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D’Avola A, Legrave N, Tajan M, Chakravarty P, Shearer RL, King HW, Kluckova K, Cheung EC, Clear AJ, Gunawan AS, Zhang L, James LK, MacRae JI, Gribben JG, Calado DP, Vousden KH, Riches JC. PHGDH is required for germinal center formation and is a therapeutic target in MYC-driven lymphoma. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e179917. [PMID: 38357928 PMCID: PMC10866664 DOI: 10.1172/jci179917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
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Kariyawasam HH, James LK. Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: eosinophils versus B lymphocytes in disease pathogenesis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 24:15-24. [PMID: 38018818 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To highlight the current evidence that supports the view that eosinophils may not drive disease in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and the emerging evidence for B cells as an important player in this disease. RECENT FINDINGS Eosinophil depletion studies in CRSwNP do not fully support a critical role for eosinophils in CRSwNP. Almost complete eosinophil depletion with dexpramipexole had no impact on polyp size reduction or clinical improvement. Anti-interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-5Rα inhibition were more effective though with less clinical impact when compared to anti-immunoglobulin E (IgE) or IL-4Rα inhibition strategies. As IL-5Rα is also expressed on CRSwNP derived IgE+ and IgG4+ plasma cells to the same extent as eosinophils, improvements in CRSwNP with IL-5 inhibition may suggest a role for B cells over eosinophils in CRSwNP. We review both eosinophils and B cells in the context of CRSwNP and highlight the current evidence that supports an emerging role for B cells. SUMMARY Despite many aspects of immunopathology in CRSwNP explainable by B cell dysfunction, B cells have so far been ignored in CRSwNP. Further work is needed, as targeting B cells may offer an exciting new therapeutic option in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsha H Kariyawasam
- Specialist Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Royal National ENT and Eastman Hospital, London
- Department of Rhinology, Royal National ENT and Eastman Hospital, London, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
| | - Louisa K James
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Alvarez RA, James LK. Decoding the language of immunity. Science 2024; 383:146-147. [PMID: 38207031 DOI: 10.1126/science.adn1067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Optimized transfer RNA (tRNA) codon use can speed up antibody generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond A Alvarez
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Ichor Biologics, LLC, New York, NY, USA
| | - Louisa K James
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Tang J, Yang L, Guan F, Miller H, Camara NOS, James LK, Benlagha K, Kubo M, Heegaard S, Lee P, Lei J, Zeng H, He C, Zhai Z, Liu C. The role of Raptor in lymphocytes differentiation and function. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1146628. [PMID: 37283744 PMCID: PMC10239924 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1146628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Raptor, a key component of mTORC1, is required for recruiting substrates to mTORC1 and contributing to its subcellular localization. Raptor has a highly conserved N-terminus domain and seven WD40 repeats, which interact with mTOR and other mTORC1-related proteins. mTORC1 participates in various cellular events and mediates differentiation and metabolism. Directly or indirectly, many factors mediate the differentiation and function of lymphocytes that is essential for immunity. In this review, we summarize the role of Raptor in lymphocytes differentiation and function, whereby Raptor mediates the secretion of cytokines to induce early lymphocyte metabolism, development, proliferation and migration. Additionally, Raptor regulates the function of lymphocytes by regulating their steady-state maintenance and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Tang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fei Guan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Heather Miller
- Cytek Biosciences, R&D Clinical Reagents, Fremont, CA, United States
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Camara
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Louisa K. James
- Centre for Immunobiology, Bizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kamel Benlagha
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, EMiLy, Paris, France
| | - Masato Kubo
- Laboratory for Cytokine Regulation, Center for Integrative Medical Science (IMS), Rikagaku Kenkyusho, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN) Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Steffen Heegaard
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pamela Lee
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jiahui Lei
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hu Zeng
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Chengwei He
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Zhimin Zhai
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chaohong Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Baker D, Forte E, Pryce G, Kang AS, James LK, Giovannoni G, Schmierer K. The impact of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulators on COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2023; 69:104425. [PMID: 36470168 PMCID: PMC9678390 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.104425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sphingosine-one phosphate receptor (S1PR) modulation inhibits S1PR1-mediated lymphocyte migration, lesion formation and positively-impacts on active multiple sclerosis (MS). These S1PR modulatory drugs have different: European Union use restrictions, pharmacokinetics, metabolic profiles and S1PR receptor affinities that may impact MS-management. Importantly, these confer useful properties in dealing with COVID-19, anti-viral drug responses and generating SARS-CoV-2 vaccine responses. OBJECTIVE To examine the biology and emerging data that potentially underpins immunity to the SARS-CoV-2 virus following natural infection and vaccination and determine how this impinges on the use of current sphingosine-one-phosphate modulators used in the treatment of MS. METHODS A literature review was performed, and data on infection, vaccination responses; S1PR distribution and functional activity was extracted from regulatory and academic information within the public domain. OBSERVATIONS Most COVID-19 related information relates to the use of fingolimod. This indicates that continuous S1PR1, S1PR3, S1PR4 and S1PR5 modulation is not associated with a worse prognosis following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Whilst fingolimod use is associated with blunted seroconversion and reduced peripheral T-cell vaccine responses, it appears that people on siponimod, ozanimod and ponesimod exhibit stronger vaccine-responses, which could be related notably to a limited impact on S1PR4 activity. Whilst it is thought that S1PR3 controls B cell function in addition to actions by S1PR1 and S1PR2, this may be species-related effect in rodents that is not yet substantiated in humans, as seen with bradycardia issues. Blunted antibody responses can be related to actions on B and T-cell subsets, germinal centre function and innate-immune biology. Although S1P1R-related functions are seeming central to control of MS and the generation of a fully functional vaccination response; the relative lack of influence on S1PR4-mediated actions on dendritic cells may increase the rate of vaccine-induced seroconversion with the newer generation of S1PR modulators and improve the risk-benefit balance IMPLICATIONS: Although fingolimod is a useful asset in controlling MS, recently-approved S1PR modulators may have beneficial biology related to pharmacokinetics, metabolism and more-restricted targeting that make it easier to generate infection-control and effective anti-viral responses to SARS-COV-2 and other pathogens. Further studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Baker
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom.
