1
|
Umbayev B, Saliev T, Safarova (Yantsen) Y, Yermekova A, Olzhayev F, Bulanin D, Tsoy A, Askarova S. The Role of Cdc42 in the Insulin and Leptin Pathways Contributing to the Development of Age-Related Obesity. Nutrients 2023; 15:4964. [PMID: 38068822 PMCID: PMC10707920 DOI: 10.3390/nu15234964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related obesity significantly increases the risk of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, and certain cancers. The insulin-leptin axis is crucial in understanding metabolic disturbances associated with age-related obesity. Rho GTPase Cdc42 is a member of the Rho family of GTPases that participates in many cellular processes including, but not limited to, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, vesicle trafficking, cell polarity, morphology, proliferation, motility, and migration. Cdc42 functions as an integral part of regulating insulin secretion and aging. Some novel roles for Cdc42 have also been recently identified in maintaining glucose metabolism, where Cdc42 is involved in controlling blood glucose levels in metabolically active tissues, including skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, pancreas, etc., which puts this protein in line with other critical regulators of glucose metabolism. Importantly, Cdc42 plays a vital role in cellular processes associated with the insulin and leptin signaling pathways, which are integral elements involved in obesity development if misregulated. Additionally, a change in Cdc42 activity may affect senescence, thus contributing to disorders associated with aging. This review explores the complex relationships among age-associated obesity, the insulin-leptin axis, and the Cdc42 signaling pathway. This article sheds light on the vast molecular web that supports metabolic dysregulation in aging people. In addition, it also discusses the potential therapeutic implications of the Cdc42 pathway to mitigate obesity since some new data suggest that inhibition of Cdc42 using antidiabetic drugs or antioxidants may promote weight loss in overweight or obese patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bauyrzhan Umbayev
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (Y.S.); (A.Y.); (F.O.); (A.T.); (S.A.)
| | - Timur Saliev
- S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan;
| | - Yuliya Safarova (Yantsen)
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (Y.S.); (A.Y.); (F.O.); (A.T.); (S.A.)
| | - Aislu Yermekova
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (Y.S.); (A.Y.); (F.O.); (A.T.); (S.A.)
| | - Farkhad Olzhayev
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (Y.S.); (A.Y.); (F.O.); (A.T.); (S.A.)
| | - Denis Bulanin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan;
| | - Andrey Tsoy
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (Y.S.); (A.Y.); (F.O.); (A.T.); (S.A.)
| | - Sholpan Askarova
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan; (Y.S.); (A.Y.); (F.O.); (A.T.); (S.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Acconcia F, Fiocchetti M, Busonero C, Fernandez VS, Montalesi E, Cipolletti M, Pallottini V, Marino M. The extra-nuclear interactome of the estrogen receptors: implications for physiological functions. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 538:111452. [PMID: 34500041 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decades, a great body of evidence has defined a novel view of the cellular mechanism of action of the steroid hormone 17β-estradiol (E2) through its estrogen receptors (i.e., ERα and ERβ). It is now clear that the E2-activated ERs work both as transcription factors and extra-nuclear plasma membrane-localized receptors. The activation of a plethora of signal transduction cascades follows the E2-dependent engagement of plasma membrane-localized ERs and is required for the coordination of gene expression, which ultimately controls the occurrence of the pleiotropic effects of E2. The definition of the molecular mechanisms by which the ERs locate at the cell surface (i.e., palmitoylation and protein association) determined the quest for understanding the specificity of the extra-nuclear E2 signaling. The use of mice models lacking the plasma membrane ERα localization unveiled that the extra-nuclear E2 signaling is operational in vivo but tissue-specific. However, the underlying molecular details for such ERs signaling diversity in the perspective of the E2 physiological functions in the different cellular contexts are still not understood. Therefore, to gain insights into the tissue specificity of the extra-nuclear E2 signaling to physiological functions, here we reviewed the known ERs extra-nuclear interactors and tried to extrapolate from available databases the ERα and ERβ extra-nuclear interactomes. Based on literature data, it is possible to conclude that by specifically binding to extra-nuclear localized proteins in different sub-cellular compartments, the ERs fine-tune their molecular activities. Moreover, we report that the context-dependent diversity of the ERs-mediated extra-nuclear E2 actions can be ascribed to the great flexibility of the physical structures of ERs and the spatial-temporal organization of the logistics of the cells (i.e., the endocytic compartments). Finally, we provide lists of proteins belonging to the potential ERα and ERβ extra-nuclear interactomes and propose that the systematic experimental definition of the ERs extra-nuclear interactomes in different tissues represents the next step for the research in the ERs field. Such characterization will be fundamental for the identification of novel druggable targets for the innovative treatment of ERs-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Acconcia
- Department of Sciences, Section Biomedical Sciences, and Technology, University Roma Tre, Viale Guglielmo Marconi, 446, I-00146, Rome, Italy.
| | - Marco Fiocchetti
- Department of Sciences, Section Biomedical Sciences, and Technology, University Roma Tre, Viale Guglielmo Marconi, 446, I-00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Busonero
- Department of Sciences, Section Biomedical Sciences, and Technology, University Roma Tre, Viale Guglielmo Marconi, 446, I-00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Virginia Solar Fernandez
- Department of Sciences, Section Biomedical Sciences, and Technology, University Roma Tre, Viale Guglielmo Marconi, 446, I-00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Emiliano Montalesi
- Department of Sciences, Section Biomedical Sciences, and Technology, University Roma Tre, Viale Guglielmo Marconi, 446, I-00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Cipolletti
- Department of Sciences, Section Biomedical Sciences, and Technology, University Roma Tre, Viale Guglielmo Marconi, 446, I-00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Pallottini
- Department of Sciences, Section Biomedical Sciences, and Technology, University Roma Tre, Viale Guglielmo Marconi, 446, I-00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Marino
- Department of Sciences, Section Biomedical Sciences, and Technology, University Roma Tre, Viale Guglielmo Marconi, 446, I-00146, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chattopadhyay A, Kumar G, Saikia D. Sudden Onset Respiratory Distress in a 4-year-old Girl. Pediatr Rev 2021; 42:S67-S70. [PMID: 33386366 DOI: 10.1542/pir.2019-0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gopal Kumar
- Chacha Nehru Bal Chikitsalaya, Geeta Colony, New Delhi, India
| | - Diganta Saikia
- Chacha Nehru Bal Chikitsalaya, Geeta Colony, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen K, Jiao X, Ashton A, Di Rocco A, Pestell TG, Sun Y, Zhao J, Casimiro MC, Li Z, Lisanti MP, McCue PA, Shen D, Achilefu S, Rui H, Pestell RG. The membrane-associated form of cyclin D1 enhances cellular invasion. Oncogenesis 2020; 9:83. [PMID: 32948740 PMCID: PMC7501870 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-020-00266-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The essential G1-cyclin, CCND1, is a collaborative nuclear oncogene that is frequently overexpressed in cancer. D-type cyclins bind and activate CDK4 and CDK6 thereby contributing to G1–S cell-cycle progression. In addition to the nucleus, herein cyclin D1 was also located in the cytoplasmic membrane. In contrast with the nuclear-localized form of cyclin D1 (cyclin D1NL), the cytoplasmic membrane-localized form of cyclin D1 (cyclin D1MEM) induced transwell migration and the velocity of cellular migration. The cyclin D1MEM was sufficient to induce G1–S cell-cycle progression, cellular proliferation, and colony formation. The cyclin D1MEM was sufficient to induce phosphorylation of the serine threonine kinase Akt (Ser473) and augmented extranuclear localized 17β-estradiol dendrimer conjugate (EDC)-mediated phosphorylation of Akt (Ser473). These studies suggest distinct subcellular compartments of cell cycle proteins may convey distinct functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Xuanmao Jiao
- Pennsylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Wynnewood, PA, 19096, USA
| | - Anthony Ashton
- Pennsylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Wynnewood, PA, 19096, USA
| | - Agnese Di Rocco
- Pennsylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Wynnewood, PA, 19096, USA
| | - Timothy G Pestell
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Yunguang Sun
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Jun Zhao
- Pennsylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Wynnewood, PA, 19096, USA
| | - Mathew C Casimiro
- Pennsylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Wynnewood, PA, 19096, USA.,Dept of Science and Math, Abraham Baldwin Agricultural college, Tifton, GA, 31794, Georgia
| | - Zhiping Li
- Pennsylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Wynnewood, PA, 19096, USA
| | - Michael P Lisanti
- Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Translational Medicine, School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Peter A McCue
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Duanwen Shen
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Samuel Achilefu
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.,Departments of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.,Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Hallgeir Rui
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Richard G Pestell
- Pennsylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Wynnewood, PA, 19096, USA. .,The Wistar Cancer Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Finney AC, Orr AW. Guidance Molecules in Vascular Smooth Muscle. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1311. [PMID: 30283356 PMCID: PMC6157320 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Several highly conserved families of guidance molecules, including ephrins, Semaphorins, Netrins, and Slits, play conserved and distinct roles in tissue remodeling during tissue patterning and disease pathogenesis. Primarily, these guidance molecules function as either secreted or surface-bound ligands that interact with their receptors to activate a variety of downstream effects, including cell contractility, migration, adhesion, proliferation, and inflammation. Vascular smooth muscle cells, contractile cells comprising the medial layer of the vessel wall and deriving from the mural population, regulate vascular tone and blood pressure. While capillaries lack a medial layer of vascular smooth muscle, mural-derived pericytes contribute similarly to capillary tone to regulate blood flow in various tissues. Furthermore, pericyte coverage is critical in vascular development, as perturbations disrupt vascular permeability and viability. During cardiovascular disease, smooth muscle cells play a more dynamic role in which suppression of contractile markers, enhanced proliferation, and migration lead to the progression of aberrant vascular remodeling. Since many types of guidance molecules are expressed in vascular smooth muscle and pericytes, these may contribute to blood vessel formation and aberrant remodeling during vascular disease. While vascular development is a large focus of the existing literature, studies emerged to address post-developmental roles for guidance molecules in pathology and are of interest as novel therapeutic targets. In this review, we will discuss the roles of guidance molecules in vascular smooth muscle and pericyte function in development and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Christine Finney
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Anthony Wayne Orr
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Department of Pathology and Translational Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Denley MCS, Gatford NJF, Sellers KJ, Srivastava DP. Estradiol and the Development of the Cerebral Cortex: An Unexpected Role? Front Neurosci 2018; 12:245. [PMID: 29887794 PMCID: PMC5981095 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral cortex undergoes rapid folding in an "inside-outside" manner during embryonic development resulting in the establishment of six discrete cortical layers. This unique cytoarchitecture occurs via the coordinated processes of neurogenesis and cell migration. In addition, these processes are fine-tuned by a number of extracellular cues, which exert their effects by regulating intracellular signaling pathways. Interestingly, multiple brain regions have been shown to develop in a sexually dimorphic manner. In many cases, estrogens have been demonstrated to play an integral role in mediating these sexual dimorphisms in both males and females. Indeed, 17β-estradiol, the main biologically active estrogen, plays a critical organizational role during early brain development and has been shown to be pivotal in the sexually dimorphic development and regulation of the neural circuitry underlying sex-typical and socio-aggressive behaviors in males and females. However, whether and how estrogens, and 17β-estradiol in particular, regulate the development of the cerebral cortex is less well understood. In this review, we outline the evidence that estrogens are not only present but are engaged and regulate molecular machinery required for the fine-tuning of processes central to the cortex. We discuss how estrogens are thought to regulate the function of key molecular players and signaling pathways involved in corticogenesis, and where possible, highlight if these processes are sexually dimorphic. Collectively, we hope this review highlights the need to consider how estrogens may influence the development of brain regions directly involved in the sex-typical and socio-aggressive behaviors as well as development of sexually dimorphic regions such as the cerebral cortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. S. Denley
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. F. Gatford
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine J. Sellers
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Deepak P. Srivastava
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hu X, Li S, He Y, Ai P, Wu S, Su Y, Li X, Cai L, Peng X. Antitumor and antimetastatic activities of a novel benzothiazole-2-thiol derivative in a murine model of breast cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:11887-11895. [PMID: 28060755 PMCID: PMC5355312 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of metastatic breast cancer is always very poor. Thus, it is urgent to develop novel drugs with less toxicity against metastatic breast cancer. A new drug (XC-591) derived from benzothiazole-2-thiol was designed and synthesized in our lab. In this study, we tried to assess effects of XC-591 treatment on primary breast cancer and pulmonary metastasis in 4T1 mice model. Furthermore, we tried to discover its possible molecular mechanism of action. MTT experiment showed XC-591 had significant anti-cancer activity on diverse cancer cells. Furthermore, XC-591 significantly suppressed the proliferation of 4T1 cells by colony formation assay. The in vivo results displayed that XC-591 could inhibit the growth and metastasis in 4T1 model. Moreover, histological analysis revealed that XC-591 treatment increased apoptosis, inhibited proliferation and angiogenesis in vivo. In addition, XC-591 did not contribute to obvious drug associated toxicity during the whole study. Molecular mechanism showed XC-591 could inhibit RhoGDI, activate caspase-3 and decrease phosphorylated Akt. The present data may be important to further explore this kind of new small-molecule inhibitor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- XiaoLin Hu
- Department of Nursing, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sen Li
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of SouthWest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yan He
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Ai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaoyong Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yonglin Su
- Department of Rehabilitation, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lei Cai
- Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingchen Peng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nishimoto M, Fujita T. Renal mechanisms of salt-sensitive hypertension: contribution of two steroid receptor-associated pathways. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 308:F377-87. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00477.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although salt is a major environmental factor in the development of hypertension, the degree of salt sensitivity varies widely among individuals. The mechanisms responsible for this variation remain to be elucidated. Recent studies have revealed the involvement of two important signaling pathways in renal tubules that play key roles in electrolyte balance and the maintenance of normal blood pressure: the β2-adrenergic stimulant-glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-with-no-lysine kinase (WNK)4-Na+-Cl− cotransporter pathway, which is active in distal convoluted tubule (DCT)1, and the Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate (Rac)1-mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) pathway, which is active in DCT2, connecting tubules, and collecting ducts. β2-Adrenergic stimulation due to increased renal sympathetic activity in obesity- and salt-induced hypertension suppresses histone deacetylase 8 activity via cAMP/PKA signaling, increasing the accessibility of GRs to the negative GR response element in the WNK4 promoter. This results in the suppression of WNK4 transcription followed by the activation of Na+-Cl− cotransporters in the DCT and elevated Na+ retention and blood pressure upon salt loading. Rac1 activates MRs, even in the absence of ligand binding, with this activity increased in the presence of ligand. In salt-sensitive animals, Rac1 activation due to salt loading activates MRs in DCT2, connecting tubules, and collecting ducts. Thus, GRs and MRs are independently involved in two pathways responsible for renal Na+ handling and salt-sensitive hypertension. These findings suggest novel therapeutic targets and may lead to the development of diagnostic tools to determine salt sensitivity in hypertensive patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Nishimoto
- Division of Clinical Epigenetics, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiro Fujita
- Division of Clinical Epigenetics, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pfaumann V, Lang AE, Schwan C, Schmidt G, Aktories K. The actin and Rho-modifying toxins PTC3 and PTC5 ofPhotorhabdus luminescens: enzyme characterization and induction of MAL/SRF-dependent transcription. Cell Microbiol 2014; 17:579-94. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vanda Pfaumann
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Alexander E. Lang
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Carsten Schwan
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Gudula Schmidt
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Klaus Aktories
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
- Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS); University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Opposing signaling of ROCK1 and ROCK2 determines the switching of substrate specificity and the mode of migration of glioblastoma cells. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 49:900-15. [PMID: 24170433 PMCID: PMC3950623 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8568-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Despite current advances in therapy, the prognosis of patients with glioblastoma has not improved sufficiently in recent decades. This is due mainly to the highly invasive capacity of glioma cells. Little is known about the mechanisms underlying this particular characteristic. While the Rho-kinase (ROCK)-dependent signaling pathways involved in glioma migration have yet to be determined, they show promise as one of the candidates in targeted glioblastoma therapy. There are two ROCK isoforms: ROCK1, which is upregulated in glioblastoma tissue compared to normal brain tissue, and ROCK2, which is also expressed in normal brain tissue. Blockage of both of these ROCK isoforms with pharmacologic inhibitors regulates the migration process. We examined the activities of ROCK1 and ROCK2 using knockdown cell lines and the newly developed stripe assay. Selective knockdown of either ROCK1 or ROCK2 exerted antidromic effects on glioma migration: while ROCK1 deletion altered the substrate-dependent migration, deletion of ROCK2 did not. Furthermore, ROCK1 knockdown reduced cell proliferation, whereas ROCK2 knockdown enhanced it. Along the signaling pathways, key regulators of the ROCK pathway are differentially affected by ROCK1 and ROCK2. These data suggest that the balanced activation of ROCKs is responsible for the substrate-specific migration and the proliferation of glioblastoma cells.
