1
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The ZZ domain of HERC2 is a receptor of arginylated substrates. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6063. [PMID: 35411094 PMCID: PMC9001736 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10119-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe E3 ubiquitin ligase HERC2 has been linked to neurological diseases and cancer, however it remains a poorly characterized human protein. Here, we show that the ZZ domain of HERC2 (HERC2ZZ) recognizes a mimetic of the Nt-R cargo degradation signal. NMR titration experiments and mutagenesis results reveal that the Nt-R mimetic peptide occupies a well-defined binding site of HERC2ZZ comprising of the negatively charged aspartic acids. We report the crystal structure of the DOC domain of HERC2 (HERC2DOC) that is adjacent to HERC2ZZ and show that a conformational rearrangement in the protein may occur when the two domains are linked. Immunofluorescence microscopy data suggest that the stimulation of autophagy promotes targeting of HERC2 to the proteasome. Our findings suggest a role of cytosolic HERC2 in the ubiquitin-dependent degradation pathways.
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2
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Mathieu NA, Levin RH, Spratt DE. Exploring the Roles of HERC2 and the NEDD4L HECT E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Subfamily in p53 Signaling and the DNA Damage Response. Front Oncol 2021; 11:659049. [PMID: 33869064 PMCID: PMC8044464 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.659049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular homeostasis is governed by the precise expression of genes that control the translation, localization, and termination of proteins. Oftentimes, environmental and biological factors can introduce mutations into the genetic framework of cells during their growth and division, and these genetic abnormalities can result in malignant transformations caused by protein malfunction. For example, p53 is a prominent tumor suppressor protein that is capable of undergoing more than 300 posttranslational modifications (PTMs) and is involved with controlling apoptotic signaling, transcription, and the DNA damage response (DDR). In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms and interactions that occur between p53, the HECT E3 ubiquitin ligases WWP1, SMURF1, HECW1 and HERC2, and other oncogenic proteins in the cell to explore how irregular HECT-p53 interactions can induce tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Mathieu
- Gustaf H. Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Rafael H Levin
- Gustaf H. Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Donald E Spratt
- Gustaf H. Carlson School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, Worcester, MA, United States
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3
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The functional analysis of Cullin 7 E3 ubiquitin ligases in cancer. Oncogenesis 2020; 9:98. [PMID: 33130829 PMCID: PMC7603503 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-020-00276-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cullin (CUL) proteins have critical roles in development and cancer, however few studies on CUL7 have been reported due to its characteristic molecular structure. CUL7 forms a complex with the ROC1 ring finger protein, and only two F-box proteins Fbxw8 and Fbxw11 have been shown to bind to CUL7. Interestingly, CUL7 can interact with its substrates by forming a novel complex that is independent of these two F-box proteins. The biological implications of CUL-ring ligase 7 (CRL7) suggest that the CRL7 may not only perform a proteolytic function but may also play a non-proteolytic role. Among the existing studied CRL7-based E3 ligases, CUL7 exerts both tumor promotion and suppression in a context-dependent manner. Currently, the mechanism of CUL7 in cancer remains unclear, and no studies have addressed potential therapies targeting CUL7. Consistent with the roles of the various CRL7 adaptors exhibit, targeting CRL7 might be an effective strategy for cancer prevention and treatment. We systematically describe the recent major advances in understanding the role of the CUL7 E3 ligase in cancer and further summarize its potential use in clinical therapy.
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4
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Melloy PG. The anaphase-promoting complex: A key mitotic regulator associated with somatic mutations occurring in cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2019; 59:189-202. [PMID: 31652364 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that helps control chromosome separation and exit from mitosis in many different kinds of organisms, including yeast, flies, worms, and humans. This review represents a new perspective on the connection between APC/C subunit mutations and cancer. The complex nature of APC/C and limited mutation analysis of its subunits has made it difficult to determine the relationship of each subunit to cancer. In this work, cancer genomic data were examined to identify APC/C subunits with a greater than 5% alteration frequency in 11 representative cancers using the cBioPortal database. Using the Genetic Determinants of Cancer Patient Survival database, APC/C subunits were also studied and found to be significantly associated with poor patient prognosis in several cases. In comparing these two kinds of cancer genomics data to published large-scale genomic analyses looking for cancer driver genes, ANAPC1 and ANAPC3/CDC27 stood out as being represented in all three types of analyses. Seven other subunits were found to be associated both with >5% alteration frequency in certain cancers and being associated with an effect on cancer patient prognosis. The aim of this review is to provide new approaches for investigators conducting in vivo studies of APC/C subunits and cancer progression. In turn, a better understanding of these APC/C subunits and their role in different cancers will help scientists design drugs that are more precisely targeted to certain cancers, using APC/C mutation status as a biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia G Melloy
- Department of Biological and Allied Health Sciences, Fairleigh Dickinson University, Madison, New Jersey
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5
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Wang Y, Han T, Gan M, Guo M, Xie C, Jin J, Zhang S, Wang P, Cao J, Wang JB. A novel function of anaphase promoting complex subunit 10 in tumor progression in non-small cell lung cancer. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:1019-1032. [PMID: 31023143 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1609830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a cell cycle-regulated E3 ubiquitin ligase, is responsible for the transition from metaphase to anaphase and the exit from mitosis. The anaphase promoting complex subunit 10 (APC10), a subunit of the APC/C, executes a vital function in substrate recognition. However, no research has reported the connection between APC10 and cancer until now. In this study, we uncovered a novel, unprecedented role of APC10 in tumor progression, which is independent of APC/C. First, aberrant increase of APC10 expression was validated in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells and tissues, and the absence of APC10 repressed cell proliferation and migration. Of great interest, we found that APC10 inhibition induced cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase and reduced the expression of the APC/C substrate, Cyclin B1; this finding is different from the conventional concept of the accumulation of Cyclin B1 and cell cycle arrest in metaphase. Further, APC10 was found to interact with glutaminase C (GAC), and the inhibition of APC10 weakened glutamine metabolism and induced excessive autophagy. Taken together, these findings identify a novel function of APC10 in the regulation of NSCLC tumorigenesis and point to the possibility of APC10 as a new target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wang
- a School of Life Sciences , Nanchang University , Nanchang City , Jiangxi , China.,b School of Basic Medical Sciences , Nanchang University , Nanchang City , Jiangxi , China
| | - Tianyu Han
- c Department of Respiration , The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University , Nanchang City , Jiangxi , China
| | - Mingxi Gan
- b School of Basic Medical Sciences , Nanchang University , Nanchang City , Jiangxi , China
| | - Meng Guo
- b School of Basic Medical Sciences , Nanchang University , Nanchang City , Jiangxi , China
| | - Caifeng Xie
- b School of Basic Medical Sciences , Nanchang University , Nanchang City , Jiangxi , China
| | - Jiangbo Jin
- a School of Life Sciences , Nanchang University , Nanchang City , Jiangxi , China
| | - Song Zhang
- a School of Life Sciences , Nanchang University , Nanchang City , Jiangxi , China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- a School of Life Sciences , Nanchang University , Nanchang City , Jiangxi , China
| | - Jiaqing Cao
- d Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery , the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University , Nanchang City , Jiangxi , China
| | - Jian-Bin Wang
- b School of Basic Medical Sciences , Nanchang University , Nanchang City , Jiangxi , China
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6
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Anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome regulates RdDM activity by degrading DMS3 in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:3899-3908. [PMID: 30760603 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1816652116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM), the DDR complex, composed of DRD1, DMS3, and RDM1, is responsible for recruiting DNA polymerase V (Pol V) to silence transposable elements (TEs) in plants. However, how the DDR complex is regulated remains unexplored. Here, we show that the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) regulates the assembly of the DDR complex by targeting DMS3 for degradation. We found that a substantial set of RdDM loci was commonly de-repressed in apc/c and pol v mutants, and that the defects in RdDM activity resulted from up-regulated DMS3 protein levels, which finally caused reduced Pol V recruitment. DMS3 was ubiquitinated by APC/C for degradation in a D box-dependent manner. Competitive binding assays and gel filtration analyses showed that a proper level of DMS3 is critical for the assembly of the DDR complex. Consistent with the importance of the level of DMS3, overaccumulation of DMS3 caused defective RdDM activity, phenocopying the apc/c and dms3 mutants. Moreover, DMS3 is expressed in a cell cycle-dependent manner. Collectively, these findings provide direct evidence as to how the assembly of the DDR complex is regulated and uncover a safeguarding role of APC/C in the regulation of RdDM activity.
