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Xie ZX, Li Y, Yang AM, Wu D, Wang Q. Pathogenesis of chronic enteropathy associated with the SLCO2A1 gene: Hypotheses and conundrums. World J Gastroenterol 2024; 30:2505-2511. [PMID: 38817656 PMCID: PMC11135407 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i19.2505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic enteropathy associated with the SLCO2A1 gene (CEAS) is a complex gastroenterological condition characterized by multiple ulcers in the small intestine with chronic bleeding and protein loss. This review explores the potential mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of CEAS, focusing on the role of SLCO2A1-encoded prostaglandin transporter OATP2A1 and its impact on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels. Studies have suggested that elevated PGE2 levels contribute to mucosal damage, inflammation, and disruption of the intestinal barrier. The effects of PGE2 on macrophage activation and Maxi-Cl channel functionality, as well as its interaction with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs play crucial roles in the progression of CEAS. Understanding the balance between its protective and pro-inflammatory effects and the complex interactions within the gastrointestinal tract can shed light on potential therapeutic targets for CEAS and guide the development of novel, targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Xin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Ai-Ming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Dong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
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Seki S, Tanaka G, Kimura T, Hayashida M, Miyoshi J, Matsuura M, Sakurai H, Hisamatsu T. Functional analysis of mutant SLCO2A1 transporters found in patients with chronic enteropathy associated with SLCO2A1. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 37:1776-1784. [PMID: 35877192 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.15968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Chronic enteropathy associated with the solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2A1 (SLCO2A1), or CEAS, causes anemia and hypoalbuminemia in young people. Dysfunction of the SLCO2A1 transporter protein is thought to involve genetic mutation, but mutant proteins have not been functionally characterized. We examined the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) transport ability of recombinant SLCO2A1 proteins containing 11 SLCO2A1 mutations found in CEAS patients. METHODS Wild-type and mutant SLCO2A1 proteins were forcibly expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, and measurements of PGE2 uptake and transport capacity were compared. The membrane protein topology and functionality of the eight SLCO2A1 mutations involving single-nucleotide substitutions were predicted using computer analysis. RESULTS The extent of functional disruption of the 11 SLCO2A1 mutations identified in CEAS patients was variable, with 10 mutations (421GT, 547GA, 664GA, 770GA, 830dupT, 830delT, 940 + 1GA, 1372GT, 1647GT, and 1807CT) resulting in loss or reduction of PGE2 transport, excluding 97GC. CONCLUSION PGE2 transport ability of recombinant SLCO2A1 in X. laevis oocytes was hindered in 10/11 SLCO2A1 mutations identified in patients with CEAS. Further studies on the relationships between the different mutations and PGE2 transport and clinical features, such as severity, are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satowa Seki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gen Tanaka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Kimura
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mari Hayashida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Miyoshi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Matsuura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sakurai
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadakazu Hisamatsu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Kahnt AS, Angioni C, Göbel T, Hofmann B, Roos J, Steinbrink SD, Rörsch F, Thomas D, Geisslinger G, Zacharowski K, Grösch S, Steinhilber D, Maier TJ. Inhibitors of Human 5-Lipoxygenase Potently Interfere With Prostaglandin Transport. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:782584. [PMID: 35126121 PMCID: PMC8814463 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.782584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) is the key enzyme in the formation of pro-inflammatory leukotrienes (LT) which play an important role in a number of inflammatory diseases. Accordingly, 5-LO inhibitors are frequently used to study the role of 5-LO and LT in models of inflammation and cancer. Interestingly, the therapeutic efficacy of these inhibitors is highly variable. Here we show that the frequently used 5-LO inhibitors AA-861, BWA4C, C06, CJ-13,610 and the FDA approved compound zileuton as well as the pan-LO inhibitor nordihydroguaiaretic acid interfere with prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release into the supernatants of cytokine-stimulated (TNFα/IL-1β) HeLa cervix carcinoma, A549 lung cancer as well as HCA-7 colon carcinoma cells with similar potencies compared to their LT inhibitory activities (IC50 values ranging from 0.1–9.1 µM). In addition, AA-861, BWA4C, CJ-13,610 and zileuton concentration-dependently inhibited bacterial lipopolysaccharide triggered prostaglandin (PG) release into human whole blood. Western Blot analysis revealed that inhibition of expression of enzymes involved in PG synthesis was not part of the underlying mechanism. Also, liberation of arachidonic acid which is the substrate for PG synthesis as well as PGH2 and PGE2 formation were not impaired by the compounds. However, accumulation of intracellular PGE2 was found in the inhibitor treated HeLa cells suggesting inhibition of PG export as major mechanism. Further, experiments showed that the PG exporter ATP-binding cassette transporter multidrug resistance protein 4 (MRP-4) is targeted by the inhibitors and may be involved in the 5-LO inhibitor-mediated PGE2 inhibition. In conclusion, the pharmacological effects of a number of 5-LO inhibitors are compound-specific and involve the potent inhibition of PGE2 export. Results from experimental models on the role of 5-LO in inflammation and pain using 5-LO inhibitors may be misleading and their use as pharmacological tools in experimental models has to be revisited. In addition, 5-LO inhibitors may serve as new scaffolds for the development of potent prostaglandin export inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid S. Kahnt
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- *Correspondence: Astrid S. Kahnt,
| | - Carlo Angioni
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Tamara Göbel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bettina Hofmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jessica Roos
- Paul-Ehrlich Institute, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Langen, Germany
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Florian Rörsch
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dominique Thomas
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kai Zacharowski
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sabine Grösch
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dieter Steinhilber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Thorsten J. Maier
- Paul-Ehrlich Institute, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Langen, Germany
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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An S, Zheng S, Cai Z, Chen S, Wang C, Li Y, Deng Z. Connexin43 in Musculoskeletal System: New Targets for Development and Disease Progression. Aging Dis 2022; 13:1715-1732. [DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.0421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Manneck D, Manz G, Braun HS, Rosendahl J, Stumpff F. The TRPA1 Agonist Cinnamaldehyde Induces the Secretion of HCO 3- by the Porcine Colon. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105198. [PMID: 34068986 PMCID: PMC8156935 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A therapeutic potential of the TRPA1 channel agonist cinnamaldehyde for use in inflammatory bowel disease is emerging, but the mechanisms are unclear. Semi-quantitative qPCR of various parts of the porcine gastrointestinal tract showed that mRNA for TRPA1 was highest in the colonic mucosa. In Ussing chambers, 1 mmol·L-1 cinnamaldehyde induced increases in short circuit current (ΔIsc) and conductance (ΔGt) across the colon that were higher than those across the jejunum or after 1 mmol·L-1 thymol. Lidocaine, amiloride or bumetanide did not change the response. The application of 1 mmol·L-1 quinidine or the bilateral replacement of 120 Na+, 120 Cl- or 25 HCO3- reduced ΔGt, while the removal of Ca2+ enhanced ΔGt with ΔIsc numerically higher. ΔIsc decreased after 0.5 NPPB, 0.01 indometacin and the bilateral replacement of 120 Na+ or 25 HCO3-. The removal of 120 Cl- had no effect. Cinnamaldehyde also activates TRPV3, but comparative measurements involving patch clamp experiments on overexpressing cells demonstrated that much higher concentrations are required. We suggest that cinnamaldehyde stimulates the secretion of HCO3- via apical CFTR and basolateral Na+-HCO3- cotransport, preventing acidosis and damage to the epithelium and the colonic microbiome. Signaling may involve the opening of TRPA1, depolarization of the epithelium and a rise in PGE2 following a lower uptake of prostaglandins via OATP2A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Manneck
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (D.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Gisela Manz
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (D.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Hannah-Sophie Braun
- PerformaNat GmbH, Hohentwielsteig 6, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (H.-S.B.); (J.R.)
| | - Julia Rosendahl
- PerformaNat GmbH, Hohentwielsteig 6, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (H.-S.B.); (J.R.)
| | - Friederike Stumpff
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (D.M.); (G.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-838-62595
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Nakanishi T, Nakamura Y, Umeno J. Recent advances in studies of SLCO2A1 as a key regulator of the delivery of prostaglandins to their sites of action. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 223:107803. [PMID: 33465398 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2A1 (SLCO2A1, also known as PGT, OATP2A1, PHOAR2, or SLC21A2) is a plasma membrane transporter consisting of 12 transmembrane domains. It is ubiquitously expressed in tissues, and mediates the membrane transport of prostaglandins (PGs, mainly PGE2, PGF2α, PGD2) and thromboxanes (e.g., TxB2). SLCO2A1-mediated transport is electrogenic and is facilitated by an outwardly directed gradient of lactate. PGs imported by SLCO2A1 are rapidly oxidized by cytoplasmic 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH, encoded by HPGD). Accumulated evidence suggests that SLCO2A1 plays critical roles in many physiological processes in mammals, and it is considered a potential pharmacological target for diabetic foot ulcer treatment, antipyresis, and non-hormonal contraception. Furthermore, whole-exome analyses suggest that recessive inheritance of SLCO2A1 mutations is associated with two refractory diseases, primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (PHO) and chronic enteropathy associated with SLCO2A1 (CEAS). Intriguingly, SLCO2A1 is also a key component of the Maxi-Cl channel, which regulates fluxes of inorganic and organic anions, including ATP. Further study of the bimodal function of SLCO2A1 as a transporter and ion channel is expected to throw new light on the complex pathology of human diseases. Here, we review and summarize recent information on the molecular functions of SLCO2A1, and we discuss its pathophysiological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Nakanishi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki, Gunma 370-0033, Japan.