| | - Eugenia Forte
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Pryce
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Angray S Kang
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom; Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Dental Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Louisa K James
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Giovannoni
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom; Clinical Board Medicine (Neuroscience), The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus Schmierer
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom; Clinical Board Medicine (Neuroscience), The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
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Tan D, Yin W, Guan F, Zeng W, Lee P, Candotti F, James LK, Saraiva Camara NO, Haeryfar SM, Chen Y, Benlagha K, Shi LZ, Lei J, Gong Q, Liu Z, Liu C. B cell-T cell interplay in immune regulation: A focus on follicular regulatory T and regulatory B cell functions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:991840. [PMID: 36211467 PMCID: PMC9537379 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.991840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells are the core components of humoral immunity. A mature B cell can serve in multiple capacities, including antibody production, antigen presentation, and regulatory functions. Forkhead box P3 (FoxP3)-expressing regulatory T cells (Tregs) are key players in sustaining immune tolerance and keeping inflammation in check. Mounting evidence suggests complex communications between B cells and Tregs. In this review, we summarize the yin-yang regulatory relationships between B cells and Tregs mainly from the perspectives of T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells and regulatory B cells (Bregs). We discuss the regulatory effects of Tfr cells on B cell proliferation and the germinal center response. Additionally, we review the indispensable role of B cells in ensuring homeostatic Treg survival and describe the function of Bregs in promoting Treg responses. Finally, we introduce a new subset of Tregs, termed Treg-of-B cells, which are induced by B cells, lake the expression of FoxP3 but still own immunomodulatory effects. In this article, we also enumerate a sequence of research from clinical patients and experimental models to clarify the role of Tfr cells in germinal centers and the role of convention B cells and Bregs to Tregs in the context of different diseases. This review offers an updated overview of immunoregulatory networks and unveils potential targets for therapeutic interventions against cancer, autoimmune diseases and allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diaoyi Tan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Yin
- Wuhan Children’s Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Guan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wanjiang Zeng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pamela Lee
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fabio Candotti
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Louisa K James
- Centre for Immunobiology, Bizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Camara
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Yan Chen
- The Second Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Kamel Benlagha
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, EMiLy, Paris, France
| | - Lewis Zhichang Shi
- Department of Radiation Oncology University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine (UAB-SOM) UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jinzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Lei
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Quan Gong
- Clinical Molecular Immunology Center, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jinzhou, China
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Zheng Liu, ; Chaohong Liu,
| | - Chaohong Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Zheng Liu, ; Chaohong Liu,
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7
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Chen S, Guan F, Candotti F, Benlagha K, Camara NOS, Herrada AA, James LK, Lei J, Miller H, Kubo M, Ning Q, Liu C. The role of B cells in COVID-19 infection and vaccination. Front Immunol 2022; 13:988536. [PMID: 36110861 PMCID: PMC9468879 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.988536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells secrete antibodies and mediate the humoral immune response, making them extremely important in protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2, which caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. In this review, we summarize the positive function and pathological response of B cells in SARS-CoV-2 infection and re-infection. Then, we structure the immunity responses that B cells mediated in peripheral tissues. Furthermore, we discuss the role of B cells during vaccination including the effectiveness of antibodies and memory B cells, viral evolution mechanisms, and future vaccine development. This review might help medical workers and researchers to have a better understanding of the interaction between B cells and SARS-CoV-2 and broaden their vision for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiru Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Guan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fabio Candotti
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kamel Benlagha
- Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Camara
- Laboratory of Human Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Andres A. Herrada
- Lymphatic and Inflammation Research Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidad Autonoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Louisa K. James
- Centre for Immunobiology, Bizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jiahui Lei
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Heather Miller
- Cytek Biosciences, R&D Clinical Reagents, Fremont, CA, United States
| | - Masato Kubo
- Laboratory for Cytokine Regulation, Center for Integrative Medical Science (IMS), Rikagaku Kenkyusho, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN) Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Qin Ning
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chaohong Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science Technology, Wuhan, China
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Domínguez Conde C, Xu C, Jarvis LB, Rainbow DB, Wells SB, Gomes T, Howlett SK, Suchanek O, Polanski K, King HW, Mamanova L, Huang N, Szabo PA, Richardson L, Bolt L, Fasouli ES, Mahbubani KT, Prete M, Tuck L, Richoz N, Tuong ZK, Campos L, Mousa HS, Needham EJ, Pritchard S, Li T, Elmentaite R, Park J, Rahmani E, Chen D, Menon DK, Bayraktar OA, James LK, Meyer KB, Yosef N, Clatworthy MR, Sims PA, Farber DL, Saeb-Parsy K, Jones JL, Teichmann SA. Cross-tissue immune cell analysis reveals tissue-specific features in humans. Science 2022; 376:eabl5197. [PMID: 35549406 PMCID: PMC7612735 DOI: 10.1126/science.abl5197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite their crucial role in health and disease, our knowledge of immune cells within human tissues remains limited. We surveyed the immune compartment of 16 tissues from 12 adult donors by single-cell RNA sequencing and VDJ sequencing generating a dataset of ~360,000 cells. To systematically resolve immune cell heterogeneity across tissues, we developed CellTypist, a machine learning tool for rapid and precise cell type annotation. Using this approach, combined with detailed curation, we determined the tissue distribution of finely phenotyped immune cell types, revealing hitherto unappreciated tissue-specific features and clonal architecture of T and B cells. Our multitissue approach lays the foundation for identifying highly resolved immune cell types by leveraging a common reference dataset, tissue-integrated expression analysis, and antigen receptor sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Domínguez Conde
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - C Xu
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - LB Jarvis
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge
| | - DB Rainbow
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge
| | - SB Wells
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center
| | - T Gomes
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - SK Howlett
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge
| | - O Suchanek
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - K Polanski
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - HW King
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - L Mamanova
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - N Huang
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - PA Szabo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center
| | - L Richardson
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - L Bolt
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - ES Fasouli
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - KT Mahbubani
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - M Prete
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - L Tuck
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - N Richoz
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - ZK Tuong
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - L Campos
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
- West Suffolk Hospital NHS Trust, Bury Saint Edmunds, UK
| | - HS Mousa
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge
| | - EJ Needham
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge
| | - S Pritchard
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - T Li
