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Ikebe E, Shimosaki S, Hasegawa H, Iha H, Tsukamoto Y, Wang Y, Sasaki D, Imaizumi Y, Miyazaki Y, Yanagihara K, Hamaguchi I, Morishita K. TAS-116 (pimitespib), a heat shock protein 90 inhibitor, shows efficacy in preclinical models of adult T-cell leukemia. Cancer Sci 2021; 113:684-696. [PMID: 34794206 PMCID: PMC8819293 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult T‐cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) is a highly chemoresistant malignancy of peripheral T lymphocytes caused by human T‐cell leukemia virus type 1 infection, for which there is an urgent need for more effective therapeutic options. The molecular chaperone heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) plays a crucial role in nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB)‐mediated antiapoptosis in ATL cells, and HSP90 inhibitors are new candidate therapeutics for ATL. Accordingly, we investigated the anti‐ATL effects of a novel oral HSP90 inhibitor, TAS‐116 (pimitespib), and the mechanisms involved in ex vivo and in vivo preclinical models. TAS‐116 achieved IC50 values of less than 0.5 μmol/L in 10 ATL‐related cell lines and less than 1 μmol/L in primary peripheral blood cells of nine ATL patients; no toxicity was observed toward CD4+ lymphocytes from healthy donors, indicating the safety of this agent. Given orally, TAS‐116 also showed significant inhibitory effects against tumor cell growth in ATL cell‐xenografted mice. Furthermore, gene expression profiling of TAS‐116‐treated Tax‐positive or ‐negative cell lines and primary ATL cells using DNA microarray and multiple pathway analysis revealed the significant downregulation of the NF‐κB pathway in Tax‐positive cells and cell‐cycle arrest in Tax‐negative cells and primary ATL cells. TAS‐116 suppressed the activator protein‐1 and tumor necrosis factor pathways in all examined cells. These findings strongly indicate the efficacy of TAS‐116, regardless of the stage of ATL progression, and its potential application as a novel clinical anti‐ATL therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Ikebe
- Department of Microbiology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Japan.,Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Shimosaki
- Division of Tumor and Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hiroo Hasegawa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hidekatsu Iha
- Department of Microbiology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Tsukamoto
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Japan
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sasaki
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | - Yasushi Miyazaki
- Department of Hematology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Hematology, Atomic Bomb Disease and Hibakusha Medicine Unit, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Katsunori Yanagihara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Isao Hamaguchi
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Morishita
- Division of Tumor and Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
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2
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Atabati H, Esmaeili SA, Allahyari A, Shirdel A, Rahimi H, Rezaee SA, Momtazi-Borojeni AA, Rafatpanah H. Evaluating mRNA expression of tax, B chain of PDGF and PDGF-β receptors as well as HTLV-I proviral load in ATL patients and healthy carriers. J Med Virol 2021; 93:3865-3870. [PMID: 32918495 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is a life-threatening malignant neoplasm of CD4+ T cells resulted from human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I). Tax1 protein of HTLV-I can induce malignant proliferation of T-cells by modulating the expression of growth factors such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Here, we aimed to investigate the proviral load (PVL) of HTLV-I in ATL and also to evaluate the mRNA expression of B chain of PDGF and PDGF-β receptors in ATL patients and HTLV-I-infected healthy carriers. To this end, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated by using Ficoll-Histophaque density centrifugation. The mean of HTLV-I PVL in ATL patients (42,759 ± 15,737 copies/104 cells [95% CI, 9557-75962]) was significantly (p = .01) higher than that in healthy carriers (650 ± 107 copies/104 cells [95% CI, 422-879], respectively. The HTLV-I PVL in ATL patients exhibited a significant correlation with PBMC count (R = .495, p = .001). The mRNA expression of Tax, B chain of PDGF, and PDGF-β receptor genes was significantly higher in healthy carriers than in patients with ATL. In conclusion, the expression of the canonical PDGFβ and its receptor, and their correlation with Tax expression cannot be a suitable indicator and/or prognostic factor for progression of ATL in HTLV-I carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Atabati
- Immunology Research Centre, Division of Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed-Alireza Esmaeili
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abolghasem Allahyari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abbas Shirdel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Rahimi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Abdolrahim Rezaee
- Immunology Research Centre, Division of Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir A Momtazi-Borojeni
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Houshang Rafatpanah
- Immunology Research Centre, Division of Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Rauch DA, Olson SL, Harding JC, Sundaramoorthi H, Kim Y, Zhou T, MacLeod AR, Challen G, Ratner L. Interferon regulatory factor 4 as a therapeutic target in adult T-cell leukemia lymphoma. Retrovirology 2020; 17:27. [PMID: 32859220 PMCID: PMC7456374 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-020-00535-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adult T-cell leukemia lymphoma (ATLL) is a chemotherapy-resistant malignancy with a median survival of less than one year that will afflict between one hundred thousand and one million individuals worldwide who are currently infected with human T-cell leukemia virus type 1. Recurrent somatic mutations in host genes have exposed the T-cell receptor pathway through nuclear factor κB to interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) as an essential driver for this malignancy. We sought to determine if IRF4 represents a therapeutic target for ATLL and to identify downstream effectors and biomarkers of IRF4 signaling in vivo. Results ATLL cell lines, particularly Tax viral oncoprotein-negative cell lines, that most closely resemble ATLL in humans, were sensitive to dose- and time-dependent inhibition by a next-generation class of IRF4 antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) that employ constrained ethyl residues that mediate RNase H-dependent RNA degradation. ATLL cell lines were also sensitive to lenalidomide, which repressed IRF4 expression. Both ASOs and lenalidomide inhibited ATLL proliferation in vitro and in vivo. To identify biomarkers of IRF4-mediated CD4 + T-cell expansion in vivo, transcriptomic analysis identified several genes that encode key regulators of ATLL, including interleukin 2 receptor subunits α and β, KIT ligand, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4, and thymocyte selection-associated high mobility group protein TOX 2. Conclusions These data support the pursuit of IRF4 as a therapeutic target in ATLL with the use of either ASOs or lenalidomide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Rauch
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S Euclid Ave, Box 8069, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Sydney L Olson
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S Euclid Ave, Box 8069, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - John C Harding
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S Euclid Ave, Box 8069, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Hemalatha Sundaramoorthi
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S Euclid Ave, Box 8069, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | | | | | | | - Grant Challen
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S Euclid Ave, Box 8069, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Lee Ratner
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S Euclid Ave, Box 8069, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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4
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Zhang LL, Wei JY, Wang L, Huang SL, Chen JL. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 and its oncogenesis. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2017; 38:1093-1103. [PMID: 28392570 PMCID: PMC5547553 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiologic agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL), a rapidly progressing clonal malignancy of CD4+ T lymphocytes. Exploring the host-HTLV-1 interactions and the molecular mechanisms underlying HTLV-1-mediated tumorigenesis is critical for developing efficient therapies against the viral infection and associated leukemia/lymphoma. It has been demonstrated to date that several HTLV-1 proteins play key roles in the cellular transformation and immortalization of infected T lymphocytes. Of note, the HTLV-1 oncoprotein Tax inhibits the innate IFN response through interaction with MAVS, STING and RIP1, causing the suppression of TBK1-mediated phosphorylation of IRF3/IRF7. The HTLV-1 protein HBZ disrupts genomic integrity and inhibits apoptosis and autophagy of the target cells. Furthermore, it is revealed that HBZ enhances the proliferation of ATL cells and facilitates evasion of the infected cells from immunosurveillance. These studies provide insights into the molecular mechanisms by which HTLV-1 mediates the formation of cancer as well as useful strategies for the development of new therapeutic interventions against ATL. In this article, we review the recent advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis, the underlying mechanisms, clinical diagnosis and treatment of the disease caused by HTLV-1 infection. In addition, we discuss the future direction for targeting HTLV-1-associated cancers and strategies against HTLV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-lan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jing-yun Wei
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Long Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shi-le Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Ji-long Chen
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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5
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Bellon M, Nicot C. Multiple Pathways Control the Reactivation of Telomerase in HTLV-I-Associated Leukemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 2. [PMID: 26430700 DOI: 10.15436/2377-0902.15.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