| | - Yoshinobu Nakamura
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki, Gunma 370-0033, Japan
| | - Junji Umeno
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Concerted EP2 and EP4 Receptor Signaling Stimulates Autocrine Prostaglandin E 2 Activation in Human Podocytes. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051256. [PMID: 32438662 PMCID: PMC7290667 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glomerular hyperfiltration is an important mechanism in the development of albuminuria. During hyperfiltration, podocytes are exposed to increased fluid flow shear stress (FFSS) in Bowman’s space. Elevated Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis and upregulated cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox2) are associated with podocyte injury by FFSS. We aimed to elucidate a PGE2 autocrine/paracrine pathway in human podocytes (hPC). We developed a modified liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) protocol to quantify cellular PGE2, 15-keto-PGE2, and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGE2 levels. hPC were treated with PGE2 with or without separate or combined blockade of prostaglandin E receptors (EP), EP2, and EP4. Furthermore, the effect of FFSS on COX2, PTGER2, and PTGER4 expression in hPC was quantified. In hPC, stimulation with PGE2 led to an EP2- and EP4-dependent increase in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and COX2, and induced cellular PGE2. PTGER4 was downregulated after PGE2 stimulation in hPC. In the corresponding LC/ESI-MS/MS in vivo analysis at the tissue level, increased PGE2 and 15-keto-PGE2 levels were observed in isolated glomeruli obtained from a well-established rat model with glomerular hyperfiltration, the Munich Wistar Frömter rat. COX2 and PTGER2 were upregulated by FFSS. Our data thus support an autocrine/paracrine COX2/PGE2 pathway in hPC linked to concerted EP2 and EP4 signaling.
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Nakanishi T, Takashima H, Uetoko Y, Komori H, Tamai I. Experimental Evidence for Resecretion of PGE2 across Rat Alveolar Epithelium by OATP2A1/SLCO2A1-Mediated Transcellular Transport. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 368:317-325. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.249789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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9
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Nakamura Y, Nakanishi T, Tamai I. Membrane Transporters Contributing to PGE 2 Distribution in Central Nervous System. Biol Pharm Bull 2018; 41:1337-1347. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b18-00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinobu Nakamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Takeo Nakanishi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Ikumi Tamai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University
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10
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Yuan L, Chen X, Liu Z, Wu D, Lu J, Bao G, Zhang S, Wang L, Wu Y. Novel SLCO2A1 mutations cause gender differentiated pachydermoperiostosis. Endocr Connect 2018; 7:/journals/ec/aop/ec-18-0326.xml. [PMID: 30352415 PMCID: PMC6223238 DOI: 10.1530/ec-18-0326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (PHO) is a rare familial disorder with reduced penetrance for females. The genetic mutations associated with PHO have been identified in HPGD and SLCO2A1 which involved in prostaglandin E2 metabolism. Here we report 5 PHO patients from 4 non-consanguineous families. Two heterozygous mutations in solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2A1 (SLCO2A1) were identified in two brothers by whole-exome sequencing. Three heterozygous mutations and 1 homozygous mutation were identified in other 3 PHO families by Sanger sequencing. However, there was no mutation in HPGD. These findings confirmed that homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations of SLCO2A1 were the pathogenic cause of PHO. A female individual shared the same mutations in SLCO2A1 with her PHO brother but did not have any typical PHO symptoms. The influence of sex hormones on the pathogenesis of PHO and its implication were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyCenter for DNA Typing, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
- Department of General SurgeryTangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xihui Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyCenter for DNA Typing, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ziyu Liu
- Department of MicrobiologyAir Force Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyCenter for DNA Typing, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Lu
- Department of General SurgeryTangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoqiang Bao
- Department of General SurgeryTangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sijia Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyCenter for DNA Typing, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lifeng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyAir Force Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanming Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyCenter for DNA Typing, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
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Abstract
While normal angiogenesis is critical for development and tissue growth, pathological angiogenesis is important for the growth and spread of cancers by supplying nutrients and oxygen as well as providing a conduit for distant metastasis. The interaction among extracellular matrix molecules, tumor cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells is critical in pathological angiogenesis, in which various angiogenic growth factors, chemokines, and lipid mediators produced from these cells as well as hypoxic microenvironment promote angiogenesis by regulating expression and/or activity of various related genes. Sphingosine 1-phosphate and lysophosphatidic acid, bioactive lipid mediators which act via specific G protein-coupled receptors, play critical roles in angiogenesis. In addition, other lipid mediators including prostaglandin E2, lipoxin, and resolvins are produced in a stimulus-dependent manner and have pro- or anti-angiogenic effects, presumably through their specific GPCRs. Dysregulated lipid mediator signaling pathways are observed in the contxt of some tumors. This review will focus on LPA and S1P, two bioactive lipid mediators in their regulation of angiogenesis and cell migration that are critical for tumor growth and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hisano
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Timothy Hla
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
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Nakanishi T, Tamai I. Roles of Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide 2A1 (OATP2A1/SLCO2A1) in Regulating the Pathophysiological Actions of Prostaglandins. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 20:13. [PMID: 29204966 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0163-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2A1 (OATP2A1, encoded by the SLCO2A1 gene), which was initially identified as prostaglandin transporter (PGT), is expressed ubiquitously in tissues and mediates the distribution of prostanoids, such as PGE2, PGF2α, PGD2 and TxB2. It is well known to play a key role in the metabolic clearance of prostaglandins, which are taken up into the cell by OATP2A1 and then oxidatively inactivated by 15-ketoprostaglandin dehydrogenase (encoded by HPGD); indeed, OATP2A1-mediated uptake is the rate-limiting step of PGE2 catabolism. Consequently, since OATP2A1 activity is required for termination of prostaglandin signaling via prostanoid receptors, its inhibition can enhance such signaling. On the other hand, OATP2A1 can also function as an organic anion exchanger, mediating efflux of prostaglandins in exchange for import of anions such as lactate, and in this context, it plays a role in the release of newly synthesized prostaglandins from cells. These different functions likely operate in different compartments within the cell. OATP2A1 is reported to function at cytoplasmic vesicle/organelle membranes. As a regulator of the levels of physiologically active prostaglandins, OATP2A1 is implicated in diverse physiological and pathophysiological processes in many organs. Recently, whole exome analysis has revealed that recessive mutations in SLCO2A1 cause refractory diseases in humans, including primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (PHO) and chronic non-specific ulcers in small intestine (CNSU). Here, we review and summarize recent information on the molecular functions of OATP2A1 and on its physiological and pathological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Nakanishi
- Department of Membrane Transport and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Ikumi Tamai
- Department of Membrane Transport and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
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13
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Nakanishi T, Ohno Y, Aotani R, Maruyama S, Shimada H, Kamo S, Oshima H, Oshima M, Schuetz JD, Tamai I. A novel role for OATP2A1/SLCO2A1 in a murine model of colon cancer. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16567. [PMID: 29185482 PMCID: PMC5707394 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16738-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is associated with proliferation and angiogenesis in colorectal tumours. The role of prostaglandin transporter OATP2A1/SLCO2A1 in colon cancer tumorogenesis is unknown. We evaluated mice of various Slco2a1 genotypes in a murine model of colon cancer, the adenomatous polyposis (APC) mutant (Apc∆716/+) model. Median lifespan was significantly extended from 19 weeks in Slco2a1+/+/ApcΔ716/+ mice to 25 weeks in Slco2a1−/−/ApcΔ716/+ mice. Survival was directly related to a reduction in the number of large polyps in the Slco2a1−/−/Apc∆716/+ compared to the Slco2a1+/+/ApcΔ716/+ or Slco2a1+/−/ApcΔ716/+mice. The large polyps from the Slco2a1−/−/Apc∆716/+ mice had significant reductions in microvascular density, consistent with the high expression of Slco2a1 in the tumour-associated vascular endothelial cells. Chemical suppression of OATP2A1 function significantly reduced tube formation and wound-healing activity of PGE2 in human vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) although the amount of extracellular PGE2 was not affected by an OATP2A1 inhibitor. Further an in vivo model of angiogenesis, showed a significant reduction of haemoglobin content (54.2%) in sponges implanted into Slco2a1−/−, compared to wildtype mice. These studies indicate that OATP2A1 is likely to promote tumorogenesis by PGE2 uptake into the endothelial cells, suggesting that blockade of OATP2A1 is an additional pharmacologic strategy to improve colon cancer outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rika Aotani
- Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | | | - Hiroaki Shimada
- Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Hiroko Oshima
- Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masanobu Oshima
- Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - John D Schuetz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ikumi Tamai
- Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
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Kamo S, Nakanishi T, Aotani R, Nakamura Y, Gose T, Tamai I. Impact of FDA-Approved Drugs on the Prostaglandin Transporter OATP2A1/SLCO2A1. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2483-2490. [PMID: 28479361 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
