1
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Dieckmann CL. A hub for regulation of mitochondrial metabolism: Fatty acid and lipoic acid biosynthesis. IUBMB Life 2024; 76:332-344. [PMID: 38088214 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Having evolved from a prokaryotic origin, mitochondria retain pathways required for the catabolism of energy-rich molecules and for the biosynthesis of molecules that aid catabolism and/or participate in other cellular processes essential for life of the cell. Reviewed here are details of the mitochondrial fatty acid biosynthetic pathway (FAS II) and its role in building both the octanoic acid precursor for lipoic acid biosynthesis (LAS) and longer-chain fatty acids functioning in chaperoning the assembly of mitochondrial multisubunit complexes. Also covered are the details of mitochondrial lipoic acid biosynthesis, which is distinct from that of prokaryotes, and the attachment of lipoic acid to subunits of pyruvate dehydrogenase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and glycine cleavage system complexes. Special emphasis has been placed on presenting what is currently known about the interconnected paths and loops linking the FAS II-LAS pathway and two other mitochondrial realms, the organellar translation machinery and Fe-S cluster biosynthesis and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol L Dieckmann
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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2
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Bouranis DL, Chorianopoulou SN. Foliar Application of Sulfur-Containing Compounds-Pros and Cons. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3794. [PMID: 38005690 PMCID: PMC10674314 DOI: 10.3390/plants12223794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Sulfate is taken up from the soil solution by the root system; and inside the plant, it is assimilated to hydrogen sulfide, which in turn is converted to cysteine. Sulfate is also taken up by the leaves, when foliage is sprayed with solutions containing sulfate fertilizers. Moreover, several other sulfur (S)-containing compounds are provided through foliar application, including the S metabolites hydrogen sulfide, glutathione, cysteine, methionine, S-methylmethionine, and lipoic acid. However, S compounds that are not metabolites, such as thiourea and lignosulfonates, along with dimethyl sulfoxide and S-containing adjuvants, are provided by foliar application-these are the S-containing agrochemicals. In this review, we elaborate on the fate of these compounds after spraying foliage and on the rationale and the efficiency of such foliar applications. The foliar application of S-compounds in various combinations is an emerging area of agricultural usefulness. In the agricultural practice, the S-containing compounds are not applied alone in spray solutions and the need for proper combinations is of prime importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris L. Bouranis
- Plant Physiology and Morphology Laboratory, Crop Science Department, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece;
- PlanTerra Institute for Plant Nutrition and Soil Quality, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Styliani N. Chorianopoulou
- Plant Physiology and Morphology Laboratory, Crop Science Department, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece;
- PlanTerra Institute for Plant Nutrition and Soil Quality, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
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3
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Salaria S, Boatwright JL, Johnson N, Madurapperumage A, Joshi P, Thavarajah P, Vandemark G, Thavarajah D. Fatty acid composition and genome-wide associations of a chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) diversity panel for biofortification efforts. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14002. [PMID: 37635199 PMCID: PMC10460795 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41274-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chickpea is a nutritionally dense pulse crop with high levels of protein, carbohydrates, micronutrients and low levels of fats. Chickpea fatty acids are associated with a reduced risk of obesity, blood cholesterol, and cardiovascular diseases in humans. We measured four primary chickpea fatty acids; palmitic acid (PA), linoleic acid (LA), alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), and oleic acid (OA), which are crucial for human health and plant stress responses in a chickpea diversity panel with 256 accessions (Kabuli and desi types). A wide concentration range was found for PA (450.7-912.6 mg/100 g), LA (1605.7-3459.9 mg/100 g), ALA (416.4-864.5 mg/100 g), and OA (1035.5-1907.2 mg/100 g). The percent recommended daily allowances also varied for PA (3.3-6.8%), LA (21.4-46.1%), ALA (34.7-72%), and OA (4.3-7.9%). Weak correlations were found among fatty acids. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were conducted using genotyping-by-sequencing data. Five significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified for PA. Admixture population structure analysis revealed seven subpopulations based on ancestral diversity in this panel. This is the first reported study to characterize fatty acid profiles across a chickpea diversity panel and perform GWAS to detect associations between genetic markers and concentrations of selected fatty acids. These findings demonstrate biofortification of chickpea fatty acids is possible using conventional and genomic breeding techniques, to develop superior cultivars with better fatty acid profiles for improved human health and plant stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Salaria
- Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, 113 Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - J Lucas Boatwright
- Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, 113 Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
- Advanced Plant Technology, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Nathan Johnson
- Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, 113 Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Amod Madurapperumage
- Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, 113 Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Priyanka Joshi
- Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, 113 Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Pushparajah Thavarajah
- Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, 113 Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - George Vandemark
- Grain Legume Genetics and Physiology Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Washington State University, 303 Johnson Hall, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Dil Thavarajah
- Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, 113 Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA.
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4
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Tanabe TS, Grosser M, Hahn L, Kümpel C, Hartenfels H, Vtulkin E, Flegler W, Dahl C. Identification of a novel lipoic acid biosynthesis pathway reveals the complex evolution of lipoate assembly in prokaryotes. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002177. [PMID: 37368881 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipoic acid is an essential biomolecule found in all domains of life and is involved in central carbon metabolism and dissimilatory sulfur oxidation. The machineries for lipoate assembly in mitochondria and chloroplasts of higher eukaryotes, as well as in the apicoplasts of some protozoa, are all of prokaryotic origin. Here, we provide experimental evidence for a novel lipoate assembly pathway in bacteria based on a sLpl(AB) lipoate:protein ligase, which attaches octanoate or lipoate to apo-proteins, and 2 radical SAM proteins, LipS1 and LipS2, which work together as lipoyl synthase and insert 2 sulfur atoms. Extensive homology searches combined with genomic context analyses allowed us to precisely distinguish between the new and established pathways and map them on the tree of life. This not only revealed a much wider distribution of lipoate biogenesis systems than expected, in particular, the novel sLpl(AB)-LipS1/S2 pathway, and indicated a highly modular nature of the enzymes involved, with unforeseen combinations, but also provided a new framework for the evolution of lipoate assembly. Our results show that dedicated machineries for both de novo lipoate biogenesis and scavenging from the environment were implemented early in evolution and that their distribution in the 2 prokaryotic domains was shaped by a complex network of horizontal gene transfers, acquisition of additional genes, fusions, and losses. Our large-scale phylogenetic analyses identify the bipartite archaeal LplAB ligase as the ancestor of the bacterial sLpl(AB) proteins, which were obtained by horizontal gene transfer. LipS1/S2 have a more complex evolutionary history with multiple of such events but probably also originated in the domain archaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Sebastian Tanabe
- Institut für Mikrobiologie & Biotechnologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martina Grosser
- Institut für Mikrobiologie & Biotechnologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lea Hahn
- Institut für Mikrobiologie & Biotechnologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Carolin Kümpel
- Institut für Mikrobiologie & Biotechnologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hanna Hartenfels
- Institut für Mikrobiologie & Biotechnologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Evelyn Vtulkin
- Institut für Mikrobiologie & Biotechnologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Wanda Flegler
- Institut für Mikrobiologie & Biotechnologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christiane Dahl
- Institut für Mikrobiologie & Biotechnologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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5
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Sharma N, Froehlich JE, Rillema R, Raba DA, Chambers T, Kerfeld CA, Kramer DM, Walker B, Brandizzi F. Arabidopsis stromal carbonic anhydrases exhibit non-overlapping roles in photosynthetic efficiency and development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37010739 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are ubiquitous enzymes that accelerate the reversible conversion of CO2 to HCO3 - . The Arabidopsis genome encodes members of the α-, β- and γ-CA families, and it has been hypothesized that βCA activity has a role in photosynthesis. In this work, we tested this hypothesis by characterizing the two plastidial βCAs, βCA1 and βCA5, in physiological conditions of growth. We conclusively established that both proteins are localized in the chloroplast stroma and that the loss of βCA5 induced the expression of βCA1, supporting the existence of regulatory mechanisms to control the expression of stromal βCAs. We also established that βCA1 and βCA5 have markedly different enzymatic kinetics and physiological relevance. Specifically, we found that βCA5 had a first-order rate constant ~10-fold lower than βCA1, and that the loss of βCA5 is detrimental to growth and could be rescued by high CO2 . Furthermore, we established that, while a βCA1 mutation showed near wild-type growth and no significant impact on photosynthetic efficiency, the loss of βCA5 markedly disrupted photosynthetic efficiency and light-harvesting capacity at ambient CO2 . Therefore, we conclude that in physiological autotrophic growth, the loss of the more highly expressed βCA1 does not compensate for the loss of a less active βCA5, which in turn is involved in growth and photosynthesis at ambient CO2 levels. These results lend support to the hypothesis that, in Arabidopsis,βCAs have non-overlapping roles in photosynthesis and identify a critical activity of stromal βCA5 and a dispensable role for βCA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Sharma
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - John E Froehlich
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Rees Rillema
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Daniel A Raba
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Taylor Chambers
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Cheryl A Kerfeld
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - David M Kramer
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Berkley Walker
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
- DOE-Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
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Jiang L, Geng D, Zhi F, Li Z, Yang Y, Wang Y, Shen X, Liu X, Yang Y, Xu Y, Tang Y, Du R, Ma F, Guan Q, Zhang J. A genome-wide association study provides insights into fatty acid synthesis and metabolism in Malus fruits. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:7467-7476. [PMID: 36112134 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As a precursor of aromatic compounds, fatty acids play important roles in apple fruit quality; however, the genetic and molecular basis underlying fatty acid synthesis and metabolism is largely unknown. In this study, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of seven fatty acids using genomic data of 149 Malus accessions and identified 232 significant signals (-log10P>5) associated with 99 genes from GWAS of four fatty acids across 2 years. Among these, a significant GWAS signal associated with linoleic acid was identified in the transcriptional regulator SUPERMAN-like (SUP) MD13G1209600 at chromosome 13 of M. × domestica. Transient overexpression of MdSUP increased the contents of linoleic and linolenic acids and of three aromatic components in the fruit. Our study provides genetic and molecular information for improving the flavor and nutritional value of apple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Dali Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Fang Zhi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Zhongxing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yusen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yunlong Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xiaoxia Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xiuyun Liu
- Institute of Vocational Technology, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Yanqing Yang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yange Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yanlong Tang
- College of Economics and Management, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Rui Du
- College of Innovation and Experiment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Qingmei Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
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7
