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Meuten TK, Dean GA, Thamm DH. Review: The PI3K-AKT-mTOR signal transduction pathway in canine cancer. Vet Pathol 2024; 61:339-356. [PMID: 37905509 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231207021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Tumors in dogs and humans share many similar molecular and genetic features, incentivizing a better understanding of canine neoplasms not only for the purpose of treating companion animals, but also to facilitate research of spontaneously developing tumors with similar biologic behavior and treatment approaches in an immunologically competent animal model. Multiple tumor types of both species have similar dysregulation of signal transduction through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (PKB; AKT), and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), collectively known as the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway. This review aims to delineate the pertinent aspects of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway in health and in tumor development. It will then present a synopsis of current understanding of PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling in important canine cancers and advancements in targeted inhibitors of this pathway.
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2
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Reda GK, Ndunguru SF, Csernus B, Gulyás G, Knop R, Szabó C, Czeglédi L, Lendvai ÁZ. Dietary restriction and life-history trade-offs: insights into mTOR pathway regulation and reproductive investment in Japanese quail. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb247064. [PMID: 38563310 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.247064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Resources are needed for growth, reproduction and survival, and organisms must trade off limited resources among competing processes. Nutritional availability in organisms is sensed and monitored by nutrient-sensing pathways that can trigger physiological changes or alter gene expression. Previous studies have proposed that one such signalling pathway, the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), underpins a form of adaptive plasticity when individuals encounter constraints in their energy budget. Despite the fundamental importance of this process in evolutionary biology, how nutritional limitation is regulated through the expression of genes governing this pathway and its consequential effects on fitness remain understudied, particularly in birds. We used dietary restriction to simulate resource depletion and examined its effects on body mass, reproduction and gene expression in Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica). Quails were subjected to feeding at 20%, 30% and 40% restriction levels or ad libitum for 2 weeks. All restricted groups exhibited reduced body mass, whereas reductions in the number and mass of eggs were observed only under more severe restrictions. Additionally, dietary restriction led to decreased expression of mTOR and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), whereas the ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (RPS6K1) and autophagy-related genes (ATG9A and ATG5) were upregulated. The pattern in which mTOR responded to restriction was similar to that for body mass. Regardless of the treatment, proportionally higher reproductive investment was associated with individual variation in mTOR expression. These findings reveal the connection between dietary intake and the expression of mTOR and related genes in this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gebrehaweria K Reda
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Animal Science, Biotechnology and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Animal Science, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology, Faculty of Life Science, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Sawadi F Ndunguru
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Animal Science, Biotechnology and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Animal Science, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology, Faculty of Life Science, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Brigitta Csernus
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Animal Science, Biotechnology and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology, Faculty of Life Science, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Gulyás
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Animal Science, Biotechnology and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Renáta Knop
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Animal Science, Biotechnology and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Csaba Szabó
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Levente Czeglédi
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Animal Science, Biotechnology and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ádám Z Lendvai
- Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology, Faculty of Life Science, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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3
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Higuchi R, Tanaka K, Saito Y, Murakami D, Nakagawa T, Nutt SL, Ohkawa Y, Baba Y. Type I interferon promotes the fate of Toll-like receptor 9-stimulated follicular B cells to plasma cell differentiation. PNAS NEXUS 2024; 3:pgae152. [PMID: 38659975 PMCID: PMC11042664 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The activation and differentiation of B cells into plasma cells (PCs) play critical roles in the immune response to infections and autoimmune diseases. Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) responds to bacterial and viral DNA containing unmethylated CpG motifs and triggers immune responses in B cells; however, abnormal recognition of self-DNA by TLR9 can cause autoimmune diseases. When stimulated with TLR9 agonists, follicular (FO) B cells, a subset of B cells residing in the FO regions of secondary lymphoid organs, exhibit a propensity for activation but fail to give rise to PCs. The factors that enable the transition of TLR9-activated FO B cells from activation to differentiation into PCs remain unclear. In this study, we show that type I interferon-alpha (IFNα) signaling causes FO B cells activated by CpG stimulation to differentiate into PCs. Although CpG stimulation alone only temporarily increased interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) expression in FO B cells, co-stimulation with both CpG and IFNα enhanced and maintained high IRF4 expression levels, ultimately enabling the cells to differentiate into PCs. Overexpression of IRF4 in FO B cells results in CpG-induced PC transition without IFN signaling. Furthermore, co-stimulation of TLR9 and IFNα receptors significantly enhanced mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, which regulates IRF4 expression and PC generation. These findings suggest that IFNα may play a key role in promoting the fate of PC differentiation in FO B cells activated by TLR9 stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Higuchi
- Division of Immunology and Genome Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kaori Tanaka
- Division of Transcriptomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yuichi Saito
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Daisuke Murakami
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakagawa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Stephen L Nutt
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Yasuyuki Ohkawa
- Division of Transcriptomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Baba
- Division of Immunology and Genome Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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4
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Lee YH, Yoon AR, Yun CO, Chung KC. Dual-specificity kinase DYRK3 phosphorylates p62 at the Thr-269 residue and promotes melanoma progression. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107206. [PMID: 38519031 PMCID: PMC11021969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that originates in melanin-producing melanocytes. It is considered a multifactorial disease caused by both genetic and environmental factors, such as UV radiation. Dual-specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation-regulated kinase (DYRK) phosphorylates many substrates involved in signaling pathways, cell survival, cell cycle control, differentiation, and neuronal development. However, little is known about the cellular function of DYRK3, one of the five members of the DYRK family. Interestingly, it was observed that the expression of DYRK3, as well as p62 (a multifunctional signaling protein), is highly enhanced in most melanoma cell lines. This study aimed to investigate whether DYRK3 interacts with p62, and how this affects melanoma progression, particularly in melanoma cell lines. We found that DYRK3 directly phosphorylates p62 at the Ser-207 and Thr-269 residue. Phosphorylation at Thr-269 of p62 by DYRK3 increased the interaction of p62 with tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), an already known activator of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) in the mTOR-involved signaling pathways. Moreover, the phosphorylation of p62 at Thr-269 promoted the activation of mTORC1. We also found that DYRK3-mediated phosphorylation of p62 at Thr-269 enhanced the growth of melanoma cell lines and melanoma progression. Conversely, DYRK3 knockdown or blockade of p62-T269 phosphorylation inhibited melanoma growth, colony formation, and cell migration. In conclusion, we demonstrated that DYRK3 phosphorylates p62, positively modulating the p62-TRAF6-mTORC1 pathway in melanoma cells. This finding suggests that DYRK3 suppression may be a novel therapy for preventing melanoma progression by regulating the mTORC1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Hyung Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - A-Rum Yoon
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chae-Ok Yun
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kwang Chul Chung
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.
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5
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Walk CL, Mullenix GJ, Maynard CW, Greene ES, Maynard C, Ward N, Dridi S. Novel 4th-generation phytase improves broiler growth performance and reduces woody breast severity through modulation of muscle glucose uptake and metabolism. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1376628. [PMID: 38559573 PMCID: PMC10978611 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1376628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of a novel (4th generation) phytase supplementation as well as its mode of action on growth, meat quality, and incidence of muscle myopathies. One-day old male broilers (n = 720) were weighed and randomly allocated to 30 floor pens (24 birds/pen) with 10 replicate pens per treatment. Three diets were fed from hatch to 56- days-old: a 3-phase corn-soy based diet as a positive control (PC); a negative control (NC) formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous to the PC and with a reduction in Ca and available P, respectively; and the NC supplemented with 2,000 phytase units per kg of diet (NC + P). At the conclusion of the experiment, birds fed with NC + P diet were significantly heavier and had 2.1- and 4.2-points better feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to birds offered NC and PC diets, respectively. Processing data showed that phytase supplementation increased live weight, hot carcass without giblets, wings, tender, and skin-on drum and thigh compared to both NC and PC diets. Macroscopic scoring showed that birds fed the NC + P diet had lower woody breast (WB) severity compared to those fed the PC and NC diets, however there was no effect on white striping (WS) incidence and meat quality parameters (pH, drip loss, meat color). To delineate its mode of action, iSTAT showed that blood glucose concentrations were significantly lower in birds fed NC + P diet compared to those offered PC and NC diets, suggesting a better glucose uptake. In support, molecular analyses demonstrated that the breast muscle expression (mRNA and protein) of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and glucokinase (GK) was significantly upregulated in birds fed NC + P diet compared to those fed the NC and PC diets. The expression of mitochondrial ATP synthase F0 subunit 8 (MT-ATP8) was significantly upregulated in NC + P compared to other groups, indicating intracellular ATP abundance for anabolic pathways. This was confirmed by the reduced level of phosphorylated-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPKα1/2) at Thr172 site, upregulation of glycogen synthase (GYS1) gene and activation of mechanistic target of rapamycin and ribosomal protein S6 kinase (mTOR-P70S6K) pathway. In conclusion, this is the first report showing that in-feed supplementation of the novel phytase improves growth performance and reduces WB severity in broilers potentially through enhancement of glucose uptake, glycolysis, and intracellular ATP production, which used for muscle glycogenesis and protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Garrett J. Mullenix
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Craig W. Maynard
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Elisabeth S. Greene
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Clay Maynard
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Nelson Ward
- DSM Nutritional Products, Jerusalem, OH, United States
| | - Sami Dridi
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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6