Collapse
|
11
|
RhoA and RhoC differentially modulate estrogen receptor α recruitment, transcriptional activities, and expression in breast cancer cells (MCF-7). J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2013; 139:2079-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-013-1533-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
12
|
Ma J, Xue Y, Liu W, Yue C, Bi F, Xu J, Zhang J, Li Y, Zhong C, Chen Y. Role of activated Rac1/Cdc42 in mediating endothelial cell proliferation and tumor angiogenesis in breast cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66275. [PMID: 23750283 PMCID: PMC3672132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a well-established target in anti-cancer therapy. Although vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-mediated angiogenesis apparently requires the Rho GTPases Rac1 and Cdc42, the relevant mechanisms are unclear. Here, we determined that activated Rac1/Cdc42 in MCF-7 breast cancer cells could decrease p53 protein levels and increase VEGF secretion to promote proliferation and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). However, these effects are reversed after ubiquitin-proteasome breakage. In exploring potential mechanisms for this relationship, we confirmed that activated Rac1/Cdc42 could enhance p53 protein ubiquitination and weaken p53 protein stability to increase VEGF expression. Furthermore, in a xenograft model using nude mice that stably express active Rac1/Cdc42 protein, active Rac1/Cdc42 decreased p53 levels and increased VEGF expression. Additionally, tumor angiogenesis was inhibited, and p53 protein levels were augmented, by intratumoral injection of the ubiquitin-proteasome inhibitor MG132. Finally in 339 human breast cancer tissues, our analyses indicated that Rac1/Cdc42 expression was related to advanced TNM staging, high proliferation index, ER status, and positive invasive features. In particular, our data suggests that high Rac1/Cdc42 expression is correlated with low wt-p53 and high VEGF expression. We conclude that activated Rac1/Cdc42 is a vascular regulator of tumor angiogenesis and that it may reduce stability of the p53 protein to promote VEGF expression by enhancing p53 protein ubiquitin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Ma
- Department of Oncology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shannxi, China
- Department of Breast Surgery, Lanzhou General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yan Xue
- Department of Oncology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shannxi, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Wenchao Liu
- Department of Oncology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shannxi, China
| | - Caixia Yue
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction and Molecular Targeted Therapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Feng Bi
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction and Molecular Targeted Therapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Junqing Xu
- Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shannxi, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shannxi, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shannxi, China
| | - Cuiping Zhong
- Department of Ear Nose Throat Surgery, Lanzhou General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Oncology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shannxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hooshmand S, Ghaderi A, Yusoff K, Karrupiah T, Rosli R, Mojtahedi Z. Downregulation of RhoGDIα increased migration and invasion of ER (+) MCF7 and ER (-) MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Cell Adh Migr 2013; 7:297-303. [PMID: 23563506 DOI: 10.4161/cam.24204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho GDP dissociation inhibitors (RhoGDIs) can inhibit cell motility, invasion, and metastasis in cancer by inactivating the RhoGTPases. A member of RhoGDI family has been consistently shown to interact with estrogen receptor (ER), and change its transcriptional activity. ER is a receptor known to be inversely correlated with cell motility and invasion in breast cancer. The consequence of RhoGDIα activity on migration and invasion of ER (+) and ER (-) breast cancers is not clear. The aim of our study was to investigate the possible opposing effect of RhoGDIα on the migration and invasion of ER (+) MCF7 and ER (-) MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. RhoGDIα was downregulated using short interfering RNA (siRNA) and upregulated using GFP-tagged ORF clone of RhoGDIα, and their ability for migration and invasion was assayed using transwell chambers. It was found that the silencing of RhoGDIα in MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 cells significantly increased migration and invasion of these cells into the lower surface of porous membrane of the chambers. Overexpression of RhoGDIα in MCF7 cells suppressed their migration and invasion, but no significant effect was found on MDA-MB-231 cells. Our results indicate that the downregulation of RhoGDIα similarly affects the in vitro migration and invasion of ER (+) MCF7 and ER (-) MDA-MB-231 cells. However, our assays are differently affected by the upregulation of RhoGDIα in these two cell lines and this may be due to the differences in ER expression, primary invasive ability and/or other molecules between these two cell line models which warrant further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Hooshmand
- Cancer Proteomics and Biomarkers Lab, Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Nagase M, Fujita T. Role of Rac1-mineralocorticoid-receptor signalling in renal and cardiac disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2013; 9:86-98. [PMID: 23296296 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2012.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Rho-family small GTPase, Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1), has been implicated in renal and cardiac disease. Rac1 activation in podocytes has been shown in several models of proteinuric kidney disease and a concept involving motile podocytes has been proposed. Evidence also exists for a critical role of Rac1-mediated oxidative stress in cardiac hypertrophy, cardiomyopathy and arrhythmia, and of the aldosterone-mineralocorticoid-receptor system in proteinuria and cardiac disorders. However, plasma aldosterone concentrations are not always increased in these conditions and the mechanisms of mineralocorticoid-receptor overactivation are difficult to determine. Using knockout mice, we identified a novel mechanism of Rac1-mediated podocyte impairment; Rac1 potentiates the activity of the mineralocorticoid receptor, thereby accelerating podocyte injury. We subsequently demonstrated that the Rac1-mineralocorticoid-receptor pathway contributes to ligand-independent mineralocorticoid-receptor activation in several animal models of kidney and cardiac injury. Hyperkalaemia is a major concern associated with the use of mineralocorticoid-receptor antagonists; however, agents that modulate the activity of the Rac1-mineralocorticoid-receptor pathway in target cells, such as cell-type-specific Rac inhibitors and selective mineralocorticoid-receptor modulators, could potentially be novel therapeutic candidates with high efficacy and a low risk of adverse effects in patients with renal and cardiac diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miki Nagase
- Division of Chronic Kidney Disease, Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mineralocorticoid receptor--Rac1 activation and oxidative stress play major roles in salt-induced hypertension and kidney injury in prepubertal rats. J Hypertens 2013; 30:1977-85. [PMID: 22914542 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e3283576904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To elucidate the roles that renal mineralocorticoid receptor-Rac1 interactions and oxidative stress play in salt-induced hypertension and renal injury in prepubertal rats. METHODS Three-week-old male Sprague Dawley rats were uninephrectomized (UNx) and fed a high-salt (8% NaCl) diet for 4 weeks. Five were left untreated, whereas the remaining rats were administered an mineralocorticoid receptor blocker (n = 5), a Rac1 inhibitor (n = 5), a Rho-kinase inhibitor (n = 5), or the superoxide dismutase mimetic tempol (n = 5). A control group of young UNx rats (n = 5) was fed a normal-salt (0.5% NaCl) diet. The rats were sacrificed after a 4-week experimental period. Blood pressure, urinary protein, histological morphology, and renal serum-regulated and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase (Sgk) 1 and Rac1 expression were evaluated. The effect of adrenalectomy with dexamethasone supplementation in young salt-loaded UNx rats (n = 5) was also evaluated. RESULTS Excessive salt intake induced hypertension and proteinuria in the young UNx rats, whose kidneys showed marked histological injury, Sgk1 overexpression and Rac1 activation. Both mineralocorticoid receptor blockade and Rac1 inhibition markedly prevented these abnormalities associated with a reduction in renal Rac1 expression. Adrenalectomy, but not Rho-kinase inhibition, also prevented salt-induced renal injury. Interestingly, tempol inhibited renal Rac1 activation and renal injury. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that Rac1-related mineralocorticoid receptor activation contributed to salt-induced hypertension and kidney injury in young UNx rats. Furthermore, as adrenalectomy abrogated salt-induced proteinuria, Rac1 may be an enhancer of aldosterone-induced mineralocorticoid receptor activation. Oxidative stress may also modify the interaction between Rac1 and mineralocorticoid receptor.