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Špaček J, Benner SA. Agnostic Life Finder (ALF) for Large-Scale Screening of Martian Life During In Situ Refueling. ASTROBIOLOGY 2022; 22:1255-1263. [PMID: 35796703 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2021.0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Before the first humans depart for Mars in the next decade, hundreds of tons of martian water-ice must be harvested to produce propellant for the return vehicle, a process known as in situ resource utilization (ISRU). We describe here an instrument, the Agnostic Life Finder (ALF), that is an inexpensive life-detection add-on to ISRU. ALF exploits a well-supported view that informational genetic biopolymers in life in water must have two structural features: (1) Informational biopolymers must carry a repeating charge; they must be polyelectrolytes. (2) Their building blocks must fit into an aperiodic crystal structure; the building blocks must be size-shape regular. ALF exploits the first structural feature to extract polyelectrolytes from ∼10 cubic meters of mined martian water by applying a voltage gradient perpendicularly to the water's flow. This gradient diverts polyelectrolytes from the flow toward their respective electrodes (polyanions to the anode, polycations to the cathode), where they are captured in cartridges before they encounter the electrodes. There, they can later be released to analyze their building blocks, for example, by mass spectrometry or nanopore. Upstream, martian cells holding martian informational polyelectrolytes are disrupted by ultrasound. To manage the (unknown) conductivity of the water due to the presence of salts, the mined water is preconditioned by electrodialysis using porous membranes. ALF uses only resources and technology that must already be available for ISRU. Thus, life detection is easily and inexpensively integrated into SpaceX or NASA ISRU missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Špaček
- Firebird Biomolecular Sciences, LLC, Alachua, Florida, USA
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8
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Zhou Y, Yu H, Tang Y, Chen R, Luo J, Shi C, Tang S, Li X, Shen X, Chen R, Zhang Y, Lu Y, Ye Z, Guo L, Ouyang B. Critical roles of mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis in tomato development and environmental response. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:576-591. [PMID: 35640121 PMCID: PMC9434154 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Plant mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis (mtFAS) appears to be important in photorespiration based on the reverse genetics research from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) in recent years, but its roles in plant development have not been completely explored. Here, we identified a tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) mutant, fern-like, which displays pleiotropic phenotypes including dwarfism, yellowing, curly leaves, and increased axillary buds. Positional cloning and genetic and heterozygous complementation tests revealed that the underlying gene FERN encodes a 3-hydroxyl-ACP dehydratase enzyme involved in mtFAS. FERN was causally involved in tomato morphogenesis by affecting photorespiration, energy supply, and the homeostasis of reactive oxygen species. Based on lipidome data, FERN and the mtFAS pathway may modulate tomato development by influencing mitochondrial membrane lipid composition and other lipid metabolic pathways. These findings provide important insights into the roles and importance of mtFAS in tomato development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huiyang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yaping Tang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jinying Luo
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chunmei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shan Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xinyan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Rongfeng Chen
- National Center for Occupational Safety and Health, NHC, Beijing 102308, China
| | - Yuyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yongen Lu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhibiao Ye
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Liang Guo
- Author for correspondence: (B.O.), (L.G.)
| | - Bo Ouyang
- Author for correspondence: (B.O.), (L.G.)
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9
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Yu J, Yan H, Wu Y, Wang Y, Xia P. Quality Evaluation of the Oil of Camellia spp. Foods 2022; 11:2221. [PMID: 35892806 PMCID: PMC9368027 DOI: 10.3390/foods11152221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The oil of Camellia spp. has become a well-known high-quality edible oil because of its rich nutrition. It is of great significance to breed fine varieties of Camellia spp. for the sustainable growth of the Camellia spp. industry. This study mainly evaluated the quality and antioxidant capacity of the camellia seed from several sources. The fatty acid composition and main active components of 40 kinds of C. oleifera, C. vietnamensis, C. osmantha, and C. gigantocarpa seeds, and so on, from different regions, were tested using GC-MS and HPLC. The quality of different Camellia spp. germplasm resources was comprehensively evaluated using multiple indices. The unsaturated fatty acid content and the antioxidant capacity of C. vietnamensis from Hainan were higher than those of C. oleifera Abel. In addition, there were a few differences in the fatty acid compositions of Camellia spp. oil from different species. Correlation analysis confirmed that rutin, total saponin, total flavonoids, squalene, and vitamin E were strongly correlated to the antioxidant capacity of Camellia spp. In the comprehensive evaluation, the best quality and strongest antioxidant activity were found for Chengmai Dafeng (C. vietnamensis). These methods in the study were applied for the first time for the quality evaluation of the Camellia spp. species. This study provided new insights into the quality evaluation of the Camellia spp. species, thus facilitating further development of variety breeding along with quality evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yu
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Plants of Hainan Province, College of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (J.Y.); (H.Y.); (Y.W.)
| | - Heqin Yan
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Plants of Hainan Province, College of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (J.Y.); (H.Y.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yougen Wu
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Plants of Hainan Province, College of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (J.Y.); (H.Y.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yong Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Pengguo Xia
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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10
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Martins-Noguerol R, Acket S, Troncoso-Ponce MA, Garcés R, Thomasset B, Venegas-Calerón M, Salas JJ, Martínez-Force E, Moreno-Pérez AJ. Characterization of Helianthus annuus Lipoic Acid Biosynthesis: The Mitochondrial Octanoyltransferase and Lipoyl Synthase Enzyme System. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:781917. [PMID: 34868183 PMCID: PMC8639206 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.781917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Lipoic acid (LA, 6,8-dithiooctanoic acid) is a sulfur containing coenzyme essential for the activity of several key enzymes involved in oxidative and single carbon metabolism in most bacteria and eukaryotes. LA is synthetized by the concerted activity of the octanoyltransferase (LIP2, EC 2.3.1.181) and lipoyl synthase (LIP1, EC 2.8.1.8) enzymes. In plants, pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase or glycine decarboxylase are essential complexes that need to be lipoylated. These lipoylated enzymes and complexes are located in the mitochondria, while PDH is also present in plastids where it provides acetyl-CoA for de novo fatty acid biosynthesis. As such, lipoylation of PDH could regulate fatty acid synthesis in both these organelles. In the present work, the sunflower LIP1 and LIP2 genes (HaLIP1m and HaLIP2m) were isolated sequenced, cloned, and characterized, evaluating their putative mitochondrial location. The expression of these genes was studied in different tissues and protein docking was modeled. The genes were also expressed in Escherichia coli and Arabidopsis thaliana, where their impact on fatty acid and glycerolipid composition was assessed. Lipidomic studies in Arabidopsis revealed lipid remodeling in lines overexpressing these enzymes and the involvement of both sunflower proteins in the phenotypes observed is discussed in the light of the results obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Martins-Noguerol
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Sébastien Acket
- UPJV, UMR CNRS 7025, Enzyme and Cell Engineering, Centre de Recherche Royallieu, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Compiègne, France
| | - M. Adrián Troncoso-Ponce
- UPJV, UMR CNRS 7025, Enzyme and Cell Engineering, Centre de Recherche Royallieu, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Compiègne, France
| | | | - Brigitte Thomasset
- UPJV, UMR CNRS 7025, Enzyme and Cell Engineering, Centre de Recherche Royallieu, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Compiègne, France
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11
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Hines KM, Chaudhari V, Edgeworth KN, Owens TG, Hanson MR. Absence of carbonic anhydrase in chloroplasts affects C 3 plant development but not photosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2107425118. [PMID: 34380739 PMCID: PMC8379964 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2107425118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA), which catalyzes the interconversion of bicarbonate with carbon dioxide (CO2) and water, has been hypothesized to play a role in C3 photosynthesis. We identified two tobacco stromal CAs, β-CA1 and β-CA5, and produced CRISPR/Cas9 mutants affecting their encoding genes. While single knockout lines Δβ-ca1 and Δβ-ca5 had no striking phenotypic differences compared to wild type (WT) plants, Δβ-ca1ca5 leaves developed abnormally and exhibited large necrotic lesions even when supplied with sucrose. Leaf development of Δβ-ca1ca5 plants normalized at 9,000 ppm CO2 Leaves of Δβ-ca1ca5 mutants and WT that had matured in high CO2 had identical CO2 fixation rates and photosystem II efficiency. Fatty acids, which are formed through reactions with bicarbonate substrates, exhibited abnormal profiles in the chloroplast CA-less mutant. Emerging Δβ-ca1ca5 leaves produce reactive oxygen species in chloroplasts, perhaps due to lower nonphotochemical quenching efficiency compared to WT. Δβ-ca1ca5 seedling germination and development is negatively affected at ambient CO2 Transgenes expressing full-length β-CA1 and β-CA5 proteins complemented the Δβ-ca1ca5 mutation but inactivated (ΔZn-βCA1) and cytoplasm-localized (Δ62-βCA1) forms of β-CA1 did not reverse the growth phenotype. Nevertheless, expression of the inactivated ΔZn-βCA1 protein was able to restore the hypersensitive response to tobacco mosaic virus, while Δβ-ca1 and Δβ-ca1ca5 plants failed to show a hypersensitive response. We conclude that stromal CA plays a role in plant development, likely through providing bicarbonate for biosynthetic reactions, but stromal CA is not needed for maximal rates of photosynthesis in the C3 plant tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Hines
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | | | - Kristen N Edgeworth
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Thomas G Owens
- Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Maureen R Hanson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853;
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12
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Elmassry MM, Bisht K, Colmer-Hamood JA, Wakeman CA, San Francisco MJ, Hamood AN. Malonate utilization by Pseudomonas aeruginosa affects quorum-sensing and virulence and leads to formation of mineralized biofilm-like structures. Mol Microbiol 2021; 116:516-537. [PMID: 33892520 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that uses malonate among its many carbon sources. We recently reported that, when grown in blood from trauma patients, P. aeruginosa expression of malonate utilization genes was upregulated. In this study, we explored the role of malonate utilization and its contribution to P. aeruginosa virulence. We grew P. aeruginosa strain PA14 in M9 minimal medium containing malonate (MM9) or glycerol (GM9) as a sole carbon source and assessed the effect of the growth on quorum sensing, virulence factors, and antibiotic resistance. Growth of PA14 in MM9, compared to GM9, reduced the production of elastases, rhamnolipids, and pyoverdine; enhanced the production of pyocyanin and catalase; and increased its sensitivity to norfloxacin. Growth in MM9 decreased extracellular levels of N-acylhomoserine lactone autoinducers, an effect likely associated with increased pH of the culture medium; but had little effect on extracellular levels of PQS. At 18 hr of growth in MM9, PA14 formed biofilm-like structures or aggregates that were associated with biomineralization, which was related to increased pH of the culture medium. These results suggest that malonate significantly impacts P. aeruginosa pathogenesis by influencing the quorum sensing systems, the production of virulence factors, biofilm formation, and antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moamen M Elmassry
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Karishma Bisht
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Jane A Colmer-Hamood
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Medical Education, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | | | - Michael J San Francisco
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Honors College, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Abdul N Hamood
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Surgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
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13
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Del Buono D. Can biostimulants be used to mitigate the effect of anthropogenic climate change on agriculture? It is time to respond. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 751:141763. [PMID: 32889471 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic climate change, namely climate alterations induced by human activities, is causing some issues to agricultural systems for their vulnerability to extreme events. Forecasts predict a global population increase in the near years that will exacerbate this situation, elevating the global demand for food. It will pose severe concerns in terms of natural resource usage and availability. Agriculture is one of the anthropogenic activities that will be more affected in the future. Climate extremes menace to affect the quantity and quality of crop production severely. Drought, water and soil salinity are considered among the most problematic factors that anthropogenic climate change will increase. This complex and worrying scenario requires the urgent implementation of sustainable measures which are capable of improving crop yield and quality, fostering the robustness and resilience of cropping systems. Among the more current methodology, the use of natural plant biostimulants (PBs) has been proposed to improve plant resistance to abiotic environmental stresses. The advantage of using these substances is due to their effectiveness in improving crop productivity and quality. Therefore, in this review, the most recent researches dealing with the use of natural PBs for improving plant resistance to drought and salinity, in an anthropogenic climate change scenario, have been reported and critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Del Buono
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy.