To understand interaction of drugs with the prostaglandin transporter OATP2A1/SLCO2A1 that regulates disposition of prostaglandins, we explored the impact of 636 drugs in an FDA-approved drug library on 6-carboxyfluorescein (6-CF) uptake by OATP2A1-expressing HEK293 cells (HEK/2A1). Fifty-one and 10 drugs were found to inhibit and enhance 6-CF uptake by more than 50%, respectively. Effect of the 51 drugs on 6-CF uptake was positively correlated with that on PGE2 uptake (r = 0.64, p < 0.001). Among those, 5 drugs not structurally related to prostaglandins, suramin, pranlukast, zafirlukast, olmesartan medoxomil, and losartan potassium, exhibited more than 90% PGE2 uptake inhibition. Inhibitory affinity of suramin to OATP2A1 was the highest (IC50,2A1 of 0.17 μM), and its IC50 values to MRP4-mediated PGE2 transport (IC50,MRP4) and PGE2 synthesis in human U-937 cells treated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (IC50,Syn) were 73.6 and 336.7 times higher than IC50,2A1, respectively. Moreover, structure-activity relationship study in 29 nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs contained in the library displayed inhibitory activities of anthranilic acid derivatives, but enhancing effects of propionic acid derivatives. These results demonstrate that suramin is a potent selective inhibitor of OATP2A1, providing a comprehensive information about drugs in clinical use that interact with OATP2A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Kamo
- Department of Membrane Transport and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takeo Nakanishi
- Department of Membrane Transport and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Rika Aotani
- Department of Membrane Transport and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Nakamura
- Department of Membrane Transport and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Tomoka Gose
- Department of Membrane Transport and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Ikumi Tamai
- Department of Membrane Transport and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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Kajiwara M, Ban T, Matsubara K, Nakanishi Y, Masuda S. Urinary Dopamine as a Potential Index of the Transport Activity of Multidrug and Toxin Extrusion in the Kidney. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17081228. [PMID: 27483254 PMCID: PMC5000626 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine is a cationic natriuretic catecholamine synthesized in proximal tubular cells (PTCs) of the kidney before secretion into the lumen, a key site of its action. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying dopamine secretion into the lumen remain unclear. Multidrug and toxin extrusion (MATE) is a H+/organic cation antiporter that is highly expressed in the brush border membrane of PTCs and mediates the efflux of organic cations, including metformin and cisplatin, from the epithelial cells into the urine. Therefore, we hypothesized that MATE mediates dopamine secretion, a cationic catecholamine, into the tubule lumen, thereby regulating natriuresis. Here, we show that [3H]dopamine uptake in human (h) MATE1-, hMATE-2K- and mouse (m) MATE-expressing cells exhibited saturable kinetics. Fluid retention and decreased urinary excretion of dopamine and Na+ were observed in Mate1-knockout mice compared to that in wild-type mice. Imatinib, a MATE inhibitor, inhibited [3H]dopamine uptake by hMATE1-, hMATE2-K- and mMATE1-expressing cells in a concentration-dependent manner. At clinically-relevant concentrations, imatinib inhibited [3H]dopamine uptake by hMATE1- and hMATE2-K-expressing cells. The urinary excretion of dopamine and Na+ decreased and fluid retention occurred in imatinib-treated mice. In conclusion, MATE transporters secrete renally-synthesized dopamine, and therefore, urinary dopamine has the potential to be an index of the MATE transporter activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moto Kajiwara
- Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Tsuyoshi Ban
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Kazuo Matsubara
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Yoichi Nakanishi
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Satohiro Masuda
- Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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16
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Yerushalmi GM, Markman S, Yung Y, Maman E, Aviel-Ronen S, Orvieto R, Adashi EY, Hourvitz A. The prostaglandin transporter (PGT) as a potential mediator of ovulation. Sci Transl Med 2016; 8:338ra68. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aad2709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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17
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Arosh JA, Banu SK, McCracken JA. Novel concepts on the role of prostaglandins on luteal maintenance and maternal recognition and establishment of pregnancy in ruminants. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:5926-5940. [PMID: 27179861 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In ruminants, the corpus luteum (CL) of early pregnancy is resistant to luteolysis. Prostaglandin (PG)E2 is considered a luteoprotective mediator. Early studies indicate that during maternal recognition of pregnancy (MRP) in ruminants, a factor(s) from the conceptus or gravid uterus reaches the ovary locally through the utero-ovarian plexus (UOP) and protects the CL from luteolysis. The local nature of the embryonic antiluteolytic or luteoprotective effect precludes any direct effect of a protein transported or acting between the gravid uterus and CL in ruminants. During MRP, interferon tau (IFNT) secreted by the trophoblast of the conceptus inhibits endometrial pulsatile release of PGF2α and increases endometrial PGE2. Our recent studies indicate that (1) luteal PG biosynthesis is selectively directed toward PGF2α at the time of luteolysis and toward PGE2 at the time of establishment of pregnancy (ESP); (2) the ability of the CL of early pregnancy to resist luteolysis is likely due to increased intraluteal biosynthesis and signaling of PGE2; and (3) endometrial PGE2 is transported from the uterus to the CL through the UOP vascular route during ESP in sheep. Intrauterine co-administration of IFNT and prostaglandin E2 synthase 1 (PGES-1) inhibitor reestablishes endometrial PGF2α pulses and regresses the CL. In contrast, intrauterine co-administration of IFNT and PGES-1 inhibitor along with intraovarian administration of PGE2 rescues the CL. Together, the accumulating information provides compelling evidence that PGE2 produced by the CL in response to endometrial PGE2 induced by pregnancy may counteract the luteolytic effect of PGF2α as an additional luteoprotective mechanism during MRP or ESP in ruminants. Targeting PGE2 biosynthesis and signaling selectively in the endometrium or CL may provide luteoprotective therapy to improve reproductive efficiency in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe A Arosh
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station 77483.
| | - Sakhila K Banu
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station 77483
| | - John A McCracken
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs 06269
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Abstract
Prostaglandins are ubiquitous signaling molecules in the body that produce autocrine/paracrine effects on target cells in response to mechanical or chemical signals. In the heart, long-term exposure to prostaglandin (PG) F2α has been linked to the development of hypertrophy; however, there is no consensus on the acute effect of PGF2α. Our aim was to determine the response to exogenous PGF2α in isolated trabeculae from rat hearts. PGF2α (1 μM) increased both the Ca transients and the isometric stress in trabeculae, reaching steady state after 10-15 minutes, without altering the time course of Ca transient decay. The precursor of PGF2α, arachidonic acid, also stimulated a similar response. The positive inotropic effect of PGF2α was mediated through a protein kinase C signaling pathway that involved activation of the sarcolemmal Na/H exchanger. We also found that the slow force response to stretch was attenuated in the presence of PGF2α and by addition of indomethacin, a blocker of prostaglandin synthesis. In conclusion, PGF2α was positively inotropic when acutely applied to trabeculae and contributed to the increased Ca transients during the slow force response to stretch. Together, these data suggest that PGF2α is important in maintaining homeostasis during volume loading in healthy hearts.
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Intracellular prostaglandin E2 mediates cisplatin-induced proximal tubular cell death. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:293-302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Gose T, Nakanishi T, Kamo S, Shimada H, Otake K, Tamai I. Prostaglandin transporter (OATP2A1/SLCO2A1) contributes to local disposition of eicosapentaenoic acid-derived PGE3. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2015; 122:10-7. [PMID: 26692285 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)-derived prostaglandin E3 (PGE3) possesses an anti-inflammatory effect; however, information for transporters that regulate its peri-cellular concentration is limited. The present study, therefore, aimed to clarify transporters involved in local disposition of PGE3. PGE3 uptake was assessed in HEK293 cells transfected with OATP2A1/SLCO2A1, OATP1B1/SLCO1B1, OATP2B1/SLCO2B1, OAT1/SLC22A6, OCT1/SLC22A1 or OCT2/SLC22A2 genes, compared with HEK293 cells transfected with plasmid vector alone (Mock). PGE3 uptake by OATP2A1-expressing HEK293 cells (HEK/2A1) was the highest and followed by HEK/1B1, while no significantly higher uptake of PGE3 than Mock cells was detected by other transporters. Saturation kinetics in PGE3 uptake by HEK/2A1 estimated the Km as 7.202 ± 0.595 μM, which was 22 times higher than that of PGE2 (Km=0.331 ± 0.131 μM). Furthermore, tissue disposition of PGE3 was examined in wild-type (WT) and Slco2a1-deficient (Slco2a1(-/-)) mice after oral administration of EPA ethyl ester (EPA-E) when they underwent intraperitoneal injection of endotoxin (e.g., lipopolysaccharide). PGE3 concentration was significantly higher in the lung, and tended to increase in the colon, stomach, and kidney of Slco2a1(-/-), compared to WT mice. Ratio of PGE2 metabolite 15-keto PGE2 over PGE2 concentration was significantly lower in the lung and colon of Slco2a1(-/-) than that of WT mice, suggesting that PGE3 metabolism is downregulated in Slco2a1(-/-) mice. In conclusion, PGE3 was found to be a substrate of OATP2A1, and local disposition of PGE3 could be regulated by OATP2A1 at least in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoka Gose
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takeo Nakanishi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kamo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shimada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Katsumasa Otake
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Ikumi Tamai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
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Shimada H, Nakamura Y, Nakanishi T, Tamai I. OATP2A1/SLCO2A1-mediated prostaglandin E2 loading into intracellular acidic compartments of macrophages contributes to exocytotic secretion. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 98:629-38. [PMID: 26474801 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There is significant evidence that the inducible cyclooxygenase isoform (COX-2) regulates the pericellular concentration of PGE2; however, the mechanism of the secretory process remains unclear. The present study, therefore, aimed to evaluate the role of prostaglandin transporter (OATP2A1) in PGE2 secretion from macrophages. Immunofluorescence staining for Oatp2a1 (Slco2a1) was primarily detected in cytoplasmic domains, and was partially co-localized with anti-PGE2 antibody, LysoTracker®, and anti-lysosome-associated membrane protein (Lamp) 1 antibody in murine macrophage-derived RAW264 cells and peritoneal macrophages (PMs). PGE2 uptake by subcellular fraction containing light lysosomes was reduced significantly in the presence of an OATP inhibitor and in Slco2a1(+/-) PMs. Secretion of PGE2 and lysosome-specific N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase was enhanced in activated macrophagic cells, and diminished significantly under the Ca(2+)-depleted condition. The amount of PGE2 secreted from lipopolysaccharide-activated Slco2a1(-/-) PMs was significantly lower than that from PMs from wild type (WT) mice. Expression of Cox-2 and 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-Pgdh) was unchanged between PMs from Slco2a1(-/-) and WT mice. These results suggest that OATP2A1 is involved in PGE2-loading into intracellular acidic compartments, including light lysosomes. Thus, OATP2A1 contributes to PGE2 secretion by macrophages via exocytosis induced by Ca(2+) influx, independently of PGE2 synthesis and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Shimada