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7
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Alfieri C, Zhang S, Barford D. Visualizing the complex functions and mechanisms of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C). Open Biol 2017; 7:170204. [PMID: 29167309 PMCID: PMC5717348 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.170204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The anaphase promoting complex or cyclosome (APC/C) is a large multi-subunit E3 ubiquitin ligase that orchestrates cell cycle progression by mediating the degradation of important cell cycle regulators. During the two decades since its discovery, much has been learnt concerning its role in recognizing and ubiquitinating specific proteins in a cell-cycle-dependent manner, the mechanisms governing substrate specificity, the catalytic process of assembling polyubiquitin chains on its target proteins, and its regulation by phosphorylation and the spindle assembly checkpoint. The past few years have witnessed significant progress in understanding the quantitative mechanisms underlying these varied APC/C functions. This review integrates the overall functions and properties of the APC/C with mechanistic insights gained from recent cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) studies of reconstituted human APC/C complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Alfieri
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Suyang Zhang
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - David Barford
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
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8
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Lee AK, Potts PR. A Comprehensive Guide to the MAGE Family of Ubiquitin Ligases. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:1114-1142. [PMID: 28300603 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma antigen (MAGE) genes are conserved in all eukaryotes and encode for proteins sharing a common MAGE homology domain. Although only a single MAGE gene exists in lower eukaryotes, the MAGE family rapidly expanded in eutherians and consists of more than 50 highly conserved genes in humans. A subset of MAGEs initially garnered interest as cancer biomarkers and immunotherapeutic targets due to their antigenic properties and unique expression pattern that is primary restricted to germ cells and aberrantly reactivated in various cancers. However, further investigation revealed that MAGEs not only drive tumorigenesis but also regulate pathways essential for diverse cellular and developmental processes. Therefore, MAGEs are implicated in a broad range of diseases including neurodevelopmental, renal, and lung disorders, and cancer. Recent biochemical and biophysical studies indicate that MAGEs assemble with E3 RING ubiquitin ligases to form MAGE-RING ligases (MRLs) and act as regulators of ubiquitination by modulating ligase activity, substrate specification, and subcellular localization. Here, we present a comprehensive guide to MAGEs highlighting the molecular mechanisms of MRLs and their physiological roles in germ cell and neural development, oncogenic functions in cancer, and potential as therapeutic targets in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Lee
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Patrick Ryan Potts
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA.
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9
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Sánchez-Tena S, Cubillos-Rojas M, Schneider T, Rosa JL. Functional and pathological relevance of HERC family proteins: a decade later. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1955-68. [PMID: 26801221 PMCID: PMC11108380 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2139-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The HERC gene family encodes proteins with two characteristic domains in their sequence: the HECT domain and the RCC1-like domain (RLD). In humans, the HERC family comprises six members that can be divided into two groups based on their molecular mass and domain structure. Whereas large HERCs (HERC1 and HERC2) contain one HECT and more than one RLD, small HERCs (HERC3-6) possess single HECT and RLD domains. Accumulating evidence shows the HERC family proteins to be key components of a wide range of cellular functions, including neurodevelopment, DNA damage repair, cell growth and immune response. Considering the significant recent advances made regarding HERC functionality, an updated review summarizing the progress is greatly needed at 10 years since the last HERC review. We provide an integrated view of HERC function and go into detail about its implications for several human diseases such as cancer and neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Sánchez-Tena
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques II, Campus de Bellvitge, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Monica Cubillos-Rojas
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques II, Campus de Bellvitge, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Taiane Schneider
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques II, Campus de Bellvitge, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Rosa
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques II, Campus de Bellvitge, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907, Barcelona, Spain.
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10
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Oh Brother, Where Art Thou? Finding Orthologs in the Twilight and Midnight Zones of Sequence Similarity. Evol Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41324-2_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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11
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Targeting Cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligases for drug discovery: structure, assembly and small-molecule modulation. Biochem J 2015; 467:365-86. [PMID: 25886174 PMCID: PMC4403949 DOI: 10.1042/bj20141450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, the ubiquitin–proteasome system has emerged as a valid target for the development of novel therapeutics. E3 ubiquitin ligases are particularly attractive targets because they confer substrate specificity on the ubiquitin system. CRLs [Cullin–RING (really interesting new gene) E3 ubiquitin ligases] draw particular attention, being the largest family of E3s. The CRLs assemble into functional multisubunit complexes using a repertoire of substrate receptors, adaptors, Cullin scaffolds and RING-box proteins. Drug discovery targeting CRLs is growing in importance due to mounting evidence pointing to significant roles of these enzymes in diverse biological processes and human diseases, including cancer, where CRLs and their substrates often function as tumour suppressors or oncogenes. In the present review, we provide an account of the assembly and structure of CRL complexes, and outline the current state of the field in terms of available knowledge of small-molecule inhibitors and modulators of CRL activity. A comprehensive overview of the reported crystal structures of CRL subunits, components and full-size complexes, alone or with bound small molecules and substrate peptides, is included. This information is providing increasing opportunities to aid the rational structure-based design of chemical probes and potential small-molecule therapeutics targeting CRLs.
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12
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Vlaikou AM, Manolakos E, Noutsopoulos D, Markopoulos G, Liehr T, Vetro A, Ziegler M, Weise A, Kreskowski K, Papoulidis I, Thomaidis L, Syrrou M. An Interstitial 4q31.21q31.22 Microdeletion Associated with Developmental Delay: Case Report and Literature Review. Cytogenet Genome Res 2014; 142:227-38. [DOI: 10.1159/000361001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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13
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The anaphase promoting complex contributes to the degradation of the S. cerevisiae telomerase recruitment subunit Est1p. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55055. [PMID: 23372810 PMCID: PMC3555863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomerase is a multi-subunit enzyme that reverse transcribes telomere repeats onto the ends of linear eukaryotic chromosomes and is therefore critical for genome stability. S. cerevisiae telomerase activity is cell-cycle regulated; telomeres are not elongated during G1 phase. Previous work has shown that Est1 protein levels are low during G1 phase, preventing telomerase complex assembly. However, the pathway targeting Est1p for degradation remained uncharacterized. Here, we show that Est1p stability through the cell cycle mirrors that of Clb2p, a known target of the Anaphase Promoting Complex (APC). Indeed, Est1p is stabilized by mutations in both essential and non-essential components of the APC. Mutations of putative Destruction boxes (D-boxes), regions shown to be important for recognition of known APC substrates, stabilize Est1p, suggesting that Est1p is likely to be targeted for degradation directly by the APC. However, we do not detect degradation or ubiquitination of recombinant Est1p by the APC in vitro, suggesting either that the recombinant protein lacks necessary post-translational modification and/or conformation, or that the APC affects Est1p degradation by an indirect mechanism. Together, these studies shed light on the regulation of yeast telomerase assembly and demonstrate a new connection between telomere maintenance and cell cycle regulation pathways.
