1
|
Yan W, Wang Y, Lu Y, Peng S, Wu B, Cai W, Xiao Y. Reg4 deficiency aggravates pancreatitis by increasing mitochondrial cell death and fibrosis. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:348. [PMID: 38769308 PMCID: PMC11106239 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06738-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Regenerating gene family member 4 (Reg4) has been implicated in acute pancreatitis, but its precise functions and involved mechanisms have remained unclear. Herein, we sought to investigate the contribution of Reg4 to the pathogenesis of pancreatitis and evaluate its therapeutic effects in experimental pancreatitis. In acute pancreatitis, Reg4 deletion increases inflammatory infiltrates and mitochondrial cell death and decreases autophagy recovery, which are rescued by the administration of recombinant Reg4 (rReg4) protein. In chronic pancreatitis, Reg4 deficiency aggravates inflammation and fibrosis and inhibits compensatory cell proliferation. Moreover, C-X-C motif ligand 12 (CXCL12)/C-X-C motif receptor 4 (CXCR4) axis is sustained and activated in Reg4-deficient pancreas. The detrimental effects of Reg4 deletion are attenuated by the administration of the approved CXCR4 antagonist plerixafor (AMD3100). Mechanistically, Reg4 mediates its function in pancreatitis potentially via binding its receptor exostosin-like glycosyltransferase 3 (Extl3). In conclusion, our findings suggest that Reg4 exerts a therapeutic effect during pancreatitis by limiting inflammation and fibrosis and improving cellular regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weihui Yan
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Ying Lu
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Shicheng Peng
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Wei Cai
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Yongtao Xiao
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, 200092, China.
- Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, 200092, China.
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xu KY, Li M, Yu WH, Li X, Zeng Y, Xie FL, Zhou YH, Xu PS, Pu CC, Xie BB, Yu LT, Luo C. Reg3A Overexpression Facilitates Hepatic Metastasis by Altering Cell Adhesion in LoVo Colon Cancer Cells. DNA Cell Biol 2024. [PMID: 38771249 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2024.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Reg3A is upregulated in various cancers and considered a potential target for antitumor treatments. However, the effect of Reg3A in metastasis has been elusive. This study aims to disclose the role of Reg3A overexpression in hepatic metastasis of LoVo colon cancer cells. A stable cell line of LoVo cells overexpressing Reg3A (LoVo-luc-Reg3A), labeled with luc reporter gene, was constructed. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion were determined using MTT, EdU, Hoechst's staining, flow cytometry, and transwell assays, respectively. Hepatic metastasis of LoVo-luc-Reg3A cells was investigated in BALB/c nude mice. Living bioluminescence imaging, histological examination, and mRNA sequencing (mRNA-seq) were performed to assess the metastatic efficiency and gene expression alteration. Reg3A content was determined by Western blotting and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Cell attachment capacity was determined in the Matrigel culture. Reg3A overexpression did not promote LoVo cell proliferation or apoptosis, but facilitated cell migration and invasion. In the hepatic metastasis model, Reg3A overexpression increased the number of metastatic colonies. The result of mRNA-seq suggested 349 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by Reg3A upregulation, many of which were related to colon adenocarcinoma tumorigenesis compared to normal colon tissue. Gene ontology enrichment assay indicated that the DEGs are mainly associated with cell adhesion, leukocyte regulation, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, integrin binding, and STAT protein binding. Reg3A overexpression led to an enrichment of Reg3A protein in local tumor tissue of liver metastasis and ECM/intracellular space in ex vivo cultured cells. However, Reg3A concentration in serum and culture medium was relatively low. Reg3A overexpression also resulted in an increased number of cells that attach to Matrigel, which was attenuated by treatments of siRNA-Reg3A and single-chain variable fragment against Reg3A. Endogenous Reg3A overexpression facilitates hepatic metastasis of LoVo colon cancer cells. The prometastatic effect could be contributed by Reg3A enrichment in ECM, which alters the cell adhesion behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Yi Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mao Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei-Hong Yu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Zeng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Bioanalytics, Pfizer (China) Research and Development Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Fei-Lu Xie
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi-Han Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pin-Shen Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chun-Cheng Pu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bing-Bing Xie
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu-Ting Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Luo
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Antibody Engineering Laboratory, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Takeda Y, Kimura F, Takasawa S. Possible Molecular Mechanisms of Hypertension Induced by Sleep Apnea Syndrome/Intermittent Hypoxia. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:157. [PMID: 38276286 PMCID: PMC10821044 DOI: 10.3390/life14010157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Intermittent hypoxia (IH) is a central characteristic of sleep apnea syndrome (SAS), and it subjects cells in the body to repetitive apnea, chronic hypoxia, oxygen desaturation, and hypercapnia. Since SAS is linked to various serious cardiovascular complications, especially hypertension, many studies have been conducted to elucidate the mechanism of hypertension induced by SAS/IH. Hypertension in SAS is associated with numerous cardiovascular disorders. As hypertension is the most common complication of SAS, cell and animal models to study SAS/IH have developed and provided lots of hints for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of hypertension induced by IH. However, the detailed mechanisms are obscure and under investigation. This review outlines the molecular mechanisms of hypertension in IH, which include the regulation systems of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that activate the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and catecholamine biosynthesis in the sympathetic nervous system, resulting in hypertension. And hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), Endotheline 1 (ET-1), and inflammatory factors are also mentioned. In addition, we will discuss the influences of SAS/IH in cardiovascular dysfunction and the relationship of microRNA (miRNA)s to regulate the key molecules in each mechanism, which has become more apparent in recent years. These findings provide insight into the pathogenesis of SAS and help in the development of future treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Takeda
- Department of Biochemistry, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan;
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8522, Japan;
| | - Fuminori Kimura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8522, Japan;
| | - Shin Takasawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Upregulation of Reg IV and Hgf mRNAs by Intermittent Hypoxia via Downregulation of microRNA-499 in Cardiomyocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012414. [PMID: 36293268 PMCID: PMC9603944 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep apnea syndrome (SAS) is characterized by recurrent episodes of oxygen desaturation and reoxygenation (intermittent hypoxia [IH]), and is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and insulin resistance/Type 2 diabetes. However, the mechanisms linking IH stress and CVD remain elusive. We exposed rat H9c2 and mouse P19.CL6 cardiomyocytes to experimental IH or normoxia for 24 h to analyze the mRNA expression of several cardiomyokines. We found that the mRNA levels of regenerating gene IV (Reg IV) and hepatocyte growth factor (Hgf) in H9c2 and P19.CL6 cardiomyocytes were significantly increased by IH, whereas the promoter activities of the genes were not increased. A target mRNA search of microRNA (miR)s revealed that rat and mouse mRNAs have a potential target sequence for miR-499. The miR-499 level of IH-treated cells was significantly decreased compared to normoxia-treated cells. MiR-499 mimic and non-specific control RNA (miR-499 mimic NC) were introduced into P19.CL6 cells, and the IH-induced upregulation of the genes was abolished by introduction of the miR-499 mimic, but not by the miR-499 mimic NC. These results indicate that IH stress downregulates the miR-499 in cardiomyocytes, resulting in increased levels of Reg IV and Hgf mRNAs, leading to the protection of cardiomyocytes in SAS patients.