Collapse
|
16
|
Médale-Giamarchi C, Lajoie-Mazenc I, Malissein E, Meunier E, Couderc B, Bergé Y, Filleron T, Keller L, Marty C, Lacroix-Triki M, Dalenc F, Doisneau-Sixou SF, Favre G. RhoB modifies estrogen responses in breast cancer cells by influencing expression of the estrogen receptor. Breast Cancer Res 2013; 15:R6. [PMID: 23339407 PMCID: PMC3672819 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION RhoB has been reported to exert positive and negative effects on cancer pathophysiology but an understanding of its role in breast cancer remains incomplete. Analysis of data from the Oncomine database showed a positive correlation between RhoB expression and positivity for both estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and progesterone receptor (PR). METHODS This finding was validated by our analysis of a tissue microarray constructed from a cohort of 113 patients and then investigated in human cell models. RESULTS We found that RhoB expression in tissue was strongly correlated with ERα and PR expression and inversely correlated with tumor grade, tumor size and count of mitosis. In human breast cancer cell lines, RhoB attenuation was associated with reduced expression of both ERα and PR, whereas elevation of RhoB was found to be associated with ERα overexpression. Mechanistic investigations suggested that RhoB modulates ERα expression, controlling both its protein and mRNA levels, and that RhoB modulates PR expression by accentuating the recruitment of ERα and other major co-regulators to the promoter of PR gene. A major consequence of RhoB modulation was that RhoB differentially regulated the proliferation of breast cancer cell lines. Interestingly, we documented crosstalk between RhoB and ERα, with estrogen treatment leading to RhoB activation. CONCLUSION Taken together, our findings offer evidence that in human breast cancer RhoB acts as a positive function to promote expression of ERα and PR in a manner correlated with cell proliferation.
Collapse
|
17
|
Stiehler C, Bünger C, Overall RW, Royer L, Schroeder M, Foss M, Besenbacher F, Kruhøffer M, Kassem M, Günther KP, Stiehler M. Whole-Genome Expression Analysis of Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Exposed to Ultrasmooth Tantalum vs. Titanium Oxide Surfaces. Cell Mol Bioeng 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12195-012-0255-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
|
18
|
Collins-Burow BM, Antoon JW, Frigo DE, Elliott S, Weldon CB, Boue SM, Beckman BS, Curiel TJ, Alam J, McLachlan JA, Burow ME. Antiestrogenic activity of flavonoid phytochemicals mediated via the c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase pathway. Cell-type specific regulation of estrogen receptor alpha. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 132:186-93. [PMID: 22634477 PMCID: PMC4083692 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 05/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoid phytochemicals act as both agonists and antagonists of the human estrogen receptors (ERs). While a number of these compounds act by directly binding to the ER, certain phytochemicals, such as the flavonoid compounds chalcone and flavone, elicit antagonistic effects on estrogen signaling independent of direct receptor binding. Here we demonstrate both chalcone and flavone function as cell type-specific selective ER modulators. In MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells chalcone and flavone suppress ERα activity through stimulation of the stress-activated members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family: c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)1 and JNK2. The use of dominant-negative mutants of JNK1 or JNK2 in stable transfected cells established that the antiestrogenic effects of chalcone and flavone required intact JNK signaling. We further show that constitutive activation of the JNK pathway partially suppresses estrogen (E2)-mediated gene expression in breast, but not endometrial carcinoma cells. Our results demonstrate a role for stress-activated MAPKs in the cell type-specific regulation of ERα function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bridgette M. Collins-Burow
- Tulane University Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
- Center for Bioenvironmental Research at Tulane and Xavier Universities, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology & Medical Oncology, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
| | - James W. Antoon
- Tulane University Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology & Medical Oncology, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
- Department of Pharmacology, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
| | - Daniel E. Frigo
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Steven Elliott
- Tulane University Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology & Medical Oncology, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
| | - Christopher B. Weldon
- Tulane University Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology & Medical Oncology, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
| | - Stephen M. Boue
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA 70179
| | - Barbara S. Beckman
- Center for Bioenvironmental Research at Tulane and Xavier Universities, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology & Medical Oncology, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
| | - Tyler J. Curiel
- Cancer Therapy & Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio
| | - Jawed Alam
- Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, Department of Molecular Genetics, New Orleans, Louisiana 70121
| | - John A. McLachlan
- Tulane University Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
- Center for Bioenvironmental Research at Tulane and Xavier Universities, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
| | - Matthew E. Burow
- Tulane University Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
- Center for Bioenvironmental Research at Tulane and Xavier Universities, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology & Medical Oncology, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
- To whom correspondence and requests for reprints should be addressed: Matthew E. Burow, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology & Medical Oncology, 1430 Tulane Ave. SL-78, New Orleans, LA 70112, Phone: 504-988-6688, Fax: 504-988-5483,
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Dietary salt intake is the most important factor contributing to hypertension, but the salt susceptibility of blood pressure (BP) is different in individual subjects. Although the pathogenesis of salt-sensitive hypertension is heterogeneous, it is mainly attributable to an impaired renal capacity to excrete sodium (Na(+) ). We recently identified two novel mechanisms that impair renal Na(+) -excreting function and result in an increase in BP. First, mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activation in the kidney, which facilitates distal Na(+) reabsorption through epithelial Na(+) channel activation, causes salt-sensitive hypertension. This mechanism exists not only in models of high-aldosterone hypertension as seen in conditions of obesity or metabolic syndrome, but also in normal- or low-aldosterone type of salt-sensitive hypertension. In the latter, Rac1 activation by salt excess causes MR stimulation. Second, renospecific sympathoactivation may cause an increase in BP under conditions of salt excess. Renal beta2 adrenoceptor stimulation in the kidney leads to decreased transcription of the gene encoding WNK4, a negative regulator of Na(+) reabsorption through Na(+) -Cl (-) cotransporter in the distal convoluted tubules, resulting in salt-dependent hypertension. Abnormalities identified in these two pathways of Na(+) reabsorption in the distal nephron may present therapeutic targets for the treatment of salt-sensitive hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katsuyuki Ando
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Schmidt LJ, Duncan K, Yadav N, Regan KM, Verone AR, Lohse CM, Pop EA, Attwood K, Wilding G, Mohler JL, Sebo TJ, Tindall DJ, Heemers HV. RhoA as a mediator of clinically relevant androgen action in prostate cancer cells. Mol Endocrinol 2012; 26:716-35. [PMID: 22456196 DOI: 10.1210/me.2011-1130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we have identified serum response factor (SRF) as a mediator of clinically relevant androgen receptor (AR) action in prostate cancer (PCa). Genes that rely on SRF for androgen responsiveness represent a small fraction of androgen-regulated genes, but distinguish benign from malignant prostate, correlate with aggressive disease, and are associated with biochemical recurrence. Thus, understanding the mechanism(s) by which SRF conveys androgen regulation to its target genes may provide novel opportunities to target clinically relevant androgen signaling. Here, we show that the small GTPase ras homolog family member A (RhoA) mediates androgen-responsiveness of more than half of SRF target genes. Interference with expression of RhoA, activity of the RhoA effector Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase 1 (ROCK), and actin polymerization necessary for nuclear translocation of the SRF cofactor megakaryocytic acute leukemia (MAL) prevented full androgen regulation of SRF target genes. Androgen treatment induced RhoA activation, increased the nuclear content of MAL, and led to MAL recruitment to the promoter of the SRF target gene FHL2. In clinical specimens RhoA expression was higher in PCa cells than benign prostate cells, and elevated RhoA expression levels were associated with aggressive disease features and decreased disease-free survival after radical prostatectomy. Overexpression of RhoA markedly increased the androgen-responsiveness of select SRF target genes, in a manner that depends on its GTPase activity. The use of isogenic cell lines and a xenograft model that mimics the transition from androgen-stimulated to castration-recurrent PCa indicated that RhoA levels are not altered during disease progression, suggesting that RhoA expression levels in the primary tumor determine disease aggressiveness. Androgen-responsiveness of SRF target genes in castration-recurrent PCa cells continued to rely on AR, RhoA, SRF, and MAL and the presence of intact SRF binding sites. Silencing of RhoA, use of Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase 1 inhibitors, or an inhibitor of SRF-MAL interaction attenuated (androgen-regulated) cell viability and blunted PCa cell migration. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that the RhoA signaling axis mediates clinically relevant AR action in PCa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy J Schmidt