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14
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Rengaraj D, Lee BR, Choi JW, Lee SI, Seo HW, Kim TH, Choi HJ, Song G, Han JY. Gene pathways and cell cycle-related genes in cultured avian primordial germ cells. Poult Sci 2013; 91:3167-77. [PMID: 23155027 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Primordial germ cells (PGC) from early embryos are applicable to various kinds of research, including the production of transgenic animals. Primordial germ cells eventually migrate and differentiate into germ cells in the gonads, where they settle and rapidly proliferate. However, the proliferation rate of PGC is low in early embryos, and there are many significant pathways that mediate PGC activity. Therefore, in vitro culture of PGC from early embryos with efficient growth factors has been necessary. Recently, we cultured chicken PGC from embryonic d 2.5 with basic fibroblast growth factor and characterized the PGC through analysis of cell morphology, survival, proliferation, and apoptosis. However, large-scale analyses of genes expressed in cultured PGC and the genes involved in associated pathways are limited. The objective of the present investigation was to identify the signaling and metabolic pathways of expressed genes by microarray comparison between PGC and their somatic counterpart, chicken embryonic fibroblasts (CEF). We identified 795 genes that were expressed more predominantly in PGC and 824 genes that were expressed more predominantly in CEF. Among the predominant genes in PGC, 201 were differentially identified in 106 pathways. Among the predominant genes in CEF, 242 were differentially identified in 99 pathways. To further validate the genes involved in at least one candidate pathway, those involved in the cell cycle (12 predominant genes in PGC and 8 predominant genes in CEF) were examined by real-time PCR. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to investigate signaling and metabolic pathways in cultured PGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rengaraj
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
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15
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Ray D, Hogarth CA, Evans EB, An W, Griswold MD, Ye P. Experimental validation of Ankrd17 and Anapc10, two novel meiotic genes predicted by computational models in mice. Biol Reprod 2012; 86:102. [PMID: 22190705 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.111.095216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Prophase is a critical stage of meiosis, during which recombination-the landmark event of meiosis-exchanges information between homologous chromosomes. The intractability of mammalian gonads has limited our knowledge on genes or interactions between genes during this key stage. Microarray profiling of gonads in both sexes has generated genome-scale information. However, the asynchronous development of germ cells and the mixed germ/somatic cell population complicate the use of this resource. To elucidate functional networks of meiotic prophase, we have integrated global gene expression with other genome-scale datasets either within or across species. Our computational approaches provide a comprehensive understanding of interactions between genes and can prioritize candidates for targeted experiments. Here, we examined two novel prophase genes predicted by computational models: Ankrd17 and Anapc10. Their expression and localization were characterized in the developing mouse testis using in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence. We found ANKRD17 expression was predominantly restricted to pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids. ANKRD17 was diffusely distributed throughout the nucleus of pachytene cells but excluded from the XY body and other heterochromatic regions. ANAPC10 was mainly expressed in the cytoplasm of spermatogonia and leptotene and pachytene spermatocytes. These experiments support our computational predictions of Ankrd17 and Anapc10 as potential prophase genes. More importantly, they serve as a proof of concept of our integrative computational and experimental approach, which has delivered a larger candidate gene set to the broader reproductive community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debjit Ray
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
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16
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Barford D. Structural insights into anaphase-promoting complex function and mechanism. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2012; 366:3605-24. [PMID: 22084387 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome (APC/C) controls sister chromatid segregation and the exit from mitosis by catalysing the ubiquitylation of cyclins and other cell cycle regulatory proteins. This unusually large E3 RING-cullin ubiquitin ligase is assembled from 13 different proteins. Selection of APC/C targets is controlled through recognition of short destruction motifs, predominantly the D box and KEN box. APC/C-mediated coordination of cell cycle progression is achieved through the temporal regulation of APC/C activity and substrate specificity, exerted through a combination of co-activator subunits, reversible phosphorylation and inhibitory proteins and complexes. Recent structural and biochemical studies of the APC/C are beginning to reveal an understanding of the roles of individual APC/C subunits and co-activators and how they mutually interact to mediate APC/C functions. This review focuses on the findings showing how information on the structural organization of the APC/C provides insights into the role of co-activators and core APC/C subunits in mediating substrate recognition. Mechanisms of regulating and modulating substrate recognition are discussed in the context of controlling the binding of the co-activator to the APC/C, and the accessibility and conformation of the co-activator when bound to the APC/C.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Barford
- Division of Structural Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK.
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17
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Tanaka T, Nakatani T, Kamitani T. Inhibition of NEDD8-conjugation pathway by novel molecules: potential approaches to anticancer therapy. Mol Oncol 2012; 6:267-75. [PMID: 22306028 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 01/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells can survive through the upregulation of cell cycle and the escape from apoptosis induced by numerous cellular stresses. In the normal cells, these biological cascades depend on scheduled proteolytic degradation of regulatory proteins via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Therefore, interruption of regulated proteolytic pathways leads to abnormal cell-proliferation. Ubiquitin ligases called SCF complex (consisting of Skp-1, cullin, and F-box protein) or CRL (cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase) are predominant in a family of E3 ubiquitin ligases that control a final step in ubiquitination of diverse substrates. To a great extent, the ubiquitin ligase activity of the SCF complex requires the conjugation of NEDD8 to cullins, i.e. scaffold proteins. This review is anticipated to review the downregulation system of NEDD8 conjugation by several factors including a chemical compound such as MLN4924 and protein molecules (e.g. COP9 signalosome, inactive mutant of Ubc12, and NUB1/NUB1L). Since the downregulation of NEDD8 conjugation affects cell-cycle progression by inhibiting the ligase activity of SCF complexes, such knowledge in the NEDD8-conjugation pathway will contribute to the more magnificent therapies that selectively suppress tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Tanaka
- Department of Urology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abenoku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.
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18
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Eloy NB, de Freitas Lima M, Van Damme D, Vanhaeren H, Gonzalez N, De Milde L, Hemerly AS, Beemster GTS, Inzé D, Ferreira PCG. The APC/C subunit 10 plays an essential role in cell proliferation during leaf development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 68:351-63. [PMID: 21711400 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04691.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The largest E3 ubiquitin-ligase complex, known as anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), regulates the proteolysis of cell cycle regulators such as CYCLIN B and SECURIN that are essential for sister-chromatid separation and exit from mitosis. Despite its importance, the role of APC/C in plant cells and the regulation of its activity during cell division remain poorly understood. Here, the Arabidopsis thaliana APC/C subunit APC10 was characterized and shown to functionally complement an apc10 yeast mutant. The APC10 protein was located in specific nuclear bodies, most probably resulting from its association with the proteasome complex. An apc10 Arabidopsis knockout mutant strongly impaired female gametogenesis. Surprisingly, constitutive overexpression of APC10 enhanced leaf size. Through kinematic analysis, the increased leaf size was found to be due to enhanced rates of cell division during the early stages of leaf development and, at the molecular level, by increased APC/C activity as measured by an amplification of the proteolysis rate of the mitotic cyclin, CYCB1;1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nubia B Eloy
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
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Buschhorn BA, Petzold G, Galova M, Dube P, Kraft C, Herzog F, Stark H, Peters JM. Substrate binding on the APC/C occurs between the coactivator Cdh1 and the processivity factor Doc1. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2010; 18:6-13. [PMID: 21186364 PMCID: PMC4300845 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The anaphase–promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) is a 22 S ubiquitin ligase complex that initiates chromosome segregation and mitotic exit. We have used biochemical and electron microscopic analyses of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and human APC/C to address how the APC/C subunit Doc1 contributes to recruitment and processive ubiquitylation of APC/C substrates, and to understand how APC/C monomers interact to form a 36 S dimeric form. We show that Doc1 interacts with Cdc27, Cdc16 and Apc1, and is located in vicinity of the cullin–RING module Apc2–Apc11 in the inner cavity of the APC/C. Substrate proteins also bind in the inner cavity, in close proximity to DOC1 and the co–activator CDH1, and induce conformational changes in APC2–APC11. Our results suggest that substrates are recruited to the APC/C by binding to a bipartite substrate receptor composed of a co–activator protein and Doc1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina A Buschhorn
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Petzold
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marta Galova
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Prakash Dube
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Claudine Kraft
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz Herzog
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Holger Stark
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Molecular 3D Electron Cryomicroscopy, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August University Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jan-Michael Peters
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
AbstractThe complex molecular events responsible for coordinating chromosome replication and segregation with cell division and growth are collectively known as the cell cycle. Progression through the cell cycle is orchestrated by the interplay between controlled protein synthesis and degradation and protein phosphorylation. Protein degradation is primarily regulated through the ubiquitin proteasome system, mediated by two related E3 protein ubiquitin ligases, the Skp1 cullin F-box (SCF) and the anaphase promoting complex (also known as the cyclosome) (APC/C). The APC/C is a multi-subunit cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase that regulates progression through the mitotic phase of the cell cycle and controls entry into S phase by catalysing the ubiquitylation of cyclins and other cell cycle regulatory proteins. Selection of APC/C targets is controlled through recognition of short destruction motifs, predominantly the D-box and KEN-box. APC/C-mediated coordination of cell cycle progression is achieved through the temporal regulation of APC/C activity and substrate specificity, exerted through a combination of co-activator subunits, reversible phosphorylation and inhibitory proteins and complexes. The aim of this article is to discuss the APC/C from a structural and mechanistic perspective. Although an atomic structure of the APC/C is still lacking, a combination of genetic, biochemical, electron microscopy studies of intact APC/C and crystallographic analysis of individual subunits, together with analogies to evolutionarily related E3 ligases of the RING family, has provided deep insights into the molecular mechanisms of catalysis and substrate recognition, and structural organisation of the APC/C.