Collapse
|
5
|
Levetan C. Frederick Banting's observations leading to the potential for islet neogenesis without transplantation. J Diabetes 2022; 14:104-110. [PMID: 34967992 PMCID: PMC9060105 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.13246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
On 31 October 1920, Sir Frederick Banting, while preparing for a medical student lecture on diabetes, a topic that he knew little about, learned how pancreatic stones resulted in the formation of new islets of Langerhans. He then scribbled down a potential research study of tying off the ducts of the pancreas and collecting the secretions to improve diabetes. These secretions became known as insulin. A century later, 60 different oral medications and 20 different insulins are available for the treatment of diabetes, yet none stimulate new islet formation. One hundred years later, after the discovery of insulin, more than a dozen research teams from around the world have demonstrated that similar studies to Banting's pancreatic ligation studies have resulted in upregulation of the REG gene. There are now more than 200 publications on the role of Reg gene proteins and shorter Reg peptides in initiating new islet formation islet from exocrine pancreatic ducts and protecting against inflammation to islets resulting in islet death. Human data through Phase 2b in both type 1 and 2 diabetes patients with diabetes for an average of 20 years have demonstrated that the use of a shorter bioactive Reg peptide can generate new endogenous insulin production, resulting in significant reductions in hemoglobin A1C and increases in stimulated C-peptide. The observations of Frederick Banting, one century ago, may now lead to the generation of therapeutics that form new islets without the need for transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claresa Levetan
- Fellow with Distinction, American College of Endocrinology, Diplomate, American Board of Internal Medicine, Diabetes, Endocrinology and MetabolismGrand View HealthLansdalePennsylvaniaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sharma R, Kumari M, Mishra S, Chaudhary DK, Kumar A, Avni B, Tiwari S. Exosomes Secreted by Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Attenuate Diabetes in Mice. J Diabetes Res 2021; 2021:9534574. [PMID: 34926699 PMCID: PMC8683199 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9534574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy is an innovative approach in diabetes due to its capacity to modulate tissue microenvironment and regeneration of glucose-responsive insulin-producing cells. In this study, we investigated the role of MSC-derived exosomes in pancreatic regeneration and insulin secretion in mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were isolated and characterized from umbilical cord blood (UCB). Exosomes were isolated and characterized from these MSCs. Diabetes was induced in male C57Bl/6 mice by streptozotocin (STZ; 40 mg/kg body weight, i.p.) for five consecutive days. The diabetic mice were administered (i.v.) with MSC (1 × 105 umbilical cord blood MSC cells/mice/day), their derived exosomes (the MSC-Exo group that received exosomes derived from 1 × 105 MSC cells/mice/day), or the same volume of PBS. Before administration, the potency of MSCs and their exosomes was evaluated in vitro by T cell activation experiments. After day 7 of the treatments, blood samples and pancreatic tissues were collected. Histochemistry was performed to check cellular architecture and β cell regeneration. In body weight, blood glucose level, and insulin level, cell proliferation assay was done to confirm regeneration of cells after MSC and MSC-Exo treatments. Hyperglycemia was also attenuated in these mice with a concomitant increase in insulin production and an improved histological structure compared to mice in the PBS-treated group. We found increased expression of genes associated with tissue regeneration pathways, including Reg2, Reg3, and Amy2b in the pancreatic tissue of mice treated with MSC or MSC-Exo relative to PBS-treated mice. MicroRNA profiling of MSC-derived exosomes showed the presence of miRs that may facilitate pancreatic regeneration by regulating the Extl3-Reg-cyclinD1 pathway. These results demonstrate a potential therapeutic role of umbilical cord blood MSC-derived exosomes in attenuating insulin deficiency by activating pancreatic islets' regenerative abilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajni Sharma
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Manju Kumari
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Suman Mishra
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Dharmendra K. Chaudhary
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Alok Kumar
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Batia Avni
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cancer Immunotherapy, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Swasti Tiwari
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Okajima T, Shigemori S, Namai F, Ogita T, Sato T, Shimosato T. Free Feeding of CpG-Oligodeoxynucleotide Particles Prophylactically Attenuates Allergic Airway Inflammation and Hyperresponsiveness in Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 12:738041. [PMID: 34867960 PMCID: PMC8639529 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.738041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODNs) constitute an attractive alternative for asthma treatment. However, very little evidence is available from studies on the oral administration of CpG-ODNs in animals. Previously, we developed acid-resistant particles (named ODNcap) as an oral delivery device for ODNs. Here, we showed that free feeding of an ODNcap-containing feed prophylactically attenuates allergic airway inflammation, hyperresponsiveness, and goblet cell hyperplasia in an ovalbumin-induced asthma model. Using transcriptomics-driven approaches, we demonstrated that injury of pulmonary vein cardiomyocytes accompanies allergen inhalation challenge, but is inhibited by ODNcap feeding. We also showed the participation of an airway antimicrobial peptide (Reg3γ) and fecal microbiota in the ODNcap-mediated effects. Collectively, our findings suggest that daily oral ingestion of ODNcap may provide preventive effects on allergic bronchopulmonary insults via regulation of mechanisms involved in the gut-lung connection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Okajima
- Department of Biomolecular Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Suguru Shigemori
- Department of Biomolecular Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Fu Namai
- Department of Biomolecular Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Tasuku Ogita
- Department of Biomolecular Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Takashi Sato
- Department of Biomolecular Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Takeshi Shimosato
- Department of Biomolecular Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang L, Quan Y, Zhu Y, Xie X, Wang Z, Wang L, Wei X, Che F. The regenerating protein 3A: a crucial molecular with dual roles in cancer. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:1491-1500. [PMID: 34811636 PMCID: PMC8825409 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06904-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction REG3A, a member of the third subclass of the Reg family, has been found in a variety of tissues but is not detected in immune cells. In the past decade, it has been determined that REG3A expression is regulated by injury, infection, inflammatory stimuli, and pro-cytokines via different signaling pathways, and it acts as a tissue-repair, bactericidal, and anti-inflammatory molecule in human diseases. Recently, the role of REG3A in cancer has received increasing attention. The present article aims to investigate the structure, expression, regulation, function of REG3A, and to highlight the potential role of REG3A in tumors. Methods A detailed literature search and data organization were conducted to find information about the role of REG3A in variety of physiological functions and tumors. Results Contradictory roles of REG3A have been reported in different tumor models. Some studies have demonstrated that high expression of REG3A in cancers can be oncogenic. Other studies have shown decreased REG3A expression in cancer cells as well as suppressed tumor growth. Conclusions Taken together, better understanding of REG3A may lead to new insights that make it a potentially useful target for cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liying Wang
- Department of Clinlical Medicine, Weifang Medical College, Weifang, China.,Department of Neurology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Yanchun Quan
- Central Laboratory, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China. .,Key Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China. .,Key Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China.
| | - Yanxi Zhu
- Central Laboratory, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoli Xie
- Central Laboratory, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Central Laboratory, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Long Wang
- Central Laboratory, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Xiuhong Wei
- Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Fengyuan Che
- Department of Neurology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China. .,Central Laboratory, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China. .,Key Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China. .,Key Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
The Potential Role of REG Family Proteins in Inflammatory and Inflammation-Associated Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137196. [PMID: 34281249 PMCID: PMC8268738 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerating gene (REG) family proteins serve as multifunctional secretory molecules with trophic, antiapoptotic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and probably immuno-regulatory effects. Since their discovery, accumulating evidence has clarified the potential roles of the REG family in the occurrence, progression and development of a wide range of inflammatory and inflammation-associated diseases of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. However, significant gaps still exist due to the undefined nature of certain receptors, regulatory signaling pathways and possible interactions among distinct Reg members. In this narrative review, we first describe the structural features, distribution pattern and purported regulatory mechanisms of REG family proteins. Furthermore, we summarize the established and proposed roles of REG proteins in the pathogenesis of various inflammation-associated pathologies of the GI tract and the body as a whole, focusing particularly on carcinogenesis in the ulcerative colitis—colitic cancer sequence and gastric cancer. Finally, the clinical relevance of REG products in the context of diagnosis, treatment and prognostication are also discussed in detail. The current evidence suggests a need to better understanding the versatile roles of Reg family proteins in the pathogenesis of inflammatory-associated diseases, and their broadened future usage as therapeutic targets and prognostic biomarkers is anticipated.
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang H, Corredor ALG, Messina-Pacheco J, Li Q, Zogopoulos G, Kaddour N, Wang Y, Shi BY, Gregorieff A, Liu JL, Gao ZH. REG3A/REG3B promotes acinar to ductal metaplasia through binding to EXTL3 and activating the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling pathway. Commun Biol 2021; 4:688. [PMID: 34099862 PMCID: PMC8184755 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02193-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent acinar to ductal metaplasia (ADM) is a recently recognized precursor of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Here we show that the ADM area of human pancreas tissue adjacent to PDAC expresses significantly higher levels of regenerating protein 3A (REG3A). Exogenous REG3A and its mouse homolog REG3B induce ADM in the 3D culture of primary human and murine acinar cells, respectively. Both Reg3b transgenic mice and REG3B-treated mice with caerulein-induced pancreatitis develop and sustain ADM. Two out of five Reg3b transgenic mice with caerulein-induced pancreatitis show progression from ADM to pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN). Both in vitro and in vivo ADM models demonstrate activation of the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling pathway. Exostosin-like glycosyltransferase 3 (EXTL3) functions as the receptor for REG3B and mediates the activation of downstream signaling proteins. Our data indicates that REG3A/REG3B promotes persistent ADM through binding to EXTL3 and activating the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling pathway. Targeting REG3A/REG3B, its receptor EXTL3, or other downstream molecules could interrupt the ADM process and prevent early PDAC carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huairong Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pathology, McGill University and the Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Andrea Liliam Gomez Corredor
- Department of Pathology, McGill University and the Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Julia Messina-Pacheco
- Department of Pathology, McGill University and the Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Qing Li
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY, USA
| | - George Zogopoulos
- Department of Surgery, McGill University and the Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nancy Kaddour
- Department of Medicine, McGill University and the Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yifan Wang
- Department of Surgery, McGill University and the Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Bing-Yin Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Alex Gregorieff
- Department of Pathology, McGill University and the Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jun-Li Liu
- Department of Medicine, McGill University and the Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Zu-Hua Gao