- Department of Urology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Dooley R, Harvey BJ, Thomas W. Non-genomic actions of aldosterone: from receptors and signals to membrane targets. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 350:223-34. [PMID: 21801805 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In tissues which express the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), aldosterone modulates the expression of membrane targets such as the subunits of the epithelial Na(+) channel, in combination with important signalling intermediates such as serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase-1. In addition, the rapid 'non-genomic' activation of protein kinases and secondary messenger signalling cascades has also been detected in aldosterone-sensitive tissues of the nephron, distal colon and cardiovascular system. These rapid actions are variously described as being coupled to MR or to an as yet unidentified, membrane-associated aldosterone receptor. The rapidly activated signalling cascades add a level of fine-tuning to the activity of aldosterone-responsive membrane transporters and also modulate the aldosterone-induced changes in gene expression through receptor and transcription factor phosphorylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Dooley
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Heckman-Stoddard BM, Vargo-Gogola T, Herrick MP, Visbal AP, Lewis MT, Settleman J, Rosen JM. P190A RhoGAP is required for mammary gland development. Dev Biol 2011; 360:1-10. [PMID: 21945077 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
P190A and p190B Rho GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) are essential genes that have distinct, but overlapping roles in the developing nervous system. Previous studies from our laboratory demonstrated that p190B is required for mammary gland morphogenesis, and we hypothesized that p190A might have a distinct role in the developing mammary gland. To test this hypothesis, we examined mammary gland development in p190A-deficient mice. P190A expression was detected by in situ hybridization in the developing E14.5day embryonic mammary bud and within the ducts, terminal end buds (TEBs), and surrounding stroma of the developing virgin mammary gland. In contrast to previous results with p190B, examination of p190A heterozygous mammary glands demonstrated that p190A deficiency disrupted TEB morphology, but did not significantly delay ductal outgrowth indicating haploinsufficiency for TEB development. To examine the effects of homozygous deletion of p190A, embryonic mammary buds were rescued by transplantation into the cleared fat pads of SCID/Beige mice. Complete loss of p190A function inhibited ductal outgrowth in comparison to wildtype transplants (51% vs. 94% fat pad filled). In addition, the transplantation take rate of p190A deficient whole gland transplants from E18.5 embryos was significantly reduced compared to wildtype transplants (31% vs. 90%, respectively). These results suggest that p190A function in both the epithelium and stroma is required for mammary gland development. Immunostaining for p63 demonstrated that the myoepithelial cell layer is disrupted in the p190A deficient glands, which may result from the defective cell adhesion between the cap and body cell layers detected in the TEBs. The number of estrogen- and progesterone receptor-positive cells, as well as the expression levels of these receptors was increased in p190A deficient outgrowths. These data suggest that p190A is required in both the epithelial and stromal compartments for ductal outgrowth and that it may play a role in mammary epithelial cell differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B M Heckman-Stoddard
- Cancer Prevention Fellowship Program, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Danesh SM, Kundu P, Lu R, Stefani E, Toro L. Distinct transcriptional regulation of human large conductance voltage- and calcium-activated K+ channel gene (hSlo1) by activated estrogen receptor alpha and c-Src tyrosine kinase. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:31064-71. [PMID: 21757754 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.235457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor α (ERα) regulates gene transcription via "genomic" (binding directly or indirectly, typically via Sp1 or AP-1 sites, to target genes) and/or "nongenomic" (signaling) mechanisms. ERα activation by estrogen up-regulates the murine Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channel α subunit gene (mSlo1) via genomic mechanisms. Here, we investigated whether ERα also drives transcription of the human (hSlo1) gene. Consistent with this view, estrogen increased hSlo1 transcript levels in primary human smooth muscle cells. Promoter studies revealed that estrogen/hERα-mediated hSlo1 transcription was nearly 6-fold more efficient than for mSlo1 (EC(50), 0.07 versus 0.4 nM). Unlike the genomic transcriptional mechanism employed by mSlo1, hSlo1 exhibits a nongenomic hERα-mediated regulatory mechanism. This is supported by the following: 1) efficient hSlo1 transcription after disruption of the DNA-binding domain of hERα or knockdown of Sp1, and 2) lack of AP-1 sites in the hSlo1 promoter. Three nongenomic signaling pathways were explored: Src, Rho, and PI3K. Inhibition of Src with 10 μM PP2, and reported downstream ERK with 25 μM PD98059 did not prevent estrogen action but caused an increase in hSlo1 basal transcription; conversely, constitutively active c-Src (Y527F) decreased hSlo1 basal transcription even preventing its estrogen/hERα-mediated transcriptional activation. Rho inhibition by coexpressed Clostridium botulinum C3 transferase did not alter estrogen action. In contrast, inhibition of PI3K activity with 10 μM LY294002 decreased estrogen-stimulated hSlo1 transcription by ∼40%. These results indicate that the nongenomic PI3K signaling pathway plays a role in estrogen/hERα-stimulated hSlo1 gene expression; whereas c-Src activity leads to hSlo1 gene tonic repression independently of estrogen, likely through ERK activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahab M Danesh
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095-1778, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Gordon GJ, Bueno R, Sugarbaker DJ. Genes associated with prognosis after surgery for malignant pleural mesothelioma promote tumor cell survival in vitro. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:169. [PMID: 21569526 PMCID: PMC3112160 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mesothelioma is an aggressive neoplasm with few effective treatments, one being cytoreductive surgery. We previously described a test, based on differential expression levels of four genes, to predict clinical outcome in prospectively consented mesothelioma patients after surgery. In this study, we determined whether any of these four genes could be linked to a cancer relevant phenotype. Methods We conducted a high-throughput RNA inhibition screen to knockdown gene expression levels of the four genes comprising the test (ARHGDIA, COBLL1, PKM2, TM4SF1) in both a human lung-derived normal and a tumor cell line using three different small inhibitory RNA molecules per gene. Successful knockdown was confirmed using quantitative RT-PCR. Detection of statistically significant changes in apoptosis and mitosis was performed using immunological assays and quantified using video-assisted microscopy at a single time-point. Changes in nuclear shape, size, and numbers were used to provide additional support of initial findings. Each experiment was conducted in triplicate. Specificity was assured by requiring that at least 2 different siRNAs produced the observed change in each cell line/time-point/gene/assay combination. Results Knockdown of ARHGDIA, COBLL1, and TM4SF1 resulted in 2- to 4-fold increased levels of apoptosis in normal cells (ARHGDIA only) and tumor cells (all three genes). No statistically significant changes were observed in apoptosis after knockdown of PKM2 or for mitosis after knockdown of any gene. Conclusions We provide evidence that ARHGDIA, COBLL1, and TM4SF1 are negative regulators of apoptosis in cultured tumor cells. These genes, and their related intracellular signaling pathways, may represent potential therapeutic targets in mesothelioma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gavin J Gordon