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - R Elmentaite
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - J Park
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - E Rahmani
- Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - D Chen
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center
| | - DK Menon
- Department of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - OA Bayraktar
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - LK James
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - KB Meyer
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - N Yosef
- Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - MR Clatworthy
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - PA Sims
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center
| | - DL Farber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center
| | - K Saeb-Parsy
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - JL Jones
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge
| | - SA Teichmann
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
- Theory of Condensed Matter, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
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9
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D’Avola A, Legrave N, Tajan M, Chakravarty P, Shearer RL, King HW, Kluckova K, Cheung EC, Clear AJ, Gunawan AS, Zhang L, James LK, MacRae JI, Gribben JG, Calado DP, Vousden KH, Riches JC. PHGDH is required for germinal center formation and is a therapeutic target in MYC-driven lymphoma. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:e153436. [PMID: 35316216 PMCID: PMC9057607 DOI: 10.1172/jci153436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of serine from glucose is a key metabolic pathway supporting cellular proliferation in healthy and malignant cells. Despite this, the role that this aspect of metabolism plays in germinal center biology and pathology is not known. Here, we performed a comprehensive characterization of the role of the serine synthesis pathway in germinal center B cells and lymphomas derived from these cells. We demonstrate that upregulation of a functional serine synthesis pathway is a metabolic hallmark of B cell activation and the germinal center reaction. Inhibition of phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH), the first and rate-limiting enzyme in this pathway, led to defective germinal formation and impaired high-affinity antibody production. In addition, overexpression of enzymes involved in serine synthesis was a characteristic of germinal center B cell-derived lymphomas, with high levels of expression being predictive of reduced overall survival in diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Inhibition of PHGDH induced apoptosis in lymphoma cells, reducing disease progression. These findings establish PHGDH as a critical player in humoral immunity and a clinically relevant target in lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mylène Tajan
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Hamish W. King
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Louisa K. James
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James I. MacRae
- Metabolomics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - John C. Riches
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, and
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10
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King HW, Wells KL, Shipony Z, Kathiria AS, Wagar LE, Lareau C, Orban N, Capasso R, Davis MM, Steinmetz LM, James LK, Greenleaf WJ. Integrated single-cell transcriptomics and epigenomics reveals strong germinal center-associated etiology of autoimmune risk loci. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:eabh3768. [PMID: 34623901 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abh3768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish W King
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Kristen L Wells
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes and RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zohar Shipony
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Arwa S Kathiria
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lisa E Wagar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Caleb Lareau
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Nara Orban
- Barts Health Ear, Nose and Throat Service, The Royal London Hospital, London, UK
| | - Robson Capasso
- Division of Sleep Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mark M Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lars M Steinmetz
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Louisa K James
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - William J Greenleaf
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
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11
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McKendry RT, Kwok M, Hemmings O, James LK, Santos AF. Allergen-specific IgG show distinct patterns in persistent and transient food allergy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2021; 32:1508-1518. [PMID: 34057765 DOI: 10.1111/pai.13567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immediate food-allergic reactions are IgE-mediated, but many individuals with detectable allergen-specific IgE do not react to the food. Allergen-specific IgG may interfere with allergen-IgE interaction and/or through intracellular inhibitory signalling to suppress mast cell and basophil response to food allergens. We aimed to understand the role of allergen-specific IgG in food allergy and natural tolerance. METHODS IgG and IgG isotypes specific to peanut, cow's milk and egg were measured using ImmunoCAP and ELISA respectively in samples of children with suspected food allergies. Expression of IgE and IgG and their receptors and expression of activation markers following allergen stimulation were measured on basophils and mast cells by flow cytometry, with and without blockade of FcγRIIα or FcγRIIβ receptors. RESULTS The levels of peanut-specific IgG, IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 in ELISA were higher in peanut-allergic than in non-peanut-allergic children. No difference in allergen-specific IgG isotypes was observed between allergic and non-allergic children to milk or egg, except for milk-specific IgG4 that was higher in non-cow's milk-allergic than in cow's milk-allergic children. Basophils and LAD2 cells expressed IgG receptors, but IgG and IgA were not detected on the surface of either cell type and blocking FcγRIIα or FcγRIIβ did not modify basophil or mast cell activation in response to allergen in allergic or tolerant children. CONCLUSION Allergen-specific IgG patterns were distinct in persistent (peanut) versus transient (milk and egg) food allergies. We found no evidence that FcγRIIα or FcγRIIβ receptors affect allergen-induced activation of mast cells and basophils in food allergy or natural tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T McKendry
- Department of Women and Children's Health (Paediatric Allergy), Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
| | - Matthew Kwok
- Department of Women and Children's Health (Paediatric Allergy), Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
| | - Oliver Hemmings
- Department of Women and Children's Health (Paediatric Allergy), Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
| | - Louisa K James
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Alexandra F Santos
- Department of Women and Children's Health (Paediatric Allergy), Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK.,Children's Allergy Service, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
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12
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Kariyawasam HH, James LK. Do B cells rather than eosinophils drive chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps? Lancet Respir Med 2021; 9:e97. [PMID: 34087100 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(21)00223-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harsha H Kariyawasam
- Specialist Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Rhinology, Royal National ENT Hospital, London WC1E 6DG, UK; University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; University College London, London, UK.
| | - Louisa K James
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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13
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Yang B, Dziadzio M, Meridamorillas M, Joseph JA, Gane SB, James LK, Kariyawasam HH. Chronic rhinosinusitis: Eosinophil blood reference values and decision limits and tissue count intravariability. Clin Otolaryngol 2021; 46:1142-1145. [PMID: 33932260 DOI: 10.1111/coa.13793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Baoran Yang
- Specialist Allergy and Clinical Immunology, London, UK.,Rhinology Section, Royal National ENT Hospital, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Ear Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Magdalena Dziadzio
- Specialist Allergy and Clinical Immunology, London, UK.,Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Marta Meridamorillas
- Rhinology Section, Royal National ENT Hospital, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Jonathan A Joseph
- Rhinology Section, Royal National ENT Hospital, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Simon B Gane
- Rhinology Section, Royal National ENT Hospital, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Harsha H Kariyawasam
- Specialist Allergy and Clinical Immunology, London, UK.,Rhinology Section, Royal National ENT Hospital, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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14