- Department of Membrane Transport and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Nakamura
- Department of Membrane Transport and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takeo Nakanishi
- Department of Membrane Transport and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Ikumi Tamai
- Department of Membrane Transport and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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Ahmad SF, Akoum A, Horne AW. Selective modulation of the prostaglandin F2α pathway markedly impacts on endometriosis progression in a xenograft mouse model. Mol Hum Reprod 2015; 21:905-16. [PMID: 26472819 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gav056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY HYPOTHESIS Selective activation or blockade of the prostaglandin (PG) F2α receptor (FP receptor) affects ectopic endometrial tissue growth and endometriosis development. STUDY FINDING FP receptor antagonists might represent a promising approach for the treatment of peritoneal endometriosis. WHAT IS KNOW ALREADY Eutopic and ectopic endometrium from women with endometriosis exhibit higher expression of key enzymes involved in the PGF2α biosynthetic pathway. It has also been shown that the PGF2α-FP receptor interaction induces angiogenesis in human endometrial adenocarcinoma. STUDY DESIGN, SAMPLES/MATERIALS, METHODS For this study, a mouse model of endometriosis was developed by inoculating human endometrial biopsies into the peritoneal cavity of nude mouse (n = 15). Mice were treated with AL8810 (FP receptor antagonist), Fluprostenol (FP receptor agonist) or PBS. Endometriosis-like lesions were collected and analysed for set of markers for angiogenesis, tissue remodelling, apoptosis, cell proliferation and capillary formation using qPCR and immunohistochemistry. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE We found that selective inhibition of the FP receptor with a specific antagonist, AL8810, led to a significant decline in the number (P < 0.01) and size of endometriosis-like lesions (P < 0.001), down-regulated the expression of key mediators of tissue remodelling (MMP9, P < 0.05) and angiogenesis (VEGF, P < 0.01) and up-regulated the pro-apoptotic factor (Bax, P < 0.01) as compared with controls. Immunohistochemical analyses further showed a marked decrease in cell proliferation and capillary formation in endometrial implants from AL8810-treated mice, as determined by proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and von Willebrand factor (vWF) immunostaining, respectively. Moreover, Fluprostenol, a selective FP receptor agonist, showed the opposite effects. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION We carried out this study in nude mice, which have low levels of endogenous estrogens which may affect the lesion growth. Caution is required when interpreting these results to women. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS This study extends the role of PG signalling in endometriosis pathogenesis and points towards the possible relevance of selective FP receptor antagonism as a targeted treatment for endometriosis. LARGE SCALE DATA Not Applicable. STUDY FUNDING AND COMPETING INTERESTS This work was supported by grant MOP-123259 to the late Dr Ali Akoum from the Canadian Institutes for Health Research. The authors have no conflict of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Furquan Ahmad
- Laboratoire d'Endocrinologie de la Reproduction, Centre de recherche, CHU de Québec-HSFA, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Ali Akoum
- Laboratoire d'Endocrinologie de la Reproduction, Centre de recherche, CHU de Québec-HSFA, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Andrew W Horne
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
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Hosotani R, Inoue W, Takemiya T, Yamagata K, Kobayashi S, Matsumura K. Prostaglandin transporter in the rat brain: its localization and induction by lipopolysaccharide. Temperature (Austin) 2015; 2:425-34. [PMID: 27227056 PMCID: PMC4843910 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2015.1062953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is produced in the brain during infectious/inflammatory diseases, and it mediates acute-phase responses including fever. In the recovery phase of such diseases, PGE2 disappears from the brain through yet unidentified mechanisms. Rat prostaglandin transporter (PGT), which facilitates transmembrane transport of PGE2, might be involved in the clearance of PGE2 from the brain. Here, we examined the cellular localization of PGT mRNA and its protein in the brains of untreated rats and those injected intraperitoneally with a pyrogen lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or saline. PGT mRNA was weakly expressed in the arachnoid membrane of untreated rats and saline-injected ones, but was induced in blood vessels of the subarachnoidal space and choroid plexus and in arachnoid membrane at 5 h and 12 h after LPS injection. In the same type of cells, PGT-like immunoreactivity was found in the cytosol and cell membrane even under nonstimulated conditions, and its level was also elevated after LPS injection. PGT-positive cells in blood vessels were identified as endothelial cells. In most cases, PGT was not colocalized with cyclooxygenase-2, a marker of prostaglandin-producing cells. The PGE2 level in the cerebrospinal fluid reached its peak at 3 h after LPS, and then dropped over 50% by 5 h, which time point coincides with the maximum PGT mRNA expression and enhanced level of PGT protein. These results suggest that PGT is involved in the clearance of PGE2 from the brain during the recovery phase of LPS-induced acute-phase responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rika Hosotani
- Faculty of Education; Shiga University ; Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Wataru Inoue
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Robarts Research Institute; Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry; University of Western Ontario ; London, ON, Canada
| | - Takako Takemiya
- Medical Research Institute; Tokyo Women's Medical University ; Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kanato Yamagata
- Neural Plasticity Project; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science ; Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeo Kobayashi
- Department of Intelligence Science and Technology; Graduate School of Informatics; Kyoto University ; Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Matsumura
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering; Osaka Institute of Technology ; Asahi-ku, Osaka, Japan
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Moon TC, Befus AD, Kulka M. Mast cell mediators: their differential release and the secretory pathways involved. Front Immunol 2014; 5:569. [PMID: 25452755 PMCID: PMC4231949 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MC) are widely distributed throughout the body and are common at mucosal surfaces, a major host-environment interface. MC are functionally and phenotypically heterogeneous depending on the microenvironment in which they mature. Although MC have been classically viewed as effector cells of IgE-mediated allergic diseases, they are also recognized as important in host defense, innate and acquired immunity, homeostatic responses, and immunoregulation. MC activation can induce release of pre-formed mediators such as histamine from their granules, as well as release of de novo synthesized lipid mediators, cytokines, and chemokines that play diverse roles, not only in allergic reactions but also in numerous physiological and pathophysiological responses. Indeed, MC release their mediators in a discriminating and chronological manner, depending upon the stimuli involved and their signaling cascades (e.g., IgE-mediated or Toll-like receptor-mediated). However, the precise mechanisms underlying differential mediator release in response to these stimuli are poorly known. This review summarizes our knowledge of MC mediators and will focus on what is known about the discriminatory release of these mediators dependent upon diverse stimuli, MC phenotypes, and species of origin, as well as on the intracellular synthesis, storage, and secretory processes involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Chul Moon
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - A. Dean Befus
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Marianna Kulka
- National Institute for Nanotechnology, National Research Council, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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25
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Madrigal-Martínez A, Cazaña FJL, Fernández-Martínez YAB. Role of intracellular prostaglandin E₂ in cancer-related phenotypes in PC3 cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 59:52-61. [PMID: 25462156 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) affect many mechanisms that have been shown to play a role in prostate cancer. In PGE2-treated LNCaP cells, up-regulation of HIF-1α requires the internalization of PGE2, which is in sharp contrast with the generally accepted view that PGE2 acts through EP receptors located at the cell membrane. Here we aimed to study in androgen-independent PC3 cells the role of intracellular PGE2 in several events linked to prostate cancer progression. To this end, we used bromocresol green, an inhibitor of prostaglandin uptake that blocked the immediate rise in intracellular immunoreactive PGE2 following treatment with 16,16-dimethyl-PGE2. Bromocresol green prevented the stimulatory effect of 16,16-dimethyl-PGE on cell proliferation, adhesion, migration and invasion and on HIF-1α expression and activity, the latter assessed as the HIF-dependent activation of (i) a hypoxia response element-luciferase plasmid construct, (ii) production of angiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor-A and (iii) in vitro angiogenesis. The basal phenotype of PC3 cells was also affected by bromocresol green, that substantially lowered expression of HIF-1α, production of vascular endothelial growth factor-A and cell proliferation. These results, and the fact that we found functional intracellular EP receptors in PC3 cells, suggest that PGE2-dependent intracrine mechanisms play a role in prostate cancer Therefore, inhibition of the prostaglandin uptake transporter might be a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Tanaka N, Yamaguchi H, Mano N. Transport of eicosapentaenoic acid-derived PGE₃, PGF(3α), and TXB₃ by ABCC4. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109270. [PMID: 25275481 PMCID: PMC4183643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Eicosapentaenoic acid-derived prostaglandin (PG) E3, PGF3α, and thromboxane (TX) B3 are bioactive lipid mediators which have anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects. To exert their effects, PGE3, PGF3α, and TXB3 must be released to the extracellular space from cells, but the release mechanism has been unclear. We therefore investigated the contribution of ATP-binding cassette transporter C4 (ABCC4), which has been known as a prostanoids efflux transporter, to the release of PGE3, PGF3α, and TXB3. Materials and Methods ATP-dependent transport of PGE3, PGF3α, and TXB3 via ABCC4 was investigated by using inside-out membrane vesicles prepared from ABCC4-overexpressing HEK293 cells. To evaluate the contribution of ABCC4 to the release of PGE3, PGF3α, and TXB3, we measured the extracellular and intracellular levels of PGE3, PGF3α, and TXB3 in A549 cells when we used ABCC4 inhibitors (dipyridamole, MK571, and probenecid) or ABCC4 siRNAs. The quantification of PGE3, PGF3α, and TXB3 was performed by using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Results The apparent Km values for ABCC4-mediated transport were 2.9±0.1 µM for PGE3, 12.1±1.3 µM for PGF3α, and 11.9±1.4 µM for TXB3 and the ATP-dependent accumulation of PGE3, PGF3α, and TXB3 into vesicles was decreased by using typical substrates and inhibitors of ABCC4. ABCC4 inhibitors and ABCC4 knockdown showed the reduction of extracellular/intracellular ratio of PGE3 (40–60% of control) and PGF3α (60–80% of control) in A549 cells. Conclusions Our results suggest that PGE3, PGF3α, and TXB3 are substrates of ABCC4 and ABCC4 partially contributes to the release of PGE3 and PGF3α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Tanaka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Yamaguchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Nariyasu Mano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