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14
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Fabra MC, Izquierdo I, Anchordoquy JM, Anchordoquy JP, Carranza-Martín AC, Nikoloff N, Furnus CC. Effect of alpha-lipoic acid during preimplantation development of cattle embryos when there were different in vitro culture conditions. Anim Reprod Sci 2020; 221:106550. [PMID: 32861112 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2020.106550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In many species, alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) is essential for embryo development. There, therefore, was investigation of effects of ALA supplementation to culture media for in vitro development of cattle embryos. In Experiment I, there were assessments of embryo production and oxidative status of cattle embryos derived by in vitro maturation and fertilization (IVM/IVF)that were cultured until the blastocyst stage of development using different ALA concentrations (5, 25 and 100 μM), fetal bovine serum (FBS) and amino acids (aa) as well as 20 % oxygen (O2) in the culture atmosphere. In Experiment II, embryos were cultured without FBS, at different ALA concentrations (2.5, 5 and 7.5 μM) and in the presence or absence of aa when there was a 7 % O2 atmosphere. Embryo development rates and blastocyst quality were evaluated. With 20 % O2 concentration, treatment with 100 μM ALA resulted in lesser hatching rates and development to the blastocyst stage (P < 0.01), while with supplementation with 5 μM ALA there were lesser (P = 0.04) glutathione concentrations and greater protein contents of embryos (P < 0.01). Culturing in the 7 % O2 atmosphere, combined with supplementation with 2.5 μM ALA with FBS and aa resulted in a greater blastocyst cell number (P = 0.03) and lesser hatching rates (P = 0.04). Taken together, results indicate supplementation with the greater ALA concentrations resulted in impairment of embryo development, regardless of the O2 concentration imposed during the culture period, while the relatively lesser supplementation-concentrations with ALA led to improvements in embryo quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana C Fabra
- IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N Dulout" (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, Calles 60 y 118, B1904AMA La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Isabel Izquierdo
- IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N Dulout" (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, Calles 60 y 118, B1904AMA La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan M Anchordoquy
- IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N Dulout" (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, Calles 60 y 118, B1904AMA La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan P Anchordoquy
- IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N Dulout" (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, Calles 60 y 118, B1904AMA La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana C Carranza-Martín
- IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N Dulout" (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, Calles 60 y 118, B1904AMA La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Noelia Nikoloff
- IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N Dulout" (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, Calles 60 y 118, B1904AMA La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia C Furnus
- IGEVET - Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing. Fernando N Dulout" (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias UNLP, Calles 60 y 118, B1904AMA La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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15
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Zhang Y, Fernie AR. On the Detection and Functional Significance of the Protein-Protein Interactions of Mitochondrial Transport Proteins. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1107. [PMID: 32722450 PMCID: PMC7464641 DOI: 10.3390/biom10081107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-protein assemblies are highly prevalent in all living cells. Considerable evidence has recently accumulated suggesting that particularly transient association/dissociation of proteins represent an important means of regulation of metabolism. This is true not only in the cytosol and organelle matrices, but also at membrane surfaces where, for example, receptor complexes, as well as those of key metabolic pathways, are common. Transporters also frequently come up in lists of interacting proteins, for example, binding proteins that catalyze the production of their substrates or that act as relays within signal transduction cascades. In this review, we provide an update of technologies that are used in the study of such interactions with mitochondrial transport proteins, highlighting the difficulties that arise in their use for membrane proteins and discussing our current understanding of the biological function of such interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjun Zhang
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alisdair R. Fernie
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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16
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Araya-Flores J, Miranda S, Covarrubias MP, Stange C, Handford M. Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) possesses mitochondrial and plastidial lipoyl synthases capable of increasing lipoylation levels when expressed in bacteria. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 151:264-270. [PMID: 32244096 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lipoic acid (LA) and its reduced form (dihydrolipoic acid, DHLA) have unique antioxidant properties among such molecules. Moreover, after a process termed lipoylation, LA is an essential prosthetic group covalently-attached to several key multi-subunit enzymatic complexes involved in primary metabolism, including E2 subunits of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH). The metabolic pathway of lipoylation has been extensively studied in Escherichia coli and Arabidopsis thaliana in which protein modification occurs via two routes: de novo synthesis and salvage. Common to both pathways, lipoyl synthase (LIP1 in plants, LipA in bacteria, EC 2.8.1.8) inserts sulphur atoms into the molecule in a final, activating step. However, despite the detection of LA and DHLA in other plant species, including tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), no plant LIP1s have been characterised to date from species other than Arabidopsis. In this work, we present the identification and characterisation of two LIPs from tomato, SlLIP1 and SlLIP1p. Consistent with in silico data, both are widely-expressed, particularly in reproductive organs. In line with bioinformatic predictions, we determine that yellow fluorescent protein tagged versions of SlLIP1 and SlLIP1p are mitochondrially- and plastidially-localised, respectively. Both possess the molecular hallmarks and domains of well-characterised bacterial LipAs. When heterologously-expressed in an E. coli lipA mutant, both are capable of complementing specific growth phenotypes and increasing lipoylation levels of E2 subunits of PDH in vivo, demonstrating that they do indeed function as lipoyl synthases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Araya-Flores
- Centro de Biología Molecular Vegetal (CBMV), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Simón Miranda
- Centro de Biología Molecular Vegetal (CBMV), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Paz Covarrubias
- Centro de Biología Molecular Vegetal (CBMV), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Stange
- Centro de Biología Molecular Vegetal (CBMV), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Michael Handford
- Centro de Biología Molecular Vegetal (CBMV), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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17
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Elrys AS, Abdo AIE, Abdel-Hamed EMW, Desoky ESM. Integrative application of licorice root extract or lipoic acid with fulvic acid improves wheat production and defenses under salt stress conditions. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 190:110144. [PMID: 31901539 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.110144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Although different plant extracts and plant growth regulators are used as biostimulants to support plants grown under salt stress conditions, little information is available regarding the use of licorice root extract (LRE) or lipoic acid (LA) as biostimulants. Studies on the application of LRE or LA in combination with fulvic acid (FA) as natural biostimulants have not been performed. Therefore, in this study, two pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the potential effects of LRE (5 g L-1) or LA (0.1 mM) supplemented as a foliar spray in combination with FA (0.2 mg kg-1 soil) on osmoprotectants and antioxidants, growth characteristics, photosynthetic pigments, nutrient uptake, and yield as well as on the anatomical features of the stems and leaves of wheat plants irrigated with three levels of saline water (0.70, 7.8, and 14.6 dSm-1). Moderate (7.8 dSm-1) and high (14.6 dSm-1) levels of salinity caused a significant (p ≤ 0.05) increase in the activities of SOD, APX CAT, POX, and GR as well as in electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde level, and reactive oxygen species (O2‒ and H2O2) levels compared to those in controls (plants irrigated with tap water). However, the leaf relative water content, membrane stability index, NPK uptake, leaf area, plant height, spike length, straw yield, grain yield, and protein content of wheat grains significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased. Addition of LRE or LA and/or HA to wheat plants under saline stress significantly (p ≤ 0.05) enhanced their morphological and physio-biochemical characteristics in parallel with increases in the activities of enzymatic antioxidants. Salinity stress altered (p ≤ 0.05) wheat stem and leaf structures; however, treatment with LRE + FA significantly improved these negative effects. These findings indicate that FA + LRE treatment significantly improved the antioxidant defense system of the plants, thereby reducing ROS levels and increasing wheat growth and production under saline conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S Elrys
- Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed I E Abdo
- Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Enas M W Abdel-Hamed
- Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - El-Sayed M Desoky
- Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
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18
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Kalinger RS, Pulsifer IP, Hepworth SR, Rowland O. Fatty Acyl Synthetases and Thioesterases in Plant Lipid Metabolism: Diverse Functions and Biotechnological Applications. Lipids 2020; 55:435-455. [PMID: 32074392 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Plants use fatty acids to synthesize acyl lipids for many different cellular, physiological, and defensive roles. These roles include the synthesis of essential membrane, storage, or surface lipids, as well as the production of various fatty acid-derived metabolites used for signaling or defense. Fatty acids are activated for metabolic processing via a thioester linkage to either coenzyme A or acyl carrier protein. Acyl synthetases metabolically activate fatty acids to their thioester forms, and acyl thioesterases deactivate fatty acyl thioesters to free fatty acids by hydrolysis. These two enzyme classes therefore play critical roles in lipid metabolism. This review highlights the surprisingly complex and varying roles of fatty acyl synthetases in plant lipid metabolism, including roles in the intracellular trafficking of fatty acids. This review also surveys the many specialized fatty acyl thioesterases characterized to date in plants, which produce a great diversity of fatty acid products in a tissue-specific manner. While some acyl thioesterases produce fatty acids that clearly play roles in plant-insect or plant-microbial interactions, most plant acyl thioesterases have yet to be fully characterized both in terms of their substrate specificities and their functions. The biotechnological applications of plant acyl thioesterases and synthetases are also discussed, as there is significant interest in these enzymes as catalysts for the sustainable production of fatty acids and their derivatives for industrial uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S Kalinger
- Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Ian P Pulsifer
- Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Shelley R Hepworth
- Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Owen Rowland
- Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
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19
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Toleco MR, Naake T, Zhang Y, Heazlewood JL, R. Fernie A. Plant Mitochondrial Carriers: Molecular Gatekeepers That Help to Regulate Plant Central Carbon Metabolism. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9010117. [PMID: 31963509 PMCID: PMC7020223 DOI: 10.3390/plants9010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of membrane-bound organelles among eukaryotes led to a highly compartmentalized metabolism. As a compartment of the central carbon metabolism, mitochondria must be connected to the cytosol by molecular gates that facilitate a myriad of cellular processes. Members of the mitochondrial carrier family function to mediate the transport of metabolites across the impermeable inner mitochondrial membrane and, thus, are potentially crucial for metabolic control and regulation. Here, we focus on members of this family that might impact intracellular central plant carbon metabolism. We summarize and review what is currently known about these transporters from in vitro transport assays and in planta physiological functions, whenever available. From the biochemical and molecular data, we hypothesize how these relevant transporters might play a role in the shuttling of organic acids in the various flux modes of the TCA cycle. Furthermore, we also review relevant mitochondrial carriers that may be vital in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Lastly, we survey novel experimental approaches that could possibly extend and/or complement the widely accepted proteoliposome reconstitution approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Rey Toleco
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; (M.R.T.); (T.N.); (Y.Z.)