While telomerase (hTERT) activity is absent from normal somatic cells, reactivation of hTERT expression is a hallmark of cancer cells. Telomerase activity is required for avoiding replicative senescence and supports immortalization of cellular proliferation. Only a minority of cancer cells rely on a telomerase-independent process known as alternative lengthening of telomeres, ALT, to sustain cancer cell proliferation. Multiple genetic, epigenetic, and viral mechanisms have been found to de-regulate telomerase gene expression, thereby increasing the risk of cellular transformation. Here, we review the different strategies used by the Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1, HTLV-I, to activate hTERT expression and stimulate its enzymatic activity in virally infected CD4 T cells. The implications of hTERT reactivation in HTLV-I pathogenesis and disease treatment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Bellon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Viral Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Christophe Nicot
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Viral Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Araya N, Sato T, Ando H, Tomaru U, Yoshida M, Coler-Reilly A, Yagishita N, Yamauchi J, Hasegawa A, Kannagi M, Hasegawa Y, Takahashi K, Kunitomo Y, Tanaka Y, Nakajima T, Nishioka K, Utsunomiya A, Jacobson S, Yamano Y. HTLV-1 induces a Th1-like state in CD4+CCR4+ T cells. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:3431-42. [PMID: 24960164 PMCID: PMC4109535 DOI: 10.1172/jci75250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is linked to multiple diseases, including the neuroinflammatory disease HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma. Evidence suggests that HTLV-1, via the viral protein Tax, exploits CD4+ T cell plasticity and induces transcriptional changes in infected T cells that cause suppressive CD4+CD25+CCR4+ Tregs to lose expression of the transcription factor FOXP3 and produce IFN-γ, thus promoting inflammation. We hypothesized that transformation of HTLV-1-infected CCR4+ T cells into Th1-like cells plays a key role in the pathogenesis of HAM/TSP. Here, using patient cells and cell lines, we demonstrated that Tax, in cooperation with specificity protein 1 (Sp1), boosts expression of the Th1 master regulator T box transcription factor (T-bet) and consequently promotes production of IFN-γ. Evaluation of CSF and spinal cord lesions of HAM/TSP patients revealed the presence of abundant CD4+CCR4+ T cells that coexpressed the Th1 marker CXCR3 and produced T-bet and IFN-γ. Finally, treatment of isolated PBMCs and CNS cells from HAM/TSP patients with an antibody that targets CCR4+ T cells and induces cytotoxicity in these cells reduced both viral load and IFN-γ production, which suggests that targeting CCR4+ T cells may be a viable treatment option for HAM/TSP.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Cell Line
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Female
- Gene Products, tax/immunology
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/immunology
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/pathogenicity
- Humans
- Immunotherapy
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/genetics
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/immunology
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/virology
- Receptors, CCR4/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, CCR4/immunology
- Receptors, CCR4/metabolism
- Sp1 Transcription Factor/immunology
- T-Box Domain Proteins/genetics
- T-Box Domain Proteins/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/virology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/virology
- Viral Load/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Araya
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tomoo Sato
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hitoshi Ando
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Utano Tomaru
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mari Yoshida
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ariella Coler-Reilly
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Naoko Yagishita
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Junji Yamauchi
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Atsuhiko Hasegawa
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mari Kannagi
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Hasegawa
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Katsunori Takahashi
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yasuo Kunitomo
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yuetsu Tanaka
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Toshihiro Nakajima
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kusuki Nishioka
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Atae Utsunomiya
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven Jacobson
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yoshihisa Yamano
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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7
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Miwa M, Thompson P, McNaught J, Kell DB, Ananiadou S. Extracting semantically enriched events from biomedical literature. BMC Bioinformatics 2012; 13:108. [PMID: 22621266 PMCID: PMC3464657 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-13-108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research into event-based text mining from the biomedical literature has been growing in popularity to facilitate the development of advanced biomedical text mining systems. Such technology permits advanced search, which goes beyond document or sentence-based retrieval. However, existing event-based systems typically ignore additional information within the textual context of events that can determine, amongst other things, whether an event represents a fact, hypothesis, experimental result or analysis of results, whether it describes new or previously reported knowledge, and whether it is speculated or negated. We refer to such contextual information as meta-knowledge. The automatic recognition of such information can permit the training of systems allowing finer-grained searching of events according to the meta-knowledge that is associated with them. RESULTS Based on a corpus of 1,000 MEDLINE abstracts, fully manually annotated with both events and associated meta-knowledge, we have constructed a machine learning-based system that automatically assigns meta-knowledge information to events. This system has been integrated into EventMine, a state-of-the-art event extraction system, in order to create a more advanced system (EventMine-MK) that not only extracts events from text automatically, but also assigns five different types of meta-knowledge to these events. The meta-knowledge assignment module of EventMine-MK performs with macro-averaged F-scores in the range of 57-87% on the BioNLP'09 Shared Task corpus. EventMine-MK has been evaluated on the BioNLP'09 Shared Task subtask of detecting negated and speculated events. Our results show that EventMine-MK can outperform other state-of-the-art systems that participated in this task. CONCLUSIONS We have constructed the first practical system that extracts both events and associated, detailed meta-knowledge information from biomedical literature. The automatically assigned meta-knowledge information can be used to refine search systems, in order to provide an extra search layer beyond entities and assertions, dealing with phenomena such as rhetorical intent, speculations, contradictions and negations. This finer grained search functionality can assist in several important tasks, e.g., database curation (by locating new experimental knowledge) and pathway enrichment (by providing information for inference). To allow easy integration into text mining systems, EventMine-MK is provided as a UIMA component that can be used in the interoperable text mining infrastructure, U-Compare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Miwa
- The National Centre for Text Mining, Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
- School of Computer Science and the Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Paul Thompson
- The National Centre for Text Mining, Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
- School of Computer Science and the Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - John McNaught
- The National Centre for Text Mining, Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
- School of Computer Science and the Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Douglas B Kell
- School of Chemistry and the Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Sophia Ananiadou
- The National Centre for Text Mining, Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
- School of Computer Science and the Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
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8
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Transcriptional activation of TINF2, a gene encoding the telomere-associated protein TIN2, by Sp1 and NF-κB factors. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21333. [PMID: 21731707 PMCID: PMC3121743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of the telomere-associated protein TIN2 has been shown to be essential for early embryonic development in mice and for development of a variety of human malignancies. Recently, germ-line mutations in TINF2, which encodes for the TIN2 protein, have been identified in a number of patients with bone-marrow failure syndromes. Yet, the molecular mechanisms that regulate TINF2 expression are largely unknown. To elucidate the mechanisms involved in human TINF2 regulation, we cloned a 2.7 kb genomic DNA fragment containing the putative promoter region and, through deletion analysis, identified a 406 bp region that functions as a minimal promoter. This promoter proximal region is predicted to contain several putative Sp1 and NF-κB binding sites based on bioinformatic analysis. Direct binding of the Sp1 and NF-κB transcription factors to the TIN2 promoter sequence was demonstrated by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and/or chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays. Transfection of a plasmid carrying the Sp1 transcription factor into Sp-deficient SL2 cells strongly activated TIN2 promoter-driven luciferase reporter expression. Similarly, the NF-κB molecules p50 and p65 were found to strongly activate luciferase expression in NF-κB knockout MEFs. Mutating the predicted transcription factor binding sites effectively reduced TIN2 promoter activity. Various known chemical inhibitors of Sp1 and NF-κB could also strongly inhibit TIN2 transcriptional activity. Collectively, our results demonstrate the important roles that Sp1 and NF-κB play in regulating the expression of the human telomere-binding protein TIN2, which can shed important light on its possible role in causing various forms of human diseases and cancers.