- Department of Pathology, McGill University and the Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cao Y, Tian Y, Liu Y, Su Z. Reg3β: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Tissue Injury and Inflammation-Associated Disorders. Int Rev Immunol 2021; 41:160-170. [PMID: 33426979 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2020.1869731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Since regenerating islet-derived 3β (Reg3β) was first reported, various studies have been conducted to explore the involvement of Reg3β in a gamut of maladies, such as diabetes, pancreatitis, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, and extrapancreatic maladies such as inflammatory bowel disease, acute liver failure, and myocardial infarction. Surprisingly, there is currently no systematic review of Reg3β. Therefore, we summarize the structural characteristics, transcriptional regulation, putative receptors, and signaling pathways of Reg3β. The exact functional roles in various diseases, especially gastrointestinal and liver diseases, are also discussed. Reg3β plays multiple roles in promoting proliferation, inducing differentiation, preventing apoptosis, and resisting bacteria. The present review may provide new directions for the diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal, liver, and pancreatic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Cao
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yu Tian
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yueqin Liu
- Laboratory Center, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhaoliang Su
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Laboratory Center, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
OKAMOTO H, TAKASAWA S. Okamoto model for necrosis and its expansions, CD38-cyclic ADP-ribose signal system for intracellular Ca 2+ mobilization and Reg (Regenerating gene protein)-Reg receptor system for cell regeneration. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2021; 97:423-461. [PMID: 34629354 PMCID: PMC8553518 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.97.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In pancreatic islet cell culture models and animal models, we studied the molecular mechanisms involved in the development of insulin-dependent diabetes. The diabetogenic agents, alloxan and streptozotocin, caused DNA strand breaks, which in turn activated poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase/synthetase (PARP) to deplete NAD+, thereby inhibiting islet β-cell functions such as proinsulin synthesis and ultimately leading to β-cell necrosis. Radical scavengers protected against the formation of DNA strand breaks and inhibition of proinsulin synthesis. Inhibitors of PARP prevented the NAD+ depletion, inhibition of proinsulin synthesis and β-cell death. These findings led to the proposed unifying concept for β-cell damage and its prevention (the Okamoto model). The model met one proof with PARP knockout animals and was further extended by the discovery of cyclic ADP-ribose as the second messenger for Ca2+ mobilization in glucose-induced insulin secretion and by the identification of Reg (Regenerating gene) for β-cell regeneration. Physiological and pathological events found in pancreatic β-cells have been observed in other cells and tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi OKAMOTO
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Shin TAKASAWA
- Department of Biochemistry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Varilh M, Acquatella-Tran Van Ba I, Silhol M, Nieto-Lopez F, Moussaed M, Lebart MC, Bovolenta P, Verdier JM, Rossel M, Marcilhac A, Trousse F. Reg-1α Promotes Differentiation of Cortical Progenitors via Its N-Terminal Active Domain. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:681. [PMID: 32903776 PMCID: PMC7443566 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reg-1α belongs to the Reg family of small, secreted proteins expressed in both pancreas and nervous system. Reg-1α is composed of two domains, an insoluble C-type lectin domain and a short soluble N-terminal peptide, which is released from the molecule upon proteolytic N-terminal processing, although the biological significance of this proteolysis remains unclear. We have previously shown that binding of Reg-1α to its receptor Extl3 stimulates axonal outgrowth. Reg-1α and Extl3 genes are expressed in the developing cortex but their expression decreases in adulthood, pointing to a possible function of this signaling system at the early developmental stages. Here, we demonstrate that recombinant Reg-1α increases migration and differentiation of cultured embryonic rat telencephalic progenitors via the activation of GSK-3β activity. In vivo overexpression of Reg-1α by in utero electroporation, has a similar effect, favoring premature differentiation of cortical progenitors. Notably, the N-terminal soluble domain, but not the C-type lectin domain, is largely responsible for Reg-1α effects on cortical neuronal differentiation. We thus conclude that Reg-1α via its proteolytically generated N-terminal domain is required for basic development processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie Varilh
- MMDN, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | | | - Michelle Silhol
- MMDN, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Francisco Nieto-Lopez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid and CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mireille Moussaed
- MMDN, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Christine Lebart
- MMDN, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Paola Bovolenta
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid and CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jean-Michel Verdier
- MMDN, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Mireille Rossel
- MMDN, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Anne Marcilhac
- MMDN, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Trousse
- MMDN, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,PSL Research University, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Du P, Wang X, Yin T, Zhang X, Zhang Z, Yu W, Wang M, Luo C, Yu L. Anti-tumor effect of single-chain antibody to Reg3a in colorectal cancer. Exp Cell Res 2020; 396:112278. [PMID: 32918897 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regenerating protein 3a (Reg3a) is a trophic factor that functions as a stimulus in cell proliferation and neogenesis. Previous studies showed that Reg3a is ectopically upregulated in a majority of colorectal cancers (CRC) and detectable in the serum. METHODS Single-chain variable fragment targeting Reg3a (scFv-Reg3a) was screened from a phage library. The bioactivity of recombinant Reg3a (rReg3a) and scFv-Reg3a were tested in LoVo and RKO cell lines using MTT, flow cytometry, wound healing and transwell analyses. Whether scFv-Reg3a inhibits tumor growth and enhances 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-caused cell death were further examined in LoVo cell-transplanted nude BALB/c mice. RESULTS A scFv-Reg3a from clone C2 was obtained and its binding affinity (KD) to rReg3a was determined to be 4.44 × 10-10. In cultured LoVo and RKO cells, rReg3a promoted but scFv-Reg3a inhibited cell proliferation, survival, migration and invasion. In LoVo cell-xenografted nude mice, administration of rReg3a accelerated tumor growth while scFv-Reg3a suppressed cell proliferation and reinforced 5-FU-induced cell death. CONCLUSION The newly developed scFv-Reg3a is an anti-cancer agent which is potent to suppress CRC cell proliferation and survival. The use of scFv-Reg3a could enhance the effectiveness of 5-FU-based chemotherapy in the cancerous treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Du
- School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaonan Wang
- School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianqi Yin
- UConn Health, University of Connecticut, Hartford, USA
| | - Xueqing Zhang
- School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weihong Yu
- School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Wang
- School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Nature Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Luo
- School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Nature Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Luting Yu
- School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yamada S. Specific functions of Exostosin-like 3 ( EXTL3) gene products. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2020; 25:39. [PMID: 32843889 PMCID: PMC7441721 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-020-00231-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exostosin-like 3 (EXTL3) encodes the glycosyltransferases responsible for the biosynthesis of the backbone structure of heparan sulfate (HS), a sulfated polysaccharide that is ubiquitously distributed on the animal cell surface and in the extracellular matrix. A lack of EXTL3 reduces HS levels and causes embryonic lethality, indicating its indispensable role in the biosynthesis of HS. EXTL3 has also been identified as a receptor molecule for regenerating islet-derived (REG) protein ligands, which have been shown to stimulate islet β-cell growth. REG proteins also play roles in keratinocyte proliferation and/or differentiation, tissue regeneration and immune defenses in the gut as well as neurite outgrowth in the central nervous system. Compared with the established function of EXTL3 as a glycosyltransferase in HS biosynthesis, the REG-receptor function of EXTL3 is not conclusive. Genetic diseases caused by biallelic mutations in the EXTL3 gene were recently reported to result in a neuro-immuno-skeletal dysplasia syndrome. EXTL3 is a key molecule for the biosynthesis of HS and may be involved in the signal transduction of REG proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Yamada
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, 468-8503 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Edwards JA, Tan N, Toussaint N, Ou P, Mueller C, Stanek A, Zinsou V, Roudnitsky S, Sagal M, Dresner L, Schwartzman A, Huan C. Role of regenerating islet-derived proteins in inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:2702-2714. [PMID: 32550748 PMCID: PMC7284176 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i21.2702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract that affects millions of patients worldwide. It has a complex and multifactorial etiology leading to excessive exposure of intestinal epithelium to microbial antigens, inappropriate activation of the immune system and ultimately to the damage of intestinal tissues. Although numerous efforts have been made to improve the disease management, IBD remains persistently recurring and beyond cure. This is due largely to the gaps in our understanding of the pathogenesis of IBD that hamper the development of timely diagnoses and effective treatment. However, some recent discoveries, including the beneficial effects of interleukin-22 (IL-22) on the inflamed intestine, have shed light on a self-protective mechanism in IBD. Regenerating islet-derived (REG/Reg) proteins are small secretory proteins which function as IL-22's downstream effectors. Mounting studies have demonstrated that IBD patients have significantly increased REG expressions in the injured intestine, but with undefined mechanisms and roles. The reported functions of REG/Reg proteins in intestinal homeostasis, such as those of antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and tissue repair, lead us to discuss their potential mechanisms and clinical relevance in IBD in order to advance IBD research and management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jodi-Ann Edwards
- Department of Surgery, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Nicholas Tan
- College of Medicine, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Nadlie Toussaint
- College of Medicine, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Peiqi Ou
- MCB program, School of Graduate Studies, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Cathy Mueller
- Department of Surgery, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Albert Stanek
- Department of Surgery, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Vladimir Zinsou
- College of Medicine, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Sean Roudnitsky
- Department of Surgery, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Michelle Sagal
- Department of Surgery, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Lisa Dresner
- Department of Surgery, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Alexander Schwartzman
- Department of Surgery, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Chongmin Huan
- Department of Surgery and Cell Biology, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Nerve Injury-Induced Neuronal PAP-I Maintains Neuropathic Pain by Activating Spinal Microglia. J Neurosci 2019; 40:297-310. [PMID: 31744864 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1414-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatitis-associated proteins (PAPs) display multiple functions in visceral diseases. Previous studies showed that the expression level of PAP-I was low in the DRG of naive rats but was de novo expressed after peripheral nerve injury. However, its role in neuropathic pain remains unknown. We found that PAP-I expression was continuously upregulated in the DRG neurons from rat spared nerve injury models, and transported toward the spinal dorsal horn to act as a proinflammatory factor. Intrathecal delivery of PAP-I enhanced sensory hyperalgesia, whereas PAP-I deficiency by either gene knockout or antibody application alleviated tactile allodynia at the maintenance phase after spared nerve injury. Furthermore, PAP-I functioned by activating the spinal microglia via C-C chemokine receptor Type 2 that participated in neuropathic pain. Inhibition of either microglial activation or C-C chemokine receptor Type 2 abolished the PAP-I-induced hyperalgesia. Thus, PAP-I mediates the neuron-microglial crosstalk after peripheral nerve injury and contributes to the maintenance of neuropathic pain.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Neuropathic pain is maladaptive pain condition, and the maintaining mechanism is largely unclear. Here we reveal that, after peripheral nerve injury, PAP-I can be transported to the spinal dorsal horn and is crucial in the progression of neuropathic pain. Importantly, we prove that PAP-I mainly functions through activating the spinal microglia via the CCR2-p38 MAPK pathway. Furthermore, we confirm that the proinflammatory effect of PAP-I is more prominent after the establishment of neuropathic pain, thus indicating that microglia also participate in the maintenance phase of neuropathic pain.