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Myburgh E, Geoghegan V, Alves-Ferreira EV, Nievas YR, Grewal JS, Brown E, McLuskey K, Mottram JC. TORC1 is an essential regulator of nutrient-controlled proliferation and differentiation in Leishmania. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:1075-1105. [PMID: 38396206 PMCID: PMC10933368 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00084-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Leishmania parasites undergo differentiation between various proliferating and non-dividing forms to adapt to changing host environments. The mechanisms that link environmental cues with the parasite's developmental changes remain elusive. Here, we report that Leishmania TORC1 is a key environmental sensor for parasite proliferation and differentiation in the sand fly-stage promastigotes and for replication of mammalian-stage amastigotes. We show that Leishmania RPTOR1, interacts with TOR1 and LST8, and identify new parasite-specific proteins that interact in this complex. We investigate TORC1 function by conditional deletion of RPTOR1, where under nutrient-rich conditions RPTOR1 depletion results in decreased protein synthesis and growth, G1 cell cycle arrest and premature differentiation from proliferative promastigotes to non-dividing mammalian-infective metacyclic forms. These parasites are unable to respond to nutrients to differentiate into proliferative retroleptomonads, which are required for their blood-meal induced amplification in sand flies and enhanced mammalian infectivity. We additionally show that RPTOR1-/- metacyclic promastigotes develop into amastigotes but do not proliferate in the mammalian host to cause pathology. RPTOR1-dependent TORC1 functionality represents a critical mechanism for driving parasite growth and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmarie Myburgh
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Vincent Geoghegan
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Eliza Vc Alves-Ferreira
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Y Romina Nievas
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Jaspreet S Grewal
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Elaine Brown
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Karen McLuskey
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Jeremy C Mottram
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
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7
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Wang Y, Engel T, Teng X. Post-translational regulation of the mTORC1 pathway: A switch that regulates metabolism-related gene expression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2024; 1867:195005. [PMID: 38242428 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2024.195005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is a kinase complex that plays a crucial role in coordinating cell growth in response to various signals, including amino acids, growth factors, oxygen, and ATP. Activation of mTORC1 promotes cell growth and anabolism, while its suppression leads to catabolism and inhibition of cell growth, enabling cells to withstand nutrient scarcity and stress. Dysregulation of mTORC1 activity is associated with numerous diseases, such as cancer, metabolic disorders, and neurodegenerative conditions. This review focuses on how post-translational modifications, particularly phosphorylation and ubiquitination, modulate mTORC1 signaling pathway and their consequential implications for pathogenesis. Understanding the impact of phosphorylation and ubiquitination on the mTORC1 signaling pathway provides valuable insights into the regulation of cellular growth and potential therapeutic targets for related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitao Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China; Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Tobias Engel
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland; FutureNeuro, SFI Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Xinchen Teng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
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8
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Alesi N, Khabibullin D, Rosenthal DM, Akl EW, Cory PM, Alchoueiry M, Salem S, Daou M, Gibbons WF, Chen JA, Zhang L, Filippakis H, Graciotti L, Miceli C, Monfregola J, Vilardo C, Morroni M, Di Malta C, Napolitano G, Ballabio A, Henske EP. TFEB drives mTORC1 hyperactivation and kidney disease in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex. Nat Commun 2024; 15:406. [PMID: 38195686 PMCID: PMC10776564 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44229-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is caused by TSC1 or TSC2 mutations, leading to hyperactivation of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and lesions in multiple organs including lung (lymphangioleiomyomatosis) and kidney (angiomyolipoma and renal cell carcinoma). Previously, we found that TFEB is constitutively active in TSC. Here, we generated two mouse models of TSC in which kidney pathology is the primary phenotype. Knockout of TFEB rescues kidney pathology and overall survival, indicating that TFEB is the primary driver of renal disease in TSC. Importantly, increased mTORC1 activity in the TSC2 knockout kidneys is normalized by TFEB knockout. In TSC2-deficient cells, Rheb knockdown or Rapamycin treatment paradoxically increases TFEB phosphorylation at the mTORC1-sites and relocalizes TFEB from nucleus to cytoplasm. In mice, Rapamycin treatment normalizes lysosomal gene expression, similar to TFEB knockout, suggesting that Rapamycin's benefit in TSC is TFEB-dependent. These results change the view of the mechanisms of mTORC1 hyperactivation in TSC and may lead to therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Alesi
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Damir Khabibullin
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dean M Rosenthal
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elie W Akl
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pieter M Cory
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michel Alchoueiry
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samer Salem
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Melissa Daou
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William F Gibbons
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer A Chen
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Long Zhang
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Harilaos Filippakis
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura Graciotti
- Section of Experimental and Technical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, School of Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Manrico Morroni
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Chiara Di Malta
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical and Translational Science, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Gennaro Napolitano
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical and Translational Science, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
- SSM School for Advanced Studies, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Ballabio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy.
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical and Translational Science, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.
- SSM School for Advanced Studies, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Elizabeth P Henske
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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9
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Rong Y, Darnell AM, Sapp KM, Vander Heiden MG, Spencer SL. Cells use multiple mechanisms for cell-cycle arrest upon withdrawal of individual amino acids. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113539. [PMID: 38070134 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Amino acids are required for cell growth and proliferation, but it remains unclear when and how amino acid availability impinges on the proliferation-quiescence decision. Here, we used time-lapse microscopy and single-cell tracking of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) activity to assess the response of individual cells to withdrawal of single amino acids and found strikingly different cell-cycle effects depending on the amino acid. For example, upon leucine withdrawal, MCF10A cells complete two cell cycles and then enter a CDK2-low quiescence, whereas lysine withdrawal causes immediate cell-cycle stalling. Methionine withdrawal triggers a restriction point phenotype similar to serum starvation or Mek inhibition: upon methionine withdrawal, cells complete their current cell cycle and enter a CDK2-low quiescence after mitosis. Modulation of restriction point regulators p21/p27 or cyclin D1 enables short-term rescue of proliferation under methionine and leucine withdrawal, and to a lesser extent lysine withdrawal, revealing a checkpoint connecting nutrient signaling to cell-cycle entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Rong
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Alicia M Darnell
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kiera M Sapp
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Matthew G Vander Heiden
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sabrina L Spencer
- Department of Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA.
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10
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Goul C, Peruzzo R, Zoncu R. The molecular basis of nutrient sensing and signalling by mTORC1 in metabolism regulation and disease. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2023; 24:857-875. [PMID: 37612414 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00641-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The Ser/Thr kinase mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a central regulator of cellular metabolism. As part of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1), mTOR integrates signals such as the levels of nutrients, growth factors, energy sources and oxygen, and triggers responses that either boost anabolism or suppress catabolism. mTORC1 signalling has wide-ranging consequences for the growth and homeostasis of key tissues and organs, and its dysregulated activity promotes cancer, type 2 diabetes, neurodegeneration and other age-related disorders. How mTORC1 integrates numerous upstream cues and translates them into specific downstream responses is an outstanding question with major implications for our understanding of physiology and disease mechanisms. In this Review, we discuss recent structural and functional insights into the molecular architecture of mTORC1 and its lysosomal partners, which have greatly increased our mechanistic understanding of nutrient-dependent mTORC1 regulation. We also discuss the emerging involvement of aberrant nutrient-mTORC1 signalling in multiple diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Goul
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Roberta Peruzzo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Roberto Zoncu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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11
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Li S, Chen JS, Li X, Bai X, Shi D. MNK, mTOR or eIF4E-selecting the best anti-tumor target for blocking translation initiation. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 260:115781. [PMID: 37669595 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of eIF4E is common in patients with various solid tumors and hematologic cancers. As a potential anti-cancer target, eIF4E has attracted extensive attention from researchers. At the same time, mTOR kinases inhibitors and MNK kinases inhibitors, which are directly related to regulation of eIF4E, have been rapidly developed. To explore the optimal anti-cancer targets among MNK, mTOR, and eIF4E, this review provides a detailed classification and description of the anti-cancer activities of promising compounds. In addition, the structures and activities of some dual-target inhibitors are briefly described. By analyzing the different characteristics of the inhibitors, it can be concluded that MNK1/2 and eIF4E/eIF4G interaction inhibitors are superior to mTOR inhibitors. Simultaneous inhibition of MNK and eIF4E/eIF4G interaction may be the most promising anti-cancer method for targeting translation initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Jia-Shu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Xiangqian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Xiaoyi Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Dayong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, PR China.
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12
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Prosseda PP, Dannewitz Prosseda S, Tran M, Liton PB, Sun Y. Crosstalk between the mTOR pathway and primary cilia in human diseases. Curr Top Dev Biol 2023; 155:1-37. [PMID: 38043949 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a fundamental catabolic process whereby excessive or damaged cytoplasmic components are degraded through lysosomes to maintain cellular homeostasis. Studies of mTOR signaling have revealed that mTOR controls biomass generation and metabolism by modulating key cellular processes, including protein synthesis and autophagy. Primary cilia, the assembly of which depends on kinesin molecular motors, serve as sensory organelles and signaling platforms. Given these pathways' central role in maintaining cellular and physiological homeostasis, a connection between mTOR and primary cilia signaling is starting to emerge in a variety of diseases. In this review, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of the complex crosstalk between the mTOR pathway and cilia and discuss its function in the context of related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp P Prosseda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | | | - Matthew Tran
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Paloma B Liton
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Palo Alto Veterans Administration Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA, United States.