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27
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Moon TC, Campos-Alberto E, Yoshimura T, Bredo G, Rieger AM, Puttagunta L, Barreda DR, Befus AD, Cameron L. Expression of DP2 (CRTh2), a prostaglandin D₂ receptor, in human mast cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108595. [PMID: 25268140 PMCID: PMC4182489 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PGD₂ has long been implicated in allergic diseases. Recent cloning of a second PGD₂ receptor, DP2 (also known as CRTh2), led to a greater understanding of the physiological and pathophysiological implications of PGD₂. PGD₂ signaling through DP1 and DP2 mediates different and often opposite effects in many cell types of the immune system. Although mast cells (MC) are the largest source of PGD₂ in the body, there is little information about their potential expression of DP2 and its functional significance. In this study, we show that tissue MC in human nasal polyps express DP2 protein, and that human MC lines and primary cultured human MC express mRNA as well as protein of DP2. By immunohistochemistry, we detected that 34% of MC in human nasal polyps expressed DP2. In addition, flow cytometry showed that 87% of the LAD2 human MC line and 98% of primary cultured human MC contained intracellular DP2. However, we could not detect surface expression of DP2 on human MC by single cell analysis using imaging flow cytometry. Blocking of endogenous PGD2 production with aspirin did not induce surface expression of DP2 in human MC. Two DP2 selective agonists, DK-PGD₂ and 15R-15-methyl PGD₂ induced dose-dependent intracellular calcium mobilization that was abrogated by pertussis toxin, but not by three DP2 selective antagonists. MC mediator release including degranulation was not affected by DP2 selective agonists. Thus, human MC express DP2 intracellularly rather than on their surface, and the function of DP2 in human MC is different than in other immune cells such as Th2 cells, eosinophils and basophils where it is expressed on the cell surface and induces Th2 cytokine and/or granule associated mediator release. Further studies to elucidate the role of intracellular DP2 in human MC may expand our understanding of this molecule and provide novel therapeutic opportunities.
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MESH Headings
- Aspirin/pharmacology
- Calcium/metabolism
- Cell Degranulation/drug effects
- Cell Line
- Cytosol/drug effects
- Cytosol/metabolism
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Ion Transport
- K562 Cells
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/cytology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Mast Cells/cytology
- Mast Cells/drug effects
- Mast Cells/metabolism
- Nasal Polyps/metabolism
- Pertussis Toxin/pharmacology
- Primary Cell Culture
- Prostaglandin D2/analogs & derivatives
- Prostaglandin D2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Prostaglandin D2/biosynthesis
- Prostaglandin D2/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/agonists
- RNA, Messenger/antagonists & inhibitors
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/agonists
- Receptors, Immunologic/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/agonists
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Chul Moon
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Eduardo Campos-Alberto
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Tsuyoshi Yoshimura
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Graeme Bredo
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Aja M. Rieger
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Lakshmi Puttagunta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta Hospitals, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Daniel R. Barreda
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - A. Dean Befus
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Lisa Cameron
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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28
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Zhang J, Zhang HY, Zhang M, Qiu ZY, Wu YP, Callaway DA, Jiang JX, Lu L, Jing L, Yang T, Wang MQ. Connexin43 hemichannels mediate small molecule exchange between chondrocytes and matrix in biomechanically-stimulated temporomandibular joint cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2014; 22:822-30. [PMID: 24704497 PMCID: PMC4706739 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Connexin (Cx) 43 hemichannels play a role in mechanotransduction. This study was undertaken in order to determine if Cx43 hemichannels were activated in rat temporomandibular joint (TMJ) chondrocytes under mechanical stimulation. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were stimulated dental-mechanically. Cx43 expression in rat TMJ cartilage was determined with immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR, and Cx43 hemichannel opening was evaluated by the extra- and intracellular levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Both primary rat chondrocytes and ATDC5 cells were treated with fluid flow shear stress (FFSS) to induce hemichannel opening. The Cx43 expression level was then determined by real-time PCR or Western blotting, and the extent of Cx43 hemichannel opening was evaluated by measuring both PGE2 release and cellular dye uptake. RESULTS Cx43 expression and intra- and extracellular PGE2 levels were increased in mechanically-stimulated rat TMJ cartilage compared to the unstimulated control. The FFSS treatment increased Cx43 expression and induced Cx43 hemichannel opening in primary rat chondrocytes and ATDC5 cells indicated by enhanced PGE2 release and dye uptake. Furthermore, the Cx43 hemichannel opening could be blocked by the addition of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid, a Cx channel inhibitor, Cx43-targeting siRNA, or by withdrawal of FFSS stimulation. The migration of cytosolic Cx43 protein to the plasma membrane in ATDC5 cells was still significant after 8 h post 2-h FFSS treatment, and the Cx43 protein level was still high at 48 h, which returned to control levels at 72 h after treatment. CONCLUSION Cx43 hemichannels are activated and mediate small molecule exchange between TMJ chondrocytes and matrix under mechanical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, 145 Changlexi Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - H Y Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, 145 Changlexi Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - M Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, 145 Changlexi Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Z Y Qiu
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Y P Wu
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 15 Changlexi Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - D A Callaway
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
| | - J X Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
| | - L Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, 145 Changlexi Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - L Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, 145 Changlexi Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - T Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, 145 Changlexi Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - M Q Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, 145 Changlexi Road, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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29
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Lee J, Stanley JA, McCracken JA, Banu SK, Arosh JA. Intrauterine coadministration of ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126 inhibits interferon TAU action in the endometrium and restores luteolytic PGF2alpha pulses in sheep. Biol Reprod 2014; 91:46. [PMID: 24876409 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.113.111872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In ruminants, prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2alpha) is synthesized and released in a pulsatile pattern from the endometrial luminal epithelial (LE) cells during the process of luteolysis. Interferon tau (IFNT) is a Type 1 IFN secreted by the trophoblast cells of the developing conceptus. IFNT acts locally on endometrial LE cells to inhibit pulsatile releases of PGF2alpha and thus establish an endocrine environment for recognition of pregnancy. Cell signaling pathways through which IFNT stimulates expression of multiple genes or proteins in endometrial LE are largely unknown. Results of the present investigation indicate that intrauterine administration of IFNT inhibits pulsatile release of PGF2alpha, while coadministration IFNT and ERK 1/2 inhibitor U0126 restores luteolytic PGF2alpha pulses in sheep. IFNT increases phosphorylation of ERK1/2 proteins and increases its interaction with PGT proteins in endometrial LE. Blockade of ERK1/2 pathways inhibits IFNT action, decreases pERK1/2 and PGT protein interactions, and re-establishes the spatial expression of the oxytocin receptor protein completely and the estrogen receptor protein partially without modulating the expression of interferon regulatory factor-2 (IRF-2) protein in endometrial LE. IFNT does not decrease expression of COX-2, PGDH, or PGT protein in endometrial LE. Our results provide important new insights into IFNT signaling and the molecular endocrine control of PGF2alpha release at the time of establishment of pregnancy in ruminants. This novel IFNT-ERK1/2 signaling module needs to be explored in future studies to understand molecular and cellular mechanisms of IFNT action in endometrial LE in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- JeHoon Lee
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Jone A Stanley
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - John A McCracken
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Sakhila K Banu
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Joe A Arosh
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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30
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Nagano T, Kimura SH, Takemura M. Prostaglandin E2 induces apoptosis in cultured rat microglia. Brain Res 2014; 1568:1-9. [PMID: 24845544 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) plays a critical role in the modulation of microglial function including migration and phagocytosis through EP2, which increases intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) concentration. In the present study, we found that PGE2 reduces cell viability in microglia. PGE2 decreased 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction and increased lactate dehydrogenase release, deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage after 24h incubation, suggesting that PGE2 induces apoptosis in these cells. An EP2 agonist, butaprost, and an EP4 agonist, PGE1 alcohol, also induced apoptosis, while an EP1 agonist, 17-phenyl trinor PGE2, or an EP3 agonist, sulprostone, at 10(-6)M did not. On the other hand, EP1-EP4 antagonists, SC-51322, AH6809, L-798106, or GW627368X, up to 10(-5)M did not affect the decrease in MTT reduction by PGE2. Intracellular cyclic AMP accumulation was induced by butaprost, but not 17-phenyl trinor PGE2, sulprostone, or PGE1 alcohol at 10(-6)M. Additionally, we previously reported that PGE2-induced intracellular cyclic AMP accumulation was reversed by AH6809. Besides EP receptors, one of other targets was thought to be prostaglandin transporter, but its inhibitors, bromocresol green or U-46619 up to 10(-5)M did not affect the decrease in MTT reduction by PGE2. These results suggest that PGE2 induces apoptosis in microglia independent of intracellular cyclic AMP concentration, and there are different mechanisms between PGE2-induced apoptosis and the modulation of microglial function.