Collapse
|
18
|
Chen Z, Downing S, Tzanakakis ES. Four Decades After the Discovery of Regenerating Islet-Derived (Reg) Proteins: Current Understanding and Challenges. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:235. [PMID: 31696115 PMCID: PMC6817481 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerating islet-derived (Reg) proteins have emerged as multifunctional agents with pro-proliferative, anti-apoptotic, differentiation-inducing and bactericidal properties. Over the last 40 years since first discovered, Reg proteins have been implicated in a gamut of maladies including diabetes, various types of cancer of the digestive tract, and Alzheimer disease. Surprisingly though, a consensus is still absent on the regulation of their expression, and molecular underpinning of their function. Here, we provide a critical appraisal of recent findings in the field of Reg protein biology. Specifically, the structural characteristics are reviewed particularly in connection with established or purported functions of different members of the Reg family. Moreover, Reg expression patterns in different tissues both under normal and pathophysiological conditions are summarized. Putative receptors and cascades reported to relay Reg signaling inciting cellular responses are presented aiming at a better appreciation of the biological activities of the distinct Reg moieties. Challenges are also discussed that have hampered thus far the rapid progress in this field such as the use of non-standard nomenclature for Reg molecules among various research groups, the existence of multiple Reg members with significant degree of homology and possibly compensatory modes of action, and the need for common assays with robust readouts of Reg activity. Coordinated research is warranted going forward, given that several research groups have independently linked Reg proteins to diseased states and raised the possibility that these biomolecules can serve as therapeutic targets and biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zijing Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Shawna Downing
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Emmanuel S Tzanakakis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States.,Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
C-type lectins of the Reg3 family belong to antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which function as a barrier to protect body surfaces against microorganisms. Reg3 mainly expressed throughout the small intestine modulate host defense process via bactericidal activity. A wide range of studies indicate that Reg3 family plays an important role in the physical segregation of microbiota from host as well as the immune response induced by enteric pathogens. In this review, we review a growing literature on the potential metabolic functions of Reg3 proteins and their potential to act as important gut hormones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hoon Shin
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Randy J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Surgery, Internal Medicine and Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Correspondence: Randy J. Seeley, PhD, Department of Surgery, Internal Medicine and Nutritional Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Masuda N, Tsujinaka H, Hirai H, Yamashita M, Ueda T, Ogata N. Effects of concentration of amyloid β (Aβ) on viability of cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells. BMC Ophthalmol 2019; 19:70. [PMID: 30849957 PMCID: PMC6408759 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-019-1076-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Amyloid beta (Aβ) is a constituent of drusen that is a common sign of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Aβ on human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells in culture. Methods Cells from a human RPE cell line (ARPE-19) were exposed to 0 to 25 μM of Aβ 1–40 for 48 h, and the number of living cells was determined by WST-8 cleavage. Replicative DNA synthesis was measured by the incorporation of 5′-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine. The cell death pathway was investigated by the WST-8 cleavage assay after the addition of caspase-9 inhibitor, an anti-apoptotic factor. Real-time qRT-PCR was performed using Aβ-exposed cellular RNA to determine the level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A and pigment epithelium derived factor (PEDF). To determine the effect of receptor-for-advanced glycation end products (RAGE), the siRNA for RAGE was inserted into ARPE-19 treated with Aβ, and the levels of expression of VEGF-A and PEDF were determined. Results The number of living ARPE-19 cells was increased by exposure to 5 μM Aβ but was decreased by exposure to 25 μM of Aβ. Replicative DNA synthesis by ARPE-19 cells exposed to 25 μM of Aβ was significantly decreased indicating that 25 μM of Aβ inhibited cell proliferation. Real-time RT-PCR showed that the level of the mRNA of PEDF was increased by exposure to 5 μM Aβ, and the levels of the mRNAs of PEDF and VEGF-A were also increased by exposure to 25 μM Aβ. The addition of an inhibitor of caspase-9 blocked the decrease the number of ARPE-19 cells exposed to 25 μM Aβ. Exposure to si-RAGE attenuated the increase of VEGF-A and PEDF mRNA expression in ARPE-19 exposed to Aβ. Conclusions Exposure of ARPE-19 cells to low concentrations of Aβ increases the level of PEDF which then inhibits the apoptosis of ARPE-19 cells leading to RPE cell proliferation. Exposure to high concentrations of Aβ induces RPE cell death and enhances the expression of the mRNA of VEGF-A in RPE cells. The Aβ-RAGE pathway may lead to the expression VEGF-A and PEDF in RPE cells. These results suggest that Aβ is strongly related to the pathogenesis of choroidal neovascularization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naonori Masuda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tsujinaka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Hirai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Mariko Yamashita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Ueda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Nahoko Ogata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, 634-8522, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Delos M, Foulquier F, Hellec C, Vicogne D, Fifre A, Carpentier M, Papy-Garcia D, Allain F, Denys A. Heparan sulfate 3- O -sulfotransferase 2 (HS3ST2) displays an unexpected subcellular localization in the plasma membrane. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:1644-1655. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
22
|
Significance of Interleukin-6/STAT Pathway for the Gene Expression of REG Iα, a New Autoantigen in Sjögren's Syndrome Patients, in Salivary Duct Epithelial Cells. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2018; 52:351-363. [PMID: 27339601 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-016-8570-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The regenerating gene, Reg, was originally isolated from a rat regenerating islet complementary DNA (cDNA) library, and its human homologue was named REG Iα. Recently, we reported that REG Iα messenger RNA (mRNA), as well as its product, was overexpressed in ductal epithelial cells in the salivary glands of Sjögren's syndrome patients. Furthermore, autoantibodies against REG Iα were found in the sera of Sjögren's syndrome patients, and the patients who were positive for the anti-REG Iα antibody showed significantly lower saliva secretion than antibody-negative patients. We found the mechanism of REG Iα induction in salivary ductal epithelial cells. Reporter plasmid containing REG Iα promoter (-1190/+26) upstream of a luciferase gene was introduced into human NS-SV-DC and rat A5 salivary ductal cells. The cells were treated with several cytokines (interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, etc.), upregulated in Sjögren's syndrome salivary ducts, and the transcriptional activity was measured. IL-6 stimulation significantly enhanced the REG Iα promoter activity in both cells. Deletion analysis revealed that the -141∼-117 region of the REG Iα gene was responsible for the promoter activation by IL-6, which contains a consensus sequence for signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) binding. The introduction of small interfering RNA for human STAT3 abolished IL-6-induced REG Iα transcription. These results indicated that IL-6 stimulation induced REG Iα transcription through STAT3 activation and binding to the REG Iα promoter in salivary ductal cells. This dependence of REG Iα induction upon IL-6/STAT in salivary duct epithelial cells may play an important role in the pathogenesis/progression of Sjögren's syndrome.
Collapse
|
23
|
Reg Gene Expression in Periosteum after Fracture and Its In Vitro Induction Triggered by IL-6. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112257. [PMID: 29077068 PMCID: PMC5713227 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The periosteum is a thin membrane that surrounds the outer surface of bones and participates in fracture healing. However, the molecular signals that trigger/initiate the periosteal reaction are not well established. We fractured the rat femoral bone at the diaphysis and fixed it with an intramedullary inserted wire, and the expression of regenerating gene (Reg) I, which encodes a tissue regeneration/growth factor, was analyzed. Neither bone/marrow nor muscle showed RegI gene expression before or after the fracture. By contrast, the periosteum showed an elevated expression after the fracture, thereby confirming the localization of Reg I expression exclusively in the periosteum around the fractured areas. Expression of the Reg family increased after the fracture, followed by a decrease to basal levels by six weeks, when the fracture had almost healed. In vitro cultures of periosteal cells showed no Reg I expression, but the addition of IL-6 significantly induced Reg I gene expression. The addition of IL-6 also increased the cell number and reduced pro-apoptotic gene expression of Bim. The increased cell proliferation and reduction in Bim gene expression were abolished by transfection with Reg I siRNA, indicating that these IL-6-dependent effects require the Reg I gene expression. These results indicate the involvement of the IL-6/Reg pathway in the osteogenic response of the periosteum, which leads to fracture repair.
Collapse
|
24
|
Oh SH, Jorgensen ML, Wasserfall CH, Gjymishka A, Petersen BE. Suppression of islet homeostasis protein thwarts diabetes mellitus progression. J Transl Med 2017; 97:577-590. [PMID: 28218739 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During progression to type 1 diabetes, insulin-producing β-cells are lost through an autoimmune attack resulting in unrestrained glucagon expression and secretion, activation of glycogenolysis, and escalating hyperglycemia. We recently identified a protein, designated islet homeostasis protein (IHoP), which specifically co-localizes within glucagon-positive α-cells and is overexpressed in the islets of both post-onset non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice and type 1 diabetes patients. Here we report that in the αTC1.9 mouse α-cell line, IHoP was released in response to high-glucose challenge and was found to regulate secretion of glucagon. We also show that in NOD mice with diabetes, major histocompatibility complex class II was upregulated in islets. In addition hyperglycemia was modulated in NOD mice via suppression of IHoP utilizing small interfering RNA (IHoP-siRNA) constructs/approaches. Suppression of IHoP in the pre-diabetes setting maintained normoglycemia, glyconeolysis, and fostered β-cell restoration in NOD mice 35 weeks post treatment. Furthermore, we performed adoptive transfer experiments using splenocytes from IHoP-siRNA-treated NOD/ShiLtJ mice, which thwarted the development of hyperglycemia and the extent of insulitis seen in recipient mice. Last, IHoP can be detected in the serum of human type 1 diabetes patients and could potentially serve as an early novel biomarker for type 1 diabetes in patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seh-Hoon Oh
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Marda L Jorgensen
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Clive H Wasserfall
- Department of Pathology, Diabetes Institute, Colleges of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Altin Gjymishka
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Bryon E Petersen
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Luo C, Yu LT, Yang MQ, Li X, Zhang ZY, Alfred MO, Liu JL, Wang M. Recombinant Reg3β protein protects against streptozotocin-induced β-cell damage and diabetes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35640. [PMID: 27767186 PMCID: PMC5073304 DOI: 10.1038/srep35640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerating genes (Reg) have been found during the search for factors involved in pancreatic islet regeneration. Our recent study discovered that pancreatic β-cell-specific overexpression of Reg3β protects against streptozotocin (Stz) -induced diabetes in mice. To investigate its potential roles in the treatment of diabetes, we produced a recombinant Reg3β protein and provided evidence that it is active in promoting islet β-cell survival against Stz- triggered cell death. Though ineffective in alleviating preexisting diabetes, pretreatment of recombinant Reg3β was capable of minimizing the Stz-induced hyperglycemia and weight loss, by preserving serum and pancreatic insulin levels, and islet β-cell mass. No obvious changes were observed in the rate of cell proliferation and hypertrophy in α- or acinar-cells after treatment with recombinant Reg3β. The underlying mechanism of Reg3β-mediated protection seems to involve Akt activation which upregulates Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL levels and consequently promotes cell survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Luo
- School of Life Science &Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Nature Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu-Ting Yu
- School of Life Science &Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng-Qi Yang
- School of Life Science &Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Life Science &Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Zhang
- School of Life Science &Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Martin O Alfred
- School of Life Science &Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun-Li Liu
- Fraser Laboratories for Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Min Wang
- School of Life Science &Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Nature Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Henley KD, Stanescu DE, Kropp PA, Wright CVE, Won KJ, Stoffers DA, Gannon M. Threshold-Dependent Cooperativity of Pdx1 and Oc1 in Pancreatic Progenitors Establishes Competency for Endocrine Differentiation and β-Cell Function. Cell Rep 2016; 15:2637-2650. [PMID: 27292642 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pdx1 and Oc1 are co-expressed in multipotent pancreatic progenitors and regulate the pro-endocrine gene Neurog3. Their expression diverges in later organogenesis, with Oc1 absent from hormone+ cells and Pdx1 maintained in mature β cells. In a classical genetic test for cooperative functional interactions, we derived mice with combined Pdx1 and Oc1 heterozygosity. Endocrine development in double-heterozygous pancreata was normal at embryonic day (E)13.5, but defects in specification and differentiation were apparent at E15.5, the height of the second wave of differentiation. Pancreata from double heterozygotes showed alterations in the expression of genes crucial for β-cell development and function, decreased numbers and altered allocation of Neurog3-expressing endocrine progenitors, and defective endocrine differentiation. Defects in islet gene expression and β-cell function persisted in double heterozygous neonates. These results suggest that Oc1 and Pdx1 cooperate prior to their divergence, in pancreatic progenitors, to allow for proper differentiation and functional maturation of β cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn D Henley
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232.,Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Diana E Stanescu
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism and the Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.,Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia PA 19104
| | - Peter A Kropp
- Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Christopher V E Wright
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232.,Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Kyoung-Jae Won
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism and the Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Doris A Stoffers
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism and the Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Maureen Gannon
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232.,Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232.,Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232.,Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Authority, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Li Q, Liu JL, Gao ZH. REG3β Plays a Key Role in IL17RA Protumoral Effect-Letter. Cancer Res 2016; 76:2050. [PMID: 26992423 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-2961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Fraser Laboratories, the Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jun-Li Liu
- Fraser Laboratories, the Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada.