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Barone I, Brusco L, Gu G, Selever J, Beyer A, Covington KR, Tsimelzon A, Wang T, Hilsenbeck SG, Chamness GC, Andò S, Fuqua SAW. Loss of Rho GDIα and resistance to tamoxifen via effects on estrogen receptor α. J Natl Cancer Inst 2011; 103:538-52. [PMID: 21447808 PMCID: PMC3071355 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djr058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estrogen receptor (ER) α is a successful therapeutic target in breast cancer, but patients eventually develop resistance to antiestrogens such as tamoxifen. METHODS To identify genes whose expression was associated with the development of tamoxifen resistance and metastasis, we used microarrays to compare gene expression in four primary tumors from tamoxifen-treated patients whose breast cancers did not recur vs five metastatic tumors from patients whose cancers progressed during adjuvant tamoxifen treatment. Because Rho guanine dissociation inhibitor (GDI) α was underexpressed in the tamoxifen-resistant group, we stably transfected ERα-positive MCF-7 breast cancer cells with a plasmid encoding a short hairpin (sh) RNA to silence Rho GDIα expression. We used immunoblots and transcription assays to examine the role of Rho GDIα in ER-related signaling and growth of cells in vitro and as xenografts in treated nude mice (n = 8-9 per group) to examine the effects of Rho GDIα blockade on hormone responsiveness and metastatic behavior. The time to tumor tripling as the time in weeks from randomization to a threefold increase in total tumor volume over baseline was examined in treated mice. The associations of Rho GDIα and MTA2 levels with tamoxifen resistance were examined in microarray data from patients. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Rho GDIα was expressed at lower levels in ERα-positive tumors that recurred during tamoxifen treatment than in ERα-positive tamoxifen-sensitive primary tumors. MCF-7 breast cancer cells in which Rho GDIα expression had been silenced were tamoxifen-resistant, had increased Rho GTPase and p21-activated kinase 1 activity, increased phosphorylation of ERα at serine 305, and enhanced tamoxifen-induced ERα transcriptional activity compared with control cells. MCF-7 cells in which Rho GDIα expression was silenced metastasized with high frequency when grown as tumor xenografts. When mice were treated with estrogen or estrogen withdrawal, tripling times for xenografts from cells with Rho GDIα silencing were similar to those from vector-containing control cells; however, tripling times were statistically significantly faster than control when mice were treated with tamoxifen (median tripling time for tumors with Rho GDIα small interfering RNA = 2.34 weeks; for control tumors = not reached, hazard ratio = 4.13, 95% confidence interval = 1.07 to 15.96, P = .040 [adjusted for multiple comparisons, P = .119]). Levels of the metastasis-associated protein MTA2 were also increased upon Rho GDIα silencing, and combined Rho GDIα and MTA2 levels were associated with recurrence in 250 tamoxifen-treated patients. CONCLUSION Loss of Rho GDIα enhances metastasis and resistance to tamoxifen via effects on both ERα and MTA2 in models of ERα-positive breast cancer and in tumors of tamoxifen-treated patients.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/therapeutic use
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Down-Regulation
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Enzyme Activation
- Estrogen Antagonists/pharmacology
- Estrogen Antagonists/therapeutic use
- Estrogen Receptor alpha/drug effects
- Estrogen Receptor alpha/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Silencing
- Genome-Wide Association Study
- Guanine Nucleotide Dissociation Inhibitors/genetics
- Guanine Nucleotide Dissociation Inhibitors/metabolism
- Histone Deacetylases/genetics
- Histone Deacetylases/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Immunohistochemistry
- Immunoprecipitation
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/metabolism
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/prevention & control
- Odds Ratio
- Phenotype
- Plasmids
- Protein Array Analysis
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Random Allocation
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/metabolism
- Retrospective Studies
- Secondary Prevention/methods
- Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Tamoxifen/pharmacology
- Tamoxifen/therapeutic use
- Time Factors
- Transcriptional Activation
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Tumor Stem Cell Assay
- rho GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- rho Guanine Nucleotide Dissociation Inhibitor alpha
- rho-Specific Guanine Nucleotide Dissociation Inhibitors
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ines Barone
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77479, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Rosenblatt AE, Garcia MI, Lyons L, Xie Y, Maiorino C, Désiré L, Slingerland J, Burnstein KL. Inhibition of the Rho GTPase, Rac1, decreases estrogen receptor levels and is a novel therapeutic strategy in breast cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2011; 18:207-19. [PMID: 21118977 PMCID: PMC3644524 DOI: 10.1677/erc-10-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rac1, a Rho GTPase, modulates diverse cellular processes and is hyperactive in some cancers. Estrogen receptor-alpha (ERα) in concert with intracellular signaling pathways regulates genes associated with cell proliferation, tumor development, and breast cancer cell survival. Therefore, we examined the possibility of Rac1 and ERα crosstalk in breast cancer cells. We found that Rac1 enhanced ERα transcriptional activity in breast cancer cells. Vav3, a Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor that activates Rac1, was an upstream mediator, and P21/Cdc42/Rac1 activating kinase-1 (Pak-1) was a downstream effector of Rac1 enhancement of ERα activity. These results suggest that Rac1 may prove to be a therapeutic target. To test this hypothesis, we used a small molecule Rac inhibitor, EHT 1864, and found that EHT 1864 inhibited ERα transcriptional activity. Furthermore, EHT 1864 inhibited estrogen-induced cell proliferation in breast cancer cells and decreased tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cell growth. EHT 1864 decreased activity of the promoter of the ERα gene resulting in down-regulation of ERα mRNA and protein levels. Therefore, ERα down-regulation by EHT 1864 is the likely mechanism of EHT 1864-mediated inhibition of ERα activity and estrogen-stimulated breast cancer cell proliferation. Since ERα plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of breast cancer and the Rac inhibitor EHT 1864 down-regulates ERα expression and breast cancer cell proliferation, further investigation of the therapeutic potential of Rac1 targeting in the treatment of breast cancer is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adena E Rosenblatt
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 Northwest 10th Avenue (R-189), Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Van Tine BA, Ellis MJ. Understanding the Estrogen Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer Genome: Not Even the End of the Beginning. J Natl Cancer Inst 2011; 103:526-7. [DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djr072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
|
28
|
Yoshimura R, Hayashi M, Mizukami T, Abiko Y. Enhancement of GDP-Dissociation Inhibitor Gene Expression in Osteoblasts by Low-Level Laser Irradiation. J HARD TISSUE BIOL 2011. [DOI: 10.2485/jhtb.20.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
29
|
Kang S, Kim MJ, An H, Kim BG, Choi YP, Kang KS, Gao MQ, Park H, Na HJ, Kim HK, Yun HR, Kim DS, Cho NH. Proteomic Molecular Portrait of Interface Zone in Breast Cancer. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:5638-45. [DOI: 10.1021/pr1004532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suki Kang
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, Department of Pathology, Pundang CHA Medical Hospital, Sungnam, Kyunggio province, Korea, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Seoul, Korea, and Genomine Research Division, Genomine, Inc., Pohang, Kyungbuk, Korea
| | - Min Ju Kim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, Department of Pathology, Pundang CHA Medical Hospital, Sungnam, Kyunggio province, Korea, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Seoul, Korea, and Genomine Research Division, Genomine, Inc., Pohang, Kyungbuk, Korea
| | - HeeJung An
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, Department of Pathology, Pundang CHA Medical Hospital, Sungnam, Kyunggio province, Korea, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Seoul, Korea, and Genomine Research Division, Genomine, Inc., Pohang, Kyungbuk, Korea
| | - Baek Gil Kim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, Department of Pathology, Pundang CHA Medical Hospital, Sungnam, Kyunggio province, Korea, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Seoul, Korea, and Genomine Research Division, Genomine, Inc., Pohang, Kyungbuk, Korea
| | - Yoon Pyo Choi
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, Department of Pathology, Pundang CHA Medical Hospital, Sungnam, Kyunggio province, Korea, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Seoul, Korea, and Genomine Research Division, Genomine, Inc., Pohang, Kyungbuk, Korea
| | - Kyu Sub Kang
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, Department of Pathology, Pundang CHA Medical Hospital, Sungnam, Kyunggio province, Korea, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Seoul, Korea, and Genomine Research Division, Genomine, Inc., Pohang, Kyungbuk, Korea