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9
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Watters KM, Dean J, Hasegawa H, Sawa H, Hall W, Sheehy N. Cytokine and growth factor expression by HTLV-1 Lck-tax transgenic cells in SCID mice. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2010; 26:593-603. [PMID: 20438380 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2009.0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tax protein encoded by HTLV-1 plays a key role in the development of ATL in infected individuals. Our previous studies showed that tax transgenic mice develop disease that is almost identical to human ATL, with widespread organ invasion by lymphomatous cells and the development of leukemia. The same pathology develops rapidly in SCID mice engrafted with cells from the transgenic animals. In the present study, we used this SCID model to analyze the expression levels of several cytokines, growth factors, and adhesion molecules to determine their possible involvement in the development of disease. We showed that Tax expression was undetectable at the protein level in the tax-transformed cells used to inoculate the SCID mice and that these cells displayed constitutive NF-kappaB and Akt activity. We demonstrated significant differences in the levels of circulating PDGF-BB, TNF-alpha, sICAM-1, and sVCAM-1 in inoculated animals. Cell-surface staining of the tax transgenic cells showed that they do not express receptors for any of the upregulated growth factors. Significant differences were not found in the secreted levels of bFGF, MMP9, VEGF, or E-selectin, whereas IL-2, IL-15, IL-6, IL-1beta, and IFN-gamma expression was undetectable. Even though the number of factors analyzed is limited, our study identified TNF-alpha, PDGF-BB, and the adhesion molecules sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 as factors that may contribute to the high levels of organ infiltration by leukemic cells in this tax transgenic SCID model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M. Watters
- UCD Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jonathan Dean
- UCD Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sawa
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, and Global COE Program, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - William Hall
- UCD Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Noreen Sheehy
- UCD Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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10
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Tax 1-independent induction of vascular endothelial growth factor in adult T-cell leukemia caused by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1. J Virol 2010; 84:5222-8. [PMID: 20237090 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02166-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is caused by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1). Elevated expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in ATL patients is associated with leukemic cell invasion and infiltration in different organs. The regulatory protein Tax 1 encoded by HTLV-1 plays a pivotal role in T-cell transformation by deregulating the function and expression of several cellular factors. In the present study, we examined the effect of Tax 1 on VEGF expression at transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels in order to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms involved. Using functional assays, we demonstrate that Tax 1 downregulates the VEGF promoter through a cluster of Sp1 sites located close to the transcriptional start site. Using gel mobility shift assays, we show that Tax 1 reduced Sp1:DNA complex formation. We demonstrate that the level of secreted VEGF was significantly lower in Tax 1-transfected 293T cells compared to nontransfected cells, which is consistent with the observed downregulatory effect of Tax 1 at the transcription level. We showed that VEGF was secreted by HTLV-1-transformed and nontransformed cells, irrespective of Tax 1 expression. Overall our data indicate that, contrary to a previous report, Tax 1 downregulates VEGF expression and suggest there are Tax 1-independent mechanisms of VEGF activation in ATL.
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11
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Shifera AS, Hardin JA. Factors modulating expression of Renilla luciferase from control plasmids used in luciferase reporter gene assays. Anal Biochem 2009; 396:167-72. [PMID: 19788887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2009.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Revised: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amde Selassie Shifera
- Department of Internal Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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12
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Zhang L, Zhi H, Liu M, Kuo YL, Giam CZ. Induction of p21(CIP1/WAF1) expression by human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 Tax requires transcriptional activation and mRNA stabilization. Retrovirology 2009; 6:35. [PMID: 19356250 PMCID: PMC2676247 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
HTLV-1 Tax can induce senescence by up-regulating the levels of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21CIP1/WAF1 and p27KIP1. Tax increases p27KIP1 protein stability by activating the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) precociously, causing degradation of Skp2 and inactivation of SCFSkp2, the E3 ligase that targets p27KIP1. The rate of p21CIP1/WAF1 protein turnover, however, is unaffected by Tax. Rather, the mRNA of p21CIP1/WAF1 is greatly up-regulated. Here we show that Tax increases p21 mRNA expression by transcriptional activation and mRNA stabilization. Transcriptional activation of p21CIP1/WAF1 by Tax occurs in a p53-independent manner and requires two tumor growth factor-β-inducible Sp1 binding sites in the -84 to -60 region of the p21CIP1/WAF1 promoter. Tax binds Sp1 directly, and the CBP/p300-binding activity of Tax is required for p21CIP1/WAF1 trans-activation. Tax also increases the stability of p21CIP1/WAF1 transcript. Several Tax mutants trans-activated the p21 promoter, but were attenuated in stabilizing p21CIP1/WAF1 mRNA, and were less proficient in increasing p21CIP1/WAF1 expression. The possible involvement of Tax-mediated APC/C activation in p21CIP1/WAF1 mRNA stabilization is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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13
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Boxus M, Twizere JC, Legros S, Dewulf JF, Kettmann R, Willems L. The HTLV-1 Tax interactome. Retrovirology 2008; 5:76. [PMID: 18702816 PMCID: PMC2533353 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-5-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 08/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tax1 oncoprotein encoded by Human T-lymphotropic virus type I is a major determinant of viral persistence and pathogenesis. Tax1 affects a wide variety of cellular signalling pathways leading to transcriptional activation, proliferation and ultimately transformation. To carry out these functions, Tax1 interacts with and modulates activity of a number of cellular proteins. In this review, we summarize the present knowledge of the Tax1 interactome and propose a rationale for the broad range of cellular proteins identified so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Boxus
- University Academia Wallonie-Europe, Molecular and Cellular Biology at FUSAGx, Gembloux, Belgium.