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Li Y, Lam KS, Dasgupta N, Ye P. A yeast's eye view of mammalian reproduction: cross-species gene co-expression in meiotic prophase. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2010; 4:125. [PMID: 20819218 PMCID: PMC2944139 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-4-125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Meiotic prophase is a critical stage in sexual reproduction. Aberrant chromosome recombination during this stage is a leading cause of human miscarriages and birth defects. However, due to the experimental intractability of mammalian gonads, only a very limited number of meiotic genes have been characterized. Here we aim to identify novel meiotic genes important in human reproduction through computational mining of cross-species and cross-sex time-series expression data from budding yeast, mouse postnatal testis, mouse embryonic ovary, and human fetal ovary. Results Orthologous gene pairs were ranked by order statistics according to their co-expression profiles across species, allowing us to infer conserved meiotic genes despite obvious differences in cellular synchronicity and composition in organisms. We demonstrated that conserved co-expression networks could successfully recover known meiotic genes, including homologous recombination genes, chromatin cohesion genes, and genes regulating meiotic entry. We also showed that conserved co-expression pairs exhibit functional connections, as evidenced by the annotation similarity in Gene Ontology and overlap with physical interactions. More importantly, we predicted six new meiotic genes through their co-expression linkages with known meiotic genes, and subsequently used the genetically more amenable yeast system for experimental validation. The deletion mutants of all six genes showed sporulation defects, equivalent to a 100% validation rate. Conclusions We identified evolutionarily conserved gene modules in meiotic prophase by integrating cross-species and cross-sex expression profiles from budding yeast, mouse, and human. Our co-expression linkage analyses confirmed known meiotic genes and identified several novel genes that might be critical players in meiosis in multiple species. These results demonstrate that our approach is highly efficient to discover evolutionarily conserved novel meiotic genes, and yeast can serve as a valuable model system for investigating mammalian meiotic prophase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Li
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, PO Box 647520, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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22
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Arakawa-Takeuchi S, Kobayashi K, Park JH, Uranbileg B, Yamamoto H, Jinno S, Okayama H. Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling opposes the effects of anchorage loss, leading to activation of Cdk4 and Cdc6 stabilization. FEBS Lett 2010; 584:2779-85. [PMID: 20466002 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
When deprived of an anchorage to the extracellular matrix, fibroblasts arrest in the G(1) phase with inactivation of Cdk4/6 and Cdk2 and destruction of Cdc6, the assembler of prereplicative complexes essential for S phase onset. How cellular anchorages control these kinases and Cdc6 stability is poorly understood. Here, we report that in rat embryonic fibroblasts, activation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 by a Tsc2 mutation or overexpression of a constitutively active mutant Rheb overrides the absence of the anchorage and stabilizes Cdc6 at least partly via activating Cdk4/6 that induces Emi1, an APC/C(Cdh1) ubiquitin ligase inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiho Arakawa-Takeuchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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23
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Sequence characterization and promoter identification of porcine APC10 gene. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 37:3841-9. [PMID: 20232159 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0040-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
APC10 protein, a subunit of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC), plays an essential role in the progression of cells from mitosis to G1. In this study, we cloned and sequenced partial cDNA, intron 1 and 5'-flanking sequences of porcine APC10. The partial cDNA is 595 bp long and has an open reading frame of 558 bp which encodes 185 putative amino acids. Real-time PCR analysis revealed that the porcine APC10 mRNA expression shows a wide distribution and expression levels varies within a small different range in detected tissues. The deduced protein has a high identity with other eight species and comprises a conserved DOC domain. The phylogenetic tree indicated that porcine APC10 has the closest genetic relationship with human, monkey and dog. Promoter activity was demonstrated by transient transfection of 5'-deletion promoter/luciferase constructs into PK15 cells, and indicated that the proximal region from -2,052 to -1,764 is necessary for basal promoter activity. Positive cis-regulatory elements are present from -2,544 to -2,052 and from -3,114 to -2,774, while negative cis-regulatory elements may be present from -2,774 to -2,544. Yeast one-hybrid assay revealed Sp1 can interact with proximal promoter region of porcine APC10.
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24
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Marín I. Animal HECT ubiquitin ligases: evolution and functional implications. BMC Evol Biol 2010; 10:56. [PMID: 20175895 PMCID: PMC2837046 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HECT ubiquitin ligases (HECT E3s) are key components of the eukaryotic ubiquitin-proteasome system and are involved in the genesis of several human diseases. In this study, I analyze the patterns of diversification of HECT E3s since animals emerged in order to provide the right framework to understand the functional data available for proteins of this family. Results I show that the current classification of HECT E3s into three groups (NEDD4-like E3s, HERCs and single-HECT E3s) is fundamentally incorrect. First, the existence of a "Single-HECT E3s" group is not supported by phylogenetic analyses. Second, the HERC proteins must be divided into two subfamilies (Large HERCs, Small HERCs) that are evolutionarily very distant, their structural similarity being due to convergence and not to a common origin. Sequence and structural analyses show that animal HECT E3s can be naturally classified into 16 subfamilies. Almost all of them appeared either before animals originated or in early animal evolution. More recently, multiple gene losses have occurred independently in some lineages (nematodes, insects, urochordates), the same groups that have also lost genes of another type of E3s (RBR family). Interestingly, the emergence of some animal HECT E3s precedes the origin of key cellular systems that they regulate (TGF-β and EGF signal transduction pathways; p53 family of transcription factors) and it can be deduced that distantly related HECT proteins have been independently co-opted to perform similar roles. This may contribute to explain why distantly related HECT E3s are involved in the genesis of multiple types of cancer. Conclusions The complex evolutionary history of HECT ubiquitin ligases in animals has been deciphered. The most appropriate model animals to study them and new theoretical and experimental lines of research are suggested by these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Marín
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBV-CSIC), Valencia, Spain.