- School of BioSciences, the University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia;
| | - Thomas Naake
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; (M.R.T.); (T.N.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; (M.R.T.); (T.N.); (Y.Z.)
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | | | - Alisdair R. Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; (M.R.T.); (T.N.); (Y.Z.)
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Correspondence:
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20
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He M, Qin CX, Wang X, Ding NZ. Plant Unsaturated Fatty Acids: Biosynthesis and Regulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:390. [PMID: 32425958 PMCID: PMC7212373 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In most plants, major unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) are three C18 species, namely, oleic (18:1), linoleic (18:2), and α-linolenic (18:3) acids. These simple compounds play multiple crucial roles in planta and are also important economic traits of oil crops. The enzymatic steps of C18 UFA biosynthesis have been well established. However, the associated FA/lipid trafficking between the plastid and the endoplasmic reticulum remains largely unclear, as does the regulation of the expression and activities of the involved enzymes. In this review, we will revisit the biosynthesis of C18 UFAs with an emphasis on the trafficking, and present an overview of the key enzymes and their regulation. Of particular interest is the emerging regulatory network composed of transcriptional factors and upstream signaling pathways. The review thereby provides the promise of using physical, biochemical and/or genetic means to manipulate FA composition and increase oil yield in crop improvement.
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21
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Sudianto E, Chaw SM. Two Independent Plastid accD Transfers to the Nuclear Genome of Gnetum and Other Insights on Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Evolution in Gymnosperms. Genome Biol Evol 2019; 11:1691-1705. [PMID: 30924880 PMCID: PMC6595918 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evz059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) is the key regulator of fatty acid biosynthesis. In most plants, ACCase exists in two locations (cytosol and plastids) and in two forms (homomeric and heteromeric). Heteromeric ACCase comprises four subunits, three of them (ACCA-C) are nuclear encoded (nr) and the fourth (ACCD) is usually plastid encoded. Homomeric ACCase is encoded by a single nr-gene (ACC). We investigated the ACCase gene evolution in gymnosperms by examining the transcriptomes of newly sequenced Gnetum ula, combined with 75 transcriptomes and 110 plastomes of other gymnosperms. AccD-coding sequences are elongated through the insertion of repetitive DNA in four out of five cupressophyte families (except Sciadopityaceae) and were functionally transferred to the nucleus of gnetophytes and Sciadopitys. We discovered that, among the three genera of gnetophytes, only Gnetum has two copies of nr-accD. Furthermore, using protoplast transient expression assays, we experimentally verified that the nr-accD precursor proteins in Gnetum and Sciadopitys can be delivered to the plastids. Of the two nr-accD copies of Gnetum, one dually targets plastids and mitochondria, whereas the other potentially targets plastoglobuli. The distinct transit peptides, gene architectures, and flanking sequences between the two Gnetum accDs suggest that they have independent origins. Our findings are the first account of two distinctly targeted nr-accDs of any green plants and the most comprehensive analyses of ACCase evolution in gymnosperms to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edi Sudianto
- Biodiversity Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Miaw Chaw
- Biodiversity Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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22
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Hiltunen JK, Kastaniotis AJ, Autio KJ, Jiang G, Chen Z, Glumoff T. 17B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases as acyl thioester metabolizing enzymes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 489:107-118. [PMID: 30508570 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSD17B) catalyze the oxidation/reduction of 17β-hydroxy/keto group in position C17 in C18- and C19 steroids. Most HSD17Bs are also catalytically active with substrates other than steroids. A subset of these enzymes is able to process thioesters of carboxylic acids. This group of enzymes includes HSD17B4, HSD17B8, HSD17B10 and HSD17B12, which execute reactions in intermediary metabolism, participating in peroxisomal β-oxidation of fatty acids, mitochondrial oxidation of 3R-hydroxyacyl-groups, breakdown of isoleucine and fatty acid chain elongation in endoplasmic reticulum. Divergent substrate acceptance capabilities exemplify acquirement of catalytic site adaptiveness during evolution. As an additional common feature these HSD17Bs are multifunctional enzymes that arose either via gene fusions (HSD17B4) or are incorporated as subunits into multifunctional protein complexes (HSD17B8 and HSD17B10). Crystal structures of HSD17B4, HSD17B8 and HSD17B10 give insight into their structure-function relationships. Thus far, deficiencies of HSD17B4 and HSD17B10 have been assigned to inborn errors in humans, underlining their significance as enzymes of metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kalervo Hiltunen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials and Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, PR China.
| | | | - Kaija J Autio
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Guangyu Jiang
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Zhijun Chen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials and Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Tuomo Glumoff
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Jung SH, Kim RJ, Kim KJ, Lee DH, Suh MC. Plastidial and Mitochondrial Malonyl CoA-ACP Malonyltransferase is Essential for Cell Division and Its Overexpression Increases Storage Oil Content. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:1239-1249. [PMID: 30796840 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Malonyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) is a key building block for the synthesis of fatty acids, which are important components of cell membranes, storage oils and lipid-signaling molecules. Malonyl CoA-ACP malonyltransferase (MCAMT) catalyzes the production of malonyl-ACP and CoA from malonyl-CoA and ACP. Here, we report that MCAMT plays a critical role in cell division and has the potential to increase the storage oil content in Arabidopsis. The quantitative real-time PCR and MCAMT promoter:GUS analyses showed that MCAMT is predominantly expressed in shoot and root apical meristems, leaf hydathodes and developing embryos. The fluorescent signals of MCAMT:eYFP were observed in both chloroplasts and mitochondria of tobacco leaf protoplasts. In particular, the N-terminal region (amino acid residues 1-30) of MCAMT was required for mitochondrial targeting. The Arabidopsis mcamt-1 and -2 mutants exhibited an embryo-lethal phenotype because of the arrest of embryo development at the globular stage. The transgenic Arabidopsis expressing antisense MCAMT RNA showed growth retardation caused by the defects in cell division. The overexpression of MCAMT driven by the promoter of the senescence-associated 1 (SEN1) gene, which is predominantly expressed in developing seeds, increased the seed yield and storage oil content of Arabidopsis. Taken together, the plastidial and mitochondrial MCAMT is essential for Arabidopsis cell division and is a novel genetic resource useful for enhancing storage oil content in oilseed crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seh Hui Jung
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ryeo Jin Kim
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kook Jin Kim
- Genomine Inc. Venture Bldg 306, Pohang TechnoPark, 394 Jigok-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hee Lee
- Genomine Inc. Venture Bldg 306, Pohang TechnoPark, 394 Jigok-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Chung Suh
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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24
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Robles P, Quesada V. Transcriptional and Post-transcriptional Regulation of Organellar Gene Expression (OGE) and Its Roles in Plant Salt Tolerance. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1056. [PMID: 30823472 PMCID: PMC6429081 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Given their endosymbiotic origin, chloroplasts and mitochondria genomes harbor only between 100 and 200 genes that encode the proteins involved in organellar gene expression (OGE), photosynthesis, and the electron transport chain. However, as the activity of these organelles also needs a few thousand proteins encoded by the nuclear genome, a close coordination of the gene expression between the nucleus and organelles must exist. In line with this, OGE regulation is crucial for plant growth and development, and is achieved mainly through post-transcriptional mechanisms performed by nuclear genes. In this way, the nucleus controls the activity of organelles and these, in turn, transmit information about their functional state to the nucleus by modulating nuclear expression according to the organelles' physiological requirements. This adjusts organelle function to plant physiological, developmental, or growth demands. Therefore, OGE must appropriately respond to both the endogenous signals and exogenous environmental cues that can jeopardize plant survival. As sessile organisms, plants have to respond to adverse conditions to acclimate and adapt to them. Salinity is a major abiotic stress that negatively affects plant development and growth, disrupts chloroplast and mitochondria function, and leads to reduced yields. Information on the effects that the disturbance of the OGE function has on plant tolerance to salinity is still quite fragmented. Nonetheless, many plant mutants which display altered responses to salinity have been characterized in recent years, and interestingly, several are affected in nuclear genes encoding organelle-localized proteins that regulate the expression of organelle genes. These results strongly support a link between OGE and plant salt tolerance, likely through retrograde signaling. Our review analyzes recent findings on the OGE functions required by plants to respond and tolerate salinity, and highlights the fundamental role that chloroplast and mitochondrion homeostasis plays in plant adaptation to salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Robles
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain.
| | - Víctor Quesada
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain.