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14
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Sleer LS, Taylor CC. Platelet-Derived Growth Factors and Receptors in the Rat Corpus Luteum: Localization and Identification of an Effect on Luteogenesis1. Biol Reprod 2007; 76:391-400. [PMID: 17108335 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.106.053934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) and their receptors (PDGFRs) play a vital role in regulating cell growth and angiogenesis. In this study, the expression of the family of PDGFs and PDGFRs in the ovarian corpus luteum were identified and characterized, and an effect of their activity on development of the corpus luteum revealed. Gonadotropin-stimulated immature rats were utilized as a model of induced ovulation, luteogenesis, and pseudopregnancy. Levels of ovarian mRNA for Pdgfb and Pdgfd, and their receptor, Pdgfrb, increased significantly as early as 4 h after human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) injection in immature rats primed with equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG). Gonadotropin regulation of Pdgfb expression was confirmed by in vitro promoter-reporter assays, which showed a 2- to 3-fold increase in Pdgfb promoter activity in response to luteinizing hormone (LH). Inhibition studies implicated protein kinase A, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mitogen activated protein kinase signaling pathways in the LH-induced upregulation. In the corpus luteum, PDGFA, PDGFB, PDGFC, and PDGFRA were localized to a population of luteal parenchymal/steroidogenic cells. PDGFRB was expressed primarily in what appeared to be cells of the luteal microvasculature. Intraovarian injection of an inhibitor of PDGF receptor activity, the tyrphostin AG1295, prior to injection of hCG in eCG-primed immature rats resulted in a significant 21.86%+/-11.15% decrease in corpora lutea per treated ovary in comparison to the contralateral vehicle-injected control ovary. In addition, the treated ovary of 3 of 16 rats showed widespread hemorrhage throughout the entire ovary, indicating a possible role for PDGF receptor activity in maintenance of the ovarian vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne S Sleer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Vincent T. Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
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15
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Peloponese JM, Jeang KT. Role for Akt/Protein Kinase B and Activator Protein-1 in Cellular Proliferation Induced by the Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Tax Oncoprotein. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:8927-38. [PMID: 16436385 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m510598200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 is an oncogenic retrovirus etiologically causal of adult T-cell leukemia. The virus encodes a Tax oncoprotein, which functions in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle control, and transformation. Because adult T-cell leukemia is a highly virulent cancer that is resistant to numerous chemotherapeutic treatments, to understand better this disease it is important to comprehend how human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 promotes cellular growth and survival. Most of the existing data point to Tax activation of NF-kappaB as important for cellular proliferation and transformation. We show here that Tax, in the absence of NF-kappaB signaling, can activate activator protein-1 to promote cellular proliferation and survival. Tax is shown to activate activator protein-1 through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marie Peloponese
- Molecular Virology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0460, USA
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16
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Kang HT, Hwang ES. 2-Deoxyglucose: An anticancer and antiviral therapeutic, but not any more a low glucose mimetic. Life Sci 2006; 78:1392-9. [PMID: 16111712 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2004] [Accepted: 07/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
2-Deoxyglucose (2-DG), a non-metabolizable glucose analogue, blocks glycolysis and inhibits protein glycosylation. It has been tested in multiple studies for possible application as an anticancer or antiviral therapeutic. The inhibitory effect of 2-DG on ATP generation made it a good candidate molecule as a calorie restriction mimetic as well. Furthermore, 2-DG has been utilized in numerous studies to simulate a condition of glucose starvation. Because 2-DG disrupts glucose metabolism, protein glycosylation, and ER quality control at the same time, a cellular or pathologic outcome could be easily misinterpreted without clear understanding of 2-DG's effect on each of these aspects. However, the effect of 2-DG on protein glycosylation has rarely been investigated. A recent study suggested that 2-DG causes hyperGlcNAcylation of proteins, while low glucose supply causes hypoGlcNAcylation. In certain aspects of cellular physiology, this difference could be disregarded, but in others, this may possibly cause totally different outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Tae Kang
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Dongdaemungu, Jeonnongdong 90, Seoul, Republic of Korea 130-743
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17
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Wu Z, Kim HP, Xue HH, Liu H, Zhao K, Leonard WJ. Interleukin-21 receptor gene induction in human T cells is mediated by T-cell receptor-induced Sp1 activity. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:9741-52. [PMID: 16260592 PMCID: PMC1280258 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.22.9741-9752.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-21 (IL-21) plays important roles in regulating the immune response. IL-21 receptor (IL-21R) mRNA is expressed at a low level in human resting T cells but is rapidly induced by mitogenic stimulation. We now investigate the basis for IL21R gene regulation in T cells. We found that the -80 to -20 region critically regulates IL-21R promoter activity and corresponds to a major DNase I-hypersensitive site. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays, DNA affinity chromatography followed by mass spectrometry, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that Sp1 binds to this region in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, mutation of the Sp1 motif markedly reduced IL-21R promoter activity, and Sp1 small interfering RNAs effectively diminished IL-21R expression in activated T cells. Interestingly, upon T-cell receptor (TCR) stimulation, T cells increased IL-21R expression and Sp1 protein levels while decreasing Sp1 phosphorylation. Moreover, phosphatase inhibitors that increased phosphorylation of Sp1 diminished IL-21R transcription. These data indicate that TCR-induced IL-21R expression is driven by TCR-mediated augmentation of Sp1 protein levels and may partly depend on the dephosphorylation of Sp1.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Western
- Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
- Chromatography, Affinity
- DNA Restriction Enzymes/pharmacology
- Deoxyribonuclease I/metabolism
- Exons
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genes, Reporter
- Humans
- Interleukin-21 Receptor alpha Subunit
- Luciferases/metabolism
- Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Mass Spectrometry
- Models, Genetic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation
- Phosphorylation
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Binding
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-21
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sp1 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Sp3 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transcriptional Activation
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood InstituteNational Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 7N252, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1674, USA
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18
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Sobue S, Hagiwara K, Banno Y, Tamiya-Koizumi K, Suzuki M, Takagi A, Kojima T, Asano H, Nozawa Y, Murate T. Transcription factor specificity protein 1 (Sp1) is the main regulator of nerve growth factor-induced sphingosine kinase 1 gene expression of the rat pheochromocytoma cell line, PC12. J Neurochem 2005; 95:940-9. [PMID: 16135093 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03399.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine kinase (SPHK) is known to exert an anti-apoptic role in various cells and cell lines. We previously reported that human brain is rich in SPHK1 (Murate et al. 2001). After showing a high expression of SPHK1 in rat brain, we examined the gene expression mechanism using nerve growth factor (NGF)-stimulated rat PC12 cells. With RT-PCR, we found that both rat brain and PC12 utilized exon 1d mostly out of eight untranslated first exons. NGF induced an increase in SPHK enzyme activity and protein about double those in PC12 cells, and NGF-induced SPHK1 mRNA was three times higher than in the control. The minimal 5' promoter was determined, and TrkA specific inhibitor K252a inhibited the NGF-induced promoter activity of SPHK1. The truncation or mutation of putative transcription factor-binding motifs revealed that one specificity protein 1 (Sp1) binding motif of the 5' region of exon 1d is prerequisite. Electrophoresis mobility shift assay confirmed the promoter analysis, indicating increased Sp1 protein binding to this motif after NGF treatment. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay also showed the binding of Sp1 and the promoter region in vivo. These results suggest the signal transduction pathway from NGF receptor TrkA to transcription factor Sp1 protein binding to the promoter Sp1-like motif in NGF-induced rat SPHK1 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sobue
- Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences, Daiko-minami, Nagoya, Japan
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19