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25
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Crawford DC, Zheng N, Speelmon EC, Stanaway I, Rieder MJ, Nickerson DA, McElrath MJ, Lingappa J. An excess of rare genetic variation in ABCE1 among Yorubans and African-American individuals with HIV-1. Genes Immun 2009; 10:715-21. [PMID: 19657357 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2009.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Signatures of natural selection occur throughout the human genome and can be detected at the sequence level. We have re-sequenced ABCE1, a host candidate gene essential for HIV-1 capsid assembly, in European- (n=23) and African-descent (Yoruban; n=24) reference populations for genetic variation discovery. We identified an excess of rare genetic variation in Yoruban samples, and the resulting Tajima's D was low (-2.27). The trend of excess rare variation persisted in flanking candidate genes ANAPC10 and OTUD4, suggesting that this pattern of positive selection can be detected across the 184.5 kb examined on chromosome 4. Owing to ABCE1's role in HIV-1 replication, we re-sequenced the candidate gene in three small cohorts of HIV-1-infected or resistant individuals. We were able to confirm the excess of rare genetic variation among HIV-1-positive African-American individuals (n=53; Tajima's D=-2.34). These results highlight the potential importance of ABCE1's role in infectious diseases such as HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Crawford
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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26
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Kimata Y, Baxter JE, Fry AM, Yamano H. A Role for the Fizzy/Cdc20 Family of Proteins in Activation of the APC/C Distinct from Substrate Recruitment. Mol Cell 2008; 32:576-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2008.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Revised: 09/05/2008] [Accepted: 09/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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Sarikas A, Xu X, Field LJ, Pan ZQ. The cullin7 E3 ubiquitin ligase: a novel player in growth control. Cell Cycle 2008; 7:3154-61. [PMID: 18927510 PMCID: PMC2637179 DOI: 10.4161/cc.7.20.6922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cullin7 (CUL7) is a molecular scaffold that organizes an E3 ubiquitin ligase containing the F-box protein Fbw8, Skp1 and the ROC1 RING finger protein. Dysregulation of the CUL7 E3 Ligase has been directly linked to hereditary human diseases as cul7 germline mutations were found in patients with autosomal-recessive 3-M and Yakuts short stature syndromes, which are characterized by profound pre- and postnatal growth retardation. In addition, genetic ablation of CUL7 in mice resulted in intrauterine growth retardation and perinatal lethality, underscoring its importance for growth regulation. The recent identification of insulin receptor substrate 1, a critical mediator of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling, as the proteolytic target of the CUL7 E3 ligase, provided a molecular link between CUL7 and a well-established growth regulatory pathway. This result, coupled with other studies demonstrating interactions between CUL7 and the p53 tumor suppressor protein, as well as the simian virus 40 large T antigen oncoprotein, further implicated CUL7 as a novel player in growth control and suggested pathomechanistic insights into CUL7-linked growth retardation syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Sarikas
- Department of Oncological Sciences; The Mount Sinai School of Medicine; New York, New York USA
| | - Xinsong Xu
- Department of Oncological Sciences; The Mount Sinai School of Medicine; New York, New York USA
| | - Loren J. Field
- Indiana University School of Medicine; Wells Center for Pediatric Research and Krannert Institute of Cardiology; Indianapolis, Indiana USA
| | - Zhen-Qiang Pan
- Department of Oncological Sciences; The Mount Sinai School of Medicine; New York, New York USA
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Pál M, Varga K, Nagy O, Deák P. Characterization of the Apc10/Doc1 subunit of the anaphase promoting complex in Drosophila melanogaster. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2008; 58 Suppl:51-64. [PMID: 18297794 DOI: 10.1556/abiol.58.2007.suppl.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The anaphase promoting complex or cyclosome (APC/C) is a large protein complex with an ubiquitin ligase activity which specifically targets mitotic regulatory proteins for proteasomal degradation. The APC/C contains at least 11 subunits, most of which are evolutionarily conserved from yeasts to humans. We have isolated and characterized mutant alleles of the gene that codes for the APC10/Doc1 subunit of the Drosophila APC/C. Loss of function APC10/Doc1 mutants have rudimentary imaginal discs and arrest their development as prepupae. Larval neuroblasts from these mutants show gross mitotic defects including high mitotic index, chromosome overcondensation, metaphase-like arrest and frequent aneuploid and polyploid cells. Mitotically arrested cells accumulate one of the main substrates of APC/C, cyclin B, most likely due to disabled ubiquitination activity. Our results suggest that the Apc10/Doc1 subunit has an essential role in establishing E3 ubiquitin ligase activity of APC/C in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit Pál
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
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29
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Gladfelter AS, Sustreanu N, Hungerbuehler AK, Voegeli S, Galati V, Philippsen P. The anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome is required for anaphase progression in multinucleated Ashbya gossypii cells. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2007; 6:182-97. [PMID: 17158735 PMCID: PMC1797942 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00364-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2006] [Accepted: 11/28/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Regulated protein degradation is essential for eukaryotic cell cycle progression. The anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) is responsible for the protein destruction required for the initiation of anaphase and the exit from mitosis, including the degradation of securin and B-type cyclins. We initiated a study of the APC/C in the multinucleated, filamentous ascomycete Ashbya gossypii to understand the mechanisms underlying the asynchronous mitosis observed in these cells. These experiments were motivated by previous work which demonstrated that the mitotic cyclin AgClb1/2p persists through anaphase, suggesting that the APC/C may not be required for the division cycle in A. gossypii. We have now found that the predicted APC/C components AgCdc23p and AgDoc1p and the targeting factors AgCdc20p and AgCdh1p are essential for growth and nuclear division. Mutants lacking any of these factors arrest as germlings with nuclei blocked in mitosis. A likely substrate of the APC/C is the securin homologue AgPds1p, which is present in all nuclei in hyphae except those in anaphase. The destruction box sequence of AgPds1p is required for this timed disappearance. To investigate how the APC/C may function to degrade AgPds1p in only the subset of anaphase nuclei, we localized components and targeting subunits of the APC/C. Remarkably, AgCdc23p, AgDoc1p, and AgCdc16p were found in all nuclei in all cell cycle stages, as were the APC/C targeting factors AgCdc20p and AgCdh1p. These data suggest that the AgAPC/C may be constitutively active across the cell cycle and that proteolysis in these multinucleated cells may be regulated at the level of substrates rather than by the APC/C itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy S Gladfelter
- University of Basel Biozentrum, Molecular Microbiology, Klingelbergstrasse 0/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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30
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Abstract
The basic components of the plant cell cycle are G1 (postmitotic interphase), S-phase (DNA synthesis phase), G2 (premitotic interphase) and mitosis/cytokinesis. Proliferating cells are phosphoregulated by cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDKs). Plant D-type cyclins are sensors of the G0 to G1 transition, and are also important for G2/M. At G1/S, the S-phase transcription factor, E2F, is released from inhibitory retinoblastoma protein. Negative regulation of G1 events is through KRPs (Kip-related proteins). Plant S-phase genes are similar to animal ones, but timing of expression can be different (e.g. CDC6 at the start of S-phase) and functional evidence is limited. At G2/M, A-type and the unique B-type CDKs when bound to A, B and D cyclins, drive cells into division; they are negatively regulated by ICK1/2 and perhaps also by WEE1 kinase. In Arabidopsis, a putative CDC25 lacks a regulatory domain. Mitosis depends on correct temporal activity of CDKs, Aurora kinases and anaphase promotion complex; CDK-cyclin B activity beyond metaphase is catastrophic. Endoreduplication (re-replication of DNA in the absence of mitosis) is characterized by E2F expression and down-regulation of mitotic cyclins. Some cell size data support, whilst others negate, the idea of cell size having an impact on development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Francis
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, PO Box 915, Cardiff CF10 3TL, UK
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Beaty RM, Edwards JB, Boon K, Siu IM, Conway JE, Riggins GJ. PLXDC1 (TEM7) is identified in a genome-wide expression screen of glioblastoma endothelium. J Neurooncol 2006; 81:241-8. [PMID: 17031559 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-006-9227-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2006] [Accepted: 07/24/2006] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastomas are a highly aggressive brain tumor, with one of the highest rates of new blood vessel formation. In this study we used a combined experimental and bioinformatics strategy to determine which genes were highly expressed and specific for glioblastoma endothelial cells (GBM-ECs), compared to gene expression in normal tissue and endothelium. Starting from fresh glioblastomas, several rounds of negative and positive selection were used to isolate GBM-ECs and extract total RNA. Using Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE), 116,259 transcript tags (35,833 unique tags) were sequenced. From this expression analysis, we found 87 tags that were not expressed in normal brain. Further subtraction of normal endothelium, bone marrow, white blood cell and other normal tissue transcripts resulted in just three gene transcripts, ANAPC10, PLXDC1(TEM7), and CYP27B1, that are highly specific to GBM-ECs. Immunohistochemistry with an antibody for PLXDC1 showed protein expression in GBM microvasculature, but not in the normal brain endothelium tested. Our results suggest that this study succeeded in identifying GBM-EC specific genes. The entire gene expression profile for the GBM-ECs and other tissues used in this study are available at SAGE Genie (http://cgap.nci.nih.gov/SAGE). Functionally, the protein products of the three tags most specific to GBM-ECs have been implicated in processes critical to endothelial cell proliferation and differentiation, and are potential targets for anti-angiogenesis based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Beaty
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University Medical School, CRB II Rm. 257 , 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
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Kasper JS, Arai T, DeCaprio JA. A novel p53-binding domain in CUL7. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 348:132-8. [PMID: 16875676 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2006] [Accepted: 07/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