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25
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Sezgin A, Altuntaş C, Demiralay M, Cinemre S, Terzi R. Exogenous alpha lipoic acid can stimulate photosystem II activity and the gene expressions of carbon fixation and chlorophyll metabolism enzymes in maize seedlings under drought. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 232:65-73. [PMID: 30537614 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Protective compounds such as non-enzymatic antioxidants, osmolytes and signal molecules have been applied to plants exposed to various environmental stresses to increase their stress tolerance. However, there are not enough records about the response of plants to alpha lipoic acid (ALA) application with antioxidant properties. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the function of exogenous ALA on the photosynthetic performance of maize seedlings grown in hydroponic conditions under drought stress. Three weeks old seedlings were treated with or without ALA (12 μM) and they were subjected to drought stress induced by 10% polyethylene glycol (PEG6000) for 24 h. Chlorophyll content, gas exchange parameters, chlorophyll fluorescence and the expression levels of genes involved in CO2 fixation (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (rubisco), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPc), Rubisco activase (RCA)) and chlorophyll metabolism (magnesium chelatase (Mg-CHLI) and chlorophyllase (Chlase)) were determined. The application of ALA increased chlorophyll content and the activity of photosystem II in comparison to the untreated seedlings under drought stress. The relative expression levels of Rubisco, PEPc, RCA and Mg-CHLI significantly increased while the Chlase gene expression decreased in seedlings to which ALA was applied in comparison those to which it was not applied under the stress. These results suggest that exogenous ALA can enhance the photosynthetic performance of maize seedlings exposed to drought by inducing photosystem II activity and the gene expressions of carbon fixation and chlorophyll metabolism enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asiye Sezgin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey.
| | - Cansu Altuntaş
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Demiralay
- Department of Forestry Engineering, Faculty of Forestry, Artvin Coruh University, 08000, Artvin, Turkey.
| | - Salih Cinemre
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey.
| | - Rabiye Terzi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey.
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26
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Viegas MF, Neves RPP, Ramos MJ, Fernandes PA. Modeling of Human Fatty Acid Synthase and in Silico Docking of Acyl Carrier Protein Domain and Its Partner Catalytic Domains. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:77-85. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b09645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matilde F. Viegas
- REQUIMTE,
Departamento de Química
e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, s/n, Rua do Campo
Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui P. P. Neves
- REQUIMTE,
Departamento de Química
e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, s/n, Rua do Campo
Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J. Ramos
- REQUIMTE,
Departamento de Química
e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, s/n, Rua do Campo
Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro A. Fernandes
- REQUIMTE,
Departamento de Química
e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, s/n, Rua do Campo
Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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27
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Liu Z, Wang Z, Gu H, You J, Hu M, Zhang Y, Zhu Z, Wang Y, Liu S, Chen L, Liu X, Tian Y, Zhou S, Jiang L, Liu L, Wan J. Identification and Phenotypic Characterization of ZEBRA LEAF16 Encoding a β-Hydroxyacyl-ACP Dehydratase in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:782. [PMID: 29946330 PMCID: PMC6005893 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The chloroplast is a self-independent organelle and contains its own transcription and translation systems. The establishment of genetic systems is vital for normal plant growth and development. We isolated a rice zebra leaf 16 (zl16) mutant derived from rice cultivar 9311. The zl16 mutant showed chlorotic abnormalities in the transverse sectors of the young leaves of seedlings. The use of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) demonstrated that dramatic defects occurred in variegated zl16 leaves during the early development of a chloroplast. Map-based cloning revealed that ZL16 encodes a β-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydratase (HAD) involved in de novo fatty acid synthesis. Compared with the wild type, a missense mutation (Arg164Trp) in the zl16 mutant was identified, which significantly reduced enzymatic activity and altered the three-dimensional modeling structure of the putative protein. ZL16 was ubiquitously expressed in various plant organs, with a pronounced level in the young leaf. A subcellular localization experiment indicated that ZL16 was targeted in the chloroplast. Furthermore, we analyzed the expression of some nuclear genes involved in chloroplast development, and found they were altered in the zl16 mutant. RNA-Seq analysis indicated that some genes related to cell membrane constituents were downregulated in the mutant. An in vivo metabolic assay revealed that the total fatty acid content in the mutant was significantly decreased relative to the wild type. Our results indicate that HAD is essential for the development of chloroplasts by regulating the synthesis of fatty acids in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Han Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia You
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Manman Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yujun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ze Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shijia Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liangming Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xi Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunlu Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shirong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Linglong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Linglong Liu,
| | - Jianmin Wan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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28
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In Vivo Roles of Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Enzymes in Biosynthesis of Biotin and α-Lipoic Acid in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.01322-17. [PMID: 28754705 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01322-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
For fatty acid biosynthesis, Corynebacterium glutamicum uses two type I fatty acid synthases (FAS-I), FasA and FasB, in addition to acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) carboxylase (ACC) consisting of AccBC, AccD1, and AccE. The in vivo roles of the enzymes in supplying precursors for biotin and α-lipoic acid remain unclear. Here, we report genetic evidence demonstrating that the biosynthesis of these cofactors is linked to fatty acid biosynthesis through the FAS-I pathway. For this study, we used wild-type C. glutamicum and its derived biotin vitamer producer BFI-5, which was engineered to express Escherichia coli bioBF and Bacillus subtilis bioI Disruption of either fasA or fasB in strain BFI-5 led to decreased production of biotin vitamers, whereas its amplification contributed to increased production, with a larger impact of fasA in both cases. Double disruptions of fasA and fasB resulted in no biotin vitamer production. The acc genes showed a positive effect on production when amplified simultaneously. Augmented fatty acid biosynthesis was also reflected in pimelic acid production when carbon flow was blocked at the BioF reaction. These results indicate that carbon flow down the FAS-I pathway is destined for channeling into the biotin biosynthesis pathway, and that FasA in particular has a significant impact on precursor supply. In contrast, fasB disruption resulted in auxotrophy for lipoic acid or its precursor octanoic acid in both wild-type and BFI-5 strains. The phenotypes were fully complemented by plasmid-mediated expression of fasB but not fasA These results reveal that FasB plays a specific physiological role in lipoic acid biosynthesis in C. glutamicumIMPORTANCE For the de novo biosynthesis of fatty acids, C. glutamicum exceptionally uses a eukaryotic multifunctional type I fatty acid synthase (FAS-I) system comprising FasA and FasB, in contrast to most bacteria, such as E. coli and B. subtilis, which use an individual nonaggregating type II fatty acid synthase (FAS-II) system. In this study, we reported genetic evidence demonstrating that the FAS-I system is the source of the biotin precursor in vivo in the engineered biotin-prototrophic C. glutamicum strain. This study also uncovered the important physiological role of FasB in lipoic acid biosynthesis. Here, we present an FAS-I enzyme that functions in supplying the lipoic acid precursor, although its biosynthesis has been believed to exclusively depend on FAS-II in organisms. The findings obtained here provide new insights into the metabolic engineering of this industrially important microorganism to produce these compounds effectively.
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Angerer H, Schönborn S, Gorka J, Bahr U, Karas M, Wittig I, Heidler J, Hoffmann J, Morgner N, Zickermann V. Acyl modification and binding of mitochondrial ACP to multiprotein complexes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:1913-1920. [PMID: 28802701 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial acyl carrier protein (ACPM/NDUFAB1) is a central element of the mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis type II machinery. Originally ACPM was detected as a subunit of respiratory complex I but the reason for the association with the large enzyme complex remained elusive. Complex I from the aerobic yeast Yarrowia lipolytica comprises two different ACPMs, ACPM1 and ACPM2. They are anchored to the protein complex by LYR (leucine-tyrosine-arginine) motif containing protein (LYRM) subunits LYRM3 (NDUFB9) and LYRM6 (NDUFA6). The ACPM1-LYRM6 and ACPM2-LYRM3 modules are essential for complex I activity and assembly/stability, respectively. We show that in addition to the complex I bound fraction, ACPM1 is present as a free matrix protein and in complex with the soluble LYRM4(ISD11)/NFS1 complex implicated in Fe-S cluster biogenesis. We show that the presence of a long acyl chain bound to the phosphopantetheine cofactor is important for docking ACPMs to protein complexes and we propose that association of ACPMs and LYRMs is universally based on a new protein-protein interaction motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Angerer
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Medical School, Institute of Biochemistry II, Structural Bioenergetics Group, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Stefan Schönborn
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jan Gorka
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ute Bahr
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michael Karas
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ilka Wittig
- Functional Proteomics, SFB 815 core unit, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Medical School, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Juliana Heidler
- Functional Proteomics, SFB 815 core unit, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Medical School, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jan Hoffmann
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nina Morgner
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Volker Zickermann
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Medical School, Institute of Biochemistry II, Structural Bioenergetics Group, Max-von-Laue Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; Cluster of Excellence Macromolecular Complexes, Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany.