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13
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Chueh KS, Lu JH, Juan TJ, Chuang SM, Juan YS. The Molecular Mechanism and Therapeutic Application of Autophagy for Urological Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14887. [PMID: 37834333 PMCID: PMC10573233 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation process known as autophagic flux, involving the engulfment of damaged proteins and organelles by double-membrane autophagosomes. It comprises microautophagy, chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), and macroautophagy. Macroautophagy consists of three stages: induction, autophagosome formation, and autolysosome formation. Atg8-family proteins are valuable for tracking autophagic structures and have been widely utilized for monitoring autophagy. The conversion of LC3 to its lipidated form, LC3-II, served as an indicator of autophagy. Autophagy is implicated in human pathophysiology, such as neurodegeneration, cancer, and immune disorders. Moreover, autophagy impacts urological diseases, such as interstitial cystitis /bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS), ketamine-induced ulcerative cystitis (KIC), chemotherapy-induced cystitis (CIC), radiation cystitis (RC), erectile dysfunction (ED), bladder outlet obstruction (BOO), prostate cancer, bladder cancer, renal cancer, testicular cancer, and penile cancer. Autophagy plays a dual role in the management of urologic diseases, and the identification of potential biomarkers associated with autophagy is a crucial step towards a deeper understanding of its role in these diseases. Methods for monitoring autophagy include TEM, Western blot, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and genetic tools. Autophagosome and autolysosome structures are discerned via TEM. Western blot, immunofluorescence, northern blot, and RT-PCR assess protein/mRNA levels. Luciferase assay tracks flux; GFP-LC3 transgenic mice aid study. Knockdown methods (miRNA and RNAi) offer insights. This article extensively examines autophagy's molecular mechanism, pharmacological regulation, and therapeutic application involvement in urological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-Shun Chueh
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, San-min District, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 80145, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
| | - Jian-He Lu
- Center for Agricultural, Forestry, Fishery, Livestock and Aquaculture Carbon Emission Inventory and Emerging Compounds (CAFEC), General Research Service Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan;
| | - Tai-Jui Juan
- Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan;
- Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung 80284, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Mien Chuang
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
| | - Yung-Shun Juan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, San-min District, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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14
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Li TY, Wang Q, Gao AW, Li X, Sun Y, Mottis A, Shong M, Auwerx J. Lysosomes mediate the mitochondrial UPR via mTORC1-dependent ATF4 phosphorylation. Cell Discov 2023; 9:92. [PMID: 37679337 PMCID: PMC10484937 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-023-00589-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are central platforms for not only the degradation of macromolecules but also the integration of multiple signaling pathways. However, whether and how lysosomes mediate the mitochondrial stress response (MSR) remain largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that lysosomal acidification via the vacuolar H+-ATPase (v-ATPase) is essential for the transcriptional activation of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt). Mitochondrial stress stimulates v-ATPase-mediated lysosomal activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), which then directly phosphorylates the MSR transcription factor, activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4). Disruption of mTORC1-dependent ATF4 phosphorylation blocks the UPRmt, but not other similar stress responses, such as the UPRER. Finally, ATF4 phosphorylation downstream of the v-ATPase/mTORC1 signaling is indispensable for sustaining mitochondrial redox homeostasis and protecting cells from ROS-associated cell death upon mitochondrial stress. Thus, v-ATPase/mTORC1-mediated ATF4 phosphorylation via lysosomes links mitochondrial stress to UPRmt activation and mitochondrial function resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terytty Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Laboratory of Longevity and Metabolic Adaptations, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Qi Wang
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Arwen W Gao
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Xiaoxu Li
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Laboratory of Longevity and Metabolic Adaptations, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Adrienne Mottis
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Minho Shong
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, Interfaculty Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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15
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Li F, Xian D, Huang J, Nie L, Xie T, Sun Q, Zhang X, Zhou Y. SP1-Induced Upregulation of LncRNA AFAP1-AS1 Promotes Tumor Progression in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer by Regulating mTOR Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13401. [PMID: 37686205 PMCID: PMC10563082 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) actin fiber-associated protein-1 antisense RNA 1 (AFAP1-AS1) exerted oncogenic activity in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). We designed this study and conducted it to investigate the upstream regulation mechanism of AFAP1-AS1 in TNBC tumorigenesis. In this work, we proved the localization of AFAP1-AS1 in the cytoplasm. We elucidated the mechanism by which the transcription factor specificity protein 1 (SP1) modulated AFAP1-AS1 in TNBC progression, which has yet to be thoroughly studied. Dual luciferase reporter assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay revealed a strong affinity of SP1 toward the promoter regions P3 of AFAP1-AS1, proving the gene expression regulation of AFAP1-AS1 via SP1 in TNBC. Additionally, SP1 could facilitate the tumorigenesis of TNBC cells in vitro and in vivo by regulating the AFAP1-AS1 expression. Furthermore, silenced AFAP1-AS1 suppressed the expression of genes in the mTOR pathway, such as eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4B (EIF4B), mitogen-activated protein kinase-associated protein 1 (MAPKAP1), SEH1-like nucleoporin (SEH1L), serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1 (SGK1), and its target NEDD4-like E3 ubiquitin protein ligase (NEDD4L), and promoted the gene expression of s-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (SKP2). Overall, this study emphasized the oncogenic role of SP1 and AFAP1-AS1 in TNBC and illustrated the AFAP1-AS1 upstream interaction with SP1 and the downstream modulatory of mTOR signaling, thus offering insights into the tumorigenesis mechanism in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Li
- Clinical Biobank, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; (F.L.); (T.X.)
| | - Daheng Xian
- Department of Breast Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100032, China; (D.X.); (J.H.); (L.N.); (Q.S.)
| | - Junying Huang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100032, China; (D.X.); (J.H.); (L.N.); (Q.S.)
| | - Longzhu Nie
- Department of Breast Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100032, China; (D.X.); (J.H.); (L.N.); (Q.S.)
| | - Ting Xie
- Clinical Biobank, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; (F.L.); (T.X.)
| | - Qiang Sun
- Department of Breast Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100032, China; (D.X.); (J.H.); (L.N.); (Q.S.)
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100032, China; (D.X.); (J.H.); (L.N.); (Q.S.)
| | - Yidong Zhou
- Department of Breast Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100032, China; (D.X.); (J.H.); (L.N.); (Q.S.)
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16
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Xu C, Pan X, Wang D, Guan Y, Yang W, Chen X, Liu Y. O-GlcNAcylation of Raptor transduces glucose signals to mTORC1. Mol Cell 2023; 83:3027-3040.e11. [PMID: 37541260 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) regulates metabolism and cell growth in response to nutrient levels. Dysregulation of mTORC1 results in a broad spectrum of diseases. Glucose is the primary energy supply of cells, and therefore, glucose levels must be accurately conveyed to mTORC1 through highly responsive signaling mechanisms to control mTORC1 activity. Here, we report that glucose-induced mTORC1 activation is regulated by O-GlcNAcylation of Raptor, a core component of mTORC1, in HEK293T cells. Mechanistically, O-GlcNAcylation of Raptor at threonine 700 facilitates the interactions between Raptor and Rag GTPases and promotes the translocation of mTOR to the lysosomal surface, consequently activating mTORC1. In addition, we show that AMPK-mediated phosphorylation of Raptor suppresses Raptor O-GlcNAcylation and inhibits Raptor-Rags interactions. Our findings reveal an exquisitely controlled mechanism, which suggests how glucose coordinately regulates cellular anabolism and catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaoqing Pan
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuanyuan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wenyu Yang
- Yuan Pei College, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xing Chen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Beijing 100871, China.
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17
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Driva TS, Schatz C, Haybaeck J. Endometriosis-Associated Ovarian Carcinomas: How PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway Affects Their Pathogenesis. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1253. [PMID: 37627318 PMCID: PMC10452661 DOI: 10.3390/biom13081253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian clear cell (OCCC) and endometrioid (EnOC) carcinomas are often subsumed under the umbrella term "endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer" (EAOC), since they frequently arise from ectopic endometrium settled in the ovaries. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is known to be aberrantly activated both in endometriosis and EAOC; however, its role in the progression of endometriosis to ovarian cancer remains unclear. In fact, cancer-associated alterations in the mTOR pathway may be found in normal uterine epithelium, likely acting as a first step towards ovarian cancer, through the intermediary stage of endometriosis. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge regarding mTOR signaling dysregulation in the uterine endometrium, endometriosis, and EAOC while focusing on the interconnections between the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and other signaling molecules that give rise to synergistic molecular mechanisms triggering ovarian cancer development in the presence of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana S. Driva
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Christoph Schatz
- Institute of Pathology, Neuropathology and Molecular Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes Haybaeck
- Institute of Pathology, Neuropathology and Molecular Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Diagnostic & Research Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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18
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Mir SA, Dar A, Alshehri SA, Wahab S, Hamid L, Almoyad MAA, Ali T, Bader GN. Exploring the mTOR Signalling Pathway and Its Inhibitory Scope in Cancer. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1004. [PMID: 37513916 PMCID: PMC10384750 DOI: 10.3390/ph16071004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a protein kinase that regulates cellular growth, development, survival, and metabolism through integration of diverse extracellular and intracellular stimuli. Additionally, mTOR is involved in interplay of signalling pathways that regulate apoptosis and autophagy. In cells, mTOR is assembled into two complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2. While mTORC1 is regulated by energy consumption, protein intake, mechanical stimuli, and growth factors, mTORC2 is regulated by insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R), and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). mTOR signalling pathways are considered the hallmark in cancer due to their dysregulation in approximately 70% of cancers. Through downstream regulators, ribosomal protein S6 kinase β-1 (S6K1) and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (4E-BP1), mTORC1 influences various anabolic and catabolic processes in the cell. In recent years, several mTOR inhibitors have been developed with the aim of treating different cancers. In this review, we will explore the current developments in the mTOR signalling pathway and its importance for being targeted by various inhibitors in anti-cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhail Ahmad Mir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Ashraf Dar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Saad Ali Alshehri
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shadma Wahab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laraibah Hamid
- Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Mohammad Ali Abdullah Almoyad
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences in Khamis Mushyt, King Khalid University, Abha 61412, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tabasum Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Ghulam Nabi Bader
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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Posey EA, Davis TA. Review: Nutritional regulation of muscle growth in neonatal swine. Animal 2023; 17 Suppl 3:100831. [PMID: 37263816 PMCID: PMC10621894 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in the nutritional support of low birth weight and early-weaned piglets, most experience reduced extrauterine growth performance. To further optimize nutritional support and develop targeted intervention strategies, the mechanisms that regulate the anabolic response to nutrition must be fully understood. Knowledge gained in these studies represents a valuable intersection of agriculture and biomedical research, as low birth weight and early-weaned piglets face many of the same morbidities as preterm and low birth weight infants, including extrauterine growth faltering and reduced lean growth. While the reasons for poor growth performance are multifaceted, recent studies have increased our understanding of the role of nutrition in the regulation of skeletal muscle growth in the piglet. The purpose of this review is to summarize the published literature surrounding advances in the current understanding of the anabolic signaling that occurs after a meal and how this response is developmentally regulated in the neonatal pig. It will focus on the regulation of protein synthesis, and especially the upstream and downstream effectors surrounding the master protein kinase, mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) that controls translation initiation. It also will examine the regulatory pathways associated with the postprandial anabolic agents, insulin and specific amino acids, that are upstream of mTORC1 and lead to its activation. Lastly, the integration of upstream signaling cascades by mTORC1 leading to the activation of translation initiation factors that regulate protein synthesis will be discussed. This review concludes that anabolic signaling cascades are stimulated by both insulin and amino acids, especially leucine, through separate pathways upstream of mTORC1, and that these stimulatory pathways result in mTORC1 activation and subsequent activation of downstream effectors that regulate translation initiation Additionally, it is concluded that this anabolic response is unique to the skeletal muscle of the neonate, resulting from increased sensitivity to the rise in both insulin and amino acid after a meal. However, this response is dampened in skeletal muscle of the low birth weight pig, indicative of anabolic resistance. Elucidation of the pathways and regulatory mechanisms surrounding protein synthesis and lean growth allow for the development of potential targeted therapeutics and intervention strategies both in livestock production and neonatal care.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Posey
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - T A Davis
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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20
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Derwich A, Sykutera M, Bromińska B, Rubiś B, Ruchała M, Sawicka-Gutaj N. The Role of Activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAF/MEK/ERK Pathways in Aggressive Pituitary Adenomas-New Potential Therapeutic Approach-A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10952. [PMID: 37446128 PMCID: PMC10341524 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary tumors (PT) are mostly benign, although occasionally they demonstrate aggressive behavior, invasion of surrounding tissues, rapid growth, resistance to conventional treatments, and multiple recurrences. The pathogenesis of PT is still not fully understood, and the factors responsible for its invasiveness, aggressiveness, and potential for metastasis are unknown. RAF/MEK/ERK and mTOR signaling are significant pathways in the regulation of cell growth, proliferation, and survival, its importance in tumorigenesis has been highlighted. The aim of our review is to determine the role of the activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAF/MEK/ERK pathways in the pathogenesis of pituitary tumors. Additionally, we evaluate their potential in a new therapeutic approach to provide alternative therapies and improved outcomes for patients with aggressive pituitary tumors that do not respond to standard treatment. We perform a systematic literature search using the PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases (search date was 2012-2023). Out of the 529 screened studies, 13 met the inclusion criteria, 7 related to the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, and 7 to the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway (one study was used in both analyses). Understanding the specific factors involved in PT tumorigenesis provides opportunities for targeted therapies. We also review the possible new targeted therapies and the use of mTOR inhibitors and TKI in PT management. Although the RAF/MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways play a pivotal role in the complex signaling network along with many interactions, further research is urgently needed to clarify the exact functions and the underlying mechanisms of these signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of pituitary adenomas and their role in its invasiveness and aggressive clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Derwich
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland; (A.D.)