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Abstract
Introduction: The first mucosal site to encounter inhaled allergen, antigen, and microbes is the upper airway. It must perforce have a rapid system of environmental threat recognition and self-defense. B cells play a critical role in such airway host-defense, tissue surveillance, and immune modulation. Several common upper airway diseases can be defined in the expression of either exaggerated or dysregulated B-cell function within T2-high mucosal inflammatory states.Areas covered: In this review, the authors discuss the immunology of allergic rhinitis (AR) and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) in the context of highlighting key aspects of B-cell biology and function. The review is based on the findings of a literature search using the terms B cells, rhinitis, nasal polyps, and rhinosinusitis.Expert opinion: Despite the emerging role of B-cell overdrive and dysfunction in upper airway disease, studies are lacking specifics to B cells, particularly in association with sinonasal infection and mucosal inflammation. There is a pressing need to focus on how respiratory inflammation, alongside impaired or exaggerated B-cell function, amplifies and further dysregulates immune signaling pathways in the disease setting of AR and CRSwNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsha H Kariyawasam
- Specialist Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Royal National ENT and Eastman Hospital, London, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Department of Rhinology, Royal National ENT and Eastman Hospital, London, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,University College London, London, UK
| | - Louisa K James
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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15
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Hemmings O, Niazi U, Kwok M, James LK, Lack G, Santos AF. Peanut diversity and specific activity are the dominant IgE characteristics for effector cell activation in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 148:495-505.e14. [PMID: 33675817 PMCID: PMC8340728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background IgE mediates allergic reactions to peanut; however, peanut-specific IgE (sIgE) levels do not always equate to clinical peanut allergy. Qualitative differences between sIgE of peanut-sensitized but tolerant (PS) and peanut-allergic (PA) individuals may be important. Objective We sought to assess the influence of IgE characteristics on effector cell activation in peanut allergy. Methods A cohort of 100 children was studied. The levels of IgE to peanut and peanut components were measured. Specific activity (SA) was estimated as the ratio of allergen-sIgE to total IgE. Avidity was measured by ImmunoCAP with sodium thiocyanate. IgE diversity was calculated on the basis of ImmunoCAP-Immuno Solid-phase Allergen Chip assays for 112 allergens or for 6 peanut allergens. Whole-blood basophils and mast cell line Laboratory of Allergic Diseases 2 sensitized with patients’ plasma were stimulated with peanut or controls and assessed by flow cytometry. Results SA to peanut (P < .001), Ara h 1 (P = .004), Ara h 2 (P < .001), Ara h 3 (P = .02), and Ara h 6 (P < .001) and the avidity of peanut-sIgE (P < .001) were higher in PA than in PS individuals. Diversity for peanut allergens was greater in PA individuals (P < .001). All IgE characteristics were correlated with basophil and mast cell activation. Peanut SA (R = 0.447) and peanut diversity (R = 0.440) had the highest standardized β-coefficients in combined multivariable regression models (0.447 and 0.440, respectively). Conclusions IgE specificity, SA, avidity, and peanut diversity were greater in PA than in PS individuals. IgE peanut SA and peanut diversity had the greatest influence on effector cell activation and could be used clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Hemmings
- Department of Women and Children's Health (Pediatric Allergy), School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
| | - Umar Niazi
- Guy's and St Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust and King's College London National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre Translational Bioinformatics Platform, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Kwok
- Department of Women and Children's Health (Pediatric Allergy), School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
| | - Louisa K James
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gideon Lack
- Department of Women and Children's Health (Pediatric Allergy), School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom; Children's Allergy Service, Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra F Santos
- Department of Women and Children's Health (Pediatric Allergy), School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom; Children's Allergy Service, Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
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16
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King HW, Orban N, Riches JC, Clear AJ, Warnes G, Teichmann SA, James LK. Single-cell analysis of human B cell maturation predicts how antibody class switching shapes selection dynamics. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:6/56/eabe6291. [PMID: 33579751 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abe6291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Protective humoral memory forms in secondary lymphoid organs where B cells undergo affinity maturation and differentiation into memory or plasma cells. Here, we provide a comprehensive roadmap of human B cell maturation with single-cell transcriptomics matched with bulk and single-cell antibody repertoires to define gene expression, antibody repertoires, and clonal sharing of B cell states at single-cell resolution, including memory B cell heterogeneity that reflects diverse functional and signaling states. We reconstruct gene expression dynamics during B cell activation to reveal a pre-germinal center state primed to undergo class switch recombination and dissect how antibody class-dependent gene expression in germinal center and memory B cells is linked with a distinct transcriptional wiring with potential to influence their fate and function. Our analyses reveal the dynamic cellular states that shape human B cell-mediated immunity and highlight how antibody isotype may play a role during their antibody-based selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish W King
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK. .,Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Nara Orban
- Barts Health Ear, Nose and Throat Service, Royal London Hospital, London E1 1BB, UK
| | - John C Riches
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.,Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Andrew J Clear
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Gary Warnes
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Sarah A Teichmann
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.,Theory of Condensed Matter, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0EH, UK
| | - Louisa K James
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK.
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17
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Kariyawasam HH, James LK. Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps: Targeting IgE with Anti-IgE Omalizumab Therapy. Drug Des Devel Ther 2020; 14:5483-5494. [PMID: 33328726 PMCID: PMC7735718 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s226575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a complex, clinically heterogeneous and persistent inflammatory disorder of the upper airway. Detailed mechanistic insights into disease pathogenesis are lacking, but it is now accepted that local tissue IgE driven T2-high inflammatory pathways are critical to disease. The recent CRSwNP Phase 3 POLYP1 and POLYP2 replicate studies of blocking IgE with omalizumab confirmed rapid improvements in all clinical parameters of sinonasal disease, confirming a pivotal role for IgE driven inflammatory pathways in CRSwNP. This review summarises the biology of IgE in relation to CRSwNP. Insight into how IgE may drive CRSwNP is evaluated in the context of clinical improvements seen with omalizumab. The need for further studies using a broader patient and biomarker specific groups to aid more precise drug-patient selection alongside more detailed mechanistic studies of omalizumab in CRSwNP is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsha H Kariyawasam
- Specialist Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Royal National ENT Hospital, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Department of Rhinology, Royal National ENT Hospital, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,University College London, London, UK
| | - Louisa K James
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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18