| | - Zu-Hua Gao
- Department of Pathology, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Québec, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Yu LT, Yang MQ, Liu JL, Alfred MO, Li X, Zhang XQ, Zhang J, Wu MY, Wang M, Luo C. Recombinant Reg3α protein protects against experimental acute pancreatitis in mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 422:150-159. [PMID: 26683606 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Regenerating gene 3α (Reg3α) protein is a trophic factor that stimulates cell and tissue proliferation, neogenesis and also acts against apoptosis and necrosis. In order to explore the potential roles of recombinant Reg3α (rReg3α), we produced a mature rReg3α polypeptide for direct administration in l-arginine (L-Arg) induced acute pancreatitis (AP) in mice. Our results showed that rReg3α stimulated cell proliferation through Erk1/2 and p38 phosphorylation and also cyclin D1 upregulation mediated by Akt/ATF-2 signaling. Moreover, rReg3α administration significantly reduced the pancreatic damage caused by L-Arg injection, as shown in histological examination and serum amylase, lipase and C-reactive protein (CRP) assays. Not only acinar cell necrosis but also apoptosis found in the pancreas of AP mice were alleviated by rReg3α. Finally, upregulated Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL and suppressed poly (ADP-ribose) synthetase/polymerase (PARP) levels were detected as being relevant to the mechanism of rReg3α protection. We therefore conclude that rReg3α acts as a protective polypeptide against AP in mice by enhancing Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL expressions and suppressing PARP level.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Acinar Cells/drug effects
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Antigens, Neoplasm/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Arginine/adverse effects
- Biomarkers, Tumor/administration & dosage
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Biomarkers, Tumor/pharmacology
- Cell Line
- Cell Proliferation
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Humans
- Lectins, C-Type/administration & dosage
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Mice
- Pancreatitis/chemically induced
- Pancreatitis/pathology
- Pancreatitis/prevention & control
- Pancreatitis-Associated Proteins
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Ting Yu
- School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng-Qi Yang
- School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun-Li Liu
- Fraser Laboratories for Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Martin O Alfred
- School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xue-Qing Zhang
- School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Nature Medicines China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming-Yuan Wu
- School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Wang
- School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Nature Medicines China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Chen Luo
- School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Nature Medicines China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wang X, Gupta J, Kerslake M, Rayat G, Proctor SD, Chan CB. Trans-11 vaccenic acid improves insulin secretion in models of type 2 diabetes in vivo and in vitro. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:846-57. [PMID: 27061233 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Trans-11 vaccenic acid (VA) is a fatty acid produced by ruminants entering the human food supply through meat and dairy products, which appears not to have the health risks associated with industrially produced trans-fatty acids. In this study, we investigated the effect of VA on insulin secretion in vivo in rats and in vitro in human and rat islets after diabetogenic insult. METHODS AND RESULTS Hyperglycemic clamp showed that VA dietary supplementation for 8 weeks significantly increased glucose turnover in rats with type 2 diabetes (T2D), accompanied by an elevated plasma C-peptide concentration, indicating improved insulin secretion. The β-cell area and proliferation rate were higher in T2D+VA than T2D group. Isolated islets from T2D+VA rats had higher glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) than T2D group. In vitro, VA treatment for 24 and 48 h significantly enhanced GSIS in rat and human islets after diabetogenic challenges. The mRNA expression of G-protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40) and regenerating islet-derived 1α (REG-1α) were consistently increased by VA in both rat and human islets. CONCLUSION These results indicate that VA may improve insulin secretion and growth of islets in T2D, at least partly by altering GPR40 and REG-1α mRNA expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Wang
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Joel Gupta
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Matthew Kerslake
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Gina Rayat
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, Surgical-Medical Research Institute, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Spencer D Proctor
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Catherine B Chan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The regenerating gene (Reg) was identified in regenerating islets and its related genes were revealed to constitute the Reg gene family. Reg family proteins act as growth factors for several cells. Recently, autoimmunity against the Reg family proteins has been reported in several diseases. In addition, the Reg family genes were found to be expressed in a large number of cancers and to influence prognosis. AREAS COVERED The historical background and current view of the structure, function, and expression of Reg family genes/proteins and their physiological/pathological significance in several diseases are described. Based on the findings, the diagnostic/therapeutic potential of Reg family genes/proteins is also discussed. EXPERT OPINION Autoimmunity against Reg family proteins may be a new diagnostic marker and/or therapeutic target for immune-mediated diseases. Treatment aimed at the expansion of the β-cell mass by the Reg genes/proteins, combined with the abrogation of autoimmunity, constitutes a potential approach for the treatment of diabetes. Conversely, some cancer cells have gained the ability to overexpress the Reg genes/proteins, thereby enhancing their proliferative capacities, resulting in these cells having a considerable growth advantage. Thus, the Reg genes/proteins are expected to be a new prognostic marker in cancer and/or a future therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shin Takasawa
- a Department of Biochemistry , Nara Medical University , Kashihara , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Xu W, Li W, Wang Y, Zha M, Yao H, Jones PM, Sun Z. Regenerating islet-derived protein 1 inhibits the activation of islet stellate cells isolated from diabetic mice. Oncotarget 2015; 6:37054-65. [PMID: 26496027 PMCID: PMC4741915 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that the islet fibrosis is attributable to activation of islet stellate cells (ISCs). In the present study, we compared the differences in biological activity of ISCs isolated from diabetic db/db and non-diabetic db/m mice, and the effects of the regenerating islet-derived protein 1 (Reg1) on ISC function. We showed that ISCs isolated from db/db mice were activated more rapidly than those from db/m mice during culture. Both Reg1 and its putative receptor exostosin-like glycosyltransferase 3 (EXTL3) were highly expressed by diabetic ISCs. Treatment with Reg1 inhibited migration, viability, and synthesis and secretion of Type I Collagen(Col-I), Type III Collagen(Col-III) and Fibronectin(FN) by diabetic ISCs, and this was associated with deactivation of the PI3K/Akt, MAPK/Erk1/2 signaling pathway in an EXTL3-dependent manner. In conclusion, our observations (i) confirmed the presence of fibrogenic stellate cells within pancreatic islets, which are prone to be activated in Type 2 diabetes, and (ii) revealed a potential role for Reg1 in preventing ISC activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Zha
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Honghong Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peter M. Jones
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Zilin Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Nagayama K, Kyotani Y, Zhao J, Ito S, Ozawa K, Bolstad FA, Yoshizumi M. Exendin-4 Prevents Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Migration by Angiotensin II via the Inhibition of ERK1/2 and JNK Signaling Pathways. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137960. [PMID: 26379274 PMCID: PMC4574935 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a main pathophysiological culprit peptide for hypertension and atherosclerosis by causing vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and migration. Exendin-4, a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, is currently used for the treatment of type-2 diabetes, and is believed to have beneficial effects for cardiovascular diseases. However, the vascular protective mechanisms of GLP-1 receptor agonists remain largely unexplained. In the present study, we examined the effect of exendin-4 on Ang II-induced proliferation and migration of cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMC). The major findings of the present study are as follows: (1) Ang II caused a phenotypic switch of RASMC from contractile type to synthetic proliferative type cells; (2) Ang II caused concentration-dependent RASMC proliferation, which was significantly inhibited by the pretreatment with exendin-4; (3) Ang II caused concentration-dependent RASMC migration, which was effectively inhibited by the pretreatment with exendin-4; (4) exendin-4 inhibited Ang II-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and JNK in a pre-incubation time-dependent manner; and (5) U0126 (an ERK1/2 kinase inhibitor) and SP600125 (a JNK inhibitor) also inhibited both RASMC proliferation and migration induced by Ang II stimulation. These results suggest that exendin-4 prevented Ang II-induced VSMC proliferation and migration through the inhibition of ERK1/2 and JNK phosphorylation caused by Ang II stimulation. This indicates that GLP-1 receptor agonists should be considered for use in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases in addition to their current use in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Nagayama
- Department of Pharmacology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Yoji Kyotani
- Department of Pharmacology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Satoyasu Ito
- Department of Pharmacology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ozawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Francesco A. Bolstad
- Department of Clinical English, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Masanori Yoshizumi
- Department of Pharmacology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Role of Islet Glucokinase, Glucose Metabolism, and Insulin Pathway in the Enhancing Effect of Islet Neogenesis-Associated Protein on Glucose-Induced Insulin Secretion. Pancreas 2015; 44:959-66. [PMID: 25906449 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000000341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To demonstrate the role of islet glucokinase, glucose metabolism, and intracellular insulin mediators in the enhancing effect of islet neogenesis-associated protein pentadecapeptide (INGAP-PP) on glucose-induced insulin secretion. METHODS Islets from normal rats were cultured for 4 days in the absence or presence of 10 μg/mL INGAP-PP, with/without Wortmannin or LY294002. Islets were incubated with different glucose concentrations to measure insulin secretion and content, hexokinase and glucokinase activity, glucose oxidation and utilization, glucokinase, insulin receptor, insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1/2, and PI3K concentration and phosphorylation. RESULTS The INGAP-PP significantly increased insulin release at high but not at low glucose concentration, glucokinase activity, glucose metabolism, glucokinase, insulin receptor, IRS-2 and PI3K protein concentration, insulin receptor and IRS-1/2 tyrosine phosphorylation, and the association of p85 with IRS-1. Wortmannin and LY294002 blocked INGAP-PP effect on insulin secretion and glucokinase protein levels in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS The enhancing effect of INGAP-PP on glucose-induced insulin release could be partly ascribed to its effect on glucokinase activity and glucose metabolism and is mainly mediated by the PI3K/AKT pathway. These results, together with the low hypoglycemia risk associated with the use of INGAP-PP, offer a new alternative for diabetes prevention and treatment.