- Doctoral School, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland
| | - Monika Sykutera
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland; (A.D.)
| | - Barbara Bromińska
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland; (A.D.)
| | - Błażej Rubiś
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland
| | - Marek Ruchała
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland; (A.D.)
| | - Nadia Sawicka-Gutaj
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland; (A.D.)
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21
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Varma E, Burghaus J, Schwarzl T, Sekaran T, Gupta P, Górska AA, Hofmann C, Stroh C, Jürgensen L, Kamuf-Schenk V, Li X, Medert R, Leuschner F, Kmietczyk V, Freichel M, Katus HA, Hentze MW, Frey N, Völkers M. Translational control of Ybx1 expression regulates cardiac function in response to pressure overload in vivo. Basic Res Cardiol 2023; 118:25. [PMID: 37378715 PMCID: PMC10307726 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-023-00996-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
RNA-protein interactions are central to cardiac function, but how activity of individual RNA-binding protein is regulated through signaling cascades in cardiomyocytes during heart failure development is largely unknown. The mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase is a central signaling hub that controls mRNA translation in cardiomyocytes; however, a direct link between mTOR signaling and RNA-binding proteins in the heart has not been established. Integrative transcriptome and translatome analysis revealed mTOR dependent translational upregulation of the RNA binding protein Ybx1 during early pathological remodeling independent of mRNA levels. Ybx1 is necessary for pathological cardiomyocyte growth by regulating protein synthesis. To identify the molecular mechanisms how Ybx1 regulates cellular growth and protein synthesis, we identified mRNAs bound to Ybx1. We discovered that eucaryotic elongation factor 2 (Eef2) mRNA is bound to Ybx1, and its translation is upregulated during cardiac hypertrophy dependent on Ybx1 expression. Eef2 itself is sufficient to drive pathological growth by increasing global protein translation. Finally, Ybx1 depletion in vivo preserved heart function during pathological cardiac hypertrophy. Thus, activation of mTORC1 links pathological signaling cascades to altered gene expression regulation by activation of Ybx1 which in turn promotes translation through increased expression of Eef2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eshita Varma
- Department of Internal Medicine III (Cardiology, Angiology, and Pneumology), Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jana Burghaus
- Department of Internal Medicine III (Cardiology, Angiology, and Pneumology), Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Schwarzl
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thileepan Sekaran
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Parul Gupta
- Department of Internal Medicine III (Cardiology, Angiology, and Pneumology), Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Agnieszka A Górska
- Department of Internal Medicine III (Cardiology, Angiology, and Pneumology), Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Hofmann
- Department of Internal Medicine III (Cardiology, Angiology, and Pneumology), Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Stroh
- Department of Internal Medicine III (Cardiology, Angiology, and Pneumology), Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lonny Jürgensen
- Department of Internal Medicine III (Cardiology, Angiology, and Pneumology), Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Verena Kamuf-Schenk
- Department of Internal Medicine III (Cardiology, Angiology, and Pneumology), Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Internal Medicine III (Cardiology, Angiology, and Pneumology), Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rebekka Medert
- Institute of Pharmacology, University Hospital Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian Leuschner
- Department of Internal Medicine III (Cardiology, Angiology, and Pneumology), Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vivien Kmietczyk
- Department of Internal Medicine III (Cardiology, Angiology, and Pneumology), Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc Freichel
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacology, University Hospital Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hugo A Katus
- Department of Internal Medicine III (Cardiology, Angiology, and Pneumology), Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias W Hentze
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Norbert Frey
- Department of Internal Medicine III (Cardiology, Angiology, and Pneumology), Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mirko Völkers
- Department of Internal Medicine III (Cardiology, Angiology, and Pneumology), Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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22
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Xu Y, Zheng M, Gong L, Liu G, Qian S, Han Y, Kang J. Comprehensive Profiling of Rapamycin Interacting Proteins with Multiple Mass Spectrometry-Based Omics Techniques. Anal Chem 2023. [PMID: 37216191 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Profiling drug-protein interactions is critical for understanding a drug's mechanism of action and predicting the possible adverse side effects. However, to comprehensively profile drug-protein interactions remains a challenge. To address this issue, we proposed a strategy that integrates multiple mass spectrometry-based omics analysis to provided global drug-protein interactions, including physical interactions and functional interactions, with rapamycin (Rap) as a model. Chemoproteomics profiling reveals 47 Rap binding proteins including the known target protein FKBP12 with high confidence. Gen Ontology enrichment analysis suggested that the Rap binding proteins are implicated in several important cellular processes, such as DNA replication, immunity, autophagy, programmed cell death, aging, transcription modulation, vesicle-mediated transport, membrane organization, and carbohydrate and nucleobase metabolic processes. The phosphoproteomics profiling revealed 255 down-regulated and 150 up-regulated phosphoproteins responding to Rap stimulation; they mainly involve the PI3K-Akt-mTORC1 signaling axis. Untargeted metabolomic profiling revealed 22 down-regulated metabolites and 75 up-regulated metabolites responding to Rap stimulation; they are mainly associated with the synthesis processes of pyrimidine and purine. The integrative multiomics data analysis provides deep insight into the drug-protein interactions and reveals Rap's complicated mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mengmeng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guizhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Haike Road 100, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Shanshan Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Han
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Haike Road 100, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Jingwu Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Haike Road 100, Shanghai 200120, China
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23
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Tang J, Yang L, Guan F, Miller H, Camara NOS, James LK, Benlagha K, Kubo M, Heegaard S, Lee P, Lei J, Zeng H, He C, Zhai Z, Liu C. The role of Raptor in lymphocytes differentiation and function. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1146628. [PMID: 37283744 PMCID: PMC10239924 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1146628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Raptor, a key component of mTORC1, is required for recruiting substrates to mTORC1 and contributing to its subcellular localization. Raptor has a highly conserved N-terminus domain and seven WD40 repeats, which interact with mTOR and other mTORC1-related proteins. mTORC1 participates in various cellular events and mediates differentiation and metabolism. Directly or indirectly, many factors mediate the differentiation and function of lymphocytes that is essential for immunity. In this review, we summarize the role of Raptor in lymphocytes differentiation and function, whereby Raptor mediates the secretion of cytokines to induce early lymphocyte metabolism, development, proliferation and migration. Additionally, Raptor regulates the function of lymphocytes by regulating their steady-state maintenance and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Tang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fei Guan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Heather Miller
- Cytek Biosciences, R&D Clinical Reagents, Fremont, CA, United States
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Camara
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Louisa K. James
- Centre for Immunobiology, Bizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kamel Benlagha
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, EMiLy, Paris, France
| | - Masato Kubo
- Laboratory for Cytokine Regulation, Center for Integrative Medical Science (IMS), Rikagaku Kenkyusho, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN) Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Steffen Heegaard
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pamela Lee
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jiahui Lei
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hu Zeng
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Chengwei He
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Zhimin Zhai
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chaohong Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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24
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Fujinaga A, Hirashita T, Hirashita Y, Sakai K, Kawamura M, Masuda T, Endo Y, Ohta M, Murakami K, Inomata M. Glucose metabolic upregulation via phosphorylation of S6 ribosomal protein affects tumor progression in distal cholangiocarcinoma. BMC Gastroenterol 2023; 23:157. [PMID: 37193984 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-023-02815-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognosis of distal cholangiocarcinoma (dCCA) remains poor; thus, the identification of new therapeutic targets is warranted. Phosphorylated S6 ribosomal protein indicates a mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activity, and mTORC1 plays a central role in controlling cell growth and regulating glucose metabolism. We aimed to clarify the effect of S6 phosphorylation on tumor progression and the glucose metabolic pathway in dCCA. METHODS Thirty-nine patients with dCCA who underwent curative resection were enrolled in this study. S6 phosphorylation and the expression of GLUT1 were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, and their relationship with clinical factors was investigated. The effect of S6 phosphorylation on glucose metabolism with PF-04691502 treatment, an inhibitor of S6 phosphorylation, was examined in cancer cell lines by Western blotting and metabolomics analysis. Cell proliferation assays were performed with PF-04691502. RESULTS S6 phosphorylation and the expression of GLUT1 were significantly higher in patients with an advanced pathological stage. Significant correlations between GLUT1 expression, S6 phosphorylation, and SUV-max of FDG-PET were shown. In addition, cell lines with high S6 phosphorylation levels showed high GLUT1 levels, and the inhibition of S6 phosphorylation reduced the expression of GLUT1 on Western blotting. Metabolic analysis revealed that inhibition of S6 phosphorylation suppressed pathways of glycolysis and the TCA cycle in cell lines, and then, cell proliferation was effectively reduced by PF-04691502. CONCLUSION Upregulation of glucose metabolism via phosphorylation of S6 ribosomal protein appeared to play a role in tumor progression in dCCA. mTORC1 may be a therapeutic target for dCCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuro Fujinaga
- Department of Gastroenterological and Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-Machi, Oita, 879-5593, Japan.
| | - Teijiro Hirashita
- Department of Gastroenterological and Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-Machi, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Yuka Hirashita
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
- Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Kumiko Sakai
- Department of Division of Life Science Research, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kawamura
- Department of Gastroenterological and Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-Machi, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Takashi Masuda
- Department of Gastroenterological and Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-Machi, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Yuichi Endo
- Department of Gastroenterological and Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-Machi, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ohta
- Department of Gastroenterological and Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-Machi, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Kazunari Murakami
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Masafumi Inomata
- Department of Gastroenterological and Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-Machi, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
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25
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Majeed ST, Majeed R, Malik AA, Andrabi KI. MTORC2 is a physiological hydrophobic motif kinase of S6 Kinase 1. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2023; 1870:119449. [PMID: 36858209 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1), a major downstream effector molecule of mTORC1, regulates cell growth and proliferation by modulating protein translation and ribosome biogenesis. We have recently identified eIF4E as an intermediate in transducing signals from mTORC1 to S6K1 and further demonstrated that the role of mTORC1 is restricted to inducing eIF4E phosphorylation and interaction with S6K1. This interaction relieves S6K1 auto-inhibition and facilitates its hydrophobic motif (HM) phosphorylation and activation as a consequence. These observations underscore a possible involvement of mTORC1 independent kinase in mediating HM phosphorylation. Here, we report mTORC2 as an in-vivo/physiological HM kinase of S6K1. We show that rapamycin-resistant S6K1 truncation mutant ∆NH∆CT continues to display HM phosphorylation with selective sensitivity toward Torin-1. We also show that HM phosphorylation of wildtype S6K1and ∆NH∆CT depends on the presence of mTORC2 regulatory subunit-rictor. Furthermore, truncation mutagenesis and molecular docking analysis reveal the involvement of a conserved 19 amino acid stretch of S6K1 in mediating interaction with rictor. We finally show that deletion of the 19 amino acid region from wildtype S6K1 results in loss of interaction with rictor, with a resultant loss of HM phosphorylation regardless of the presence of functional TOS motif. Our data demonstrate that mTORC2 acts as a physiological HM kinase that can activate S6K1 after its auto-inhibition is overcome by mTORC1. We, therefore, propose a novel mechanism for S6K1 regulation where mTOR complexes 1 and 2 act in tandem to activate the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Tahir Majeed
- Growth Factor Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India; Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal, India
| | - Rabiya Majeed
- Growth Factor Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India; Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Aijaz A Malik
- Centre of Excellence in Computational Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Khurshid Iqbal Andrabi
- Growth Factor Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India.