CUL7 is a member of the cullin RING ligase family and forms an SCF-like complex with SKP1 and FBXW8. CUL7 is required for normal mouse embryonic development and cellular proliferation, and is highly homologous to PARC, a p53-associated, parkin-like cytoplasmic protein. We determined that CUL7, in a manner similar to PARC, can bind directly to p53 but does not affect p53 expression. We identified a discrete, co-linear domain in CUL7 that is conserved in PARC and HERC2, and is necessary and sufficient for p53-binding. The presence of p53 stabilized expression of this domain and we demonstrate that this p53-binding domain of CUL7 contributes to the cytoplasmic localization of CUL7. The results support the model that p53 plays a role in regulation of CUL7 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn S Kasper
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Peters JM. The anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome: a machine designed to destroy. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2006; 7:644-56. [PMID: 16896351 DOI: 10.1038/nrm1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 982] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) is a ubiquitin ligase that has essential functions in and outside the eukaryotic cell cycle. It is the most complex molecular machine that is known to catalyse ubiquitylation reactions, and it contains more than a dozen subunits that assemble into a large 1.5-MDa complex. Recent discoveries have revealed an unexpected multitude of mechanisms that control APC/C activity, and have provided a first insight into how this unusual ubiquitin ligase recognizes its substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Michael Peters
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
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Abstract
Ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis is one of the key mechanisms underlying cell cycle control. The removal of barriers posed by accumulation of negative regulators, as well as the clearance of proteins when they are no longer needed or deleterious, are carried out via the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Ubiquitin conjugating enzymes and protein-ubiquitin ligases collaborate to mark proteins destined for degradation by the proteasome by covalent attachment of multi-ubiquitin chains. Most regulated proteolysis during the cell cycle can be attributed to two families of protein-ubiquitin ligases. The anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) is activated during mitosis and G1 where it is responsible for eliminating proteins that impede mitotic progression and that would have deleterious consequences if allowed to accumulate during G1. SCF (Skp1/Culin/F-box protein) protein-ubiquitin ligases ubiquitylate proteins that are marked by phosphorylation at specific sequences known as phosphodegrons. Targeting of proteins for destruction by phosphorylation provides a mechanism for linking cell cycle regulation to internal and external signaling pathways via regulated protein kinase activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven I Reed
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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35
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Kraft C, Gmachl M, Peters JM. Methods to measure ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis mediated by the anaphase-promoting complex. Methods 2006; 38:39-51. [PMID: 16343932 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2005.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The anaphase-promoting complex (APC) or cyclosome is a multi-subunit ubiquitin ligase that controls progression through mitosis and the G1-phase of the cell cycle. The APC ubiquitinates regulatory proteins such as securin and cyclin B and thereby targets them for destruction by the 26S proteasome. Activation of the APC depends on the activator proteins Cdc20 and Cdh1, which are thought to recruit substrates to the APC. In vitro, APC's RING finger subunit Apc11 alone can also function as a ubiquitin ligase. Here, we review different methods that have been used to measure the ubiquitination activity of the APC in vitro and to analyze APC-mediated degradation reactions either in vitro or in vivo. We describe procedures to isolate the APC from human cells or from Xenopus eggs, to activate purified APC with recombinant Cdc20 or Cdh1 and to measure the ubiquitination activity of the resulting APC(Cdc20) and APC(Cdh1) complexes. We also describe procedures to analyze the ubiquitination activity associated with recombinant Apc11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudine Kraft
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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36
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Skaar JR, Arai T, DeCaprio JA. Dimerization of CUL7 and PARC is not required for all CUL7 functions and mouse development. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:5579-89. [PMID: 15964813 PMCID: PMC1156978 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.13.5579-5589.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CUL7, a recently identified member of the cullin family of E3 ubiquitin ligases, forms a unique SCF-like complex and is required for mouse embryonic development. To further investigate CUL7 function, we sought to identify CUL7 binding proteins. The p53-associated, parkin-like cytoplasmic protein (PARC), a homolog of CUL7, was identified as a CUL7-interacting protein by mass spectrometry. The heterodimerization of PARC and CUL7, as well as homodimerization of PARC and CUL7, was confirmed in vivo. To determine the biological role of PARC by itself and in conjunction with CUL7, a targeted deletion of Parc was created in the mouse. In contrast to the neonatal lethality of the Cul7 knockout mice, Parc knockout mice were born at the expected Mendelian ratios and exhibited no apparent phenotype. Additionally, Parc deletion did not appear to affect the stability or function of p53. These results suggest that PARC and CUL7 form an endogenous complex and that PARC and CUL7 functions are at least partially nonoverlapping. In addition, although PARC and p53 form a complex, the absence of effect of Parc deletion on p53 stability, localization, and function suggests that p53 binding to PARC may serve to control PARC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Skaar
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medical Oncology and Harvard Medical School, Mayer Building 457, 44 Binney Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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37
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Kumar P, Wang CC. Depletion of anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome (APC/C) subunit homolog APC1 or CDC27 of Trypanosoma brucei arrests the procyclic form in metaphase but the bloodstream form in anaphase. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:31783-91. [PMID: 15994309 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m504326200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome (APC/C) is a multiprotein subunit E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that controls segregation of chromosomes and exit from mitosis in eukaryotes. It triggers elimination of key cell cycle regulators such as securin and mitotic cyclins during mitosis by polyubiquitinating them for proteasome degradation. Seven core subunit homologs of APC/C (APC1, APC2, APC11, CDC16, CDC23, CDC27, and DOC1) were identified in the Trypanosoma brucei genome data base. Expression of six of them was individually ablated by RNA interference in both the procyclic and bloodstream forms of T. brucei. Only the CDC27- and APC1-depleted cells were enriched in the G2/M phase with inhibited growth. Further studies indicated that T. brucei APC1 and CDC27 failed to complement the corresponding deletion mutants of budding yeast. However, their depletion from procyclic-form T. brucei enriched cells with two kinetoplasts and an enlarged nucleus possessing short metaphase-like mitotic spindles, suggesting that APC1 and CDC27 may play essential roles in promoting anaphase in the procyclic form. Their depletion from the bloodstream form, however, enriched cells with two kinetoplasts and two nuclei connected through a microtubule bundle, suggesting a late anaphase arrest. This is the first time functional APC/C subunit homologs were identified in T. brucei. The apparent differential activities of this putative APC/C in two distinct developmental stages suggest an unusual function. The apparent lack of functional involvement of some of the other individual structural subunit homologs of APC/C may indicate the structural uniqueness of T. brucei APC/C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-2280, USA
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Abstract
The radiation-induced mutation Oligosyndactylism (Os) is associated with limb and kidney defects in heterozygotes and with mitotic arrest and embryonic lethality in homozygotes. We reported that the cell cycle block in Os and in the 94-A/K transgene-induced mutations is due to disruption of the Anapc10 (Apc10/Doc1) gene. To understand the genetic basis of the limb and kidney abnormalities in Os mice we characterized the structural changes of chromosome 8 associated with this mutation. We demonstrate that the Os chromosome 8 has suffered two breaks that are 5 cM ( approximately 10 Mb) apart and the internal fragment delineated by the breaks is in an inverted orientation on the mutant chromosome. While sequences in proximity to the distal break are present in an abnormal Os-specific Anapc10 hybrid transcript, transcription of these sequences in normal mice is low and difficult to detect. Transfer of the Os mutation onto an FVB/N background indicated that the absence of dominant effects in 94-A/K mice is not due to strain background effects on the mutation. Further analysis of this mutation will determine if a gene interrupted by the break or a long-range effect of the rearrangement on neighboring genes is responsible for the dominant effects of Os.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Wise
- Department of Human Genetics, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York 10314, USA
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Castro A, Bernis C, Vigneron S, Labbé JC, Lorca T. The anaphase-promoting complex: a key factor in the regulation of cell cycle. Oncogene 2005; 24:314-25. [PMID: 15678131 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Events controlling cell division are governed by the degradation of different regulatory proteins by the ubiquitin-dependent pathway. In this pathway, the attachment of a polyubiquitin chain to a substrate by an ubiquitin-ligase targets this substrate for degradation by the 26S proteasome. Two different ubiquitin ligases play an important role in the cell cycle: the SCF (Skp1/Cullin/F-box) and the anaphase-promoting complex (APC). In this review, we describe the present knowledge about the APC. We pay particular attention to the latest results concerning APC structure, APC regulation and substrate recognition, and we discuss the implication of these findings in the understanding the APC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Castro
- Centre de Recherche de Biochimie Macromoléculaire, CNRS FRE 2593 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
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40
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Abstract
The APC (anaphase-promoting complex) is a multisubunit E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets cell-cycle-related proteins for degradation by the 26 S proteasome. The APC contains at least 13 subunits and is regulated by the binding of co-activator proteins and by phosphorylation. It is not known why the APC contains 13 subunits when many other ubiquitin ligases are small single-subunit enzymes. In the present study, the structures and functions of individual APC subunits are discussed. By dissecting the roles of its parts, we hope to gain insight into the mechanism of the intact APC.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Passmore
- Section of Structural Biology, Chester Beatty Laboratories, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK.