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Wieland GD, Nehmann N, Müller D, Eibel H, Siebenlist U, Sühnel J, Zipfel PF, Skerka C. Early growth response proteins EGR-4 and EGR-3 interact with immune inflammatory mediators NF-κB p50 and p65. J Cell Sci 2005; 118:3203-12. [PMID: 16014385 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.02445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we characterize the basis for the T-cell-specific activity of the human zinc-finger protein early growth response factor 4 (EGR-4). A yeast two-hybrid screen showed interaction of EGR-4 with NF-κB p50. Using recombinant proteins, stable physical complex formation was confirmed for EGR-4 and EGR-3 with p50 and with p65 using glutathione-S-transferase pull-down assays and surface-plasmon-resonance and peptide-spot analyses. In vivo interaction of EGR-4 and EGR-3 with NF-κB p65 was demonstrated by immunoprecipitation experiments and fluorescence-resonance-energy transfer (FRET) analysis showing interaction in the nucleus of transfected Jurkat T cells. In transfection assays, EGR-p50 complexes were transcriptionally inactive and EGR-p65 complexes strongly activated transcription of the promoters of the human genes encoding the cytokines interleukin 2, tissue necrosis factor α and ICAM-1. The EGR-p65 complexes increased reporter-gene activity about 100-fold and thus exceeded the transcriptional activities of the p65 homodimer and the p65/p50 heterodimers. The major interaction domain for p65 was localized within the third zinc finger of EGR-4 using deletion mutants for pull-down assays and peptide-spot assays. By computer modeling, this interaction domain was localized to an α-helical region and shown to have the central amino acids surface exposed and thus accessible for interaction. In summary, in T cells, the two zinc-finger proteins EGR-4 and EGR-3 interact with the specific nuclear mediator NF-κB and control transcription of genes encoding inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard D Wieland
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Products, Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Butenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
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20
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Sinha-Datta U, Horikawa I, Michishita E, Datta A, Sigler-Nicot JC, Brown M, Kazanji M, Barrett JC, Nicot C. Transcriptional activation of hTERT through the NF-kappaB pathway in HTLV-I-transformed cells. Blood 2004; 104:2523-31. [PMID: 15226182 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-12-4251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In immortal cells, the existence of a mechanism for the maintenance of telomere length is critical. In most cases this is achieved by the reactivation of telomerase, a cellular reverse transcriptase that prevents telomere shortening. Here we report that the telomerase gene (hTERT) promoter is up-regulated during transmission of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-I (HTLV-I) to primary T cells in vitro and in ex vivo adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) samples, but not asymptomatic carriers. Although Tax impaired induction of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) mRNA in response to mitogenic stimulation, transduction of Tax into primary lymphocytes was sufficient to activate and maintain telomerase expression and telomere length when cultured in the absence of any exogenous stimulation. Transient transfection assays revealed that Tax stimulates the hTERT promoter through the nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) pathway. Consistently, Tax mutants inactive for NF-kappaB activation could not activate the hTERT or sustain telomere length in transduced primary lymphocytes. Analysis of the hTERT promoter occupancy in vivo using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays suggested that an increased binding of c-Myc and Sp1 is involved in the NF-kappaB-mediated activation of the hTERT promoter. This study establishes the role of Tax in regulation of telomerase expression, which may cooperate with other functions of Tax to promote HTLV-I-associated adult T-cell leukemia.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cells, Cultured
- Chromatin/genetics
- Chromatin/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins
- Gene Products, tax/genetics
- Gene Products, tax/metabolism
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/physiology
- Humans
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/enzymology
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/virology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Models, Genetic
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Sp1 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Telomerase/genetics
- Telomerase/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic/genetics
- Transcriptional Activation/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Sinha-Datta
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, 3025 Wahl Hall West, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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21
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Chen L, Ma S, Li B, Fink T, Zachar V, Takahashi M, Cuttichia J, Tsui LC, Ebbesen P, Liu X. Transcriptional activation of immediate-early gene ETR101 by human T-cell leukaemia virus type I Tax. J Gen Virol 2004; 84:3203-3214. [PMID: 14645902 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.19283-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukaemia virus type I (HTLV-I) Tax regulates viral and cellular gene expression through interactions with multiple cellular transcription pathways. This study describes the finding of immediate-early gene ETR101 expression in HTLV-I-infected cells and its regulation by Tax. ETR101 was persistently expressed in HTLV-I-infected cells but not in HTLV-I uninfected cells. Expression of ETR101 was dependent upon Tax expression in the inducible Tax-expressing cell line JPX-9 and also in Jurkat cells transiently transfected with Tax-expressing vectors. Tax transactivated the ETR101 gene promoter in a transient transfection assay. A series of deletion and mutation analyses of the ETR101 gene promoter indicated that a 35 bp region immediately upstream of the TATA-box sequence, which contains a consensus cAMP response element (CRE) and a G+C-rich sequence, is the critical responsive element for Tax activation. Site-directed mutagenesis analysis of the 35 bp region suggested that both the consensus CRE motif and its upstream G+C-rich sequence were critical for Tax transactivation. Electrophoretic mobility shift analysis (EMSA) using the 35 bp sequence as probe showed the formation of a specific protein-DNA complex in HTLV-I-infected cell lines. EMSA with specific antibodies confirmed that the CREB transcription factor was responsible for formation of this specific protein-DNA complex. These results suggested that Tax directly transactivated ETR101 gene expression, mainly through a CRE sequence via the CREB transcription pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Aalborg University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Shiliang Ma
- Department of Virus and Cancer, Danish Cancer Society, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Bo Li
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Aalborg University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Trine Fink
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Aalborg University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Vladimir Zachar
- Department of Virus and Cancer, Danish Cancer Society, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Aalborg University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mark Takahashi
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1Z8
| | - Jamie Cuttichia
- Program of Genetics and Genomic Biology, Center for Applied Genomics, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Lap-Chee Tsui
- Program of Genetics and Genomic Biology, Center for Applied Genomics, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Peter Ebbesen
- Department of Virus and Cancer, Danish Cancer Society, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Aalborg University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Xiangdong Liu
- Program of Genetics and Genomic Biology, Center for Applied Genomics, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
- Department of Virus and Cancer, Danish Cancer Society, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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22
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Peng H, He H, Hay J, Ruyechan WT. Interaction between the varicella zoster virus IE62 major transactivator and cellular transcription factor Sp1. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:38068-75. [PMID: 12855699 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m302259200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The varicella zoster virus (VZV) IE62 protein is involved in the activation of expression of all three kinetic classes of VZV proteins. Analysis of the viral promoter for VZV glycoprotein I has shown that the cellular factor Sp1 is involved in or required for the observed IE62 mediated activation. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments show that the two proteins are present in a complex in VZV-infected cells. Protein affinity pull-down assays using recombinant proteins showed that IE62 and Sp1 interact in the absence of any other viral and cellular proteins. Mapping studies using GST-fusion proteins containing truncations of IE62 and Sp1 have delimited the interacting regions to amino acids 612-778 in Sp1 and amino acids 226-299 in IE62. The region identified in Sp1 is involved in DNA-binding, synergistic Sp1 activation, and Sp1 interaction with cellular transcription factors. The interacting region identified in IE62 overlaps with or borders on sites involved in interactions with the VZV IE4 protein and the cellular factors TBP and TFIIB. Assays using wild-type and mutant promoter elements indicate that Sp1 is involved in recruitment of IE62 to the gI promoter and IE62 enhances Sp1 and TBP binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Peng
- Department of Microbiology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA
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23
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Beck Z, Bácsi A, Liu X, Ebbesen P, Andirkó I, Csoma E, Kónya J, Nagy E, Tóth FD. Differential patterns of human cytomegalovirus gene expression in various T-cell lines carrying human T-cell leukemia-lymphoma virus type I: role of Tax-activated cellular transcription factors. J Med Virol 2003; 71:94-104. [PMID: 12858414 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.10447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Replication of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) was investigated in various T-cell lines expressing the tax gene product of human T-cell leukemia-lymphoma virus type I (HTLV-I). Differential patterns of HCMV replication were found in HTLV-I-carrying cell lines. HCMV gene expression was restricted to the immediate-early genes in MT-2 and MT-4 cells, whereas full replication cycle of the virus was observed in C8166-45 cells. Productive HCMV infection induced a cytopathic effect resulting in the lysis of infected cells. The results of electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) showed high levels of NF-kappaB-, CREB/ATF-1-, and SRF-specific DNA binding activity in all Tax-positive cell lines. In contrast, SP1 activity could be detected only in C8166-45 cells. Using an inducible system (Jurkat cell line JPX-9), a dramatic increase in NF-kappaB, CREB/ATF-1, SRF, and SP1 binding activity, as well as productive HCMV infection, were observed upon Tax expression. Overexpression of SP1 in MT-2 and MT-4 cells converted HCMV infection from an abortive to a productive one. These data suggest that the stimulatory effect of Tax protein on HCMV in T cells is accomplished through at least five host-related transcription factor pathways. The results of this study provide possible mechanisms whereby HCMV infections might imply suppression of adult T-cell leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Beck