Collapse
|
34
|
Tsujinaka H, Itaya-Hironaka A, Yamauchi A, Sakuramoto-Tsuchida S, Ota H, Takeda M, Fujimura T, Takasawa S, Ogata N. Human retinal pigment epithelial cell proliferation by the combined stimulation of hydroquinone and advanced glycation end-products via up-regulation of VEGF gene. Biochem Biophys Rep 2015; 2:123-131. [PMID: 29124153 PMCID: PMC5668646 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Although recent research showed that advanced glycation endproduct (AGE) and hydroquinone (HQ) are related to the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the mechanism how AGE and HQ induce or accelerate AMD remains elusive. In the present study, we examined the effects of AGE and HQ on changes of human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell numbers and found that the viable cell numbers were markedly reduced by HQ by apoptosis and that AGE prevented the decreases of HQ-treated cell numbers by increased replicative DNA synthesis of RPE cells without changing apoptosis. Real-time RT-PCR revealed that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A mRNA was increased by HQ treatment and the addition of HQ+AGE resulted in a further increment. The increase of VEGF secretion was confirmed by ELISA, and inhibition of VEGF signaling by chemical inhibitors and small interfering RNA decreased the HQ+AGE-induced increases in RPE cell numbers. The deletion analysis demonstrated that -102 to -43 region was essential for the VEGF-A promoter activation. Site-directed mutaions of specificity protein 1 (SP1) binding sequences in the VEGF-A promoter and RNA interference of SP1 revealed that SP1 is an essential transcription factor for VEGF-A expression. These results indicate that HQ induces RPE cell apoptosis, leading to dry AMD, and suggest that AGE stimulation in addition to HQ enhances VEGF-A transcription via the AGE-receptor for AGE pathway in HQ-damaged cells. As a result, the secreted VEGF acts as an autocrine/paracrine growth factor for RPE and/or adjacent vascular cells, causing wet AMD.
Collapse
Key Words
- AGE, advanced glycation endproduct
- AMD, age-related macular degeneration
- Advanced glycation endproduct(s)
- Age-related macular degeneration
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- FCS, fetal calf serum
- HQ, hydroquinone
- Hydroquinone
- IdU, 5ʹ-Indo-2ʹ-deoxyuridine
- RAGE, receptor for advanced glycation endproduct
- RPE, retinal pigment epithelial
- RT-PCR, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction;
- Retinal pigment epithelial cells
- SP1, specificity protein 1
- SR, scavenger receptor
- TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- Vascular endothelial growth factor
- WST-8, 2-(2-methoxy-4-nitrophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium monosodium salt
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Tsujinaka
- Department of Biochemistry, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, 634-8521 Nara, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, 634-8522 Nara, Japan
| | - Asako Itaya-Hironaka
- Department of Biochemistry, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, 634-8521 Nara, Japan
| | - Akiyo Yamauchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, 634-8521 Nara, Japan
| | | | - Hiroyo Ota
- Department of Biochemistry, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, 634-8521 Nara, Japan
| | - Maiko Takeda
- Department of Biochemistry, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, 634-8521 Nara, Japan
| | - Takanori Fujimura
- Department of Biochemistry, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, 634-8521 Nara, Japan
| | - Shin Takasawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, 634-8521 Nara, Japan
| | - Nahoko Ogata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, 634-8522 Nara, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Hara K, Fukui H, Sun C, Kitayama Y, Eda H, Yamasaki T, Kondo T, Tomita T, Oshima T, Watari J, Fujimori T, Miwa H. Effect of REG Iα protein on angiogenesis in gastric cancer tissues. Oncol Rep 2015; 33:2183-9. [PMID: 25813126 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.3878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerating gene (REG) Iα is not only overexpressed in a subset of gastric cancers, but also involved in tumor progression. However, the mechanism by which (REG) Iα promotes tumor growth is not fully understood. In the present study, we investigated whether REG Iα plays a role in angiogenesis during the progression of gastric cancers. Expression of REG Iα and its receptor (EXTL3; exostoses like-3) was examined using immunohistochemistry in specimens of human gastric cancer. Microvessel density (MVD) in gastric cancer tissues was evaluated using an image analysis system after CD34 immunostaining. Relationships among clinicopathological features, REG Iα expression and MVD in gastric cancer tissues were analyzed. Effects of REG Iα protein on HUVEC cells in terms of proliferation and anti-apoptosis were assessed by WST-1 assay and FACS, respectively. Furthermore, the intracellular signaling by which REG Iα exerts its biological roles was examined in vitro. REG Iα expression was significantly related to lymph node metastasis and its receptor EXTL3 was ubiquitously expressed in not only the tumor cells, but also the tumor vessel cells in the gastric cancer tissues. MVD was significantly higher in gastric cancers that were REG Iα-positive than in those that were negative. Treatment with REG Iα protein promoted growth and anti-apoptosis through activation of the ERK and Akt signaling pathways in HUVEC cells, whereas these effects were attenuated by treatment with anti-REG Iα -antibody. REG Iα protein may play a role in angiogenesis during progression of gastric cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Hara
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Fukui
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Chao Sun
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Kitayama
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Eda
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Takahisa Yamasaki
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Takashi Kondo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Tomita
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Tadayuki Oshima
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Jiro Watari
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Takahiro Fujimori
- Department of Surgical and Molecular Pathology, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hiroto Miwa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Liu X, Wang J, Wang H, Yin G, Liu Y, Lei X, Xiang M. REG3A accelerates pancreatic cancer cell growth under IL-6-associated inflammatory condition: Involvement of a REG3A-JAK2/STAT3 positive feedback loop. Cancer Lett 2015; 362:45-60. [PMID: 25779676 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Regenerating gene protein (REG) 3A is a 19 kD secretory pancreas protein with pro-growth function. Previously we demonstrated that overexpression of REG3A, acting as a key molecule for up-regulation of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway, contributed to inflammation-related pancreatic cancer (PaC) development. However the exact network associated with REG3A signaling still remains unclear. Here we determined that exposure of human PaC cells to cytokine IL-6 activated the oncogenic JAK2/STAT3 pathway, which directly upregulated REG3A expression, accelerated cell cycle progression by promoting CyclinD1 expression, and enhancing the expression of the anti-apoptosis Bcl family. Importantly, the activation of REG3A would instead enhance the JAK2/STAT3 pathway to constitute a REG3A-JAK2/STAT3 positive feedback loop, which leads to the amplification of the oncogenic effects of IL-6/JAK2/STAT3, a classic pathway linking to inflammation-related tumorigenesis, ultimately resulting in PaC cell over-proliferation and tumor formation both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, EGFR was found to mediate the REG3A signal for PaC cell growth and JAK2/STAT3 activation, thus functioning as a REG3A receptor. Collectively, our results provide the first evidence for the presence of the synergistic effect of REG3A and IL-6 on PaC development via a REG3A-JAK2/STAT3 positive feedback loop.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiulan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hongjie Wang
- Section of Neurobiology, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port Saint Lucie, Florida, USA
| | - Guoxiao Yin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Synergy Innovation Center of Biological Peptide Antidiabetics of Hubei Province, School of Life Science, Wuchang University of Technology, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Xiang Lei
- Synergy Innovation Center of Biological Peptide Antidiabetics of Hubei Province, School of Life Science, Wuchang University of Technology, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Ming Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ding Y, Xu Y, Shuai X, Shi X, Chen X, Huang W, Liu Y, Liang X, Zhang Z, Su D. Reg3α Overexpression Protects Pancreatic β Cells from Cytokine-Induced Damage and Improves Islet Transplant Outcome. Mol Med 2015; 20:548-558. [PMID: 25826674 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2014.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of islet transplantation for treating type 1 diabetes has been limited by the high level of graft failure. This may be overcome by locally delivering trophic factors to enhance engraftment. Regenerating islet-derived protein 3α (Reg3α) is a pancreatic secretory protein which functions as an antimicrobial peptide in control of inflammation and cell proliferation. In this study, to investigate whether Reg3α could improve islet engraftment, a marginal mass of syngeneic islets pretransduced with adenoviruses expressing Reg3α or control EGFP were transplanted under the renal capsule of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Mice receiving islets with elevated Reg3α production exhibited significantly lower blood glucose levels (9.057 ± 0.59 mmol/L versus 13.48 ± 0.35 mmol/L, P < 0.05) and improved glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (1.80 ± 0.17 ng/mL versus 1.16 ± 0.16 ng/mL, P < 0.05) compared with the control group. The decline of apoptotic events (0.57% ± 0.15% versus 1.06% ± 0.07%, P < 0.05) and increased β-cell proliferation (0.70% ± 0.10% versus 0.36% ± 0.14%, P < 0.05) were confirmed in islet grafts overexpressing Reg3α by morphometric analysis. Further experiments showed that Reg3α production dramatically protected cultured islets and pancreatic β cells from cytokine-induced apoptosis and the impairment of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Moreover, exposure to cytokines led to the activation of MAPKs in pancreatic β cells, which was reversed by Reg3α overexpression in contrast to control group. These results strongly suggest that Reg3α could enhance islet engraftments through its cytoprotective effect and advance the therapeutic efficacy of islet transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ding
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuemei Xu
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuanyu Shuai
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuhui Shi