| | - Ming-Qing Gao
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, Department of Pathology, Pundang CHA Medical Hospital, Sungnam, Kyunggio province, Korea, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Seoul, Korea, and Genomine Research Division, Genomine, Inc., Pohang, Kyungbuk, Korea
| | - Hangran Park
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, Department of Pathology, Pundang CHA Medical Hospital, Sungnam, Kyunggio province, Korea, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Seoul, Korea, and Genomine Research Division, Genomine, Inc., Pohang, Kyungbuk, Korea
| | - Hyung Jin Na
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, Department of Pathology, Pundang CHA Medical Hospital, Sungnam, Kyunggio province, Korea, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Seoul, Korea, and Genomine Research Division, Genomine, Inc., Pohang, Kyungbuk, Korea
| | - Hye Kyung Kim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, Department of Pathology, Pundang CHA Medical Hospital, Sungnam, Kyunggio province, Korea, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Seoul, Korea, and Genomine Research Division, Genomine, Inc., Pohang, Kyungbuk, Korea
| | - Hae Ree Yun
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, Department of Pathology, Pundang CHA Medical Hospital, Sungnam, Kyunggio province, Korea, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Seoul, Korea, and Genomine Research Division, Genomine, Inc., Pohang, Kyungbuk, Korea
| | - Dong Su Kim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, Department of Pathology, Pundang CHA Medical Hospital, Sungnam, Kyunggio province, Korea, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Seoul, Korea, and Genomine Research Division, Genomine, Inc., Pohang, Kyungbuk, Korea
| | - Nam Hoon Cho
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, Department of Pathology, Pundang CHA Medical Hospital, Sungnam, Kyunggio province, Korea, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Seoul, Korea, and Genomine Research Division, Genomine, Inc., Pohang, Kyungbuk, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Nagase M. Activation of the aldosterone/mineralocorticoid receptor system in chronic kidney disease and metabolic syndrome. Clin Exp Nephrol 2010; 14:303-14. [PMID: 20533072 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-010-0298-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent clinical and experimental studies have shown that aldosterone is a potent inducer of proteinuria and that mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonists confer efficient antiproteinuric effects. We identified glomerular epithelial cells (podocytes) as novel targets of aldosterone; activation of MR injures podocytes possibly via oxidative stress, resulting in disruption of glomerular filtration barrier, proteinuria, and progression of chronic kidney disease. We also demonstrated that SHR/cp, a rat model of metabolic syndrome, was susceptible to podocyte injury and proteinuria. Aldosterone excess caused by adipocyte-derived aldosterone-releasing factors was suggested to underlie the nephropathy. High salt intake augmented MR activation in the kidney and exacerbated the nephropathy. Furthermore, we identified an alternative pathway of MR activation by small GTPase Rac1. RhoGDIalpha knockout mice, a model with Rac1 activation in the kidney, showed albuminuria, podocyte injury, and glomerulosclerosis. Renal injury in the knockout mice was accompanied by enhanced MR signaling in the kidney despite normoaldosteronemia, and was ameliorated by an MR antagonist, eplerenone. Moreover, Rac-specific inhibitor significantly reduced the nephropathy, concomitantly with repression of MR activation. In vitro transfection studies provided direct evidence of Rac1-mediated MR activation. In conclusion, our findings suggest that MR activation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease in metabolic syndrome, and that MR may be activated both aldosterone dependently (via aldosterone-releasing factors) and independently (via Rac1). MR antagonists are promising antiproteinuric drugs in metabolic syndrome, although long-term effects on renal outcomes, mortality, and safety need to be established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miki Nagase
- Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Harding MA, Theodorescu D. RhoGDI signaling provides targets for cancer therapy. Eur J Cancer 2010; 46:1252-9. [PMID: 20347589 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2010.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Rho GDP-Dissociation Inhibitors (RhoGDIs) are important regulators of the Rho family of small GTPases. The expression of RhoGDIs is altered in a variety of cancers and they have been shown to mediate several processes during tumorigenesis and cancer progression. Using examples of RhoGDI-mediated signaling and expression patterns in endothelial cells as well as pancreatic, breast, and bladder cancer, the multitude of potential cancer therapeutic targets presented by a better understanding of their function is illustrated. Several novel therapeutic strategies are proposed for intervening in RhoGDI signaling, and potential complications arising from their implementation are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Harding
- Department of Urology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Bilalic S, Veitinger M, Ahrer KH, Gruber V, Zellner M, Brostjan C, Bartel G, Cejka D, Reichel C, Jordan V, Burghuber C, Mühlbacher F, Böhmig GA, Oehler R. Identification of Non-HLA Antigens Targeted by Alloreactive Antibodies in Patients Undergoing Chronic Hemodialysis. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:1041-9. [DOI: 10.1021/pr900930d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Senada Bilalic
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria, and Department Life Sciences, Proteomics, Austrian Research Centers GmbH - ARC, A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Michael Veitinger
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria, and Department Life Sciences, Proteomics, Austrian Research Centers GmbH - ARC, A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Karl-Heinz Ahrer
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria, and Department Life Sciences, Proteomics, Austrian Research Centers GmbH - ARC, A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Viktoria Gruber
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria, and Department Life Sciences, Proteomics, Austrian Research Centers GmbH - ARC, A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Maria Zellner
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria, and Department Life Sciences, Proteomics, Austrian Research Centers GmbH - ARC, A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Christine Brostjan
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria, and Department Life Sciences, Proteomics, Austrian Research Centers GmbH - ARC, A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Gregor Bartel
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria, and Department Life Sciences, Proteomics, Austrian Research Centers GmbH - ARC, A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Daniel Cejka
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria, and Department Life Sciences, Proteomics, Austrian Research Centers GmbH - ARC, A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Christian Reichel
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria, and Department Life Sciences, Proteomics, Austrian Research Centers GmbH - ARC, A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Veronika Jordan
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria, and Department Life Sciences, Proteomics, Austrian Research Centers GmbH - ARC, A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Christopher Burghuber
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria, and Department Life Sciences, Proteomics, Austrian Research Centers GmbH - ARC, A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Ferdinand Mühlbacher
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria, and Department Life Sciences, Proteomics, Austrian Research Centers GmbH - ARC, A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Georg A. Böhmig
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria, and Department Life Sciences, Proteomics, Austrian Research Centers GmbH - ARC, A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Rudolf Oehler