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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24
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Decker EL, Nehmann N, Kampen E, Eibel H, Zipfel PF, Skerka C. Early growth response proteins (EGR) and nuclear factors of activated T cells (NFAT) form heterodimers and regulate proinflammatory cytokine gene expression. Nucleic Acids Res 2003; 31:911-21. [PMID: 12560487 PMCID: PMC149206 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkg186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2002] [Revised: 12/10/2002] [Accepted: 12/10/2002] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of transcription factors by receptor mediated signaling is an essential step for T lymphocyte effector function. Following antigenic stimulation of T cells the two central cytokines IL-2 and TNFalpha are co-expressed and co-regulated. Two important transcription factors, i.e., early growth response (EGR) protein EGR-1 and nuclear factors of activated T cells (NFAT) protein NFATc, regulate transcription of the human IL-2 cytokine and the same combination of EGR and NFAT proteins seems relevant for coordinated cytokine expression. Here we demonstrate that the zinc finger protein EGR-1 and two members of the NFAT protein family bind simultaneously to adjacent elements position -168 to -150 within the TNFalpha promoter. Both promoter sites are important for TNFalpha gene transcription as shown by transfection assays having the IL-2 and TNFalpha promoters linked to a luciferase reporter. The use of promoter deletion constructs with the zinc finger protein (ZIP), the NFAT binding element or a combination of both deleted show a functional cooperation of these elements and of their binding factors. These experiments demonstrate that EGR-1 as well as EGR-4 functionally cooperate with NFAT proteins and induce expression of both cytokine genes. Using tagged NFATc and NFATp in glutathione S-transferase pull down assays showed interaction and physical complex formation of each NFAT protein with recombinant, as well as native, EGR-1 and EGR-4 proteins. Thus EGR-NFAT interaction and complex formation seems essential for human cytokine expression as adjacent ZIP and NFAT elements are conserved in the IL-2 and TNFalpha gene promoters. Binding of regulatory EGR and NFAT factors to these sites and the functional interaction and formation of stable heterodimeric complexes indicate an important role of these factors for gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva L Decker
- Research Group of Biomolecular Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Bernhard-Nocht Strasse 74, Germany
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25
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Lee DK, Kim BC, Brady JN, Jeang KT, Kim SJ. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 tax inhibits transforming growth factor-beta signaling by blocking the association of Smad proteins with Smad-binding element. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:33766-75. [PMID: 12097320 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m200150200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) oncoprotein Tax is implicated in various clinical manifestations associated with infection by HTLV-1, including an aggressive and fatal T-cell malignancy. Because many human HTLV-1-infected T-cell lines are resistant to the growth inhibitory activity of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), we examined the possibility that the HTVL-1-Tax oncoprotein regulates TGF-beta signaling. We show that Tax significantly decreases transcriptional activity and growth inhibition in response to TGF-beta. Tax inhibits TGF-beta-induced plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression and Smad2 phosphorylation. Competitive interaction studies show that Tax inhibits TGF-beta signaling, in part, by disrupting the interaction of the Smads with the transcriptional co-activator p300. Tax directly interacts with Smad2, Smad3, and Smad4; the Smad MH2 domain binds to Tax. Furthermore, Tax inhibits Smad3.Smad4 complex formation and its DNA binding. These results suggest that suppression of Smad-mediated signaling by Tax may contribute to HTLV-1-associated leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dug Keun Lee
- Laboratory of Cell Regulation and Carcinogenesis, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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26
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Grant C, Barmak K, Alefantis T, Yao J, Jacobson S, Wigdahl B. Human T cell leukemia virus type I and neurologic disease: events in bone marrow, peripheral blood, and central nervous system during normal immune surveillance and neuroinflammation. J Cell Physiol 2002; 190:133-59. [PMID: 11807819 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.10053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Human T cell lymphotropic/leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) has been identified as the causative agent of both adult T cell leukemia (ATL) and HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Although the exact sequence of events that occur during the early stages of infection are not known in detail, the initial route of infection may predetermine, along with host, environmental, and viral factors, the subset of target cells and/or the primary immune response encountered by HTLV-I, and whether an HTLV-I-infected individual will remain asymptomatic, develop ATL, or progress to the neuroinflammatory disease, HAM/TSP. Although a large number of studies have indicated that CD4(+) T cells represent an important target for HTLV-I infection in the peripheral blood (PB), additional evidence has accumulated over the past several years demonstrating that HTLV-I can infect several additional cellular compartments in vivo, including CD8(+) T lymphocytes, PB monocytes, dendritic cells, B lymphocytes, and resident central nervous system (CNS) astrocytes. More importantly, extensive latent viral infection of the bone marrow, including cells likely to be hematopoietic progenitor cells, has been observed in individuals with HAM/TSP as well as some asymptomatic carriers, but to a much lesser extent in individuals with ATL. Furthermore, HTLV-I(+) CD34(+) hematopoietic progenitor cells can maintain the intact proviral genome and initiate viral gene expression during the differentiation process. Introduction of HTLV-I-infected bone marrow progenitor cells into the PB, followed by genomic activation and low level viral gene expression may lead to an increase in proviral DNA load in the PB, resulting in a progressive state of immune dysregulation including the generation of a detrimental cytotoxic Tax-specific CD8(+) T cell population, anti-HTLV-I antibodies, and neurotoxic cytokines involved in disruption of myelin-producing cells and neuronal degradation characteristic of HAM/TSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Grant
- Laboratory for Molecular Retrovirology and Viral Neuropathogenesis, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
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27
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Kubota S, Mukudai Y, Hattori T, Eguchi T, Kondo S, Takigawa M. Cell-type-specific trans-activation of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase promoter by the human T-cell leukemia virus type I Tax protein. DNA Cell Biol 2001; 20:563-8. [PMID: 11747607 DOI: 10.1089/104454901317094972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human T-cell leukemia virus type I Tax protein (HTLV-I Tax) is known as a trans-activating factor for a variety of genes, including those of cytokines. Here, we show that Tax is capable of activating the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) promoter in certain mammalian cell lines. In murine NIH 3T3 fibroblasts and human HeLa cells, trans-activation by Tax was remarkably strong, whereas in human chondrocytic HCS-2/8 and monkey kidney Cos-7 cells, the responsiveness of the TK promoter to Tax was poor. Deletion analysis revealed that one of the two previously described Sp1 sites is required for the Tax responsiveness, whereas the CTF binding site is not. The results suggest possible interactions between the oncogenic Tax protein and the viral TK in coinfected cells in vivo. Care should be taken in the context of HTLV-I research, as the HSV-TK promoter has been widely used in molecular biology and gene therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kubota
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama, Japan
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28
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Black AR, Black JD, Azizkhan-Clifford J. Sp1 and krüppel-like factor family of transcription factors in cell growth regulation and cancer. J Cell Physiol 2001; 188:143-60. [PMID: 11424081 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 819] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Sp/KLF family contains at least twenty identified members which include Sp1-4 and numerous krüppel-like factors. Members of the family bind with varying affinities to sequences designated as 'Sp1 sites' (e.g., GC-boxes, CACCC-boxes, and basic transcription elements). Family members have different transcriptional properties and can modulate each other's activity by a variety of mechanisms. Since cells can express multiple family members, Sp/KLF factors are likely to make up a transcriptional network through which gene expression can be fine-tuned. 'Sp1 site'-dependent transcription can be growth-regulated, and the activity, expression, and/or post-translational modification of multiple family members is altered with cell growth. Furthermore, Sp/KLF factors are involved in many growth-related signal transduction pathways and their overexpression can have positive or negative effects on proliferation. In addition to growth control, Sp/KLF factors have been implicated in apoptosis and angiogenesis; thus, the family is involved in several aspects of tumorigenesis. Consistent with a role in cancer, Sp/KLF factors interact with oncogenes and tumor suppressors, they can be oncogenic themselves, and altered expression of family members has been detected in tumors. Effects of changes in Sp/KLF factors are context-dependent and can appear contradictory. Since these factors act within a network, this diversity of effects may arise from differences in the expression profile of family members in various cells. Thus, it is likely that the properties of the overall network of Sp/KLF factors play a determining role in regulation of cell growth and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Black
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA.