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30
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Ciccolini V, Pellegrino E, Coccina A, Fiaschi AI, Cerretani D, Sgherri C, Quartacci MF, Ercoli L. Biofortification with Iron and Zinc Improves Nutritional and Nutraceutical Properties of Common Wheat Flour and Bread. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:5443-5452. [PMID: 28656773 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The effect of field foliar Fe and Zn biofortification on concentration and potential bioavailability of Fe and Zn and health-promoting compounds was studied in wholemeal flour of two common wheat varieties (old vs modern). Moreover, the effect of milling and bread making was studied. Biofortification increased the concentration of Zn (+78%) and its bioavailability (+48%) in the flour of the old variety, whereas it was ineffective in increasing Fe concentration in both varieties. However, the old variety showed higher concentration (+41%) and bioavailability (+26%) of Fe than the modern one. As regard milling, wholemeal flour had higher Fe, Zn concentration and health-promoting compounds compared to white flour. Bread making slightly change Fe and Zn concentration but greatly increased their bioavailability (77 and 70%, respectively). All these results are of great support for developing a production chain of enriched functional bread having a protective role against chronic cardio-vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Ciccolini
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna , Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Pellegrino
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna , Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonio Coccina
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna , Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Anna Ida Fiaschi
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena , Strada delle Scotte 6, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Daniela Cerretani
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena , Strada delle Scotte 6, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Cristina Sgherri
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa , Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mike Frank Quartacci
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa , Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Ercoli
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna , Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127, Pisa, Italy
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31
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Rai V, Muthuraj M, Gandhi MN, Das D, Srivastava S. Real-time iTRAQ-based proteome profiling revealed the central metabolism involved in nitrogen starvation induced lipid accumulation in microalgae. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45732. [PMID: 28378827 PMCID: PMC5381106 DOI: 10.1038/srep45732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand the post-transcriptional molecular mechanisms attributing to oleaginousness in microalgae challenged with nitrogen starvation (N-starvation), the longitudinal proteome dynamics of Chlorella sp. FC2 IITG was investigated using multipronged quantitative proteomics and multiple reaction monitoring assays. Physiological data suggested a remarkably enhanced lipid accumulation with concomitant reduction in carbon flux towards carbohydrate, protein and chlorophyll biosynthesis. The proteomics-based investigations identified the down-regulation of enzymes involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis (porphobilinogen deaminase) and photosynthetic carbon fixation (sedoheptulose-1,7 bisphosphate and phosphoribulokinase). Profound up-regulation of hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydrogenase and enoyl-ACP reductase ascertained lipid accumulation. The carbon skeletons to be integrated into lipid precursors were regenerated by glycolysis, β-oxidation and TCA cycle. The enhanced expression of glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway enzymes indicates heightened energy needs of FC2 cells for the sustenance of N-starvation. FC2 cells strategically reserved nitrogen by incorporating it into the TCA-cycle intermediates to form amino acids; particularly the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of glutamate, aspartate and arginine were up-regulated. Regulation of arginine, superoxide dismutase, thioredoxin-peroxiredoxin, lipocalin, serine-hydroxymethyltransferase, cysteine synthase, and octanoyltransferase play a critical role in maintaining cellular homeostasis during N-starvation. These findings may provide a rationale for genetic engineering of microalgae, which may enable synchronized biomass and lipid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineeta Rai
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Wadhwani Research Center for Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, Maharashtra, India
| | - Muthusivaramapandian Muthuraj
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Centre for Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Mayuri N. Gandhi
- Centre for Research in Nanotechnology & Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Debasish Das
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Centre for Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
- DBT PAN IIT Centre for Bioenergy, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Powai - 400067, India
| | - Sanjeeva Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Wadhwani Research Center for Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, Maharashtra, India
- DBT PAN IIT Centre for Bioenergy, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Powai - 400067, India
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32
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Genome wide identification of microRNAs involved in fatty acid and lipid metabolism of Brassica napus by small RNA and degradome sequencing. Gene 2017; 619:61-70. [PMID: 28377111 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Rapeseed (Brassica napus) is an important cash crop considered as the third largest oil crop worldwide. Rapeseed oil contains various saturation or unsaturation fatty acids, these fatty acids, whose could incorporation with TAG form into lipids stored in seeds play various roles in the metabolic activity. The different fatty acids in B. napus seeds determine oil quality, define if the oil is edible or must be used as industrial material. miRNAs are kind of non-coding sRNAs that could regulate gene expressions through post-transcriptional modification to their target transcripts playing important roles in plant metabolic activities. We employed high-throughput sequencing to identify the miRNAs and their target transcripts involved in fatty acids and lipids metabolism in different development of B. napus seeds. As a result, we identified 826 miRNA sequences, including 523 conserved and 303 newly miRNAs. From the degradome sequencing, we found 589 mRNA could be targeted by 236 miRNAs, it includes 49 novel miRNAs and 187 conserved miRNAs. The miRNA-target couple suggests that bna-5p-163957_18, bna-5p-396192_7, miR9563a-p3, miR9563b-p5, miR838-p3, miR156e-p3, miR159c and miR1134 could target PDP, LACS9, MFPA, ADSL1, ACO32, C0401, GDL73, PlCD6, OLEO3 and WSD1. These target transcripts are involving in acetyl-CoA generate and carbon chain desaturase, regulating the levels of very long chain fatty acids, β-oxidation and lipids transport and metabolism process. At the same, we employed the q-PCR to valid the expression of miRNAs and their target transcripts that involve in fatty acid and lipid metabolism, the result suggested that the miRNA and their transcript expression are negative correlation, which in accord with the expression of miRNA and its target transcript. The study findings suggest that the identified miRNA may play important role in the fatty acids and lipids metabolism in seeds of B. napus.
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Clay HB, Parl AK, Mitchell SL, Singh L, Bell LN, Murdock DG. Altering the Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Synthesis (mtFASII) Pathway Modulates Cellular Metabolic States and Bioactive Lipid Profiles as Revealed by Metabolomic Profiling. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151171. [PMID: 26963735 PMCID: PMC4786287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the presence of a cytosolic fatty acid synthesis pathway, mitochondria have retained their own means of creating fatty acids via the mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis (mtFASII) pathway. The reason for its conservation has not yet been elucidated. Therefore, to better understand the role of mtFASII in the cell, we used thin layer chromatography to characterize the contribution of the mtFASII pathway to the fatty acid composition of selected mitochondrial lipids. Next, we performed metabolomic analysis on HeLa cells in which the mtFASII pathway was either hypofunctional (through knockdown of mitochondrial acyl carrier protein, ACP) or hyperfunctional (through overexpression of mitochondrial enoyl-CoA reductase, MECR). Our results indicate that the mtFASII pathway contributes little to the fatty acid composition of mitochondrial lipid species examined. Additionally, loss of mtFASII function results in changes in biochemical pathways suggesting alterations in glucose utilization and redox state. Interestingly, levels of bioactive lipids, including lysophospholipids and sphingolipids, directly correlate with mtFASII function, indicating that mtFASII may be involved in the regulation of bioactive lipid levels. Regulation of bioactive lipid levels by mtFASII implicates the pathway as a mediator of intracellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley B. Clay
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Angelika K. Parl
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Sabrina L. Mitchell
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Larry Singh
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lauren N. Bell
- Metabolon, Incorporated, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Deborah G. Murdock
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Guan X, Nikolau BJ. AAE13 encodes a dual-localized malonyl-CoA synthetase that is crucial for mitochondrial fatty acid biosynthesis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 85:581-93. [PMID: 26836315 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Malonyl-CoA is a key intermediate in a number of metabolic processes associated with its role as a substrate in acylation and condensation reactions. These types of reactions occur in plastids, the cytosol and mitochondria, and although carboxylation of acetyl-CoA is the known mechanism for generating the distinct plastidial and cytosolic pools, the metabolic origin of the mitochondrial malonyl-CoA pool is still unclear. In this study we demonstrate that malonyl-CoA synthetase encoded by the Arabidopsis AAE13 (AT3G16170) gene is localized in both the cytosol and the mitochondria. These isoforms are translated from two types of transcripts, one that contains and one that does not contain a mitochondrial-targeting pre-sequence. Whereas the cytosolic AAE13 protein is not essential, due to the presence of a redundant malonyl-CoA generating system provided by a cytosolic acetyl-CoA carboxylase, the mitochondrial AAE13 protein is essential for plant growth. Phenotypes of the aae13-1 mutant are transgenically reversed only if the mitochondrial pre-sequence is present in the ectopically expressed AAE13 proteins. The aae13-1 mutant exhibits typical metabolic phenotypes associated with a deficiency in the mitochondrial fatty acid synthase system, namely depleted lipoylation of the H subunit of the photorespiratory enzyme glycine decarboxylase, increased accumulation of glycine and glycolate and reduced levels of sucrose. Most of these metabolic alterations, and associated morphological changes, are reversed when the aae13-1 mutant is grown in a non-photorespiratory condition (i.e. a 1% CO2 atmosphere), demonstrating that they are a consequence of the deficiency in photorespiration due to the inability to generate lipoic acid from mitochondrially synthesized fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Guan
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
- The NSF Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals (CBiRC), Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Basil J Nikolau
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
- The NSF Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals (CBiRC), Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