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41
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Burnatowska-Hledin MA, Kossoris JB, Van Dort CJ, Shearer RL, Zhao P, Murrey DA, Abbott JL, Kan CE, Barney CC. T47D breast cancer cell growth is inhibited by expression of VACM-1, a cul-5 gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 319:817-25. [PMID: 15184056 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Vasopressin-activated calcium-mobilizing (VACM-1), a cul-5 gene, is localized on chromosome 11q22-23 close to the gene for Ataxia Telangiectasia in a region associated with a loss of heterozygosity in breast cancer tumor samples. To examine the biological role of VACM-1, we studied the effect of VACM-1 expression on cellular growth and gene expression in T47D breast cancer cells. Immunocytochemistry studies demonstrated that VACM-1 was expressed in 0.6-6% of the T47D cells and localized to the nucleus of mitotic cells. Overexpressing VACM-1 significantly attenuated cellular proliferation and MAPK phosphorylation when compared to the control cells. In addition, VACM-1 decreased egr-1 and increased Fas-L mRNA levels. Further, egr-1 protein levels were significantly lower in the nuclear fraction from VACM-1 transfected cells when compared to controls. These data indicate that VACM-1 is involved in the regulation of cellular growth.
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Pierre SC, Häusler J, Birod K, Geisslinger G, Scholich K. PAM mediates sustained inhibition of cAMP signaling by sphingosine-1-phosphate. EMBO J 2004; 23:3031-40. [PMID: 15257286 PMCID: PMC514936 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2004] [Accepted: 06/21/2004] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
PAM (Protein Associated with Myc) is an almost ubiquitously expressed protein that is one of the most potent inhibitors of adenylyl cyclase activity known so far. Here we show that PAM is localized at the endoplasmic reticulum in HeLa cells and that upon serum treatment PAM is recruited to the plasma membrane, causing an inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity. We purified the serum factor that induced PAM translocation and identified it as sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). Within 15 min after incubation with S1P, PAM appeared at the plasma membrane and was detectable for up to 120 min. Sphingosine-1-phosphate induced adenylyl cyclase inhibition in two phases: an initial (1-10 min) and a late (20-240 min) phase. The initial adenylyl cyclase inhibition was Gi-mediated and PAM independent. In the late phase, adenylyl cyclase inhibition was PAM dependent and attenuated cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling by various cAMP-elevating signals. This makes PAM the longest lasting nontranscriptional regulator of adenylyl cyclase activity known to date and presents a novel mechanism for the temporal regulation of cAMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra C Pierre
- Pharmazentrum frankfurt, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Julia Häusler
- Pharmazentrum frankfurt, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kerstin Birod
- Pharmazentrum frankfurt, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Pharmazentrum frankfurt, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Klaus Scholich
- Pharmazentrum frankfurt, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Pharmazentrum frankfurt, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany. Tel.: +49 69 6301 83103; Fax: +49 69 6301 83378; E-mail:
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Nourry C, Maksumova L, Pang M, Liu X, Wang T. Direct interaction between Smad3, APC10, CDH1 and HEF1 in proteasomal degradation of HEF1. BMC Cell Biol 2004; 5:20. [PMID: 15144564 PMCID: PMC420458 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-5-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2003] [Accepted: 05/16/2004] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) regulates myriad cellular events by signaling through members of the Smad family signal transducers. As a key signal transducer of TGF-β, Smad3 exhibits the property of receptor-activated transcriptional modulator and also the novel ability of regulating the proteasomal degradation of two Smad3 interacting proteins, SnoN and HEF1. It has been shown that Smad3 recruits two types of Ub E3 ligases, Smurf2 and the Anaphase Promoting Complex (APC), to mediate SnoN ubiquitination, thereby enhancing SnoN degradation. The molecular mechanisms underlying Smad3-regulated HEF1 degradation are not well understood. Furthermore, it is not clear how Smad3 recruits the APC complex. Results We detected physical interaction between Smad3 and an APC component APC10, as well as the interaction between HEF1 and CDH1, which is the substrate-interacting component within APC. Detailed domain mapping studies revealed distinct subdomains within the MH2 domain of Smad3 for binding to APC10 and HEF1 and suggests the formation of a complex of these four proteins (Smad3, HEF1, APC10 and CDH1). In addition, the protein levels of HEF1 are subjected to the regulation of overexpressed APC10 and CDH1. Conclusions Our data suggests that Smad3 may recruit the APC complex via a direct interaction with the APC subunit APC10 to regulate the ubiquitination and degradation of its interactor HEF1, which is recognized as an ubiquitination substrate by the CDH1 subunit of the APC complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Nourry
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101,USA
- INSERM U119 – Molecular Oncology, 27 boulevard Leï Roure, 13009 Marseille, FRANCE
| | - Lola Maksumova
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101,USA
- Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Research Institute, UBC, 950 28th Avenue West, Vancouver, BC, V5Z4H4, USA
| | - Mona Pang
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101,USA
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Serono Reproductive Biology Institute, One Technology Place, Rockland, MA 02370, USA
| | - Tongwen Wang
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101,USA
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Ali SH, Kasper JS, Arai T, DeCaprio JA. Cul7/p185/p193 binding to simian virus 40 large T antigen has a role in cellular transformation. J Virol 2004; 78:2749-57. [PMID: 14990695 PMCID: PMC353757 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.6.2749-2757.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2003] [Accepted: 11/10/2003] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Simian virus 40 large T antigen (TAg) is a viral oncoprotein that can promote cellular transformation. TAg's transforming activity results in part by binding and inactivating key tumor suppressors, including p53 and the retinoblastoma protein (pRb). We have identified a TAg-associated 185-kDa protein that has significant homology to the cullin family of E3 ubiquitin ligases. TAg binds to an SCF-like complex that contains p185/Cul7, Rbx1, and the F box protein Fbw6. This SCF-like complex binds to an N-terminal region of TAg. Several p185/Cul7-binding-deficient mutants of TAg were generated that retained binding to pRb and p53 and were capable of overcoming Rb-mediated repression of E2F transcription. Despite binding to pRb and p53, these p185/Cul7-binding-defective mutants of TAg were unable to transform primary mouse embryo fibroblasts. Cells expressing p185/Cul7-binding-defective mutants of TAg were unable to grow to high density or grow in an anchorage-independent manner as determined by growth in soft agar. Considering the significance of other TAg-interacting proteins in regulation of the cell cycle, p185/Cul7 may also regulate an important growth control pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Hamid Ali
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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45
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46
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Van Dort C, Zhao P, Parmelee K, Capps B, Poel A, Listenberger L, Kossoris J, Wasilevich B, Murrey D, Clare P, Burnatowska-Hledin M. VACM-1, a cul-5 gene, inhibits cellular growth by a mechanism that involves MAPK and p53 signaling pathways. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2003; 285:C1386-96. [PMID: 12917106 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00338.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vasopressin-activated Ca2+-mobilizing (VACM)-1 gene product is a 780-amino acid membrane protein that shares sequence homology with cullins, a family of genes involved in the regulation of cell cycle. However, when expressed in vitro, VACM-1 attenuates basal and vasopressin- and forskolin-induced cAMP production. Mutating the PKA-dependent phosphorylation site in the VACM-1 sequence (S730AVACM-1) prevents this inhibitory effect. To further examine the biological role of VACM-1, we studied the effect of VACM-1 and S730AVACM-1 proteins on cellular proliferation and gene expression in Chinese hamster ovary and COS-1 cells. Cellular proliferation of VACM-1-expressing cell lines was significantly lower compared with that of the vector-transfected cells, whereas it was significantly increased in S730AVACM-1-derived cell lines. Furthermore, expression of VACM-1 but not S730AVACM-1 protein retarded cytokinesis and prevented MAPK phosphorylation. Screening with the Human PathwayFinder-1 GEArray system and subsequent Western blot analysis demonstrated that VACM-1 induces p53 mRNA and protein expression. In summary, VACM-1 inhibits cellular growth by a mechanism that involves cAMP, MAPK phosphorylation, and p53 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Van Dort