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Galson JD, Schaetzle S, Bashford-Rogers RJM, Raybould MIJ, Kovaltsuk A, Kilpatrick GJ, Minter R, Finch DK, Dias J, James LK, Thomas G, Lee WYJ, Betley J, Cavlan O, Leech A, Deane CM, Seoane J, Caldas C, Pennington DJ, Pfeffer P, Osbourn J. Deep Sequencing of B Cell Receptor Repertoires From COVID-19 Patients Reveals Strong Convergent Immune Signatures. Front Immunol 2020; 11:605170. [PMID: 33384691 PMCID: PMC7769841 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.605170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep sequencing of B cell receptor (BCR) heavy chains from a cohort of 31 COVID-19 patients from the UK reveals a stereotypical naive immune response to SARS-CoV-2 which is consistent across patients. Clonal expansion of the B cell population is also observed and may be the result of memory bystander effects. There was a strong convergent sequence signature across patients, and we identified 1,254 clonotypes convergent between at least four of the COVID-19 patients, but not present in healthy controls or individuals following seasonal influenza vaccination. A subset of the convergent clonotypes were homologous to known SARS and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein neutralizing antibodies. Convergence was also demonstrated across wide geographies by comparison of data sets between patients from UK, USA, and China, further validating the disease association and consistency of the stereotypical immune response even at the sequence level. These convergent clonotypes provide a resource to identify potential therapeutic and prophylactic antibodies and demonstrate the potential of BCR profiling as a tool to help understand patient responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Matthew I. J. Raybould
- Oxford Protein Informatics Group, Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Aleksandr Kovaltsuk
- Oxford Protein Informatics Group, Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ralph Minter
- Alchemab Therapeutics Ltd, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jorge Dias
- Alchemab Therapeutics Ltd, London, United Kingdom
| | - Louisa K. James
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Thomas
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wing-Yiu Jason Lee
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Betley
- Illumina, Inc., Illumina Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alex Leech
- Alchemab Therapeutics Ltd, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte M. Deane
- Oxford Protein Informatics Group, Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joan Seoane
- Translational Research Program, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Caldas
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Department of Oncology, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J. Pennington
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Pfeffer
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Osbourn
- Alchemab Therapeutics Ltd, London, United Kingdom
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19
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Kariyawasam HH, James LK, Gane SB. Dupilumab: Clinical Efficacy of Blocking IL-4/IL-13 Signalling in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps. Drug Des Devel Ther 2020; 14:1757-1769. [PMID: 32440101 PMCID: PMC7217316 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s243053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In September 2019, The Lancet published details of two large Phase III double-blind placebo-controlled studies (LIBERTY NP SINUS-24 and LIBERTY NP SINUS-52) confirming the clinical efficacy of the biologic dupilumab in simultaneously blocking both IL-4/IL-13 signalling in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). The studies demonstrated that dupilumab (Dupixent®, Sanofi and Regeneron) 300mg subcutaneously administered was clinically effective when added for patients with moderate to severe CRSwNP already maintained on the standard intranasal steroid mometasone furoate. Duration of treatment ranged from injections either 2 weekly for 24 weeks (SINUS-24) or every 2 weeks for 52 weeks or finally every 2 weeks for 24 weeks stepping down thereafter to every 4 weeks for a further 28 weeks (SINUS-52). Rapid improvements in all important parameters of disease burden were seen with such improvement maintained even where the frequency of injections was decreased. In patients with co-existent asthma, lung function and asthma control scores improved. This is consistent with the one airway hypothesis of shared T2 inflammatory programmes driving both disease syndromes. The studies formed the basis for FDA registration and clinical launch in the US, and EMA approval in Europe. Dupilumab presents a significant new treatment option in an area of urgent unmet therapeutic need in CRSwNP. Should dupilumab prove to be as effective in the real-life clinical environment as it has been in the studies, then a paradigm shift from sinonasal surgery to medical treatment of CRSwNP may need to occur in the ENT community. Questions in relation to best patient selection, combined upper and lower airway therapeutic pathways, long-term safety along with health economics and cost constraints ought now to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsha H Kariyawasam
- Department of Specialist Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Royal National ENT Hospital, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Department of Rhinology, Royal National ENT Hospital, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,UCL Ear Institute , University College London, London, UK
| | - Louisa K James
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Simon B Gane
- Department of Rhinology, Royal National ENT Hospital, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,UCL Ear Institute , University College London, London, UK
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20
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Upton NEG, Hayday TS, James LK. Isolation and Characterization of Lymphocytes from Human Mucosal Biopsies. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2020:165-174. [PMID: 31177499 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9591-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The important role of the local mucosal environment in both the initiation and progression of allergic disease is well established. Analysis of tissue-resident lymphocyte subsets by flow cytometry requires isolation of viable cells from mucosal samples.Here we describe an advanced method to dissociate lymphocytes from human mucosal (e.g., nasal, bronchial) biopsies. Single-cell suspensions are obtained through a combination of gentle mechanical disruption and incubation of tissue with proteolytic enzymes. This method fully utilizes limited clinical samples and is amenable to a variety of downstream applications for phenotypic, single-cell analysis of tissue lymphocytes or pooled lymphocyte subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine E G Upton
- Asthma and Allergy, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK.,MRC and Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK
| | - Thomas S Hayday
- Cell Motility and Cytoskeleton, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Louisa K James
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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21
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James KR, Gomes T, Elmentaite R, Kumar N, Gulliver EL, King HW, Stares MD, Bareham BR, Ferdinand JR, Petrova VN, Polański K, Forster SC, Jarvis LB, Suchanek O, Howlett S, James LK, Jones JL, Meyer KB, Clatworthy MR, Saeb-Parsy K, Lawley TD, Teichmann SA. Distinct microbial and immune niches of the human colon. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:343-353. [PMID: 32066951 PMCID: PMC7212050 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0602-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal microbiota and immune cells interact closely and display regional specificity; however, little is known about how these communities differ with location. Here, we simultaneously assess microbiota and single immune cells across the healthy, adult human colon, with paired characterization of immune cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes, to delineate colonic immune niches at steady state. We describe distinct helper T cell activation and migration profiles along the colon and characterize the transcriptional adaptation trajectory of regulatory T cells between lymphoid tissue and colon. Finally, we show increasing B cell accumulation, clonal expansion and mutational frequency from the cecum to the sigmoid colon and link this to the increasing number of reactive bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie R James
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.
| | - Tomas Gomes
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Rasa Elmentaite
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Nitin Kumar
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Emily L Gulliver
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hamish W King
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Mark D Stares
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Bethany R Bareham
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - John R Ferdinand
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Samuel C Forster
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lorna B Jarvis
- Department of Haematology, Clifford Allbutt Building, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ondrej Suchanek
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sarah Howlett
- Department of Haematology, Clifford Allbutt Building, Cambridge, UK
| | - Louisa K James
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Joanne L Jones
- Department of Haematology, Clifford Allbutt Building, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kerstin B Meyer
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Menna R Clatworthy
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kourosh Saeb-Parsy
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Trevor D Lawley
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Sarah A Teichmann
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.
- Theory of Condensed Matter, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.