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29
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Robek MD, Ratner L. Immortalization of T lymphocytes by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 is independent of the tax-CBP/p300 interaction. J Virol 2000; 74:11988-92. [PMID: 11090202 PMCID: PMC112485 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.24.11988-11992.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) Tax oncoprotein is a 40-kDa nuclear phosphoprotein which functions in the viral replication cycle as a transcriptional trans-activator of the viral long terminal repeat. Tax interacts with a variety of different transcription factors, including the CREB binding protein (CBP)/p300 family of transcriptional accessory proteins. We demonstrate that a Tax mutant defective for the CBP/p300 interaction retains the capacity to immortalize primary human T lymphocytes when it is expressed from a functional molecular clone of HTLV-1. Thus, immortalization of HTLV-1-infected cells appears to be independent of Tax-induced alterations in CBP/p300 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Robek
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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30
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Li XH, Gaynor RB. Mechanisms of NF-kappaB activation by the HTLV type 1 tax protein. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2000; 16:1583-90. [PMID: 11080795 DOI: 10.1089/08892220050192994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Tax protein encoded by the human T cell leukemia virus type I virus (HTLV-1) activates the expression of both viral genes and cellular genes involved in T lymphocyte growth and proliferation. One of the critical cellular pathways activated by Tax is NF-kappaB. NF-kappaB is normally sequestered in the cytoplasm, bound to a family of inhibitory proteins known as I-kappaB. In contrast to the transient activation of the NF-kappaB pathway seen in response to cytokines, Tax results in constitutive nuclear levels of NF-kappaB. Tax activation of the NF-kappaB pathway is mediated by its ability to enhance the phosphorylation and subsequent degradation of I-kappaB. The persistent activation of the NF-kappaB pathway by Tax is believed to be one of the major events involved in HTLV-1-mediated cellular transformation of T lymphocytes. This review summarizes data exploring the role of Tax in activating the NF-kappaB pathway and discusses our studies to determine the mechanism by which Tax activates the NF-kappaB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- X H Li
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Harold Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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31
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Heller S, Scheibenpflug L, Westermark B, Nistér M. PDGF B mRNA variants in human tumors with similarity to the v-sis oncogene: Expression of cellular PDGF B protein is associated with exon 1 divergence, but not with a 3'UTR splice variant. Int J Cancer 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(20000115)85:2%3c211::aid-ijc11%3e3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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32
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Heller S, Scheibenpflug L, Westermark B, Nistér M. PDGF B mRNA variants in human tumors with similarity to the v-sis oncogene: Expression of cellular PDGF B protein is associated with exon 1 divergence, but not with a 3'UTR splice variant. Int J Cancer 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(20000115)85:2<211::aid-ijc11>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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33
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Liu X, Chen X, Zachar V, Chang C, Ebbesen P. Transcriptional activation of human TR3/nur77 gene expression by human T-lymphotropic virus type I Tax protein through two AP-1-like elements. J Gen Virol 1999; 80 ( Pt 12):3073-3081. [PMID: 10567637 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-80-12-3073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tax transactivator of human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) is capable of inducing expression of the human immediate-early TR3/nur77 gene. Deletion and mutation analyses of the TR3/nur77 promoter demonstrated that multiple transcription elements in the 121 bp sequence proximal to the transcription start site are required for full Tax transactivation. Mutations of CArG-like, Ets and RCE motifs in this region severely decreased Tax transactivation. Mutation of either of the two identical AP-1-like elements (NAP 1 and 2) immediately upstream of the TATA box caused around 80% reduction of Tax transactivation. Mutation of both NAP elements blocked Tax-mediated activation totally. These two NAP elements could confer Tax-responsiveness on a heterologous basal promoter. Furthermore, the specific NAP-binding complex was only observed in HTLV-I-infected cells. Formation of this specific NAP-binding complex was correlated directly with Tax expression, as demonstrated in JPX-9 cells upon induction of Tax expression. The specific NAP binding could be competed for by consensus AP-1 and CREB elements, indicating that the NAP-binding proteins probably belong to the AP-1 and CREB/ATF transcription factor families. Supershift analysis with antibodies to both the AP-1 and CREB/ATF transcription factor families revealed that only anti-JunD antibody could partially shift this NAP-binding complex, indicating that JunD is a component of the NAP complex. This work suggests that JunD is involved in Tax-regulated TR3/nur77 expression.
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MESH Headings
- Base Sequence
- Binding, Competitive
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Gene Products, tax/genetics
- Gene Products, tax/metabolism
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/genetics
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/metabolism
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear
- Receptors, Steroid
- Response Elements/genetics
- Transcription Factor AP-1/genetics
- Transcription Factor AP-1/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcriptional Activation
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Liu
- Department of Virus and Cancer, Danish Cancer Society, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark1
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- Department of Virus and Cancer, Danish Cancer Society, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark1
| | - Vladimir Zachar
- Department of Virus and Cancer, Danish Cancer Society, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark1
| | - Chawnshang Chang
- George H. Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology and Biochemistry, University of Rochester, Box 626, Rochester, NY 14642, USA2
| | - Peter Ebbesen
- Department of Virus and Cancer, Danish Cancer Society, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark1
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34
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Robek MD, Ratner L. Immortalization of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax mutants expressed in a functional molecular clone. J Virol 1999; 73:4856-65. [PMID: 10233947 PMCID: PMC112529 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.6.4856-4865.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) transcriptional trans-activator Tax has been demonstrated to have transforming activity in multiple cell culture and transgenic-mouse models. In addition to activating transcription from the viral long terminal repeat (LTR) through the cyclic AMP response element binding protein/activating transcription factor (CREB/ATF) family of transcription factors, Tax activates the expression of multiple cellular promoters through the NF-kappaB pathway of transcriptional activation. The Tax mutants M22 and M47 have previously been demonstrated to selectively abrogate the ability of Tax to activate transcription through the NF-kappaB or CREB/ATF pathway, respectively. These mutations were introduced in the tax gene of the ACH functional molecular clone of HTLV-1, and virus produced from the mutant ACH clones was examined for the ability to replicate and immortalize primary human lymphocytes. While virus derived from the clone containing the M47 mutation retained the ability to immortalize T lymphocytes, the M22 mutant lost the ability to immortalize infected cells. These results indicate that activation of the CREB/ATF pathway by Tax is dispensable for the immortalization of T cells by HTLV-1, whereas activation of the NF-kappaB pathway may be critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Robek
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Abstract