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26
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Clinical Implications of mTOR Expression in Papillary Thyroid Cancer—A Systematic Review. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15061665. [PMID: 36980552 PMCID: PMC10046096 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15061665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) comprises approximately 80% of all thyroid malignancies. Although several etiological factors, such as age, gender, and irradiation, are already known to be involved in the development of PTC, the genetics of cancerogenesis remain undetermined. The mTOR pathway regulates several cellular processes that are critical for tumorigenesis. Activated mTOR is involved in the development and progression of PTC. Therefore, we performed a systematic review of papers studying the expression of the mTOR gene and protein and its relationship with PTC risk and clinical outcome. A systematic literature search was performed using PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases (the search date was 2012–2022). Studies investigating the expression of mTOR in the peripheral blood or tissue of patients with PTC were deemed eligible for inclusion. Seven of the 286 screened studies met the inclusion criteria for mTOR gene expression and four for mTOR protein expression. We also analyzed the data on mTOR protein expression in PTC. We analyzed the association of mTOR expression with papillary thyroid cancer clinicopathological features, such as the TNM stage, BRAF V600E mutation, sex distribution, lymph node and distant metastases, and survival prognosis. Understanding specific factors involved in PTC tumorigenesis provides opportunities for targeted therapies. We also reviewed the possible new targeted therapies and the use of mTOR inhibitors in PTC. This topic requires further research with novel techniques to translate the achieved results to clinical application.
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27
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Li H, Gao L, Du J, Ma T, Li W, Ye Z, Li Z. Impacts of autophagy on the formation of organelle-free zone during the lens development. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:4551-4564. [PMID: 36877352 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08323-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
The thorough degeneration of organelles in the core of the lens is certainly a hallmark event during the lens development. Organelles degradation in the terminal differentiation process of lens fiber cells to form an organelle-free zone is critical for lens maturation and transparency. Several mechanisms have been proposed to expand our understanding of lens organelles degradation, including apoptotic pathways, the participation of ribozyme, proteolytic enzyme and phospholipase A and acyltransferase, and the newly discovered roles for autophagy. Autophagy is a lysosome-dependent degradation reaction during which the "useless" cellular components are degraded and recycled. These cellular components, such as incorrectly folded proteins, damaged organelles and other macromolecules, are first engulfed by the autophagosome before being further delivered to lysosomes for degradation. Although autophagy has been recognized involving in organelle degradation of the lens, the detailed functions remain to be discovered. Recent advances have revealed that autophagy not only plays a vital role in the intracellular quality control of the lens but is also involved in the degradation of nonnuclear organelles in the process of lens fiber cell differentiation. Herein, we first review the potential mechanisms of organelle-free zone formation, then discuss the roles of autophagy in intracellular quality control and cataract formation, and finally substantially summarize the potential involvement of autophagy in the development of organelle-free zone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Li
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China.,Senior Department of Ophthalmology, the Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lixiong Gao
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, the Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jinlin Du
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China.,Senior Department of Ophthalmology, the Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tianju Ma
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, the Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Li
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China.,Senior Department of Ophthalmology, the Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zi Ye
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, the Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhaohui Li
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China. .,Senior Department of Ophthalmology, the Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
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28
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Bufalin-Mediated Regulation of Cell Signaling Pathways in Different Cancers: Spotlight on JAK/STAT, Wnt/β-Catenin, mTOR, TRAIL/TRAIL-R, and Non-Coding RNAs. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052231. [PMID: 36903477 PMCID: PMC10004807 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The renaissance of research into natural products has unequivocally and paradigmatically shifted our knowledge about the significant role of natural products in cancer chemoprevention. Bufalin is a pharmacologically active molecule isolated from the skin of the toad Bufo gargarizans or Bufo melanostictus. Bufalin has characteristically unique properties to regulate multiple molecular targets and can be used to harness multi-targeted therapeutic regimes against different cancers. There is burgeoning evidence related to functional roles of signaling cascades in carcinogenesis and metastasis. Bufalin has been reported to regulate pleiotropically a myriad of signal transduction cascades in various cancers. Importantly, bufalin mechanistically regulated JAK/STAT, Wnt/β-Catenin, mTOR, TRAIL/TRAIL-R, EGFR, and c-MET pathways. Furthermore, bufalin-mediated modulation of non-coding RNAs in different cancers has also started to gain tremendous momentum. Similarly, bufalin-mediated targeting of tumor microenvironments and tumor macrophages is an area of exciting research and we have only started to scratch the surface of the complicated nature of molecular oncology. Cell culture studies and animal models provide proof-of-concept for the impetus role of bufalin in the inhibition of carcinogenesis and metastasis. Bufalin-related clinical studies are insufficient and interdisciplinary researchers require detailed analysis of the existing knowledge gaps.
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29
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Farooqi AA, Rakhmetova V, Kapanova G, Mussakhanova A, Tashenova G, Tulebayeva A, Akhenbekova A, Xu B. Suppressive effects of bioactive herbal polysaccharides against different cancers: From mechanisms to translational advancements. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 110:154624. [PMID: 36584608 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fueled by rapidly evolving comprehension of multifaceted nature of cancers, recently emerging preclinical and clinical data have supported researchers in the resolution of knowledge gaps to deepen the understanding of the molecular mechanisms. The extra-ordinary and bewildering chemical diversity encompassed by biologically active natural products continues to be of relevance to drug discovery. Accumulating evidence has spurred a remarkable evolution of concepts related to pharmacological target of oncogenic signaling pathways by polysaccharides in different cancers. PURPOSE The objective of the current review is to provide new insights into study progress on anticancer effects of bioactive herbal polysaccharides. METHODS PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and other databases were searched for articles related to anticancer effects of polysaccharides. Searches were conducted to locate relevant publications published up to October 2022. RESULTS Polysaccharides have been reported to pleiotropically modulate TGF/SMAD, BMP/SMAD, TLR4, mTOR, CXCR4 and VEGF/VEGFR cascades. We have also summarized how different polysaccharides regulated apoptosis and non-coding RNAs. Additionally, this mini-review describes increasingly sophisticated understanding related to polysaccharides mediated tumor suppressive and anti-metastatic effects in tumor-bearing mice. We have also provided an overview of the clinical trials related to chemopreventive role of polysaccharides. CONCLUSION Genomic and proteomic findings from these studies will facilitate 'next-generation' clinical initiatives in the prevention/inhibition of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gulnara Kapanova
- Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 71 al-Farabi Ave, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; Scientific Center of Anti-infectious Drugs, 75 a al-Faraby Ave, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Akmaral Mussakhanova
- Department of Public Health and Management, Astana Medical University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Gulnara Tashenova
- Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Kazakhstan; JSC "Scientific Center of Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery", Kazakhstan
| | | | | | - Baojun Xu
- Food Science and Technology Program, Department of Life Sciences, BNU-HKBU United International College, 2000, Jintong Road, Tangjiawan, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519087, China.
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30
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Liu B, Zhang Y, Ren H, Yao Q, Ba J, Luan J, Zhao P, Qin Z, Qi Z. mTOR signaling regulates Zika virus replication bidirectionally through autophagy and protein translation. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28422. [PMID: 36546404 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) reemerged in 2016 and attracted much more attention worldwide. To date, the limited knowledge of ZIKV interactions with host cells in the early stages of infection impedes the prevention of viral epidemics and the treatment of ZIKV disease. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway plays an essential role in the regulation of autophagy and protein synthesis during multiple viral infections. This study aimed to investigate the functional role of mTOR signaling in ZIKV replication in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Immunoblotting demonstrated that ZIKV infection inhibited mTORC1 signaling, enhancing autophagy but obstructing protein translation. Drugs or siRNA for interfering with mTOR signaling molecules were utilized to demonstrate that AKT/TSC2/mTORC1 signaling was involved in ZIKV infection and that autophagy promoted ZIKV production, but viral protein expression was regulated by mTORC1 signaling. Moreover, confocal microscopy indicated a robust correlation between autophagy and viral RNA transcription. This study clarifies the dual functions of mTOR signaling during ZIKV infection and provides theoretical support for developing potential anti-ZIKV drugs based on mTOR signaling molecules and deeper insights to better understand the mechanism between ZIKV and host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Shanghai, China.,Naval Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yahui Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Ren
- Department of Microbiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiufeng Yao
- Department of Microbiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianbo Ba
- Naval Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Luan
- Naval Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoling Qin
- Department of Microbiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongtian Qi
- Department of Microbiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Shanghai, China
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31
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The Importance of mTORC1-Autophagy Axis for Skeletal Muscle Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010297. [PMID: 36613741 PMCID: PMC9820406 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1, mTORC1, integrates nutrient and growth factor signals with cellular responses and plays critical roles in regulating cell growth, proliferation, and lifespan. mTORC1 signaling has been reported as a central regulator of autophagy by modulating almost all aspects of the autophagic process, including initiation, expansion, and termination. An increasing number of studies suggest that mTORC1 and autophagy are critical for the physiological function of skeletal muscle and are involved in diverse muscle diseases. Here, we review recent insights into the essential roles of mTORC1 and autophagy in skeletal muscles and their implications in human muscle diseases. Multiple inhibitors targeting mTORC1 or autophagy have already been clinically approved, while others are under development. These chemical modulators that target the mTORC1/autophagy pathways represent promising potentials to cure muscle diseases.