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22
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Santos AF, James LK, Kwok M, McKendry RT, Anagnostou K, Clark AT, Lack G. Peanut oral immunotherapy induces blocking antibodies but does not change the functional characteristics of peanut-specific IgE. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 145:440-443.e5. [PMID: 31676085 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra F Santos
- Department of Women and Children's Health (Paediatric Allergy), School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Children's Allergy Service, Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Louisa K James
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Kwok
- Department of Women and Children's Health (Paediatric Allergy), School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard T McKendry
- Department of Women and Children's Health (Paediatric Allergy), School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Anagnostou
- Section of Pediatric Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Section of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex
| | - Andrew T Clark
- Department of Allergy, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gideon Lack
- Department of Women and Children's Health (Paediatric Allergy), School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Children's Allergy Service, Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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23
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Bucaite G, Kang-Pettinger T, Moreira J, Gould HJ, James LK, Sutton BJ, McDonnell JM. Interplay between Affinity and Valency in Effector Cell Degranulation: A Model System with Polcalcin Allergens and Human Patient-Derived IgE Antibodies. J Immunol 2019; 203:1693-1700. [PMID: 31462504 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
An allergic reaction is rapidly generated when allergens bind and cross-link IgE bound to its receptor FcεRI on effector cells, resulting in cell degranulation and release of proinflammatory mediators. The extent of effector cell activation is linked to allergen affinity, oligomeric state, valency, and spacing of IgE-binding epitopes on the allergen. Whereas most of these observations come from studies using synthetic allergens, in this study we have used Timothy grass pollen allergen Phl p 7 and birch pollen allergen Bet v 4 to study these effects. Despite the high homology of these polcalcin family allergens, Phl p 7 and Bet v 4 display different binding characteristics toward two human patient-derived polcalcin-specific IgE Abs. We have used native polcalcin dimers and engineered multimeric allergens to test the effects of affinity and oligomeric state on IgE binding and effector cell activation. Our results indicate that polcalcin multimers are required to stimulate high levels of effector cell degranulation when using the humanized RBL-SX38 cell model and that multivalency can overcome the need for high-affinity interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gintare Bucaite
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom.,Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Tara Kang-Pettinger
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom.,Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom; and
| | - Jorge Moreira
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom.,Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah J Gould
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom.,Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Louisa K James
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom.,Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom.,Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom
| | - Brian J Sutton
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom.,Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - James M McDonnell
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom; .,Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
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24
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Gould HJ, James LK. Orchestration of immunoglobulin isotypes, subclasses, and specificities in patients receiving intravenous IgG or subcutaneous immunotherapy and those with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: Toward precision medicine. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 144:407-409. [PMID: 31253362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J Gould
- Randall Centre for Cell & Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Louisa K James
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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25
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Chen JB, James LK, Davies AM, Wu YCB, Rimmer J, Lund VJ, Chen JH, McDonnell JM, Chan YC, Hutchins GH, Chang TW, Sutton BJ, Kariyawasam HH, Gould HJ. Antibodies and superantibodies in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 139:1195-1204.e11. [PMID: 27658758 PMCID: PMC5380656 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps is associated with local immunoglobulin hyperproduction and the presence of IgE antibodies against Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins (SAEs). Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease is a severe form of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps in which nearly all patients express anti-SAEs. Objectives We aimed to understand antibodies reactive to SAEs and determine whether they recognize SAEs through their complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) or framework regions. Methods Labeled staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) A, SED, and SEE were used to isolate single SAE-specific B cells from the nasal polyps of 3 patients with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease by using fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Recombinant antibodies with “matched” heavy and light chains were cloned as IgG1, and those of high affinity for specific SAEs, assayed by means of ELISA and surface plasmon resonance, were recloned as IgE and antigen-binding fragments. IgE activities were tested in basophil degranulation assays. Results Thirty-seven SAE-specific, IgG- or IgA-expressing B cells were isolated and yielded 6 anti-SAE clones, 2 each for SEA, SED, and SEE. Competition binding assays revealed that the anti-SEE antibodies recognize nonoverlapping epitopes in SEE. Unexpectedly, each anti-SEE mediated SEE-induced basophil degranulation, and IgG1 or antigen-binding fragments of each anti-SEE enhanced degranulation by the other anti-SEE. Conclusions SEEs can activate basophils by simultaneously binding as antigens in the conventional manner to CDRs and as superantigens to framework regions of anti-SEE IgE in anti-SEE IgE-FcεRI complexes. Anti-SEE IgG1s can enhance the activity of anti-SEE IgEs as conventional antibodies through CDRs or simultaneously as conventional antibodies and as “superantibodies” through CDRs and framework regions to SEEs in SEE–anti-SEE IgE-FcεRI complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiun-Bo Chen
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Louisa K James
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; MRC & Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna M Davies
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; MRC & Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yu-Chang Bryan Wu
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; MRC & Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Rimmer
- Allergy and Rhinology, Royal National Throat Nose Ear Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie J Lund
- Allergy and Rhinology, Royal National Throat Nose Ear Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jou-Han Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - James M McDonnell
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; MRC & Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yih-Chih Chan
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; MRC & Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - George H Hutchins
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tse Wen Chang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Brian J Sutton
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; MRC & Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Harsha H Kariyawasam
- Allergy and Rhinology, Royal National Throat Nose Ear Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah J Gould
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; MRC & Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, United Kingdom.
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26
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Abstract
IgG4 is the least abundant IgG subclass in human serum, representing less than 5 % of all IgG. Increases in IgG4 occur following chronic exposure to antigen and are generally associated with states of immune tolerance. In line with this, IgG4 is regarded as an anti-inflammatory antibody with a limited ability to elicit effective immune responses. Furthermore, IgG4 attenuates allergic responses by inhibiting the activity of IgE. The mechanism by which IgG4 inhibits IgE-mediated hypersensitivity has been investigated using a variety of model systems leading to two proposed mechanisms. First by sequestering antigen, IgG4 can function as a blocking antibody, preventing cross-linking of receptor bound IgE. Second IgG4 has been proposed to co-stimulate the inhibitory IgG receptor FcγRIIb, which can negatively regulate FcεRI signaling and in turn inhibit effector cell activation. Recent advances in our understanding of the structural features of human IgG4 have shed light on the unique functional and immunologic properties of IgG4. The aim of this review is to evaluate our current understanding of IgG4 biology and reassess the mechanisms by which IgG4 functions to inhibit IgE-mediated allergic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa K James
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics and MRC and Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - Stephen J Till
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, King's College London and Department of Allergy, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
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27