EGF stimulates gene expression through a variety of signal transduction pathways that include the ras-Erk pathway. We have shown previously that EGF receptor activation stimulates gastrin gene expression through a GC-rich element called gERE. This element binds Sp1 family members and raises the possibility that the ras-Erk signal transduction cascade may target this novel EGF responsive element. Moreover, it is known that Erk 2 is capable of phosphorylating other mitogen-inducible transcription factors, e.g., Elk, Sap suggesting that Erk may also inducibly phosphorylate Sp1. To test this hypothesis directly using cotransfection experiments, we show that ras and Erk 2 activation indeed target the gERE element. The Mek 1 kinase inhibitor, PD98059, blocks 50% of EGF-inducible gastrin promoter activity. Pretreatment of the extracts with recombinant Erk2 stimulated Sp1 binding; whereas dephosphorylation reduced but did not eliminate Sp1 binding. Together, these studies demonstrate the novel finding that inducible binding of Sp1 is regulated by its state of phosphorylation. Further, gastrin promoter activation is mediated in part by the ras-Erk signaling cascade that targets Sp1.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Merchant
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-0650, USA
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Gachon F, Peleraux A, Thebault S, Dick J, Lemasson I, Devaux C, Mesnard JM. CREB-2, a cellular CRE-dependent transcription repressor, functions in association with Tax as an activator of the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 promoter. J Virol 1998; 72:8332-7. [PMID: 9733879 PMCID: PMC110203 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.10.8332-8337.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tax protein of the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) has been implicated in human T-cell immortalization. The primary function of Tax is to transcriptionally activate the HTLV-1 promoter, but Tax is also known to stimulate expression of cellular genes. It has been reported to associate with several transcription factors, as well as proteins not involved in transcription. To better characterize potential cellular targets of Tax present in infected cells, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae two-hybrid screening was performed with a cDNA library constructed from the HTLV-1-infected MT2 cell line. From this study, we found 158 positive clones representing seven different cDNAs. We focused our attention on the cDNA encoding the transcription factor CREB-2. CREB-2 is an unconventional member of the ATF/CREB family in that it lacks a protein kinase A (PKA) phosphorylation site and has been reported to negatively regulate transcription from the cyclic AMP response element of the human enkephalin promoter. In this study, we demonstrate that CREB-2 cooperates with Tax to enhance viral transcription and that its basic-leucine zipper C-terminal domain is required for both in vitro and in vivo interactions with Tax. Our results confirm that the activation of the HTLV-1 promoter through Tax and factors of the ATF/CREB family is PKA independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Gachon
- Laboratoire Infections Rétrovirales et Signalisation Cellulaire, CRBM-CNRS UPR 1086, Institut de Biologie, 34060 Montpellier, France
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Lemasson I, Thébault S, Sardet C, Devaux C, Mesnard JM. Activation of E2F-mediated transcription by human T-cell leukemia virus type I Tax protein in a p16(INK4A)-negative T-cell line. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:23598-604. [PMID: 9722600 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.36.23598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) is a causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia. Although the exact mechanism by which HTLV-I contributes to leukemogenesis is still unclear, the Tax protein is thought to play a major role in this process. This 40-kDa polypeptide is able to interact with the tumor suppressor p16(INK4A). Consequently, Tax can activate the signaling pathway that lead to the release of E2F that in turn induces expression of factors required for cell cycle progression. In this paper, we demonstrate that Tax can also activate E2F-mediated transcription independently of p16(INK4A). Indeed, when Tax is coexpressed with the E2F-1 transcription factor in CEM T-cells, which lack expression of p16(INK4A), it strongly potentiates the E2F-dependent activation of a reporter construct driven by a promoter containing E2F binding sites. This stimulation is abrogated by mutations affecting the E2F-binding sites. In addition, Tax also stimulates the transcription of the E2F-1 gene itself. Using Tax mutants that fail to activate either ATF- or NF-kappaB-dependent promoters and different 5' truncation mutants of the E2F-1 promoter, we show that the Tax-dependent transcriptional control of the E2F1 gene involves, at least in part, the ATF binding site located in the E2F-1 promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Lemasson
- Laboratoire Infections Rétrovirales et Signalisation Cellulaire, CRBM/CNRS UPR1086, Institut de Biologie, 4 Bd Henri IV, 34060 Montpellier, France
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Carrasco-Serrano C, Campos-Caro A, Viniegra S, Ballesta JJ, Criado M. GC- and E-box motifs as regulatory elements in the proximal promoter region of the neuronal nicotinic receptor alpha7 subunit gene. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:20021-8. [PMID: 9685340 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.32.20021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The alpha7 subunit is a component of alpha-bungarotoxin-sensitive nicotinic acetylcholine receptors expressed in bovine adrenomedullary chromaffin cells. The proximal promoter of the gene coding for this subunit contains several GC-boxes and one E-box. Deletion analysis and transient transfections showed that a 120-base pair region (-77 to +43) including all of these elements gave rise to approximately 70 and 95% of the maximal transcriptional activity observed in chromaffin and SHSY-5Y neuroblastoma cells, respectively. Site-directed mutagenesis of the different elements indicated that both GC and E motifs contribute to the activity of the alpha7 gene in a very prominent way. Using electrophoretic mobility shift assays, the upstream stimulatory factor (USF) was shown to be a component of the complexes that interacted with the E-box when nuclear extracts from chromaffin and SHSY-5Y cells were used. Binding of the early growth response gene transcription factor (Egr-1) to three different GC-boxes was also demonstrated by shift assays and DNase I footprint analysis. Likewise, alpha7 promoter activity increased by up to 5-fold when alpha7 constructs and an Egr-1 expression vector were cotransfected into chromaffin cell cultures. Mutagenesis of individual GC-boxes had little effect on Egr-1 activation. By contrast, pairwise suppression of GC-boxes abolished activation, especially when the most promoter-proximal of the Egr-1 sites was removed. Taken together, these studies indicate that the alpha7 gene is likely to be a target for multiple signaling pathways, in which various regulatory elements are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Carrasco-Serrano
- Department of Neurochemistry, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03550 San Juan, Alicante, Spain
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Zhang W, Shields JM, Sogawa K, Fujii-Kuriyama Y, Yang VW. The gut-enriched Krüppel-like factor suppresses the activity of the CYP1A1 promoter in an Sp1-dependent fashion. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:17917-25. [PMID: 9651398 PMCID: PMC2275057 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.28.17917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut-enriched Krüppel-like factor (GKLF) is a newly identified zinc finger-containing transcription factor. Recent studies indicate that GKLF binds to a core DNA sequence of 5'-(G/A)(G/A)GG(C/T)G(C/T)-3', which is found in an endogenous cis element, the basic transcription element (BTE) of the cytochrome P-450IA1 (CYP1A1) promoter. The present study characterizes the ability of GKLF to regulate CYP1A1 expression. By electrophoretic mobility gel shift assay (EMSA) and methylation interference assay, GKLF was found to bind BTE in a manner similar to several other transcription factors known to interact with BTE including Sp1 and BTEB. Cotransfection studies in Chinese hamster ovary cells showed that GKLF inhibited the CYP1A1 promoter in a dose- and BTE-dependent manner. The same experiments also revealed that BTE was responsible for a significant portion of the CYP1A1 promoter activity. EMSA of nuclear extracts from Chinese hamster ovary cells showed that Sp1 and Sp3 were two major proteins that interacted with BTE. Additional cotransfection studies showed that GKLF inhibited Sp1-mediated activation of the CYP1A1 promoter. In contrast, GKLF enhanced Sp3-dependent suppression of the same promoter. Moreover, the ability of GKLF to inhibit Sp1-dependent transactivation was in part due to physical interaction of the two proteins. These findings indicate that GKLF is a negative regulator of the CYP1A1 promoter in a BTE-dependent fashion and that this inhibitory effect is in part mediated by physical interaction with Sp1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqing Zhang
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Janiel M. Shields
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Kazuhiro Sogawa
- Department of Chemistry, Tohoku University, Sendai 980, Japan
| | | | - Vincent W. Yang
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- ** To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Medicine, Ross 918, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave., Baltimore, MD 21205. Tel.: 410-955-9691; Fax: 410-955-9677; E-mail:
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