelicidin LL-37, types 1–4 human β-defensins, S100 peptides such as psoriasin (S100A7), calprotectin (S100A8/9) and koebnerisin (S100A15), and RNase 7. These peptides can exert direct antiviral effects on the viral particle or its replication cycle, and indirect antiviral activity, by modulating the host immune response. The purpose of this review is to summarize current knowledge of antiviral and immunomodulatory properties of human keratinocyte antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Chessa
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Mycobactériologie, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines, LITEC EA 4331, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Charles Bodet
- Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines, LITEC EA 4331, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Clément Jousselin
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Mycobactériologie, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines, LITEC EA 4331, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Michel Wehbe
- Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines, LITEC EA 4331, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Nicolas Lévêque
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Mycobactériologie, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines, LITEC EA 4331, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Magali Garcia
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Mycobactériologie, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines, LITEC EA 4331, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
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Postolache TT, Akram F, Lee EE, Lowry CA, Stiller JW, Brenner LA, Streeten EA, Turecki G, Dwivedi Y. Increased brain vitamin D receptor expression and decreased expression of cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide in individuals who died by suicide. J Psychiatr Res 2020; 125:75-84. [PMID: 32213352 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is associated with immune dysregulation, increased vulnerability to infections, depression, and suicidal behavior. One mediator of vitamin D-dependent immune regulation and antimicrobial defense is the cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (LL-37), encoded by the cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP) gene. We compared the mRNA expression of the CRAMP gene, the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene, as well as the CYP27B1 and CYP24A1 genes (involved in vitamin D metabolism) in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) between depressed individuals who died by suicide (n = 15) and matched (age, gender, and post-mortem interval) non-psychiatric controls (n = 15). Gene expression was measured through qRT-PCR with TaqMan® primers and probes, with GAPDH and β-actin genes as endogenous controls. Statistical analyses included t-tests and Pearson correlations. CRAMP mRNA expression was downregulated and VDR mRNA expression was upregulated in both dlPFC and ACC in suicides relative to controls, with no significant differences in expression of CYP24A1 and CYP27B1. To our knowledge, this is the first study on brain cathelicidin expression in the human brain in relationship to suicide. Increased VDR and decreased CRAMP expression are consistent with previously reported associations between vitamin D deficiency, immune dysregulation, and suicidal behavior, and should lead to future studies uncovering novel interactive targets for suicide prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodor T Postolache
- Mood and Anxiety Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Veterans Health Administration, Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center (RMRVAMC), Aurora, CO, USA; Military and Veteran Microbiome: Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Aurora, CO, USA; Veterans Health Administration, Capitol MIRECC, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore MD, USA.
| | - Faisal Akram
- Mood and Anxiety Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Saint Elizabeths Hospital, DC Department of Behavioral Health, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ellen E Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Christopher A Lowry
- Veterans Health Administration, Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center (RMRVAMC), Aurora, CO, USA; Military and Veteran Microbiome: Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Integrative Physiology, Center for Neuroscience, And Center for Microbial Exploration, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA; Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - John W Stiller
- Mood and Anxiety Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Saint Elizabeths Hospital, DC Department of Behavioral Health, Washington, DC, USA; Maryland State Athletic Commission, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lisa A Brenner
- Veterans Health Administration, Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center (RMRVAMC), Aurora, CO, USA; Military and Veteran Microbiome: Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Streeten
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gustavo Turecki