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Burnett GL, Yang YC, Aggen JB, Pitzen J, Gliedt MK, Semko CM, Marquez A, Evans JW, Wang G, Won WS, Tomlinson ACA, Kiss G, Tzitzilonis C, Thottumkara AP, Cregg J, Mellem KT, Choi JS, Lee JC, Zhao Y, Lee BJ, Meyerowitz JG, Knox JE, Jiang J, Wang Z, Wildes D, Wang Z, Singh M, Smith JA, Gill AL. Discovery of RMC-5552, a Selective Bi-Steric Inhibitor of mTORC1, for the Treatment of mTORC1-Activated Tumors. J Med Chem 2022; 66:149-169. [PMID: 36533617 PMCID: PMC9841523 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hyperactivation of mTOR kinase by mutations in the PI3K/mTOR pathway or by crosstalk with other mutant cancer drivers, such as RAS, is a feature of many tumors. Multiple allosteric inhibitors of mTORC1 and orthosteric dual inhibitors of mTORC1 and mTORC2 have been developed as anticancer drugs, but their clinical utility has been limited. To address these limitations, we have developed a novel class of "bi-steric inhibitors" that interact with both the orthosteric and the allosteric binding sites in order to deepen the inhibition of mTORC1 while also preserving selectivity for mTORC1 over mTORC2. In this report, we describe the discovery and preclinical profile of the development candidate RMC-5552 and the in vivo preclinical tool compound RMC-6272. We also present evidence that selective inhibition of mTORC1 in combination with covalent inhibition of KRASG12C shows increased antitumor activity in a preclinical model of KRASG12C mutant NSCLC that exhibits resistance to KRASG12C inhibitor monotherapy.
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Luo J, Jin W, Jin M, Pan W, Gao S, Zhao X, Lai X, Sun L, Piao C. Jiedutongluotiaogan formula restores pancreatic function by suppressing excessive autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2022; 60:1542-1555. [PMID: 35944284 PMCID: PMC9367665 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2022.2107019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Jiedutongluotiaogan formula (JTTF), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), could promote islet function. However, the potential effect of JTTF on endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and autophagy have not been reported. OBJECTIVE This study explores the potential effect of JTTF on ERS and autophagy in the pancreas. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats were randomised into five groups, control, model, JTTF (1, 3, 5 g/kg/day for 12 weeks). LPS induced pancreatic β-cells were treated with JTTF (50, 100, 200 μg/mL). LPS was used to induce pancreatic β-cell injury, with cell viability and insulin secretion evaluated using MTT, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) assays, and PCR. Intracellular Ca2+ concentration was measured using flow cytometry, while ERS and autophagy levels were monitored via Western blotting and/or immunostaining. RESULTS Compared with the model group, body weight, FGB, HbA1c, IPGTT, FINs, and HOMA-IR in JTTF treatment groups were significantly reduced. In islets cells treated with JTTF, the pancreatic islet cells in the JTTF group were increased, lipid droplets were reduced, and there was a decrease in Ca2+ (16.67%). After JTTF intervention, PERK, p-PERK, IRE1α, p- IRE1α, ATF6, eIF2α, GRP78, p-ULK1, LC3 and p62 expression decreased, whereas Beclin1and p-mTOR expression increased. In addition, the expression of proteins related to apoptosis in the JTTF groups were lower than those in the control group. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS JTTF may alleviate pancreatic β-cell injury by inhibiting ER stress and excessive autophagy in diabetic rats. This provides a new direction for treating diabetes and restoring pancreatic dysfunction by TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinli Luo
- Institution of Shenzhen Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Futian), Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenqi Jin
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Meiying Jin
- The Third Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Weiwei Pan
- School of Clinical Medicine, Changchun Medical College, Changchun, China
| | - Shengnan Gao
- Institution of Shenzhen Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Futian), Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaohua Zhao
- Institution of Shenzhen Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Futian), Shenzhen, China
| | - Xingrong Lai
- Institution of Shenzhen Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Futian), Shenzhen, China
| | - Liwei Sun
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Chunli Piao
- Institution of Shenzhen Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Futian), Shenzhen, China
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34
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May AJ, Mattingly AJ, Gaylord EA, Griffin N, Sudiwala S, Cruz-Pacheco N, Emmerson E, Mohabbat S, Nathan S, Sinada H, Lombaert IMA, Knox SM. Neuronal-epithelial cross-talk drives acinar specification via NRG1-ERBB3-mTORC2 signaling. Dev Cell 2022; 57:2550-2565.e5. [PMID: 36413949 PMCID: PMC9727910 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Acinar cells are the principal secretory units of multiple exocrine organs. A single-cell, layered, lumenized acinus forms from a large cohort of epithelial progenitors that must initiate and coordinate three cellular programs of acinar specification, namely, lineage progression, secretion, and polarization. Despite this well-known outcome, the mechanism(s) that regulate these complex programs are unknown. Here, we demonstrate that neuronal-epithelial cross-talk drives acinar specification through neuregulin (NRG1)-ERBB3-mTORC2 signaling. Using single-cell and global RNA sequencing of developing murine salivary glands, we identified NRG1-ERBB3 to precisely overlap with acinar specification during gland development. Genetic deletion of Erbb3 prevented cell lineage progression and the establishment of lumenized, secretory acini. Conversely, NRG1 treatment of isolated epithelia was sufficient to recapitulate the development of secretory acini. Mechanistically, we found that NRG1-ERBB3 regulates each developmental program through an mTORC2 signaling pathway. Thus, we reveal that a neuronal-epithelial (NRG1/ERBB3/mTORC2) mechanism orchestrates the creation of functional acini.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J May
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Aaron J Mattingly
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Eliza A Gaylord
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Nathan Griffin
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sonia Sudiwala
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Noel Cruz-Pacheco
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Elaine Emmerson
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Seayar Mohabbat
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sara Nathan
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Hanan Sinada
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Isabelle M A Lombaert
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, 1011 N University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Sarah M Knox
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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35
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Napolitano G, Di Malta C, Ballabio A. Non-canonical mTORC1 signaling at the lysosome. Trends Cell Biol 2022; 32:920-931. [PMID: 35654731 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling hub integrates multiple environmental cues to modulate cell growth and metabolism. Over the past decade considerable knowledge has been gained on the mechanisms modulating mTORC1 lysosomal recruitment and activation. However, whether and how mTORC1 is able to elicit selective responses to diverse signals has remained elusive until recently. We discuss emerging evidence for a 'non-canonical' mTORC1 signaling pathway that controls the function of microphthalmia/transcription factor E (MiT-TFE) transcription factors, key regulators of cell metabolism. This signaling pathway is mediated by a specific mechanism of substrate recruitment, and responds to stimuli that appear to converge on the lysosomal surface. We discuss the relevance of this pathway in physiological and disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro Napolitano
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical and Translational Science, Federico II University, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Chiara Di Malta
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical and Translational Science, Federico II University, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Andrea Ballabio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical and Translational Science, Federico II University, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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36
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Sasazawa Y, Souma S, Furuya N, Miura Y, Kazuno S, Kakuta S, Suzuki A, Hashimoto R, Hirawake‐Mogi H, Date Y, Imoto M, Ueno T, Kataura T, Korolchuk VI, Tsunemi T, Hattori N, Saiki S. Oxidative stress-induced phosphorylation of JIP4 regulates lysosomal positioning in coordination with TRPML1 and ALG2. EMBO J 2022; 41:e111476. [PMID: 36394115 PMCID: PMC9670204 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Retrograde transport of lysosomes is recognised as a critical autophagy regulator. Here, we found that acrolein, an aldehyde that is significantly elevated in Parkinson's disease patient serum, enhances autophagy by promoting lysosomal clustering around the microtubule organising centre via a newly identified JIP4-TRPML1-ALG2 pathway. Phosphorylation of JIP4 at T217 by CaMK2G in response to Ca2+ fluxes tightly regulated this system. Increased vulnerability of JIP4 KO cells to acrolein indicated that lysosomal clustering and subsequent autophagy activation served as defence mechanisms against cytotoxicity of acrolein itself. Furthermore, the JIP4-TRPML1-ALG2 pathway was also activated by H2 O2 , indicating that this system acts as a broad mechanism of the oxidative stress response. Conversely, starvation-induced lysosomal retrograde transport involved both the TMEM55B-JIP4 and TRPML1-ALG2 pathways in the absence of the JIP4 phosphorylation. Therefore, the phosphorylation status of JIP4 acts as a switch that controls the signalling pathways of lysosoma l distribution depending on the type of autophagy-inducing signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Sasazawa
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old AgeJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan,Division for Development of Autophagy Modulating DrugsJuntendo University Faculty of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Sanae Souma
- Department of NeurologyJuntendo University Faculty of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Norihiko Furuya
- Division for Development of Autophagy Modulating DrugsJuntendo University Faculty of MedicineTokyoJapan,Department of NeurologyJuntendo University Faculty of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Yoshiki Miura
- Biomedical Research Core FacilitiesJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Saiko Kazuno
- Biomedical Research Core FacilitiesJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Soichiro Kakuta
- Biomedical Research Core FacilitiesJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Ayami Suzuki
- Department of NeurologyJuntendo University Faculty of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- Biomedical Research Core FacilitiesJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | | | - Yuki Date
- Department of NeurologyJuntendo University Faculty of MedicineTokyoJapan,Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science and EngineeringChiba UniversityChibaJapan
| | - Masaya Imoto
- Division for Development of Autophagy Modulating DrugsJuntendo University Faculty of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Takashi Ueno
- Biomedical Research Core FacilitiesJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Tetsushi Kataura
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Campus for Ageing and VitalityNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Viktor I Korolchuk
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Campus for Ageing and VitalityNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Taiji Tsunemi
- Department of NeurologyJuntendo University Faculty of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old AgeJuntendo University Graduate School of MedicineTokyoJapan,Division for Development of Autophagy Modulating DrugsJuntendo University Faculty of MedicineTokyoJapan,Department of NeurologyJuntendo University Faculty of MedicineTokyoJapan,Neurodegenerative Disorders Collaborative LaboratoryRIKEN Center for Brain ScienceSaitamaJapan
| | - Shinji Saiki
- Division for Development of Autophagy Modulating DrugsJuntendo University Faculty of MedicineTokyoJapan,Department of NeurologyJuntendo University Faculty of MedicineTokyoJapan
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37
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Zhu Z, Liu LF, Su CF, Liu J, Tong BCK, Iyaswamy A, Krishnamoorthi S, Sreenivasmurthy SG, Guan XJ, Kan YX, Xie WJ, Zhao CL, Cheung KH, Lu JH, Tan JQ, Zhang HJ, Song JX, Li M. Corynoxine B derivative CB6 prevents Parkinsonian toxicity in mice by inducing PIK3C3 complex-dependent autophagy. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:2511-2526. [PMID: 35217810 PMCID: PMC9525707 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-00871-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence shows that autophagy impairment is involved in the pathogenesis and progression of neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease (PD). We previously identified a natural alkaloid named corynoxine B (Cory B) as a neuronal autophagy inducer. However, its brain permeability is relatively low, which hinders its potential use in treating PD. Thus we synthesized various derivatives of Cory B to find more potent autophagy inducers with improved brain bioavailability. In this study, we evaluated the autophagy-enhancing effect of CB6 derivative and its neuroprotective action against PD in vitro and in vivo. We showed that CB6 (5-40 μM) dose-dependently accelerated autophagy flux in cultured N2a neural cells through activating the PIK3C3 complex and promoting PI3P production. In MPP+-treated PC12 cells, CB6 inhibited cell apoptosis and increased cell viability by inducing autophagy. In MPTP-induced mouse model of PD, oral administration of CB6 (10, 20 mg· kg-1· d-1, for 21 days) significantly improved motor dysfunction and prevented the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the striatum and substantia nigra pars compacta. Collectively, compound CB6 is a brain-permeable autophagy enhancer via PIK3C3 complex activation, which may help the prevention or treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Zhu
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Liang-Feng Liu
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Limin Pharmaceutical Factory, Livzon Group Limited, Shaoguan, 512028, China
| | - Cheng-Fu Su
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Benjamin Chun-Kit Tong
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Ashok Iyaswamy
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Senthilkumar Krishnamoorthi
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Sravan Gopalkrishnashetty Sreenivasmurthy
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Xin-Jie Guan
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Yu-Xuan Kan
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Wen-Jian Xie
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Chen-Liang Zhao
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - King-Ho Cheung
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Jia-Hong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, SAR, China
| | - Jie-Qiong Tan
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Model for Human Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Hong-Jie Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Ju-Xian Song
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
- Medical College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Min Li
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen, 518057, China.