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Mori N, Moriyama T, Toyoshima M, Sato N. Construction of Global Acyl Lipid Metabolic Map by Comparative Genomics and Subcellular Localization Analysis in the Red Alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:958. [PMID: 28066454 PMCID: PMC4928187 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Pathways of lipid metabolism have been established in land plants, such as Arabidopsis thaliana, but the information on exact pathways is still under study in microalgae. In contrast with Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, which is currently studied extensively, the pathway information in red algae is still in the state in which enzymes and pathways are estimated by analogy with the knowledge in plants. Here we attempt to construct the entire acyl lipid metabolic pathways in a model red alga, Cyanidioschyzon merolae, as an initial basis for future genetic and biochemical studies, by exploiting comparative genomics and localization analysis. First, the data of whole genome clustering by Gclust were used to identify 121 acyl lipid-related enzymes. Then, the localization of 113 of these enzymes was analyzed by GFP-based techniques. We found that most of the predictions on the subcellular localization by existing tools gave erroneous results, probably because these tools had been tuned for plants or green algae. The experimental data in the present study as well as the data reported before in our laboratory will constitute a good training set for tuning these tools. The lipid metabolic map thus constructed show that the lipid metabolic pathways in the red alga are essentially similar to those in A. thaliana, except that the number of enzymes catalyzing individual reactions is quite limited. The absence of fatty acid desaturation to produce oleic and linoleic acids within the plastid, however, highlights the central importance of desaturation and acyl editing in the endoplasmic reticulum, for the synthesis of plastid lipids as well as other cellular lipids. Additionally, some notable characteristics of lipid metabolism in C. merolae were found. For example, phosphatidylcholine is synthesized by the methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine as in yeasts. It is possible that a single 3-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase is involved in the condensation reactions of fatty acid synthesis in the plastid. We will also discuss on the redundant β-oxidation enzymes, which are characteristic to red algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Mori
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, Core Research for Evolutional Science and TechnologyTokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Moriyama
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, Core Research for Evolutional Science and TechnologyTokyo, Japan
| | - Masakazu Toyoshima
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, Core Research for Evolutional Science and TechnologyTokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Sato
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, Core Research for Evolutional Science and TechnologyTokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Naoki Sato
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Abstract
Acyl-CoA-binding proteins (ACBPs) play a pivotal role in fatty acid metabolism because they can transport medium- and long-chain acyl-CoA esters. In eukaryotic cells, ACBPs are involved in intracellular trafficking of acyl-CoA esters and formation of a cytosolic acyl-CoA pool. In addition to these ubiquitous functions, more specific non-redundant roles of plant ACBP subclasses are implicated by the existence of multigene families with variable molecular masses, ligand specificities, functional domains (e.g. protein-protein interaction domains), subcellular locations and gene expression patterns. In this chapter, recent progress in the characterization of ACBPs from the model dicot plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, and the model monocot, Oryza sativa, and their emerging roles in plant growth and development are discussed. The functional significance of respective members of the plant ACBP families in various developmental and physiological processes such as seed development and germination, stem cuticle formation, pollen development, leaf senescence, peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation and phloem-mediated lipid transport is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiu-Cheung Lung
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mee-Len Chye
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
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Kamal AHM, Komatsu S. Involvement of Reactive Oxygen Species and Mitochondrial Proteins in Biophoton Emission in Roots of Soybean Plants under Flooding Stress. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:2219-36. [PMID: 25806999 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To understand the mechanism of biophoton emission, ROS and mitochondrial proteins were analyzed in soybean plants under flooding stress. Enzyme activity and biophoton emission were increased in the flooding stress samples when assayed in reaction mixes specific for antioxidant enzymes and reactive oxygen species; although the level of the hydroxyl radicals was increased at day 4 (2 days of flooding) compared to nonflooding at day 4, the emission of biophotons did not change. Mitochondria were isolated and purified from the roots of soybean plants grown under flooding stress by using a Percoll gradient, and proteins were analyzed by a gel-free proteomic technique. Out of the 98 mitochondrial proteins that significantly changed abundance under flooding stress, 47 increased and 51 decreased at day 4. The mitochondrial enzymes fumarase, glutathione-S-transferase, and aldehyde dehydrogenase increased at day 4 in protein abundance and enzyme activity. Enzyme activity and biophoton emission decreased at day 4 by the assay of lipoxygenase under stress. Aconitase, acyl CoA oxidase, succinate dehydrogenase, and NADH ubiquinone dehydrogenase were up-regulated at the transcription level. These results indicate that oxidation and peroxide scavenging might lead to biophoton emission and oxidative damage in the roots of soybean plants under flooding stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Hena Mostafa Kamal
- National Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kannondai 2-1-18, Tsukuba 305-8518, Japan
| | - Setsuko Komatsu
- National Institute of Crop Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kannondai 2-1-18, Tsukuba 305-8518, Japan
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Yıldız M, Akçalı N, Terzi H. Proteomic and biochemical responses of canola (Brassica napus L.) exposed to salinity stress and exogenous lipoic acid. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 179:90-99. [PMID: 25841209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the mitigating effects of exogenous lipoic acid (LA) on NaCl toxicity, proteomic, biochemical and physiological changes were investigated in the leaves of canola (Brassica napus L.) seedlings. Salinity stress decreased the growth parameters and contents of ascorbate (AsA) and glutathione (GSH), and increased the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), proline, cysteine and the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). The foliar application of LA alleviated the toxic effects of salinity stress on canola seedlings and notably decreased MDA content and increased growth parameters, cysteine content, and activities of CAT and POD. In the proteomic analyses, total proteins from the leaves of control, LA, NaCl and NaCl+LA treated-seedlings were separated using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). A total of 28 proteins were differentially expressed. Of these, 21 proteins were successfully identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF MS. These proteins had functions related to photosynthesis, stress defense, energy metabolism, signal transduction, protein folding and stabilization indicating that LA might play important roles in salinity through the regulation of photosynthesis, stress defense and signal transduction related proteins. The proteomic findings have provided new insight to reveal the effect of LA on salinity stress for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Yıldız
- Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Science and Literature, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey.
| | - Nermin Akçalı
- Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Science and Literature, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Hakan Terzi
- Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Science and Literature, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
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Pivato M, Fabrega-Prats M, Masi A. Low-molecular-weight thiols in plants: Functional and analytical implications. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 560:83-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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40
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Ewald R, Hoffmann C, Florian A, Neuhaus E, Fernie AR, Bauwe H. Lipoate-Protein Ligase and Octanoyltransferase Are Essential for Protein Lipoylation in Mitochondria of Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 165:978-990. [PMID: 24872381 PMCID: PMC4081350 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.238311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Prosthetic lipoyl groups are required for the function of several essential multienzyme complexes, such as pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (KGDH), and the glycine cleavage system (glycine decarboxylase [GDC]). How these proteins are lipoylated has been extensively studied in prokaryotes and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), but little is known for plants. We earlier reported that mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis by ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase is not vital for protein lipoylation in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and does not play a significant role in roots. Here, we identify Arabidopsis lipoate-protein ligase (AtLPLA) as an essential mitochondrial enzyme that uses octanoyl-nucleoside monophosphate and possibly other donor substrates for the octanoylation of mitochondrial PDH-E2 and GDC H-protein; it shows no reactivity with bacterial and possibly plant KGDH-E2. The octanoate-activating enzyme is unknown, but we assume that it uses octanoyl moieties provided by mitochondrial β-oxidation. AtLPLA is essential for the octanoylation of PDH-E2, whereas GDC H-protein can optionally also be octanoylated by octanoyltransferase (LIP2) using octanoyl chains provided by mitochondrial ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase to meet the high lipoate requirement of leaf mesophyll mitochondria. Similar to protein lipoylation in yeast, LIP2 likely also transfers octanoyl groups attached to the H-protein to KGDH-E2 but not to PDH-E2, which is exclusively octanoylated by LPLA. We suggest that LPLA and LIP2 together provide a basal protein lipoylation network to plants that is similar to that in other eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Ewald
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Rostock, D-18059 Rostock, Germany (R.E., H.B.);Department of Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany (C.H., E.N.); andMax-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (A.F., A.R.F.)
| | - Christiane Hoffmann
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Rostock, D-18059 Rostock, Germany (R.E., H.B.);Department of Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany (C.H., E.N.); andMax-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (A.F., A.R.F.)
| | - Alexandra Florian
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Rostock, D-18059 Rostock, Germany (R.E., H.B.);Department of Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany (C.H., E.N.); andMax-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (A.F., A.R.F.)
| | - Ekkehard Neuhaus
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Rostock, D-18059 Rostock, Germany (R.E., H.B.);Department of Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany (C.H., E.N.); andMax-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (A.F., A.R.F.)
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Rostock, D-18059 Rostock, Germany (R.E., H.B.);Department of Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany (C.H., E.N.); andMax-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (A.F., A.R.F.)
| | - Hermann Bauwe
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Rostock, D-18059 Rostock, Germany (R.E., H.B.);Department of Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany (C.H., E.N.); andMax-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (A.F., A.R.F.)