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MESH Headings
- Alprostadil/analogs & derivatives
- Alprostadil/metabolism
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cell Survival/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- DNA Fragmentation
- Dinoprostone/metabolism
- L-Lactate Dehydrogenase/metabolism
- Microglia/physiology
- Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases/metabolism
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP1 Subtype/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP1 Subtype/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype/agonists
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype/agonists
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype/agonists
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Nagano
- Department of Pharmacology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Shinya H Kimura
- Department of Pharmacology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Motohiko Takemura
- Department of Pharmacology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan.
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31
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Yang C, Chen C, Sorokin A. Prostaglandin E2 modifies SMAD2 and promotes SMAD2-SMAD4 complex formation. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2014; 90:145-9. [PMID: 24613014 PMCID: PMC4036222 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We report that PGE2 promotes Smad2-Smad4 complex formation and this phenomenon could be blocked by DIDS, an anion transporter inhibitor. Our data suggest that PGE2 had no effects on Smad2 phosphorylation, suggesting that PGE2-mediated Smad2-Smad4 complex formation is independent of TGF-β signaling and that PGE2 induced Smad2 modification which is different from TGF-β-mediated phosphorylation. We demonstrate that in primary human glomerular mesangial cells PGE2 caused modification of Smad2 as detected by Smad2N antibody, raised against a peptide near the N-terminus of Smad2. We hypothesize that Smad2 protein is post-translationaly modified by PGE2. Direct evidence of Smad2 modification by PGE2 was achieved by avidin pulldown assay which showed that endogenous Smad2 and recombinant Smad2 protein were attached by biotin-labeled PGE2. Taken together, our results provided evidence that post-translational modification of Smad2 could be a mechanism for the action of PGE2 in the pathogenesis of human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Disease Center, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Andrey Sorokin
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Disease Center, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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32
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Cudaback E, Jorstad NL, Yang Y, Montine TJ, Keene CD. Therapeutic implications of the prostaglandin pathway in Alzheimer's disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 88:565-72. [PMID: 24434190 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An important pathologic hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is neuroinflammation, a process characterized in AD by disproportionate activation of cells (microglia and astrocytes, primarily) of the non-specific innate immune system within the CNS. While inflammation itself is not intrinsically detrimental, a delicate balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory signals must be maintained to ensure that long-term exaggerated responses do not damage the brain over time. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) represent a broad class of powerful therapeutics that temper inflammation by inhibiting cyclooxygenase-mediated signaling pathways including prostaglandins, which are the principal mediators of CNS neuroinflammation. While historically used to treat discrete or systemic inflammatory conditions, epidemiologic evidence suggests that protracted NSAID use may delay AD onset, as well as decrease disease severity and rate of progression. Unfortunately, clinical trials with NSAIDs have thus far yielded disappointing results, including premature discontinuation of a large-scale prevention trial due to unexpected cardiovascular side effects. Here we review the literature and make the argument that more targeted exploitation of downstream prostaglandin signaling pathways may offer significant therapeutic benefits for AD while minimizing adverse side effects. Directed strategies such as these may ultimately help to delay the deleterious consequences of brain aging and might someday lead to new therapies for AD and other chronic neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiron Cudaback
- University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Box 359791, 325 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Nikolas L Jorstad
- University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Box 359791, 325 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Yue Yang
- University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Box 359791, 325 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Thomas J Montine
- University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Box 359791, 325 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - C Dirk Keene
- University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Box 359791, 325 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.
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33
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Abstract
In the mammalian kidney, prostaglandins (PGs) are important mediators of physiologic processes, including modulation of vascular tone and salt and water. PGs arise from enzymatic metabolism of free arachidonic acid (AA), which is cleaved from membrane phospholipids by phospholipase A2 activity. The cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme system is a major pathway for metabolism of AA in the kidney. COX are the enzymes responsible for the initial conversion of AA to PGG2 and subsequently to PGH2, which serves as the precursor for subsequent metabolism by PG and thromboxane synthases. In addition to high levels of expression of the "constitutive" rate-limiting enzyme responsible for prostanoid production, COX-1, the "inducible" isoform of cyclooxygenase, COX-2, is also constitutively expressed in the kidney and is highly regulated in response to alterations in intravascular volume. PGs and thromboxane A2 exert their biological functions predominantly through activation of specific 7-transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors. COX metabolites have been shown to exert important physiologic functions in maintenance of renal blood flow, mediation of renin release and regulation of sodium excretion. In addition to physiologic regulation of prostanoid production in the kidney, increases in prostanoid production are also seen in a variety of inflammatory renal injuries, and COX metabolites may serve as mediators of inflammatory injury in renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond C Harris
- George M. O'Brien Kidney and Urologic Diseases Center and Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
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34
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Lee J, McCracken JA, Banu SK, Arosh JA. Intrauterine inhibition of prostaglandin transporter protein blocks release of luteolytic PGF2alpha pulses without suppressing endometrial expression of estradiol or oxytocin receptor in ruminants. Biol Reprod 2013; 89:27. [PMID: 23759308 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.112.106427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In ruminants, prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2(alpha)) is synthesized and released in a pulsatile pattern from the endometria luminal epithelial (LE) cells during the process of luteolysis. Prostaglandin transporter (PGT) is a 12-transmembrane solute carrier organic anion transporter protein that facilitates transport of PGF2(alpha). The present study determined the effects of inhibition of PGT protein on pulsatile release of luteolytic PGF2(alpha) and the underlined cell-signaling mechanisms. The results indicate that intrauterine inhibition of the PGT protein inhibits the pulsatile release of PGF2(alpha) from the endometrium and maintains a functional corpus luteum. Surprisingly, inhibition of PGT-mediated luteolytic pulses is not associated with spatial regulation of estrogen and oxytocin receptors in the LE of the endometrium and is also not accompanied by decreased biosynthesis of PGF2(alpha) or increased catabolism of PGF2(alpha) by the endometrium. Importantly, PGT inhibitor increases expression of pERK1/2 proteins in the LE of the endometrium. Knock down of ERK1/2 genes in LE cells reverses the inhibitory effects of PGT inhibitor on release of PGF2(alpha). In conclusion, intrauterine inhibition of PGT inhibits the pulsatile release of PGF2(alpha) from the endometrium without modulating spatial expressions of estrogen and oxytocin receptor proteins and metabolism of PGF2(alpha) at the time of luteolysis. Activation of ERK1/2 pathways and interactions between ERK1/2 and PGT protein appear to be important cell-signaling mechanisms that control PGT-mediated efflux transport function. PGT emerges as an important final component in the luteolytic machinery that controls the release of luteolytic pulses of PGF2(alpha) from the endometrium in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- JeHoon Lee
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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35
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Record M, Carayon K, Poirot M, Silvente-Poirot S. Exosomes as new vesicular lipid transporters involved in cell-cell communication and various pathophysiologies. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1841:108-20. [PMID: 24140720 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 566] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are nanovesicles that have emerged as a new intercellular communication system between an intracellular compartment of a donor cell towards the periphery or an internal compartment of a recipient cell. The bioactivity of exosomes resides not only in their protein and RNA contents but also in their lipidic molecules. Exosomes display original lipids organized in a bilayer membrane and along with the lipid carriers such as fatty acid binding proteins that they contain, exosomes transport bioactive lipids. Exosomes can vectorize lipids such as eicosanoids, fatty acids, and cholesterol, and their lipid composition can be modified by in-vitro manipulation. They also contain lipid related enzymes so that they can constitute an autonomous unit of production of various bioactive lipids. Exosomes can circulate between proximal or distal cells and their fate can be regulated in part by lipidic molecules. Compared to their parental cells, exosomes are enriched in cholesterol and sphingomyelin and their accumulation in cells might modulate recipient cell homeostasis. Exosome release from cells appears to be a general biological process. They have been reported in all biological fluids from which they can be recovered and can be monitors of specific pathophysiological situations. Thus, the lipid content of circulating exosomes could be useful biomarkers of lipid related diseases. Since the first lipid analysis of exosomes ten years ago detailed knowledge of exosomal lipids has accumulated. The role of lipids in exosome fate and bioactivity and how they constitute an additional lipid transport system are considered in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Record
- INSERM-UMR 1037, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Team "Sterol Metabolism and Therapeutic Innovation in Oncology", BP3028, CHU Purpan, Toulouse F-31300, France; Institut Claudius Regaud, 20-24 Rue du Pont Saint-Pierre, 31052 Toulouse Cedex, France; Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse 3, 118 Route de Narbonne, Toulouse, France.