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38
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Jansen RM, Peruzzo R, Fromm SA, Yokom AL, Zoncu R, Hurley JH. Structural basis for FLCN RagC GAP activation in MiT-TFE substrate-selective mTORC1 regulation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadd2926. [PMID: 36103527 PMCID: PMC9473554 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add2926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) regulates cell growth and catabolism in response to nutrients through phosphorylation of key substrates. The tumor suppressor folliculin (FLCN) is a RagC/D guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase)-activating protein (GAP) that regulates mTORC1 phosphorylation of MiT-TFE transcription factors, controlling lysosome biogenesis and autophagy. We determined the cryo-electron microscopy structure of the active FLCN complex (AFC) containing FLCN, FNIP2, the N-terminal tail of SLC38A9, the RagAGDP:RagCGDP.BeFx- GTPase dimer, and the Ragulator scaffold. Relative to the inactive lysosomal FLCN complex structure, FLCN reorients by 90°, breaks contact with RagA, and makes previously unseen contacts with RagC that position its Arg164 finger for catalysis. Disruption of the AFC-specific interfaces of FLCN and FNIP2 with RagC eliminated GAP activity and led to nuclear retention of TFE3, with no effect on mTORC1 substrates S6K or 4E-BP1. The structure provides a basis for regulation of an mTORC1 substrate-specific pathway and a roadmap to discover MiT-TFE family selective mTORC1 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M. Jansen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Roberta Peruzzo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Simon A. Fromm
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Adam L. Yokom
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Roberto Zoncu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - James H. Hurley
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Oncolytic Avian Reovirus p17-Modulated Inhibition of mTORC1 by Enhancement of Endogenous mTORC1 Inhibitors Binding to mTORC1 To Disrupt Its Assembly and Accumulation on Lysosomes. J Virol 2022; 96:e0083622. [PMID: 35946936 PMCID: PMC9472607 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00836-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism by which avian reovirus (ARV)-modulated suppression of mTORC1 triggers autophagy remains largely unknown. In this work, we determined that p17 functions as a negative regulator of mTORC1. This study suggest novel mechanisms whereby p17-modulated inhibition of mTORC1 occurs via upregulation of p53, inactivation of Akt, and enhancement of binding of the endogenous mTORC1 inhibitors (PRAS40, FKBP38, and FKPP12) to mTORC1 to disrupt its assembly and accumulation on lysosomes. p17-modulated inhibition of Akt leads to activation of the downstream targets PRAS40 and TSC2, which results in mTORC1 inhibition, thereby triggering autophagy and translation shutoff, which is favorable for virus replication. p17 impairs the interaction of mTORC1 with its activator Rheb, which promotes FKBP38 interaction with mTORC1. It is worth noting that p17 activates ULK1 and Beclin1 and increases the formation of the Beclin 1/class III PI3K complex. These effects could be reversed in the presence of insulin or depletion of p53. Furthermore, we found that p17 induces autophagy in cancer cell lines by upregulating the p53/PTEN pathway, which inactivates Akt and mTORC1. This study highlights p17-modulated inhibition of Akt and mTORC1, which triggers autophagy and translation shutoff by positively modulating the tumor suppressors p53 and TSC2 and endogenous mTORC1 inhibitors. IMPORTANCE The mechanisms by which p17-modulated inhibition of mTORC1 induces autophagy and translation shutoff is elucidated. In this work, we determined that p17 serves as a negative regulator of mTORC1. This study provides several lines of conclusive evidence demonstrating that p17-modulated inhibition of mTORC1 occurs via upregulation of the p53/PTEN pathway, downregulation of the Akt/Rheb/mTORC1 pathway, enhancement of binding of the endogenous mTORC1 inhibitors to mTORC1 to disrupt its assembly, and suppression of mTORC1 accumulation on lysosomes. This work provides valuable information for better insights into p17-modulated inhibition of mTORC1, which induces autophagy and translation shutoff to benefit virus replication.
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Ni Q, Sun J, Wang Y, Wang Y, Liu J, Ning G, Wang W, Wang Q. mTORC1 is required for epigenetic silencing during β-cell functional maturation. Mol Metab 2022; 64:101559. [PMID: 35940555 PMCID: PMC9418906 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is a key molecule that links nutrients, hormones, and growth factors to cell growth/function. Our previous studies have shown that mTORC1 is required for β-cell functional maturation and identity maintenance; however, the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. This work aimed to understand the underlying epigenetic mechanisms of mTORC1 in regulating β-cell functional maturation. Methods We performed Microarray, MeDIP-seq and ATAC-seq analysis to explore the abnormal epigenetic regulation in 8-week-old immature βRapKO islets. Moreover, DNMT3A was overexpressed in βRapKO islets by lentivirus, and the transcriptome changes and GSIS function were analyzed. Results We identified two major epigenetic silencing mechanisms, DNMT3A-dependent DNA methylation and PRC2-dependent H3K27me3 modification, which are responsible for functional immaturity of Raptor-deficient β-cell. Overexpression of DNMT3A partially reversed the immature transcriptome pattern and restored the impaired GSIS in Raptor-deficient β-cells. Moreover, we found that Raptor directly regulated PRC2/EED and H3K27me3 expression levels, as well as a group of immature genes marked with H3K27me3. Combined with ATAC-seq, MeDIP-seq and ChIP-seq, we identified β-cell immature genes with either DNA methylation and/or H3K27me3 modification. Conclusion The present study advances our understanding of the nutrient sensor mTORC1, by integrating environmental nutrient supply and epigenetic modification, i.e., DNMT3A-mediated DNA methylation and PRC2-mediated histone methylation in regulating β-cell identity and functional maturation, and therefore may impact the disease risk of type 2 diabetes. Rescued DNMT3A expression in Raptor-deficient islets partially reversed the abnormal induction of immature genes. EED/H3K27me3 were impaired in Raptor-ablated β-cell. DNA methylation and H3K27me3 are required for mTORC1-dependent epigenetic silencing of immature genes in β-cell.
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Wang Y, Fung NSK, Lam WC, Lo ACY. mTOR Signalling Pathway: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Ocular Neurodegenerative Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071304. [PMID: 35883796 PMCID: PMC9311918 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in the research of the mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathway demonstrated that mTOR is a robust therapeutic target for ocular degenerative diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy (DR), and glaucoma. Although the exact mechanisms of individual ocular degenerative diseases are unclear, they share several common pathological processes, increased and prolonged oxidative stress in particular, which leads to functional and morphological impairment in photoreceptors, retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), or retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). mTOR not only modulates oxidative stress but is also affected by reactive oxygen species (ROS) activation. It is essential to understand the complicated relationship between the mTOR pathway and oxidative stress before its application in the treatment of retinal degeneration. Indeed, the substantial role of mTOR-mediated autophagy in the pathogenies of ocular degenerative diseases should be noted. In reviewing the latest studies, this article summarised the application of rapamycin, an mTOR signalling pathway inhibitor, in different retinal disease models, providing insight into the mechanism of rapamycin in the treatment of retinal neurodegeneration under oxidative stress. Besides basic research, this review also summarised and updated the results of the latest clinical trials of rapamycin in ocular neurodegenerative diseases. In combining the current basic and clinical research results, we provided a more complete picture of mTOR as a potential therapeutic target for ocular neurodegenerative diseases.
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Bourouti KE, Konstantaros C, Gaitanaki C, Aggeli IK. Severe Hyperosmotic Stress Issues an ER Stress-Mediated “Death Sentence” in H9c2 Cells, with p38-MAPK and Autophagy “Coming to the Rescue”. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061421. [PMID: 35740442 PMCID: PMC9219732 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With several cardiovascular pathologies associated with osmotic perturbations, researchers are in pursuit of identifying the signaling sensors, mediators and effectors involved, aiming at formulating novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. In the present study, H9c2 cells were treated with 0.5 M sorbitol to elicit hyperosmotic stress. Immunoblotting as well as cell viability analyses revealed the simultaneous but independent triggering of multiple signaling pathways. In particular, our findings demonstrated the phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2α) and upregulation of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain-binding protein (BiP) expression, indicating the onset of the Integrated Stress Response (IRS) and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), respectively. In addition, autophagy was also induced, evidenced by the enhancement of Beclin-1 protein expression and of AMP-dependent kinase (AMPK) and Raptor phosphorylation levels. The involvement of a Na+/H+ exchanger-1 (NHE-1) as well as NADPH oxidase (Nox) in 0.5 M sorbitol-induced eIF2α phosphorylation was also indicated. Of note, while inhibition of ERS partially alleviated the detrimental effect of 0.5 M sorbitol on H9c2 cellular viability, attenuation of p38-MAPK activity and late phase autophagy further mitigated it. Deciphering the mode of these pathways’ potential interactions and of their complications may contribute to the quest for effective clinical interventions against associated cardiovascular diseases.