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Steveling EH, Lao-Araya M, Koulias C, Scadding G, Eifan A, James LK, Dumitru A, Penagos M, Calderón M, Andersen PS, Shamji M, Durham SR. Protocol for a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of grass allergen immunotherapy tablet for seasonal allergic rhinitis: time course of nasal, cutaneous and immunological outcomes. Clin Transl Allergy 2015; 5:43. [PMID: 26682038 PMCID: PMC4682243 DOI: 10.1186/s13601-015-0087-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis is characterised by inflammation of the nasal mucosa upon exposure to common aeroallergens, affecting up to 20–25 % of the population. For those patients whose symptoms are not controlled by standard medical treatment, allergen specific immunotherapy is a therapeutic alternative. Although several studies have shown changes in immunologic responses as well as long term tolerance following treatment with a sublingual allergy immunotherapy tablet, a detailed time course of the early mechanistic changes of local and systemic T and B cell responses and the effects on B cell repertoire in the nasal mucosa have not been fully examined. Methods/design This is a randomized, double-blind, single-centre, placebo controlled, two arm time course study based in the United Kingdom comparing sublingual allergy immunotherapy tablet (GRAZAX®, ALK-Abello Horsholm, Denmark) plus standard treatment with placebo plus standard treatment. Up to 50 moderate to severe grass pollen allergic participants will be enrolled to ensure randomisation of at least 44. Further, we shall enrol 20 non-atopic volunteers. Screening will be completed before eligible atopic participants are randomised to one of the two treatment arms in a 1 to 1 ratio. The primary endpoint will be the total nasal symptom score assessed over 60 min following grass pollen nasal allergen challenge after 12 months of treatment. Clinical assessments and/or mechanistic analyses on blood, nasal fluid, brushing and biopsies will be performed at baseline at 1, 2, 3, 4 (coinciding with the peak pollen season), 6 and 12 months of treatment. After 12 months of treatment, unblinding will take place. Those atopic participants receiving active treatment will continue therapy for another 12 months followed by a post treatment phase of 12 months. Assessments and collection of biologic samples from these participants will take place again at 24 and at 36 months from the start of treatment. The 20 healthy, non-atopic controls will undergo screening and one visit only coinciding with the 12 month visit for the atopic participants. Discussion The trial will end in April 2017. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov and the trial identifying number is NCT02005627. Trial registration: Primary Registry: ClinicalTrials.gov, Trial Identifying number: NCT02005627, Secondary identifying numbers: EudraCT number: 2013-003732-72 REC: 13/EM/0351, Imperial College London (Sponsor): 13IC0847, Protocol Version 6.0, Date: 16.05.2014 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13601-015-0087-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Helen Steveling
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Section Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, SW3 6LY UK
| | - Mongkol Lao-Araya
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Section Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, SW3 6LY UK
| | - Christopher Koulias
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Section Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, SW3 6LY UK
| | - Guy Scadding
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Section Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, SW3 6LY UK
| | - Aarif Eifan
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Section Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, SW3 6LY UK
| | - Louisa K James
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL UK
| | - Alina Dumitru
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Section Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, SW3 6LY UK
| | - Martin Penagos
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Section Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, SW3 6LY UK
| | - Moisés Calderón
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Section Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, SW3 6LY UK
| | | | - Mohamed Shamji
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Section Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, SW3 6LY UK
| | - Stephen R Durham
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Section Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, SW3 6LY UK
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28
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Mitropoulou AN, Davies AM, Dodev TS, James LK, Beavil RL, Gould HJ, McDonnell JM, Beavil AJ, Sutton BJ. The crystal structure of a common allergen in complex with its specific patient-derived antibody. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053273315096059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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29
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Wu YCB, James LK, Vander Heiden JA, Uduman M, Durham SR, Kleinstein SH, Kipling D, Gould HJ. Influence of seasonal exposure to grass pollen on local and peripheral blood IgE repertoires in patients with allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 134:604-12. [PMID: 25171866 PMCID: PMC4151999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Previous studies of immunoglobulin gene sequences in patients with allergic diseases using low-throughput Sanger sequencing have limited the analytic depth for characterization of IgE repertoires. Objectives We used a high-throughput, next-generation sequencing approach to characterize immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene (IGH) repertoires in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis (AR) with the aim of better understanding the underlying disease mechanisms. Methods IGH sequences in matched peripheral blood and nasal biopsy specimens from nonallergic healthy control subjects (n = 3) and patients with grass pollen–related AR taken in season (n = 3) or out of season (n = 4) were amplified and pyrosequenced on the 454 GS FLX+ System. Results A total of 97,610 IGH (including 8,135 IgE) sequences were analyzed. Use of immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable region gene families 1 (IGHV1) and 5 (IGHV5) was higher in IgE clonotypic repertoires compared with other antibody classes independent of atopic status. IgE repertoires measured inside the grass pollen season were more diverse and more mutated (particularly in the biopsy specimens) and had more evidence of antigen-driven selection compared with those taken outside of the pollen season or from healthy control subjects. Clonal relatedness was observed for IgE between the blood and nasal biopsy specimens. Furthermore in patients with AR, but not healthy control subjects, we found clonal relatedness between IgE and IgG classes. Conclusion This is the first report that exploits next-generation sequencing to determine local and peripheral blood IGH repertoires in patients with respiratory allergic disease. We demonstrate that natural pollen exposure was associated with changes in IgE repertoires that were suggestive of ongoing germinal center reactions. Furthermore, these changes were more often apparent in nasal biopsy specimens compared with peripheral blood and in patients with AR compared with healthy control subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chang B Wu
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre, Allergic Mechanisms in Asthma, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Louisa K James
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre, Allergic Mechanisms in Asthma, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jason A Vander Heiden
- Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, Conn
| | - Mohamed Uduman
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn
| | - Stephen R Durham
- Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre, Allergic Mechanisms in Asthma, London, United Kingdom; Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steven H Kleinstein
- Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, Conn; Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn
| | - David Kipling
- Institute of Cancer & Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah J Gould
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre, Allergic Mechanisms in Asthma, London, United Kingdom
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30
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Dodev TS, Karagiannis P, Gilbert AE, Josephs DH, Bowen H, James LK, Bax HJ, Beavil R, Pang MO, Gould HJ, Karagiannis SN, Beavil AJ. A tool kit for rapid cloning and expression of recombinant antibodies. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5885. [PMID: 25073855 PMCID: PMC4115235 DOI: 10.1038/srep05885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last four decades, molecular cloning has evolved tremendously. Efficient products allowing assembly of multiple DNA fragments have become available. However, cost-effective tools for engineering antibodies of different specificities, isotypes and species are still needed for many research and clinical applications in academia. Here, we report a method for one-step assembly of antibody heavy- and light-chain DNAs into a single mammalian expression vector, starting from DNAs encoding the desired variable and constant regions, which allows antibodies of different isotypes and specificity to be rapidly generated. As a proof of principle we have cloned, expressed and characterized functional recombinant tumor-associated antigen-specific chimeric IgE/κ and IgG1/κ, as well as recombinant grass pollen allergen Phl p 7 specific fully human IgE/λ and IgG4/λ antibodies. This method utilizing the antibody expression vectors, available at Addgene, has many applications, including the potential to support simultaneous processing of antibody panels, to facilitate mechanistic studies of antigen-antibody interactions and to conduct early evaluations of antibody functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tihomir S Dodev
- 1] NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London, London, UK [2] Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Panagiotis Karagiannis
- 1] NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London, London, UK [2] St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London School of Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Amy E Gilbert
- 1] NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London, London, UK [2] St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London School of Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Debra H Josephs
- 1] NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London, London, UK [2] St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London School of Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK [3] Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, 3rd Floor Bermondsey Wing, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Holly Bowen
- 1] NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London, London, UK [2] Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Louisa K James
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Heather J Bax
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Rebecca Beavil
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Marie O Pang
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Hannah J Gould
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Sophia N Karagiannis
- 1] NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London, London, UK [2] St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London School of Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Andrew J Beavil
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
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31
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Abstract
Allergen immunotherapy is an effective treatment option in patients with IgE-mediated allergy, particularly in those who do not respond to usual antiallergic drugs. Successful immunotherapy has been associated with the suppression of allergic inflammation in target organs and increases in allergen-specific IgG antibodies, particularly the IgG(4) subclass. To date there are no biomarkers that are predictive of the clinical response to immunotherapy. This article explores the possibility that functional assays based on the ability of IgG to compete with IgE and inhibit IgE-allergen complex formation may be surrogate or predictive of the clinical response to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H Shamji
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, SW3 6LY, UK.