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Garay LA, Boundy-Mills KL, German JB. Accumulation of high-value lipids in single-cell microorganisms: a mechanistic approach and future perspectives. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:2709-27. [PMID: 24628496 PMCID: PMC3983371 DOI: 10.1021/jf4042134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years attention has been focused on the utilization of microorganisms as alternatives for industrial and nutritional applications. Considerable research has been devoted to techniques for growth, extraction, and purification of high-value lipids for their use as biofuels and biosurfactants as well as high-value metabolites for nutrition and health. These successes argue that the elucidation of the mechanisms underlying the microbial biosynthesis of such molecules, which are far from being completely understood, now will yield spectacular opportunities for industrial scale biomolecular production. There are important additional questions to be solved to optimize the processing strategies to take advantage of the assets of microbial lipids. The present review describes the current state of knowledge regarding lipid biosynthesis, accumulation, and transport mechanisms present in single-cell organisms, specifically yeasts, microalgae, bacteria, and archaea. Similarities and differences in biochemical pathways and strategies of different microorganisms provide a diverse toolset to the expansion of biotechnologies for lipid production. This paper is intended to inspire a generation of lipid scientists to insights that will drive the biotechnologies of microbial production as uniquely enabling players of lipid biotherapeutics, biofuels, biomaterials, and other opportunity areas into the 21st century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A. Garay
- Department
of Food Science
and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis California 95616-8598, United States
| | - Kyria L. Boundy-Mills
- Department
of Food Science
and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis California 95616-8598, United States
| | - J. Bruce German
- Department
of Food Science
and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis California 95616-8598, United States
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Li J, Han D, Wang D, Ning K, Jia J, Wei L, Jing X, Huang S, Chen J, Li Y, Hu Q, Xu J. Choreography of Transcriptomes and Lipidomes of Nannochloropsis Reveals the Mechanisms of Oil Synthesis in Microalgae. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:1645-1665. [PMID: 24692423 PMCID: PMC4036577 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.121418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
To reveal the molecular mechanisms of oleaginousness in microalgae, transcriptomic and lipidomic dynamics of the oleaginous microalga Nannochloropsis oceanica IMET1 under nitrogen-replete (N+) and N-depleted (N-) conditions were simultaneously tracked. At the transcript level, enhanced triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis under N- conditions primarily involved upregulation of seven putative diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) genes and downregulation of six other DGAT genes, with a simultaneous elevation of the other Kennedy pathway genes. Under N- conditions, despite downregulation of most de novo fatty acid synthesis genes, the pathways that shunt carbon precursors from protein and carbohydrate metabolic pathways into glycerolipid synthesis were stimulated at the transcript level. In particular, the genes involved in supplying carbon precursors and energy for de novo fatty acid synthesis, including those encoding components of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC), glycolysis, and PDHC bypass, and suites of specific transporters, were substantially upregulated under N- conditions, resulting in increased overall TAG production. Moreover, genes involved in the citric acid cycle and β-oxidation in mitochondria were greatly enhanced to utilize the carbon skeletons derived from membrane lipids and proteins to produce additional TAG or its precursors. This temporal and spatial regulation model of oil accumulation in microalgae provides a basis for improving our understanding of TAG synthesis in microalgae and will also enable more rational genetic engineering of TAG production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Single-Cell Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Danxiang Han
- Laboratory for Algae Research and Biotechnology, Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Arizona State University, Mesa, Arizona 85212
| | - Dongmei Wang
- Single-Cell Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Kang Ning
- Single-Cell Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Jing Jia
- Single-Cell Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li Wei
- Single-Cell Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoyan Jing
- Single-Cell Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Shi Huang
- Single-Cell Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Single-Cell Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Yantao Li
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science and University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21202
| | - Qiang Hu
- Center for Microalgal Biotechnology and Biofuels, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Single-Cell Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
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Ewald R, Hoffmann C, Neuhaus E, Bauwe H. Two redundant octanoyltransferases and one obligatory lipoyl synthase provide protein-lipoylation autonomy to plastids of Arabidopsis. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2014; 16:35-42. [PMID: 23581459 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Octanoyltransferases (LIP2) are important for the lipoylation of several α-ketoacid decarboxylases and glycine decarboxylase, all of which are essential multienzyme complexes of central metabolism, by attaching de novo-synthesised octanoyl moieties to the respective target subunits. Lipoyl synthase (LIP1) then inserts two sulphur atoms each into the protein-bound octanoyl chains to generate the functional lipoamide arms. In plants, most of the above multienzyme complexes occur only in mitochondria. Pyruvate dehydrogenase is an exception, since it also occurs in plastids. Plastidial LIP1 and LIP2 are known, but it is not clear how essential these enzymes are. Here, we report that not just one but two redundant LIP2 isoforms, LIP2p and LIP2p2, operate in plastids of Arabidopsis. The combined deletion of the two isoenzymes is embryo-lethal. Deletion of the plastidial lipoyl synthase LIP1p is also embryo-lethal, indicating that all plastidial LIP1 activity is due to LIP1p. These features suggest that protein lipoylation is based on an autonomous and partially redundant de novo lipoylation pathway in plastids.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ewald
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - C Hoffmann
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - E Neuhaus
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - H Bauwe
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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The mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis (mtFASII) pathway is capable of mediating nuclear-mitochondrial cross talk through the PPAR system of transcriptional activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 441:418-24. [PMID: 24161390 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cells contain two fatty acid synthesis pathways, the cytosolic FASI pathway, and the mitochondrial FASII pathway. The selection behind the conservation of the mitochondrial pathway is not completely understood, given the presence of the cytosolic FAS pathway. In this study, we show through heterologous gene reporter systems and PCR-based arrays that overexpression of MECR, the last step in the mtFASII pathway, causes modulation of gene expression through the PPAR pathway. Electromobility shift assays (EMSAs) demonstrate that overexpression of MECR causes increased binding of PPARs to DNA, while cell fractionation and imaging studies show that MECR remains localized to the mitochondria. Interestingly, knock down of the mtFASII pathway lessens the effect of MECR on this transcriptional modulation. Our data are most consistent with MECR-mediated transcriptional activation through products of the mtFASII pathway, although we cannot rule out MECR acting as a coactivator. Further investigation into the physiological relevance of this communication will be necessary to better understand some of the phenotypic consequences of deficits in this pathway observed in animal models and human disease.
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45
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Eisenhut M, Pick TR, Bordych C, Weber APM. Towards closing the remaining gaps in photorespiration--the essential but unexplored role of transport proteins. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2013. [PMID: 23199026 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00690.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Photorespiration is an essential prerequisite for all autotrophic organisms performing oxygenic photosynthesis. In contrast to the well-characterised enzymes accomplishing photorespiratory metabolism, current knowledge on the involved transport processes and the respective proteins is still quite limited. In this review, we focus on the status quo of translocators involved in photorespiratory metabolism. Although the transport of some of the photorespiratory intermediates could be characterised biochemically, using isolated organelles, the genes encoding these transporters have to date not been identified in most cases. Here, we describe the postulated transport processes, present information on established or hypothetical photorespiratory transporters, depict strategies on how to identify the transport proteins on the molecular level and, finally, discuss strategies for how to find the remaining candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Eisenhut
- Center of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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46
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Li-Beisson Y, Shorrosh B, Beisson F, Andersson MX, Arondel V, Bates PD, Baud S, Bird D, DeBono A, Durrett TP, Franke RB, Graham IA, Katayama K, Kelly AA, Larson T, Markham JE, Miquel M, Molina I, Nishida I, Rowland O, Samuels L, Schmid KM, Wada H, Welti R, Xu C, Zallot R, Ohlrogge J. Acyl-lipid metabolism. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2013; 11:e0161. [PMID: 23505340 PMCID: PMC3563272 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 677] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Acyl lipids in Arabidopsis and all other plants have a myriad of diverse functions. These include providing the core diffusion barrier of the membranes that separates cells and subcellular organelles. This function alone involves more than 10 membrane lipid classes, including the phospholipids, galactolipids, and sphingolipids, and within each class the variations in acyl chain composition expand the number of structures to several hundred possible molecular species. Acyl lipids in the form of triacylglycerol account for 35% of the weight of Arabidopsis seeds and represent their major form of carbon and energy storage. A layer of cutin and cuticular waxes that restricts the loss of water and provides protection from invasions by pathogens and other stresses covers the entire aerial surface of Arabidopsis. Similar functions are provided by suberin and its associated waxes that are localized in roots, seed coats, and abscission zones and are produced in response to wounding. This chapter focuses on the metabolic pathways that are associated with the biosynthesis and degradation of the acyl lipids mentioned above. These pathways, enzymes, and genes are also presented in detail in an associated website (ARALIP: http://aralip.plantbiology.msu.edu/). Protocols and methods used for analysis of Arabidopsis lipids are provided. Finally, a detailed summary of the composition of Arabidopsis lipids is provided in three figures and 15 tables.
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Miralles P, Church TL, Harris AT. Toxicity, Uptake, and Translocation of Engineered Nanomaterials in Vascular plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:9224-39. [PMID: 22892035 DOI: 10.1021/es202995d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
To exploit the promised benefits of engineered nanomaterials, it is necessary to improve our knowledge of their bioavailability and toxicity. The interactions between engineered nanomaterials and vascular plants are of particular concern, as plants closely interact with soil, water, and the atmosphere, and constitute one of the main routes of exposure for higher species, i.e. accumulation through the food chain. A review of the current literature shows contradictory evidence on the phytotoxicity of engineered nanomaterials. The mechanisms by which engineered nanomaterials penetrate plants are not well understood, and further research on their interactions with vascular plants is required to enable the field of phytotoxicology to keep pace with that of nanotechnology, the rapid evolution of which constantly produces new materials and applications that accelerate the environmental release of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pola Miralles
- Laboratory for Sustainable Technology, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Araújo WL, Nunes-Nesi A, Nikoloski Z, Sweetlove LJ, Fernie AR. Metabolic control and regulation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in photosynthetic and heterotrophic plant tissues. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2012; 35:1-21. [PMID: 21477125 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02332.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle is a crucial component of respiratory metabolism in both photosynthetic and heterotrophic plant organs. All of the major genes of the tomato TCA cycle have been cloned recently, allowing the generation of a suite of transgenic plants in which the majority of the enzymes in the pathway are progressively decreased. Investigations of these plants have provided an almost complete view of the distribution of control in this important pathway. Our studies suggest that citrate synthase, aconitase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, succinyl CoA ligase, succinate dehydrogenase, fumarase and malate dehydrogenase have control coefficients flux for respiration of -0.4, 0.964, -0.123, 0.0008, 0.289, 0.601 and 1.76, respectively; while 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase is estimated to have a control coefficient of 0.786 in potato tubers. These results thus indicate that the control of this pathway is distributed among malate dehydrogenase, aconitase, fumarase, succinate dehydrogenase and 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase. The unusual distribution of control estimated here is consistent with specific non-cyclic flux mode and cytosolic bypasses that operate in illuminated leaves. These observations are discussed in the context of known regulatory properties of the enzymes and some illustrative examples of how the pathway responds to environmental change are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wagner L Araújo
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Germany
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Deng M, Wen J, Huo J, Zhu H, Dai X, Zhang Z, Zhou H, Zou X. Molecular cloning, sequence characterization of a novel pepper gene NADP-ICDH and its effect on cytoplasmic male sterility. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2012; 11:3020-31. [DOI: 10.4238/2012.may.18.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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50
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Witkowski A, Thweatt J, Smith S. Mammalian ACSF3 protein is a malonyl-CoA synthetase that supplies the chain extender units for mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:33729-36. [PMID: 21846720 PMCID: PMC3190830 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.291591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify a source of intramitochondrial malonyl-CoA that could be used for de novo fatty acid synthesis in mammalian mitochondria. Because mammalian mitochondria lack an acetyl-CoA carboxylase capable of generating malonyl-CoA inside mitochondria, the possibility that malonate could act as a precursor was investigated. Although malonyl-CoA synthetases have not been identified previously in animals, interrogation of animal protein sequence databases identified candidates that exhibited sequence similarity to known prokaryotic forms. The human candidate protein ACSF3, which has a predicted N-terminal mitochondrial targeting sequence, was cloned, expressed, and characterized as a 65-kDa acyl-CoA synthetase with extremely high specificity for malonate and methylmalonate. An arginine residue implicated in malonate binding by prokaryotic malonyl-CoA synthetases was found to be positionally conserved in animal ACSF3 enzymes and essential for activity. Subcellular fractionation experiments with HEK293T cells confirmed that human ACSF3 is located exclusively in mitochondria, and RNA interference experiments verified that this enzyme is responsible for most, if not all, of the malonyl-CoA synthetase activity in the mitochondria of these cells. In conclusion, unlike fungi, which have an intramitochondrial acetyl-CoA carboxylase, animals require an alternative source of mitochondrial malonyl-CoA; the mitochondrial ACSF3 enzyme is capable of filling this role by utilizing free malonic acid as substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Witkowski
- From the Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California 94609
| | - Jennifer Thweatt
- From the Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California 94609
| | - Stuart Smith
- From the Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California 94609
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