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Yang M, Lu Y, Piao W, Jin H. The Translational Regulation in mTOR Pathway. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12060802. [PMID: 35740927 PMCID: PMC9221026 DOI: 10.3390/biom12060802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays a master role in cell proliferation and growth in response to insulin, amino acids, energy levels, and oxygen. mTOR can coordinate upstream signals with downstream effectors, including transcriptional and translational apparatuses to regulate fundamental cellular processes such as energy utilization, protein synthesis, autophagy, cell growth, and proliferation. Of the above, protein synthesis is highly energy-consuming; thus, mRNA translation is under the tight and immediate control of mTOR signaling. The translational regulation driven by mTOR signaling mainly relies on eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E)-binding protein (4E-BP), ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6K), and its downstream players, which are significant in rapid cellular response to environmental change. mTOR signaling not only controls the general mRNA translation, but preferential mRNA translation as well. This means that mTOR signaling shows the stronger selectivity to particular target mRNAs. Some evidence has supported the contribution of 4E-BP and La-related proteins 1 (LARP1) to such translational regulation. In this review, we summarize the mTOR pathway and mainly focus on mTOR-mediated mRNA translational regulation. We introduce the major components of mTOR signaling and their functions in translational control in a general or particular manner, and describe how the specificity of regulation is coordinated. Furthermore, we summarize recent research progress and propose additional ideas for reference. Because the mTOR pathway is on the center of cell growth and metabolism, comprehensively understanding this pathway will contribute to the therapy of related diseases, including cancers, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hua Jin
- Correspondence: (W.P.); (H.J.)
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44
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Bourouh M, Marignani PA. The Tumor Suppressor Kinase LKB1: Metabolic Nexus. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:881297. [PMID: 35573694 PMCID: PMC9097215 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.881297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver kinase B1 (LKB1) is a multitasking tumor suppressor kinase that is implicated in multiple malignancies such as lung, gastrointestinal, pancreatic, and breast. LKB1 was first identified as the gene responsible for Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) characterized by hamartomatous polyps and oral mucotaneous pigmentation. LKB1 functions to activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) during energy stress to shift metabolic processes from active anabolic pathways to active catabolic pathways to generate ATP. Genetic loss or inactivation of LKB1 promotes metabolic reprogramming and metabolic adaptations of cancer cells that fuel increased growth and division rates. As a result, LKB1 loss is associated with increased aggressiveness and treatment options for patients with LKB1 mutant tumors are limited. Recently, there has been new insights into the role LKB1 has on metabolic regulation and the identification of potential vulnerabilities in LKB1 mutant tumors. In this review, we discuss the tumor suppressive role of LKB1 and the impact LKB1 loss has on metabolic reprograming in cancer cells, with a focus on lung cancer. We also discuss potential therapeutic avenues to treat malignancies associated with LKB1 loss by targeting aberrant metabolic pathways associated with LKB1 loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Bourouh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University Halifax, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Paola A Marignani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University Halifax, Halifax, NS, Canada
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45
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Melick CH, Lama-Sherpa TD, Curukovic A, Jewell JL. G-Protein Coupled Receptor Signaling and Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 Regulation. Mol Pharmacol 2022; 101:181-190. [PMID: 34965982 PMCID: PMC9092479 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.121.000302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) senses upstream stimuli to regulate numerous cellular functions such as metabolism, growth, and autophagy. Increased activation of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) is typically observed in human disease and continues to be an important therapeutic target. Understanding the upstream regulators of mTORC1 will provide a crucial link in targeting hyperactivated mTORC1 in human disease. In this mini-review, we will discuss the regulation of mTORC1 by upstream stimuli, with a specific focus on G-protein coupled receptor signaling to mTORC1. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: mTORC1 is a master regulator of many cellular processes and is often hyperactivated in human disease. Therefore, understanding the molecular underpinnings of G-protein coupled receptor signaling to mTORC1 will undoubtedly be beneficial for human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase H Melick
- Department of Molecular Biology, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer, and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Tshering D Lama-Sherpa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer, and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Adna Curukovic
- Department of Molecular Biology, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer, and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jenna L Jewell
- Department of Molecular Biology, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer, and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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The Role of mTOR and eIF Signaling in Benign Endometrial Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073416. [PMID: 35408777 PMCID: PMC8998789 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenomyosis, endometriosis, endometritis, and typical endometrial hyperplasia are common non-cancerous diseases of the endometrium that afflict many women with life-impacting consequences. The mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) pathway interacts with estrogen signaling and is known to be dysregulated in endometrial cancer. Based on this knowledge, we attempt to investigate the role of mTOR signaling in benign endometrial diseases while focusing on how the interplay between mTOR and eukaryotic translation initiation factors (eIFs) affects their development. In fact, mTOR overactivity is apparent in adenomyosis, endometriosis, and typical endometrial hyperplasia, where it promotes endometrial cell proliferation and invasiveness. Recent data show aberrant expression of various components of the mTOR pathway in both eutopic and ectopic endometrium of patients with adenomyosis or endometriosis and in hyperplastic endometrium as well. Moreover, studies on endometritis show that derangement of mTOR signaling is linked to the establishment of endometrial dysfunction caused by chronic inflammation. This review shows that inhibition of the mTOR pathway has a promising therapeutic effect in benign endometrial conditions, concluding that mTOR signaling dysregulation plays a critical part in their pathogenesis.
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Cruz-Gregorio A, Aranda-Rivera AK, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Solano JD, Ibarra-Rubio ME. Redox-sensitive signaling pathways in renal cell carcinoma. Biofactors 2022; 48:342-358. [PMID: 34590744 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is one of the most lethal urological cancers, highly resistant to chemo and radiotherapy. Obesity and smoking are the best-known risk factors of RCC, both related to oxidative stress presence, suggesting a significant role in RCC development and maintenance. Surgical resection is the treatment of choice for localized RCC; however, this neoplasia is hardly diagnosable at its initial stages, occurring commonly in late phases and even when metastasis is already present. Systemic therapies are the option against RCC in these more advanced stages, such as cytokine therapy or a combination of tyrosine kinase inhibitors with immunotherapies; nevertheless, these strategies are still insufficient. A field poorly analyzed in this neoplasia is the status of cell signaling pathways sensible to the redox state, which have been associated with the development and maintenance of RCC. This review focuses on alterations reported in the following redox-sensitive molecules and signaling pathways in RCC: mitogen-activated protein kinases, protein kinase B (AKT)/tuberous sclerosis complex 2/mammalian target of rapamycin C1, AKT/glycogen synthase kinase 3/β-catenin, nuclear factor κB/inhibitor of κB/epidermal growth factor receptor, and protein kinase Cζ/cut-like homeodomain protein/factor inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)/HIF as potential targets for redox therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Cruz-Gregorio
- Laboratorio F-225, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ana Karina Aranda-Rivera
- Laboratorio F-315, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Laboratorio F-315, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - José D Solano
- Laboratorio F-225, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - María Elena Ibarra-Rubio
- Laboratorio F-225, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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p70 S6 kinase as a therapeutic target in cancers: More than just an mTOR effector. Cancer Lett 2022; 535:215593. [PMID: 35176419 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
p70 S6 kinase (p70S6K) is best-known for its regulatory roles in protein synthesis and cell growth by phosphorylating its primary substrate, ribosomal protein S6, upon mitogen stimulation. The enhanced expression/activation of p70S6K has been correlated with poor prognosis in some cancer types, suggesting that it may serve as a biomarker for disease monitoring. p70S6K is a critical downstream effector of the oncogenic PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and its activation is tightly regulated by an ordered cascade of Ser/Thr phosphorylation events. Nonetheless, it should be noted that other upstream mechanisms regulating p70S6K at both the post-translational and post-transcriptional levels also exist. Activated p70S6K could promote various aspects of cancer progression such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cancer stemness and drug resistance. Importantly, novel evidence showing that p70S6K may also regulate different cellular components in the tumor microenvironment will be discussed. Therapeutic targeting of p70S6K alone or in combination with traditional chemotherapies or other microenvironmental-based drugs such as immunotherapy may represent promising approaches against cancers with aberrant p70S6K signaling. Currently, the only clinically available p70S6K inhibitors are rapamycin analogs (rapalogs) which target mTOR. However, there are emerging p70S6K-selective drugs which are going through active preclinical or clinical trial phases. Moreover, various screening strategies have been used for the discovery of novel p70S6K inhibitors, hence bringing new insights for p70S6K-targeted therapy.
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Karagianni F, Pavlidis A, Malakou LS, Piperi C, Papadavid E. Predominant Role of mTOR Signaling in Skin Diseases with Therapeutic Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031693. [PMID: 35163615 PMCID: PMC8835793 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays a pivotal role in the regulation of cell proliferation, survival, and motility in response to availability of energy and nutrients as well as mitogens. The mTOR signaling axis regulates important biological processes, including cellular growth, metabolism, and survival in many tissues. In the skin, dysregulation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway may lead to severe pathological conditions characterized by uncontrolled proliferation and inflammation, including skin hyperproliferative as well as malignant diseases. Herein, we provide an update on the current knowledge regarding the pathogenic implication of the mTOR pathway in skin diseases with inflammatory features (such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, pemphigus, and acne) and malignant characteristics (such as cutaneous T cell lymphoma and melanoma) while we critically discuss current and future perspectives for therapeutic targeting of mTOR axis in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fani Karagianni
- National Center of Rare Diseases—Cutaneous Lymphoma, Second Department of Dermatology and Venereal Diseases, Attikon University General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece; (F.K.); (A.P.); (E.P.)
| | - Antreas Pavlidis
- National Center of Rare Diseases—Cutaneous Lymphoma, Second Department of Dermatology and Venereal Diseases, Attikon University General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece; (F.K.); (A.P.); (E.P.)
| | - Lina S. Malakou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Christina Piperi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
- Correspondence:
| | - Evangelia Papadavid
- National Center of Rare Diseases—Cutaneous Lymphoma, Second Department of Dermatology and Venereal Diseases, Attikon University General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece; (F.K.); (A.P.); (E.P.)
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Yang L, Zhang Z, Wang D, Jiang Y, Liu Y. Targeting mTOR Signaling in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetes Complications. Curr Drug Targets 2022; 23:692-710. [PMID: 35021971 DOI: 10.2174/1389450123666220111115528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a pivotal regulator of cell metabolism and growth. In the form of two different multi-protein complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, mTOR integrates cellular energy, nutrient and hormonal signals to regulate cellular metabolic homeostasis. In type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) aberrant mTOR signaling underlies its pathological conditions and end-organ complications. Substantial evidence suggests that two mTOR-mediated signaling schemes, mTORC1-p70S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) and mTORC2-protein kinase B (AKT), play a critical role in insulin sensitivity and that their dysfunction contributes to development of T2DM. This review summaries our current understanding of the role of mTOR signaling in T2DM and its associated complications, as well as the potential use of mTOR inhibitors in treatment of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Zhixin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Doudou Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
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