- Dept. of Biology, Peale Science Center, Hope College, Holland, MI 49422-9000, USA
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47
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Vodermaier HC, Gieffers C, Maurer-Stroh S, Eisenhaber F, Peters JM. TPR subunits of the anaphase-promoting complex mediate binding to the activator protein CDH1. Curr Biol 2003; 13:1459-68. [PMID: 12956947 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-9822(03)00581-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromosome segregation and mitotic exit depend on activation of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) by the substrate adaptor proteins CDC20 and CDH1. The APC is a ubiquitin ligase composed of at least 11 subunits. The interaction of APC2 and APC11 with E2 enzymes is sufficient for ubiquitination reactions, but the functions of most other subunits are unknown. RESULTS We have biochemically characterized subcomplexes of the human APC. One subcomplex, containing APC2/11, APC1, APC4, and APC5, can assemble multiubiquitin chains but is unable to bind CDH1 and to ubiquitinate substrates. The other subcomplex contains all known APC subunits except APC2/11. This subcomplex can recruit CDH1 but fails to support any ubiquitination reaction. In vitro, the C termini of CDC20 and CDH1 bind to the closely related TPR subunits APC3 and APC7. Homology modeling predicts that these proteins are similar in structure to the peroxisomal import receptor PEX5, which binds cargo proteins via their C termini. APC activation by CDH1 depends on a conserved C-terminal motif that is also found in CDC20 and APC10. CONCLUSIONS APC1, APC4, and APC5 may connect APC2/11 with TPR subunits. TPR domains in APC3 and APC7 recruit CDH1 to the APC and may thereby bring substrates into close proximity of APC2/11 and E2 enzymes. In analogy to PEX5, the different TPR subunits of the APC might function as receptors that interact with the C termini of regulatory proteins such as CDH1, CDC20, and APC10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut C Vodermaier
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, A-1030, Vienna, Austria
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48
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Arai T, Kasper JS, Skaar JR, Ali SH, Takahashi C, DeCaprio JA. Targeted disruption of p185/Cul7 gene results in abnormal vascular morphogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:9855-60. [PMID: 12904573 PMCID: PMC187864 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1733908100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cul1, a member of the cullin ubiquitin ligase family, forms a multiprotein complex known as SCF and plays an essential role in numerous cellular and biological activities. A Cul1 homologue, p185 (Cul7), has been isolated as an simian virus 40 large T antigen-binding protein. To understand the physiological role of p185, we generated mice lacking p185. p185-/- embryos are runted and die immediately after birth because of respiratory distress. Dermal and hypodermal hemorrhage is detected in mutant embryos at late gestational stage. p185-/- placentas show defects in the differentiation of the trophoblast lineage with an abnormal vascular structure. We demonstrate that p185 forms an SCF-like complex with Skp1, Rbx1, Fbw6 (Fbx29), and FAP68 (FAP48, glomulin). FAP68 has recently been identified as a gene responsible for familial glomuvenous malformation. These results suggest that p185 forms a multiprotein complex and plays an important role in vascular morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Arai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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49
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Hall MC, Torres MP, Schroeder GK, Borchers CH. Mnd2 and Swm1 are core subunits of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae anaphase-promoting complex. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:16698-705. [PMID: 12609981 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m213109200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The anaphase-promoting complex (APC) is a multisubunit E3 ubiquitin ligase that regulates the metaphase-anaphase transition and exit from mitosis in eukaryotic cells. Eleven subunits have been previously identified in APC from budding yeast. We have identified two additional subunits, Mnd2 and Swm1, by mass spectrometry. Both Mnd2 and Swm1 were found specifically associated with a highly purified preparation of APC from haploid yeast whole cell extract. Moreover, the APC co-purified with epitope-tagged Mnd2 and Swm1. Both proteins were present in APC preparations from haploid cells arrested in G(1), S, and M phases and from meiotic diploid cells, indicating that they are constitutive components of the complex throughout the yeast cell cycle. Mnd2 interacted strongly with Cdc23, Apc5, and Apc1 when coexpressed in an in vitro transcription/translation reaction. Swm1 also interacted with Cdc23 and Apc5 in this system. Previous studies described meiotic defects for mutations in MND2 and SWM1. Here, we show that mnd2delta and swm1delta haploid strains exhibit slow growth and accumulation of G(2)/M cells comparable with that seen in apc9delta or apc10Delta strains and consistent with an APC defect. Taken together, these results demonstrate that Swm1 and Mnd2 are functional components of the yeast APC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Hall
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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50
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Passmore LA, McCormack EA, Au SW, Paul A, Willison KR, Harper J, Barford D. Doc1 mediates the activity of the anaphase-promoting complex by contributing to substrate recognition. EMBO J 2003; 22:786-96. [PMID: 12574115 PMCID: PMC145444 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/cdg084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The anaphase-promoting complex (APC) is a multisubunit E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets specific cell cycle-related proteins for degradation, regulating progression from metaphase to anaphase and exit from mitosis. The APC is regulated by binding of the coactivator proteins Cdc20p and Cdh1p, and by phosphorylation. We have developed a purification strategy that allowed us to purify the budding yeast APC to near homogeneity and identify two novel APC-associated proteins, Swm1p and Mnd2p. Using an in vitro ubiquitylation system and a native gel binding assay, we have characterized the properties of wild-type and mutant APC. We show that both the D and KEN boxes contribute to substrate recognition and that coactivator is required for substrate binding. APC lacking Apc9p or Doc1p/Apc10 have impaired E3 ligase activities. However, whereas Apc9p is required for structural stability and the incorporation of Cdc27p into the APC complex, Doc1p/Apc10 plays a specific role in substrate recognition by APC-coactivator complexes. These results imply that Doc1p/Apc10 may play a role to regulate the binding of specific substrates, similar to that of the coactivators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth A. McCormack
- Section of Structural Biology and
Cancer Research UK Centre for Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA Corresponding author e-mail:
| | | | - Angela Paul
- Section of Structural Biology and
Cancer Research UK Centre for Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Keith R. Willison
- Section of Structural Biology and
Cancer Research UK Centre for Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - J.Wade Harper
- Section of Structural Biology and
Cancer Research UK Centre for Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - David Barford
- Section of Structural Biology and
Cancer Research UK Centre for Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA Corresponding author e-mail:
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