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Center of Cellular Therapy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenbin Huang
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Center of Metabolic Research, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiubin Liang
- Center of Metabolic Research, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dongming Su
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Center of Cellular Therapy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Center of Metabolic Research, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Uppal SS, Naveed AK, Baig S, Chaudhry B. Expression of REG Iα gene in type 2 diabetics in Pakistan. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2015; 7:96. [PMID: 26568772 PMCID: PMC4643495 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-015-0092-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The escalating rate of diabetes' has prompted researchers around the world to explore for early markers. A deficit of functional β-cell mass plays a central role in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. The REG (Regenerating) gene, encoding a 166 amino acid REG protein was discovered in rats and humans which is released in response to β-cells damage and play a role in their regeneration. The objective of this study was to characterize serum levels of REG Iα proteins in type 2 diabetic patients as indicator of β-cell apoptosis as well as regeneration. METHODS Unrelated type 2 diabetic patients (n = 55) of different age groups and disease duration were recruited from the Medical OPD of PNS Shifa Hospital. Age and sex matched non diabetic controls (n = 20) without family history of diabetes were selected from the same setting. Demographical details were recorded on a structured questionnaire. Biochemical parameters like FBG, HbA1c, TC and TG levels were measured. Serum levels of REG Iα protein were determined by ELISA. RESULTS Levels of REG Iα protein were found significantly raised in type 2 diabetic patients compared to controls (p < 001). Patients with short duration of the disease had higher levels of REG Iα as compared to patients with longer duration of the disease. Although the patients were on anti hyperglycemic agents, a positive correlation was found between REG Iα serum levels, FBG and HbA1c levels. Patients with higher BMI had higher levels of serum REG Iα levels. Serum TC, TG and Hb levels showed no correlation. CONCLUSION REG Iα may be used as a marker/predictor of type 2 diabetes especially in the early stages of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Saleem Uppal
- />Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Army Medical College, Rawalpindi and National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Khaliq Naveed
- />Department of Biochemistry, Islamic International Medical College, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Saeeda Baig
- />Department of Biochemistry, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Bushra Chaudhry
- />Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ma SC, Yao JF, Guo Y, Cui DL, Yang H, Han JL. Relationship between Reg proteins and intestinal mucosa barrier damage in rats with severe acute pancreatitis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:3744-3752. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i25.3744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To detect the expression of regenerating islet-derived proteins (Reg)Ⅰand Ⅲ in the intestinal mucosa of rats with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP), and to evaluate the relationship between the levels of RegⅠand Ⅲ and intestinal mucosal barrier damage.
METHODS: Seventy-two adult SD rats were randomly divided into three groups: a normal control (N) group, an SAP (S) group, and a pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC, 10 mg/kg) pretreatment (P) group. Each group was further divided into two subgroups for testing at different time points (12 and 24 h), with 12 rats in each subgroup. The rats in the S group were given 20% L-arginine (L-Arg, 2.5 g/kg) by intraperitoneal injection twice at one-hour interval to induce SAP. The N group was given equal volume of normal saline. The P group was given PDTC 10 mg/kg by intraperitoneal injection 1 h before the first injection of L-Arg. All rats were killed 12 h or 24 h after L-Arg injection to collect blood, pancreatic and intestinal tissue samples. The pathological changes in pancreatic and intestinal tissues were observed and graded under an optical microscope. ELISA was used to detect the levels of serum interleukin 22 (IL-22), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP). The expression of RegⅠand Ⅲ mRNAs in intestinal tissue was evaluated by RT-PCR. The levels of RegⅠ, Ⅲ and nuclear-factor κB (NF-κB) proteins in intestinal tissue were detected by Western blot.
RESULTS: In the SAP group, the scores of pancreatic changes (12 h: 8.92 ± 1.130; 24 h: 11.31 ± 1.609) and intestinal mucosal changes (12 h: 3.79 ± 0.689, 24 h: 4.33 ± 0.354), and the levels of IL-22 (12 h: 712.46 ng/mL ± 81.549 ng/mL, 24 h: 751.02 ng/mL ± 104.054 ng/mL), TNF-α (12 h: 138.08 ng/mL ± 20.369 ng/mL, 24 h: 159.43 ng/mL ± 24.46 ng/mL), I-FABP (12 h: 338.04 IU/mL ± 61.876 IU/mL, 24 h: 395.26 IU/mL ± 58.547 IU/mL), intestinal NF-κB p65 (12 h: 0.51 ± 0.065, 24 h: 0.60 ± 0.066), RegⅠprotein (12 h: 0.45 ± 0.047, 24 h: 0.56 ± 0.033), and Reg Ⅲ protein (12 h: 0.70 ± 0.084, 24 h: 0.92 ± 0.163) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those in the control group. Compared with the S group, pretreatment with different doses of PDTC significantly decreased the above parameters (P < 0.05), although the levels of these parameters were still significantly higher than those in the N group (P < 0.05). There were positive correlations among RegⅠand Ⅲ protein expression, intestinal mucosal pathological score, IL-22, I-FABP, TNF-α, and NF-κB p65 expression.
CONCLUSION: RegⅠand Ⅲ protein expression is upregulated in SAP, which is possibly associated with intestinal mucosa damage and NF-κB signaling pathway activation.
Collapse
|
40
|
Liu L, Chowdhury S, Fang X, Liu JL, Srikant CB. Attenuation of unfolded protein response and apoptosis by mReg2 induced GRP78 in mouse insulinoma cells. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:2016-24. [PMID: 24801175 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Murine regenerating (mReg) genes have been implicated in preserving islet cell biology. Expanding on our previous work showing that overexpression of mReg2 protects MIN6 insulinoma cells against streptozotocin-induced apoptosis, we now demonstrate that mReg2 induces glucose-regulated peptide 78 (GRP78) expression via the Akt-mTORC1 axis and protects MIN6 cells against ER stress induced by thapsigargin and glucolipotoxicity. Activation of mTORC1 activity results from both mReg2-induced increased mTOR phosphorylation as well as increased expression of Raptor and GβL. Inhibition of Akt and mTORC1 blunted the ability of mReg2 to induce GRP78 and attenuate unfolded protein response (UPR). Knockdown of GRP78 sensitized the cells overexpressing mReg2 to UPR without affecting its ability to activate Akt-mTORC1 signaling. Induced expression of mReg2 may protect insulin producing cells from ER stress in diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Fraser Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre and Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - Subrata Chowdhury
- Fraser Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre and Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - Xin Fang
- Fraser Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre and Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - Jun-Li Liu
- Fraser Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre and Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - Coimbatore B Srikant
- Fraser Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre and Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Aida K, Saitoh S, Nishida Y, Yokota S, Ohno S, Mao X, Akiyama D, Tanaka S, Awata T, Shimada A, Oikawa Y, Shimura H, Furuya F, Takizawa S, Ichijo M, Ichijo S, Itakura J, Fujii H, Hashiguchi A, Takasawa S, Endo T, Kobayashi T. Distinct cell clusters touching islet cells induce islet cell replication in association with over-expression of Regenerating Gene (REG) protein in fulminant type 1 diabetes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95110. [PMID: 24759849 PMCID: PMC3997392 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic islet endocrine cell-supporting architectures, including islet encapsulating basement membranes (BMs), extracellular matrix (ECM), and possible cell clusters, are unclear. PROCEDURES The architectures around islet cell clusters, including BMs, ECM, and pancreatic acinar-like cell clusters, were studied in the non-diabetic state and in the inflamed milieu of fulminant type 1 diabetes in humans. RESULT Immunohistochemical and electron microscopy analyses demonstrated that human islet cell clusters and acinar-like cell clusters adhere directly to each other with desmosomal structures and coated-pit-like structures between the two cell clusters. The two cell-clusters are encapsulated by a continuous capsule composed of common BMs/ECM. The acinar-like cell clusters have vesicles containing regenerating (REG) Iα protein. The vesicles containing REG Iα protein are directly secreted to islet cells. In the inflamed milieu of fulminant type 1 diabetes, the acinar-like cell clusters over-expressed REG Iα protein. Islet endocrine cells, including beta-cells and non-beta cells, which were packed with the acinar-like cell clusters, show self-replication with a markedly increased number of Ki67-positive cells. CONCLUSION The acinar-like cell clusters touching islet endocrine cells are distinct, because the cell clusters are packed with pancreatic islet clusters and surrounded by common BMs/ECM. Furthermore, the acinar-like cell clusters express REG Iα protein and secrete directly to neighboring islet endocrine cells in the non-diabetic state, and the cell clusters over-express REG Iα in the inflamed milieu of fulminant type 1 diabetes with marked self-replication of islet cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Aida
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Sei Saitoh
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Histology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Yoriko Nishida
- Department of Nursing, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Sadanori Yokota
- Section of Functional Morphology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, Saseho, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shinichi Ohno
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Histology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Xiayang Mao
- Department of Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Daiichiro Akiyama
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Tanaka
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Takuya Awata
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Saitama Medical School, Moroyama, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akira Shimada
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saiseikai Central Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Youichi Oikawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saiseikai Central Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shimura