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James LK, Shamji MH, Walker SM, Wilson DR, Wachholz PA, Francis JN, Jacobson MR, Kimber I, Till SJ, Durham SR. Long-term tolerance after allergen immunotherapy is accompanied by selective persistence of blocking antibodies. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 127:509-516.e1-5. [PMID: 21281875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.12.1080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grass pollen immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis is a disease-modifying treatment that results in long-term clinical tolerance lasting years after treatment discontinuation. Active treatment is associated with generation of inhibitory grass pollen-specific IgG antibodies capable of blocking allergen-IgE interactions. OBJECTIVES We sought to investigate the involvement of IgG-associated inhibitory antibodies with long-term clinical tolerance after discontinuation of grass pollen immunotherapy. METHODS We conducted a 4-year study in which patients who had moderate-to-severe allergic rhinitis underwent a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled discontinuation of subcutaneous grass pollen immunotherapy. All subjects received grass pollen immunotherapy injections for 2 years (n = 13), followed by a further 2 years of either active (n = 7) or placebo (n = 6) injections. Clinical outcomes included seasonal symptoms and use of rescue medication. Serum specimens were collected at baseline and after 2 and 4 years for quantification of allergen-specific IgG antibodies. Sera were also tested for IgG-dependent inhibitory bioactivity against IgE-allergen binding in cellular assays by using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy to detect binding of IgE-grass pollen allergen complexes to B cells. RESULTS Clinical improvement was maintained after 2 years of discontinuation. Although immunotherapy-induced grass pollen-specific IgG1 and IgG4 levels decreased to near-preimmunotherapy levels during discontinuation, inhibitory bioactivity of allergen-specific IgG antibodies was maintained unchanged. CONCLUSION Grass pollen immunotherapy induces a subpopulation of allergen-specific IgG antibodies with potent inhibitory activity against IgE that persists after treatment discontinuation and that could account for long-term clinical tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa K James
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, part of the Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, UK
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James LK, Durham SR. Rhinitis with negative skin tests and absent serum allergen-specific IgE: More evidence for local IgE? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 124:1012-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
The incidence of allergic diseases is increasing at an alarming rate, particularly in countries with a western lifestyle. Currently in the UK, approximately one quarter of the population suffers from seasonal allergic rhinitis. Most patients can be treated with conventional pharmacotherapy on an 'as needed' symptomatic basis whereas allergen immunotherapy represents a useful treatment approach in carefully selected patients with severe, IgE-mediated disease. Allergen immunotherapy can deliver improvements in hayfever symptoms over and above that which can be achieved by pharmacotherapy. In addition, unlike pharmacotherapy, allergen immunotherapy provides long-term clinical benefits. These include long-term disease remission, prevention of new atopic sensitisations and a reduction in disease progression from rhinitis to asthma. This review provides a comprehensive update on the mechanisms of allergen injection immunotherapy, recent data on the mechanisms of sublingual allergen immunotherapy is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K James
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Section, Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Francis JN, James LK, Paraskevopoulos G, Wong C, Calderon MA, Durham SR, Till SJ. Grass pollen immunotherapy: IL-10 induction and suppression of late responses precedes IgG4 inhibitory antibody activity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 121:1120-1125.e2. [PMID: 18374405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.01.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Revised: 01/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grass pollen immunotherapy is an effective treatment for seasonal allergic rhinitis that provides the opportunity to study the induction and maintenance of allergen-specific immune tolerance. OBJECTIVES We investigated the relationship between clinical responsiveness, regulatory cytokine production, and antibody responses to allergen during 1 year of immunotherapy. METHODS Eighteen subjects with severe seasonal allergic rhinitis were randomized double-blind to receive active or placebo injections of an alum-adsorbed grass pollen vaccine (Alutard SQ). Subjects underwent repeated testing of early- and late-phase skin responses to intradermal allergen, and cellular responses to grass pollen allergen were tested. Sera were tested for allergen-specific IgG4, IgA, and inhibitory activity in biologic assays of IgE responses. RESULTS Grass pollen immunotherapy was effective in reducing overall symptom scores (P < .05) and conjunctival reactivity (P < .05). In the active group significant IL-10 production occurred early at low allergen doses and at a similar time as inhibition of late skin responses at 2 to 4 weeks. Serum allergen-specific IgG4, IgA, and inhibitory antibody activity for basophil histamine release and IgE-facilitated allergen binding to B cells occurred later, at 6 to 12 weeks, at higher allergen doses and preceded inhibition of early skin responses. CONCLUSION IL-10 responses occur early but at immunotherapy doses that are not clinically effective. Later induction of inhibitory antibodies, including IgG4 and IgA, might be required for efficacy through modulation of IgE-mediated events.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N Francis
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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James LK, Augenstein LG. Adsorption of enzymes at interfaces: film formation and the effect on activity. Adv Enzymol Relat Areas Mol Biol 2006; 28:1-40. [PMID: 5334061 DOI: 10.1002/9780470122730.ch1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Sigmoid colectomy for diverticular disease, a routine procedure when performed using standard open methods, can prove much more challenging using minimum access techniques. Hand-assisted laparoscopic colectomy is a new technique that reportedly has a minimum learning curve, yet retains the benefits of a laparoscopic procedure. The purpose of this study was to perform and then prospectively to evaluate the outcome of this procedure on patients needing elective sigmoidectomy for diverticular disease. METHODS Hand-assisted laparoscopic sigmoidectomy was performed on all patients undergoing elective sigmoidectomy for diverticular disease between January 18, 1996, and November 21, 1996. RESULTS The study group consisted of six men and three women. Age averaged 50.8 (range, 39-66) years, weight averaged 183 (range, 150-224) pounds, and operation time averaged 3 hours and 42 minutes (range, 3-5 hours). No cases were converted to open methods. There were two minor postoperative complications (bleeding from the staple line, 1 patient; urinary retention, 1 patient; 22 percent). Resumption of flatus (which was the indication to start the patient on an oral diet) occurred between one and three (average, 1.44) days postoperatively. Patients were discharged from the hospital between one and three (average, 2.1) days postoperatively. Primary surgeon responsibility was distributed among four different surgeons, of which only the lead author previously had performed laparoscopic colectomy at this institution. CONCLUSIONS Hand-assisted laparoscopic sigmoidectomy is a procedure that has a minimum learning curve, yet retains the benefits of a laparoscopic procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Mooney
- Department of Surgery, Blanchfield Army Community Hospital, Fort Campbell, Kentucky 42223, USA
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