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Furugen A, Yamaguchi H, Tanaka N, Shiida N, Ogura J, Kobayashi M, Iseki K. Contribution of multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs) to the release of prostanoids from A549 cells. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2013; 106:37-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Martien S, Pluquet O, Vercamer C, Malaquin N, Martin N, Gosselin K, Pourtier A, Abbadie C. Cellular senescence involves an intracrine prostaglandin E2 pathway in human fibroblasts. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1831:1217-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Shirasaka Y, Shichiri M, Kasai T, Ohno Y, Nakanishi T, Hayashi K, Nishiura A, Tamai I. A role of prostaglandin transporter in regulating PGE₂ release from human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells in response to LPS. J Endocrinol 2013; 217:265-74. [PMID: 23528477 DOI: 10.1530/joe-12-0339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) plays a role in inflammatory responses through eicosanoid signaling pathways. PGE₂ is impermeable to cell membranes at physiological pH and needs solute carrier across the membranes; however, it remains unclear how intercellular concentrations of PGE₂ are regulated under the condition of inflammation. We aimed to clarify a role of organic anion-transporting polypeptide 2A1 (OATP2A1/SLCO2A1), also known as prostaglandin transporter (PGT), in PGE₂ release from cells. Human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and PGT inhibitors were tested to evaluate contribution of PGT to PGE₂ release by assessing its extracellular concentration and characterizing PGT-mediated PGE₂ efflux in Xenopus laevis oocytes. As a result, LPS elevated mRNA expression of a pro-inflammatory cytokine IL6 and extracellular concentration of PGE₂ in human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells. PGT inhibitors tested (e.g. bromocresol green (BCG), bromosulfophthalein (BSP), and PGB₁) significantly inhibited efflux of PGE₂ from oocytes expressing PGT. Similarly, the amount of released PGE2 from the BEAS-2B cells decreased in the presence of BCG and BSP by 45 and 44% respectively while TGBz increased the concentration by 71%, suggesting that PGT mediates the release. In conclusion, these results imply a role of PGT in regulating intra- and extracellular concentrations of PGE₂ in response to cells under inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Shirasaka
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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Fernández-Martínez AB, Lucio Cazaña FJ. Epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation by intracellular prostaglandin E2-activated prostaglandin E2 receptors. Role in retinoic acid receptor-β up-regulation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:2029-38. [PMID: 23644172 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacological modulation of renoprotective factor vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) in the proximal tubule has therapeutic interest. In human proximal tubular HK-2 cells, treatment with all-trans retinoic acid or prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) triggers the production of VEGF-A. The pathway involves an initial increase in intracellular PGE2, followed by activation of EP receptors (PGE2 receptors, most likely an intracellular subset) and increase in retinoic acid receptor-β (RARβ) expression. RARβ then up-regulates transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), which increases the transcription and production of VEGF-A. Here we studied the role in this pathway of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) transactivation by EP receptors. We found that EGFR inhibitor AG1478 prevented the increase in VEGF-A production induced by PGE2- and all-trans retinoic acid. This effect was due to the inhibition of the transcriptional up-regulation of RARβ, which resulted in loss of the RARβ-dependent transcriptional up-regulation of HIF-1α. PGE2 and all-trans retinoic acid also increased EGFR phosphorylation and this effect was sensitive to antagonists of EP receptors. The role of intracellular PGE2 was indicated by two facts; i) PGE2-induced EGFR phosphorylation was substantially prevented by inhibitor of prostaglandin uptake transporter bromocresol green and ii) all-trans retinoic acid treatment, which enhanced intracellular but not extracellular PGE2, had lower effect on EGFR phosphorylation upon pre-treatment with cyclooxygenase inhibitor diclofenac. Thus, EGFR transactivation by intracellular PGE2-activated EP receptors results in the sequential activation of RARβ and HIF-1α leading to increased production of VEGF-A and it may be a target for the therapeutic modulation of HIF-1α/VEGF-A.
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Allaj V, Guo C, Nie D. Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs, prostaglandins, and cancer. Cell Biosci 2013; 3:8. [PMID: 23388178 PMCID: PMC3599181 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3701-3-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids are involved in multiple pathways and play a pivotal role in health. Eicosanoids, derived from arachidonic acid, have received extensive attention in the field of cancer research. Following release from the phospholipid membrane, arachidonic acid can be metabolized into different classes of eicosanoids through cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases, or p450 epoxygenase pathways. Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely consumed as analgesics to relieve minor aches and pains, as antipyretics to reduce fever, and as anti-inflammatory medications. Most NSAIDs are nonselective inhibitors of cyclooxygenases, the rate limiting enzymes in the formation of prostaglandins. Long term use of some NSAIDs has been linked with reduced incidence and mortality in many cancers. In this review, we appraise the biological activities of prostanoids and their cognate receptors in the context of cancer biology. The existing literature supports that these lipid mediators are involved to a great extent in the occurrence and progression of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Allaj
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine and Simmons Cancer Institute, Springfield, IL, 62794, USA.
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Ohkura N, Shigetani Y, Yoshiba N, Yoshiba K, Okiji T. Gene expression analysis of membrane transport proteins in normal and lipopolysaccharide-inflamed rat dental pulp. J Endod 2012; 38:648-52. [PMID: 22515894 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2012.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Membrane transport proteins (transporters) play a crucial role in the transmembrane uptake and/or efflux of various compounds such as inorganic ions, endogenous bioactive substances such as prostaglandins (PGs), and drugs such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. This study aimed to analyze mRNA expression of selected transporters related to drug disposition and PG transport in normal and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-inflamed rat incisor pulp. METHODS Pulp tissues were subjected to reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection for transporter isoforms belonging to organic anion transporting polypeptide (Oatp), organic anion transporter (Oat), organic cation transporter (Oct), multidrug resistance-associated protein (Mrp), and multidrug resistance protein (Mdr) families. The levels of mRNA expression for PG transporters (Oatp1a5, Oatp1b2, Oatp2a1, Oatp2b1, and Oatp3a1) were compared in normal and LPS-inflamed pulps by using real-time PCR. RESULTS The pulp tissue expressed mRNAs for various transporters belonging to the Oatp, Oat, Oct, Mrp, and Mdr families. LPS inflammation caused significant up-regulation of Oatp2a1 (P < .01) and significant down-regulation of Oatp1a5, Oatp2b1 (P < .01), and Oatp3a1 (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Rat incisor dental pulp expressed mRNAs for various transporter isoforms. The levels of mRNA expression for PG transporters were significantly up-regulated or down-regulated in LPS-inflamed dental pulp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Ohkura
- Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Department of Oral Health Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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Harmon GS, Lam MT, Glass CK. PPARs and lipid ligands in inflammation and metabolism. Chem Rev 2012; 111:6321-40. [PMID: 21988241 DOI: 10.1021/cr2001355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Harmon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Fernández-Martínez AB, Arenas Jiménez MI, Lucio Cazaña FJ. Retinoic acid increases hypoxia-inducible factor-1α through intracrine prostaglandin E(2) signaling in human renal proximal tubular cells HK-2. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2012; 1821:672-83. [PMID: 22306363 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 12/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown in HK-2 cells that ATRA (all-trans-retinoic acid) up-regulates HIF-1α (hypoxia-inducible factor-1α) in normoxia, which results in increased production of renal protector VEGF-A (vascular endothelial growth factor-A). Here we investigated the role of COXs (cyclooxygenases) in these effects and we found that, i) ATRA increased the expression of COX-1 and COX-2 mRNA and protein and the intracellular levels (but not the extracellular ones) of PGE(2). Furthermore, inhibitors of COX isoenzymes blocked ATRA-induced increase in intracellular PGE(2), HIF-1α up-regulation and increased VEGF-A production. Immunofluorescence analysis found intracellular staining for EP1-4 receptors (PGE(2) receptors). These results indicated that COX activity is critical for ATRA-induced HIF-1α up-regulation and suggested that intracellular PGE(2) could mediate the effects of ATRA; ii) Treatment with PGE(2) analog 16,16-dimethyl-PGE(2) resulted in up-regulation of HIF-1α and antagonists of EP1-4 receptors inhibited 16,16-dimethyl-PGE(2)- and ATRA-induced HIF-1α up-regulation. These results confirmed that PGE(2) mediates the effects of ATRA on HIF-1α expression; iii) Prostaglandin uptake transporter inhibitor bromocresol green blocked the increase in HIF-1α expression induced by PGE(2) or by PGE(2)-increasing cytokine interleukin-1β, but not by ATRA. Therefore only intracellular PGE(2) is able to increase HIF-1α expression. In conclusion, intracellular PGE(2) increases HIF-1α expression and mediates ATRA-induced HIF-1α up-regulation.