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yogesh Dwivedi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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El-Hamd MA, El Saied ARA, Ahmed SH, Ibrahim HM, Hegazy EM. Effect of narrow-band ultraviolet B phototherapy, methotrexate, and combined narrow-band ultraviolet B phototherapy with methotrexate on serum cathelicidin and vitamin D in patients with psoriasis vulgaris. J DERMATOL TREAT 2020; 33:408-414. [PMID: 32297558 DOI: 10.1080/09546634.2020.1757018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of narrow-band ultraviolet B (NB-UVB) phototherapy, methotrexate, and combined NB-UVB phototherapy with methotrexate in the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris and to assess their effects on serum cathelicidin and vitamin D.Methods: This study was conducted on 60 patients with psoriasis vulgaris. They were divided into three groups (20 patients each); Group (A) was treated with NB-UVB phototherapy. Group (B) was treated with methotrexate. Group (C) was treated with combined NB-UVB phototherapy with methotrexate. Patients were assessed with Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI score), serum cathelicidin and vitamin D at the first visit and after three months of treatments.Results: The highest mean PASI score percent improvement was reported in the combined NB-UVB phototherapy with methotrexate (92%). There was a significant increase in serum vitamin D after treatments with NB-UVB phototherapy and combined NB-UVB phototherapy with methotrexate (p < .001). There was a significant decrease in cathelicidin after three months of treatment with combined NB-UVB phototherapy with methotrexate (p < .01).Conclusion: This study could contribute to the hypothesis considering the role of cathelicidin and vitamin D in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. The combined NB-UVB phototherapy with methotrexate had the highest clinical improvement of psoriasis vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Abu El-Hamd
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Abdel Rahman A El Saied
- Department of Clinical and Chemical pathology, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Sohier Hassan Ahmed
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Hassan Mohamed Ibrahim
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Eisa Mohamed Hegazy
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
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Grievink HW, Jirka SMG, Woutman TD, Schoonakker M, Rissmann R, Malone KE, Feiss G, Moerland M. Antimicrobial Peptide Omiganan Enhances Interferon Responses to Endosomal Toll-Like Receptor Ligands in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Clin Transl Sci 2020; 13:891-895. [PMID: 32314872 PMCID: PMC7485948 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
LL‐37 is a cationic antimicrobial peptide and the sole human member of cathelicidins. Besides its bactericidal properties, LL‐37 is known to have direct immunomodulatory effects, among which enhancement of antiviral responses via endosomal toll‐like receptors (TLRs). Omiganan pentahydrochloride is a synthetic cationic peptide in clinical development. Previously, omiganan was primarily known for its direct bactericidal and antifungal properties. We investigated whether omiganan enhances endosomal TLR responses, similar to LL‐37. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were treated with endosomal TLR3, −7, −8, and −9 ligands in the presence of omiganan. Omiganan enhanced TLR‐mediated interferon‐α release. Subsequent experiments with TLR9 ligands showed that plasmacytoid dendritic cells were main contributors to omiganan‐enhanced IFN production. Based on this type I interferon‐enhancing effect, omiganan may qualify as potential treatment modality for virus‐driven diseases. The molecular mechanism by which omiganan enhances endosomal TLR responses remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrika W Grievink
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Robert Rissmann
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Gary Feiss
- Cutanea Life Sciences, Inc., Wayne, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Matthijs Moerland
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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47
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Lueschow SR, McElroy SJ. The Paneth Cell: The Curator and Defender of the Immature Small Intestine. Front Immunol 2020; 11:587. [PMID: 32308658 PMCID: PMC7145889 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Paneth cells were first described in the late 19th century by Gustav Schwalbe and Josef Paneth as columnar epithelial cells possessing prominent eosinophilic granules in their cytoplasm. Decades later there is continued interest in Paneth cells as they play an integral role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and modulating the physiology of the small intestine and its associated microbial flora. Paneth cells are highly specialized secretory epithelial cells located in the small intestinal crypts of Lieberkühn. The dense granules produced by Paneth cells contain an abundance of antimicrobial peptides and immunomodulating proteins that function to regulate the composition of the intestinal flora. This in turn plays a significant role in secondary regulation of the host microvasculature, the normal injury and repair mechanisms of the intestinal epithelial layer, and the levels of intestinal inflammation. These critical functions may have even more importance in the immature intestine of premature infants. While Paneth cells begin to develop in the middle of human gestation, they do not become immune competent or reach their adult density until closer to term gestation. This leaves preterm infants deficient in normal Paneth cell biology during the greatest window of susceptibility to develop intestinal pathology such as necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). As 10% of infants worldwide are currently born prematurely, there is a significant population of infants contending with an inadequate cohort of Paneth cells. Infants who have developed NEC have decreased Paneth cell numbers compared to age-matched controls, and ablation of murine Paneth cells results in a NEC-like phenotype suggesting again that Paneth cell function is critical to homeostasis to the immature intestine. This review will provide an up to date and comprehensive look at Paneth cell ontogeny, the impact Paneth cells have on the host-microbial axis in the immature intestine, and the repercussions of Paneth cell dysfunction or loss on injury and repair mechanisms in the immature gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiloh R Lueschow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Steven J McElroy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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Lowry MB, Guo C, Zhang Y, Fantacone ML, Logan IE, Campbell Y, Zhang W, Le M, Indra AK, Ganguli-Indra G, Xie J, Gallo RL, Koeffler HP, Gombart AF. A mouse model for vitamin D-induced human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide gene expression. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 198:105552. [PMID: 31783153 PMCID: PMC7089838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In humans and other primates, 1,25(OH)2vitamin D3 regulates the expression of the cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) gene via toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling that activates the vitamin D pathway. Mice and other mammals lack the vitamin D response element (VDRE) in their CAMP promoters. To elucidate the biological importance of this pathway, we generated transgenic mice that carry a genomic DNA fragment encompassing the entire human CAMP gene and crossed them with Camp knockout (KO) mice. We observed expression of the human transgene in various tissues and innate immune cells. However, in mouse CAMP transgenic macrophages, TLR activation in the presence of 25(OH)D3 did not induce expression of either CAMP or CYP27B1 as would normally occur in human macrophages, reinforcing important species differences in the actions of vitamin D. Transgenic mice did show increased resistance to colonization by Salmonella typhimurium in the gut. Furthermore, the human CAMP gene restored wound healing in the skin of Camp KO mice. Topical application of 1,25(OH)2vitamin D3 to the skin of CAMP transgenic mice induced CAMP expression and increased killing of Staphylococcus aureus in a wound infection model. Our model can help elucidate the biological importance of the vitamin D-cathelicidin pathway in both pathogenic and non-pathogenic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm B Lowry
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Chunxiao Guo
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Yang Zhang
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Nutrition Graduate Program, School of Biological & Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health & Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Mary L Fantacone
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Isabelle E Logan
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Yan Campbell
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Weijian Zhang
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Mai Le
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Arup K Indra
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Knight Cancer Institute, OHSU, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Gitali Ganguli-Indra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Knight Cancer Institute, OHSU, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Jingwei Xie
- Department of Surgery, Transplant & Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Richard L Gallo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - H Phillip Koeffler
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Adrian F Gombart
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Abstract
Aim: Supplemental oxygen is often used to treat neonates with respiratory disorders. Human and animal studies have demonstrated that neonatal hyperoxia increases oxidative stress and induces damage and collagen deposition in kidney during the perinatal period. Cathelicidin LL-37 is one important group of human antimicrobial peptides which exhibits antioxidant activity and its overexpression resists hyperoxia-induced oxidative stress. This study was designed to evaluate the protective effects of cathelicidin in hyperoxia-induced kidney injury in newborn rats. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rat pups were reared in either room air (RA) or hyperoxia (85% O2) and were randomly treated with low-dose (4 mg/kg) and high-dose (8 mg/kg) cathelicidin in normal saline (NS) administered intraperitoneally on postnatal days 1–6. The following six groups were obtained: RA + NS, RA + low-dose cathelicidin, RA + high-dose cathelicidin, O2 + NS, O2 + low-dose cathelicidin, and O2 + high-dose cathelicidin. Kidneys were taken for Western blot and histological analyses on postnatal day 7. Results: The hyperoxia-reared rats exhibited significantly lower body weights and anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages, but the kidney injury scores, oxidative stress marker 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)-positive cells, pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages, collagen deposition, and NF-κB expression were higher than did the RA-reared rats. Conclusions: Cathelicidin treatment attenuated kidney injury as evidenced by lower kidney injury scores, 8-OHdG-positive cells, collagen deposition, and reversion of hyperoxia-induced M1/M2 macrophage polarization. The role of Cathelicidin in ameliorates kidney injury of the hyperoxia newborn rats was accompanied by decreased NF-κB expression, which probably through the modulating NF-κB activity in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Chu Chou
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ming Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University , Taipei , Taiwan
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Salivary Expression of Antimicrobial Peptide LL37 and Its Correlation with Pro-inflammatory Cytokines in Patients with Different Periodontal Treatment Needs. Int J Pept Res Ther 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-020-10047-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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