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Furuya
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Soichi Takizawa
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Masashi Ichijo
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Sayaka Ichijo
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Jun Itakura
- Department of Surgery I, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Hideki Fujii
- Department of Surgery I, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Akinori Hashiguchi
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin Takasawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Toyoshi Endo
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Kobayashi
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Li B, Bi CL, Lang N, Li YZ, Xu C, Zhang YQ, Zhai AX, Cheng ZF. RNA-seq methods for identifying differentially expressed gene in human pancreatic islet cells treated with pro-inflammatory cytokines. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:1917-25. [PMID: 24619356 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-3016-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is a chronic autoimmune disease in which pancreatic beta cells are killed by the infiltrating immune cells as well as the cytokines released by these cells. Many studies indicate that inflammatory mediators have an essential role in this disease. In the present study, we profiled the transcriptome in human islets of langerhans under control conditions or following exposure to the pro-inflammatory cytokines based on the RNA sequencing dataset downloaded from SRA database. After filtered the low-quality ones, the RNA readers was aligned to human genome hg19 by TopHat and then assembled by Cufflinks. The expression value of each transcript was calculated and consequently differentially expressed genes were screened out. Finally, a total of 63 differentially expressed genes were identified including 60 up-regulated and three down-regulated genes. GBP5 and CXCL9 stood out as the top two most up-regulated genes in cytokines treated samples with the log2 fold change of 12.208 and 10.901, respectively. Meanwhile, PTF1A and REG3G were identified as the top two most down-regulated genes with the log2 fold change of -3.759 and -3.606, respectively. Of note, we also found 262 lncRNAs (long non-coding RNA), 177 of which were inferred as novel lncRNAs. Further in-depth follow-up analysis of the transcriptional regulation reported in this study may shed light on the specific function of these lncRNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Nandan MO, Ghaleb AM, Liu Y, Bialkowska AB, McConnell BB, Shroyer KR, Robine S, Yang VW. Inducible intestine-specific deletion of Krüppel-like factor 5 is characterized by a regenerative response in adult mouse colon. Dev Biol 2014; 387:191-202. [PMID: 24440658 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Krüppel-like factor 5 (KLF5) is a pro-proliferative transcriptional regulator primarily expressed in the intestinal crypt epithelial cells. Constitutive intestine-specific deletion of Klf5 is neonatal lethal suggesting a crucial role for KLF5 in intestinal development and homeostasis. We have previously shown Klf5 to play an active role regulating intestinal tumorigenesis. Here we examine the effect of inducible intestine-specific deletion of Klf5 in adult mice. Klf5 is lost from the intestine beginning at day 3 after the start of a 5-day treatment with the inducer tamoxifen. Although the mice have no significant weight loss or lethality, the colonic tissue shows signs of epithelial distress starting at day 3 following induction. Accompanying the morphological changes is a significant loss of proliferative crypt epithelial cells as revealed by BrdU or Ki67 staining at days 3 and 5 after start of tamoxifen. We also observed a loss of goblet cells from the colon and Paneth cells from the small intestine upon induced deletion of Klf5. In addition, loss of Klf5 from the colonic epithelium is accompanied by a regenerative response that coincides with an expansion in the zone of Sox9 expression along the crypt axis. At day 11, both proliferation and Sox9 expression return to baseline levels. Microarray and quantitative PCR analyses reveal an up-regulation of several regeneration-associated genes (Reg1A, Reg3G and Reg3B) and down-regulation of many Klf5 targets (Ki-67, cyclin B, Cdc2 and cyclin D1). Sox9 and Reg1A protein levels are also increased upon Klf5 loss. Lentiviral-mediated knockdown of KLF5 and exogenous expression of KLF5 in colorectal cancer cell lines confirm that Sox9 expression is negatively regulated by KLF5. Furthermore, ChIP assays reveal a direct association of KLF5 with both the Sox9 and Reg1A promoters. We have shown that disruption of epithelial homeostasis due to Klf5 loss from the adult colon is followed by a regenerative response led by Sox9 and the Reg family of proteins. Our study demonstrates that adult mouse colonic tissue undergoes acute physiological changes to accommodate the loss of Klf5 withstanding epithelial damage further signifying importance of Klf5 in colonic homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mandayam O Nandan
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, HSC-T16 Room 020, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | - Amr M Ghaleb
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, HSC-T16 Room 020, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, HSC-T16 Room 020, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | - Agnieszka B Bialkowska
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, HSC-T16 Room 020, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | - Beth B McConnell
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Kenneth R Shroyer
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, BST-9, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8691, USA.
| | - Sylvie Robine
- Department of Morphogenesis and Intracellular Signalling, Institut Curie-CNRS, Paris, France.
| | - Vincent W Yang
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, HSC-T16 Room 020, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Fujishiro M, Nozawa K, Kawasaki M, Yamaguchi A, Iwabuchi K, Yanagida M, Suzuki F, Miyazawa K, Fukui H, Kaneko K, Ogawa H, Takamori K, Takasaki Y, Sekigawa I. Regenerating gene (REG) 1 alpha promotes pannus progression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Mod Rheumatol 2014. [DOI: 10.3109/s10165-011-0564-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
45
|
Nakagawa K, Takasawa S, Nata K, Yamauchi A, Itaya-Hironaka A, Ota H, Yoshimoto K, Sakuramoto-Tsuchida S, Miyaoka T, Takeda M, Unno M, Okamoto H. Prevention of Reg I-induced β-cell apoptosis by IL-6/dexamethasone through activation of HGF gene regulation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:2988-2995. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
46
|
Abstract
The regenerating gene (Reg) family is a group of small molecules that includes four members found in various species, although only three are found in human tissues. Their expression is stimulated by certain growth factors or cytokines. The Reg family plays different roles in proliferation, migration, and anti-apoptosis through activating different signaling pathways. Their dysexpression is closely associated with a number of human conditions and diseases such as inflammation and cancer, especially in the human digestive system. Clinically, upregulation of Reg proteins is usually demonstrated in histological sections and sera from cancer patients. Therefore, Reg proteins can predict the progression and prognosis of cancers, especially those of the digestive tract, and can also act as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets.
Collapse
|
47
|
Kyotani Y, Ota H, Itaya-Hironaka A, Yamauchi A, Sakuramoto-Tsuchida S, Zhao J, Ozawa K, Nagayama K, Ito S, Takasawa S, Kimura H, Uno M, Yoshizumi M. Intermittent hypoxia induces the proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cell with the increases in epidermal growth factor family and erbB2 receptor. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:3042-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
48
|
Pancreatic β cell proliferation by intermittent hypoxia via up-regulation of Reg family genes and HGF gene. Life Sci 2013; 93:664-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
49
|
The exostosin family: proteins with many functions. Matrix Biol 2013; 35:25-33. [PMID: 24128412 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfates are complex sulfated molecules found in abundance at cell surfaces and in the extracellular matrix. They bind to and influence the activity of a variety of molecules like growth factors, proteases and morphogens and are thus involved in various cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. The mammalian EXT proteins have glycosyltransferase activities relevant for HS chain polymerization, however their exact role in this process is still confusing. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about the biochemical activities and some proposed functions of the members of the EXT protein family and their roles in human disease.
Collapse
|
50
|
Petropavlovskaia M, Daoud J, Zhu J, Moosavi M, Ding J, Makhlin J, Assouline-Thomas B, Rosenberg L. Mechanisms of action of islet neogenesis-associated protein: comparison of the full-length recombinant protein and a bioactive peptide. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 303:E917-27. [PMID: 22850686 PMCID: PMC3469614 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00670.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Islet neogenesis-associated protein (INGAP) was discovered in the partially duct-obstructed hamster pancreas as a factor inducing formation of new duct-associated islets. A bioactive portion of INGAP, INGAP(104-118) peptide (INGAP-P), has been shown to have neogenic and insulin-potentiating activity in numerous studies, including recent phase 2 clinical trials that demonstrated improved glucose homeostasis in both type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients. Aiming to improve INGAP-P efficacy and to understand its mechanism of action, we cloned the full-length protein (rINGAP) and compared the signaling events induced by the protein and the peptide in RIN-m5F cells that respond to INGAP with an increase in proliferation. Here, we show that, although both rINGAP and INGAP-P signal via the Ras/Raf/ERK pathway, rINGAP is at least 100 times more efficient on a molar basis than INGAP-P. For either ligand, ERK1/2 activation appears to be pertussis toxin sensitive, suggesting involvement of a G protein-coupled receptor(s). However, there are clear differences between the peptide and the protein in interactions with the cell surface and in the downstream signaling. We demonstrate that fluorescent-labeled rINGAP is characterized by clustering on the membrane and by slow internalization (≤5 h), whereas INGAP-P does not cluster and is internalized within minutes. Signaling by rINGAP appears to involve Src, in contrast to INGAP-P, which appears to activate Akt in addition to the Ras/Raf/ERK1/2 pathway. Thus our data suggest that interactions of INGAP with the cell surface are important to consider for further development of INGAP as a pharmacotherapy for diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Petropavlovskaia
- Department of Surgery, the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|