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Hatano R, Onoe K, Obara M, Matsubara M, Kanai Y, Muto S, Asano S. Sex hormones induce a gender-related difference in renal expression of a novel prostaglandin transporter, OAT-PG, influencing basal PGE2 concentration. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2011; 302:F342-9. [PMID: 22031854 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00366.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the nucleotide sequence of a mouse prostaglandin-specific transporter (mOAT-PG), we identified a rat homolog (rOAT-PG) which shares 80% identity with mOAT-PG in a deduced amino acid sequence. rOAT-PG transports PGE(2) and colocalizes with 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH), a metabolic enzyme for PGs, in proximal tubules, suggesting that rOAT-PG is involved in PGE(2) clearance to regulate its physiological function in the renal cortex. We found that the expression level of rOAT-PG in the renal cortex was much higher in male rats than in female rats whereas there was no gender difference in the expression level of cyclooxygenase-2, a key enzyme producing PGE(2), and 15-PGDH in the renal cortex. Tissue PGE(2) concentration in the renal cortex was lower in male rats than in female rats, suggesting that renocortical PGE(2) concentration is primarily determined by the expression level of OAT-PG, which is regulated differently between male and female rats. Castration of male rat led to a remarkable reduction in OAT-PG expression and a significant increase in renocortical PGE(2) concentration. These alterations were recovered by testosterone supplementation. These results suggest that OAT-PG is involved in local PGE(2) clearance in the renal cortex. Although the physiological importance of the gender difference in local PGE(2) clearance is still unclear, these findings might be a key to clarifying the physiological roles of PGE(2) in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Hatano
- Dept. of Molecular Physiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kusatsu-City, Shiga, Japan
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Kobayashi Y, Nojima J, Ohbayashi M, Kohyama N, Yamamoto T. [Molecular cloning and functional characterization of a novel gene encoding human prostaglandin carrier, hPrC]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2011; 131:1493-501. [PMID: 21963977 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.131.1493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we isolated and determined the pharmacological characteristics of a novel gene encoding the human prostaglandin carrier (hPrC). The isolated cDNA consisted of 1431 base pairs that encoded a 477-amino acid protein, and we found that isolated hPrC does not belong to any drug transporter families. RT-PCR analysis revealed that the hPrC mRNA is expressed in various human tissues ubiquitously. When expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, hPrC mediated the transport of [(3)H]prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) in a sodium-independent manner. The uptake of [(3)H] PGE(2) was not trans-stimulated by PG analogous. Although there are several PG transporters such as multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 (MRP4), organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) [solute carrier (SLC) 22A1], organic anion transporter 1-3 (OAT1-3) [SLC22A6-8], OAT4 [SLC11], OATP-1 (LST-1) [SLCO1B1], OATP2B1 [SLCO2B1], OATP2A1 (PGT) [SLCO2A1], OATP4A1 (OATP-E) [SLCO4A1] have been isolated and well characterized, our findings suggest that hPrC functions as a novel transport peptide responsible for PG uptake. Our results should provide insight into the novel mechanism of the PG transport in the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuna Kobayashi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
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Chi Y, Min J, Jasmin JF, Lisanti MP, Chang YT, Schuster VL. Development of a high-affinity inhibitor of the prostaglandin transporter. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 339:633-41. [PMID: 21849625 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.111.181354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) triggers a vast array of biological signals and physiological events. The prostaglandin transporter (PGT) controls PGE(2) influx and is rate-limiting for PGE(2) metabolism and signaling termination. PGT global knockout mice die on postnatal day 1 from patent ductus arteriosus. A high-affinity PGT inhibitor would thus be a powerful tool for studying PGT function in adult animals. Moreover, such an inhibitor could be potentially developed into a therapeutic drug targeting PGT. Based on structure-activity relationship studies that built on recently identified inhibitors of PGT, we obtained N-(2-(2-(2-azidoethoxy)ethoxy)ethyl)-4-((4-((2-(2-(2-benzamidoethoxy)ethoxy)ethyl)amino)-6-((4-hydroxyphenyl)amino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino)benzamide (T26A), a competitive inhibitor of PGT, with a K(i) of 378 nM. T26A seems to be highly selective for PGT, because it neither interacts with a PGT homolog in the organic anion transporter family nor affects PGE(2) synthesis. In Madin-Darby canine kidney cells stably transfected with PGT, T26A blocked PGE(2) metabolism, resulting in retention of PGE(2) in the extracellular compartment and the negligible appearance of PGE(2) metabolites in the intracellular compartment. Compared with vehicle, T26A injected intravenously into rats effectively doubled the amount of endogenous PGE(2) in the circulation and reduced the level of circulating endogenous PGE(2) metabolites to 50%. Intravenous T26A was also able to slow the metabolism of exogenously injected PGE(2). These results confirm that PGT directly regulates PGE(2) metabolism and demonstrate that a high-affinity inhibitor of PGT can effectively prevent PGE(2) metabolism and prolong the half-life of circulating PGE(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Chi
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Belfer 1008, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Kukkonen JP. A ménage à trois made in heaven: G-protein-coupled receptors, lipids and TRP channels. Cell Calcium 2011; 50:9-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Mandery K, Sticht H, Bujok K, Schmidt I, Fahrmayr C, Balk B, Fromm MF, Glaeser H. Functional and structural relevance of conserved positively charged lysine residues in organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B3. Mol Pharmacol 2011; 80:400-6. [PMID: 21642393 DOI: 10.1124/mol.111.071282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The human organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B3 (OATP1B3), located in the basolateral membrane of hepatocytes, mediates the uptake of endogenous substrates such as taurocholate and drugs from blood into hepatocytes. The transport activity of OATP1B3 is influenced by positively charged amino acids, which are facing the central pore. Molecular modeling was performed to select conserved positively charged amino acids, which may influence transport activity and anchoring of OATP1B3 in the plasma membrane. The modeling revealed that Lys361 faces the pore, and Lys399 is oriented to the plasma membrane. Therefore, the mutants L361>A, L361>R, L399>A, and L399>R were generated using site-directed mutagenesis to investigate the impact of the positive charges on transport activity and anchoring in the membrane. Transport kinetic analyses for the substrates sulfobromophthalein and taurocholate showed a loss of function for the L361>A mutant, whereas the transport activity was maintained by the L361>R mutant, indicating that the positive charge at position 361 is important for transport activity of OATP1B3. Comparative modeling with OATP1A2 and OATP2B1 revealed that the pore size around this lysine residue is larger in OATP1A2 and smaller in OATP2B1 compared with OATP1B3, which could be related to the respective substrate spectra. Cell surface expression of L399>A and L399>R was decreased to 16 and 72% compared with wild-type OATP1B3 (p < 0.001), respectively, indicating that the positive charge of lysine at position 399 is necessary for an unimpaired cell surface expression. Furthermore, we provide a summary of amino acids, which influence the transport activity of OATP1B3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Mandery
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Lejeune M, Leung P, Beck PL, Chadee K. Role of EP4 receptor and prostaglandin transporter in prostaglandin E2-induced alteration in colonic epithelial barrier integrity. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 299:G1097-105. [PMID: 20813914 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00280.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) is a proinflammatory lipid mediator produced in excess in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). PGE(2) couples to and signals via four different E-prostanoid (EP) receptors, namely EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4. In this study, we determined a role for PGE(2) and EP4 receptors in altering colonic epithelial barrier integrity. In healthy colonic mucosa, EP4 receptors were localized on apical plasma membrane of epithelial cells at the tip of mucosal folds, whereas, in patients with IBD and in rats with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis, they were diffusely overexpressed throughout the mucosa. Similarly, expression of EP4 receptor was polarized in T84 colonic epithelial monolayer and mimics the normal epithelium. Apical exposure of T84 monolayer with high levels of PGE(2) decreased barrier integrity, which was abrogated by an EP4 receptor antagonist. To reveal the mechanism of vectorial transport of basally produced PGE(2) toward apical EP4 receptors, we identified prostaglandin transporters (PGT) in human colonic epithelia. PGT were least expressed on epithelial cells at the colonic mucosal folds of control subjects but overexpressed in epithelial cells of patients with IBD or animals with DSS-induced colitis. T84 monolayer also expressed PGT, which increased twofold following stimulation with TNF-α. Importantly, in T84 monolayer stimulated with TNF-α, there was a corresponding increase in the uptake and vectorial transport of (3)H-PGE(2) to the apical surface. Knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of PGT significantly decreased vectorial transport of (3)H-PGE(2). These studies unravel a mechanism whereby EP4 receptor and PGT play a role in PGE(2)-induced alteration of epithelial barrier integrity in colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manigandan Lejeune
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Lee J, McCracken JA, Banu SK, Rodriguez R, Nithy TK, Arosh JA. Transport of prostaglandin F(2alpha) pulses from the uterus to the ovary at the time of luteolysis in ruminants is regulated by prostaglandin transporter-mediated mechanisms. Endocrinology 2010; 151:3326-35. [PMID: 20410207 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-0948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In ruminants, prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF(2alpha)) is the uterine luteolytic hormone. During luteolysis, PGF(2alpha) is synthesized and released from the endometrium in a pulsatile pattern. The unique structure of the vascular utero-ovarian plexus (UOP) allows transport of luteolytic PGF(2alpha) pulses directly from the uterus to the ovary, thus bypassing the systemic circulation. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is not known. The objective of the present study was to determine a role for PG transporter protein (PGT) in the compartmental transport of PGF(2alpha) from uterus to ovary through the UOP at the time of luteolysis using the sheep as a ruminant model. [(3)H]PGF(2alpha), with or without a PGT inhibitor, was infused into UOP, and PGF(2alpha) transport and PGT protein expression were determined. Results indicate that PGT protein is expressed in tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia of the utero-ovarian vein and the ovarian artery of the UOP, and the expression levels are higher on d 10-15 compared with d 3-6 of the estrous cycle. Pharmacological inhibition of PGT prevented transport of exogenous [(3)H]PGF(2alpha) as well as oxytocin-induced endogenous luteolytic PGF(2alpha) pulse up to 80% from uterine venous blood into ovarian arterial blood through the UOP at the time of luteolysis in sheep. Taken together, these results indicate that at the time of luteolysis, transport of PGF(2alpha) from uterus to ovary through the UOP is regulated by PGT-mediated mechanisms. These findings also suggest that impaired PGT-mediated transport of PGF(2alpha) from the utero-ovarian vein into the ovarian artery could adversely influence luteolysis and thus affect fertility in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- JeHoon Lee
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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