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria, and Department Life Sciences, Proteomics, Austrian Research Centers GmbH - ARC, A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Huet G, Mérot Y, Percevault F, Tiffoche C, Arnal JF, Boujrad N, Pakdel F, Métivier R, Flouriot G. Repression of the estrogen receptor-alpha transcriptional activity by the Rho/megakaryoblastic leukemia 1 signaling pathway. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:33729-39. [PMID: 19826002 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.045534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although involved in processes leading to the emergence and development of hormone-dependent breast cancers, the estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) also prevents transformed cells from progressing toward a more aggressive phenotype. The transcriptional activity of ERalpha is mediated through two transactivation functions, called activation function 1 and 2, whose respective involvement varies in a cell-specific manner. Here, we identify the Rho/megakaryoblastic leukemia 1 (MKL1) signaling pathway as a main actor in controlling the cell-specific activity of both transactivation functions of ERalpha. Notably, we show that, when the coregulator MKL1 is sequestered in an inactive form by unpolymerized actin, the transcriptional activity of ERalpha mainly relies on the activation function 1. The activation of MKL1, which results from its dissociation from unpolymerized actin, promoted by the ability of Rho to support polymeric actin accumulation, silences the activation function 1 of ERalpha and allows the receptor to mainly act through its activation function 2. Importantly, this switch in the respective contribution exerted by both transactivation functions is correlated with an impaired ability of ERalpha to efficiently transactivate estrogen-regulated reporter genes. MKL1 is further shown to be present on estrogen-responsive genes in vivo. Interestingly, the Rho/MKL1 signaling pathway is activated during the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. A reduced transactivation efficiency of ERalpha, resulting from the activation of this pathway, may therefore suppress the protective role exerted by ERalpha toward tumor progression and invasiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Huet
- Equipe Récepteurs des Estrogènes et Destinée Cellulaire, UMR CNRS 6026, Université de Rennes I, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Carbonell P, Nussinov R, del Sol A. Energetic determinants of protein binding specificity: insights into protein interaction networks. Proteomics 2009; 9:1744-53. [PMID: 19253304 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
One of the challenges of the postgenomic era is to provide a more realistic representation of cellular processes by combining a systems biology description of functional networks with information on their interacting components. Here we carried out a systematic large-scale computational study on a structural protein-protein interaction network dataset in order to dissect thermodynamic characteristics of binding determining the interplay between protein affinity and specificity. As expected, interactions involving specific binding sites display higher affinities than those of promiscuous binding sites. Next, in order to investigate a possible role of modular distribution of hot spots in binding specificity, we divided binding sites into modules previously shown to be energetically independent. In general, hot spots that interact with different partners are located in different modules. We further observed that common hot spots tend to interact with partners exhibiting common binding motifs, whereas different hot spots tend to interact with partners with different motifs. Thus, energetic properties of binding sites provide insights into the way proteins modulate interactions with different partners. Knowledge of those factors playing a role in protein specificity is important for understanding how proteins acquire additional partners during evolution. It should also be useful in drug design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Carbonell
- Bioinformatics Research Unit, Research and Development Division, Fujirebio, Inc., Komiya-cho, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Sun ZF, Jiang H, Ye ZQ, Jia B, Zhang XL, Zhang KQ. Expression of Rho GDIalpha in rat osteoblasts intermittently exposed to parathyroid hormone in vitro and in vivo. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2009; 30:1001-7. [PMID: 19575003 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2009.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the mechanism of the bone-forming effects of intermittent parathyroid hormone (PTH) administration and to search for novel molecules of bone anabolism via the PTH signaling pathway. METHODS Primary cultures of rat osteoblasts (ROBs) were divided into an intermittent PTH-treated group (Itm) and a control group (Ctr). Imitating the pharmacokinetics of intermittent PTH administration in vivo, the ROBs in the Itm group were exposed to PTH for 6 h in a 24-h incubation cycle, and the ROBs in the Ctr group were exposed to vehicle for the entire incubation cycle. The cells were collected at 6 h and 24 h of the final cycle, and the proteins in the Itm and Ctr groups were analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) coupled with peptide mass fingerprinting and matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) to detect proteins that were differentially expressed. The proteins with the most significant changes in vitro were validated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in a rat model. RESULTS The proteomics analysis indicated that a total of 26 proteins were up- or down-regulated in the Itm group compared with the Ctr group at 6 h and 24 h; among these, 15 proteins were successfully identified. These proteins mainly belong to the cytoskeleton and molecular chaperone protein families, and most of these have anti-apoptotic effects in various cells. Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor alpha (RhoGDIalpha) and vimentin were the most significantly changed proteins. Further studies by IHC showed that the expression of RhoGDIalpha in ROBs was significantly higher in PTH-treated sham-operated rats than in vehicle-treated sham-operated rats, but the difference was not significant between PTH-treated and vehicle-treated OVX rats. Vimentin expression was not changed in either PTH-treated sham-operated rats or PTH-treated OVX rats. CONCLUSION Our research suggests that intermittent PTH treatment induces changes in expression of many proteins in ROBs in vitro, and it results in RhoGDIalpha up-regulation in ROBs both in vitro and in vivo when estrogen is present. This up-regulation of RhoGDIalpha may be one of the mechanisms underlying the synergistic bone-forming effect of PTH and estrogen.Acta Pharmacologica Sinica (2009) 30: 1001-1007; doi: 10.1038/aps.2009.60.
Collapse
|
36
|
|
37
|
Adam O, Hagel M, Theobald K, Böhm M, Laufs U. Inhibitory effect of estrogen on Rac1-expression in monocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 386:45-9. [PMID: 19497305 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.05.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recruitment of circulating monocytes into the vasculature and release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) promote atherogenesis. Rac1-GTPase is an essential component of the superoxide-producing NADPH-oxidase complex. Estrogens inhibit production of vascular reactive oxygen species. Angiotensin II as well as overexpression of the constitutively active mutant RacL61 increased ROS production in monocytes. AngII-mediated ROS release was completely inhibited by overexpression of the dominant negative mutant RacN17 or treatment with 17beta-estradiol. 17beta-Estradiol reduced Rac1-expression concentration- and time-dependently and decreased basal, as well as AngII-induced Rac1 activity. The effects of 17beta-estradiol were receptor-mediated. In vivo, down-regulation of Rac1 by 17beta-estradiol was observed in human mononuclear cells of women with elevated 17beta-estradiol levels after controlled ovarian hyperstimulation. In summary, the data show that down-regulation of Rac1-GTPase contributes to the inhibition of angiotensin II-mediated superoxide release by 17beta-estradiol in monocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Adam
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Shibata S, Nagase M, Yoshida S, Kawarazaki W, Kurihara H, Tanaka H, Miyoshi J, Takai Y, Fujita T. Modification of mineralocorticoid receptor function by Rac1 GTPase: implication in proteinuric kidney disease. Nat Med 2008; 14:1370-6. [PMID: 19029984 DOI: 10.1038/nm.1879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Blockade of mineralocorticoid receptor has been shown to improve the clinical outcomes of proteinuric kidney diseases. However, little is known about the regulation of mineralocorticoid receptor-dependent transcriptional activity in renal disease. Here we identify a new role for Rac1, a member of the Rho family GTPases, as a potent activator of mineralocorticoid receptor signal transduction both in vitro and in vivo. Transient transfection assays in HEK 293 cells revealed that constitutively active Rac1 (CA-Rac1) enhanced mineralocorticoid receptor-dependent reporter activity, which was accompanied by increased nuclear translocation of mineralocorticoid receptor. CA-Rac1 facilitated mineralocorticoid receptor nuclear accumulation also in podocytes via p21-activated kinase phosphorylation. In mice lacking Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor-alpha (Arhgdia(-/-) mice), renal abnormalities, including heavy albuminuria and podocyte damage, were associated with increased Rac1 (but not RhoA) and mineralocorticoid receptor signaling in the kidney, without alteration in systemic aldosterone status. Pharmacological intervention with a Rac-specific small-molecule inhibitor diminished mineralocorticoid receptor overactivity and renal damage in this model. Furthermore, albuminuria and histological changes in Arhgdia(-/-) mice were suppressed by mineralocorticoid receptor blockade, confirming the pathological role of Rac1-mineralocorticoid receptor interaction. Our results provide evidence that signaling cross-talk between Rac1 and mineralocorticoid receptor modulates mineralocorticoid receptor activity and identify Rac1 as a therapeutic target for chronic kidney disease.
Collapse
|
39
|
Lyons LS, Rao S, Balkan W, Faysal J, Maiorino CA, Burnstein KL. Ligand-independent activation of androgen receptors by Rho GTPase signaling in prostate cancer. Mol Endocrinol 2007; 22:597-608. [PMID: 18079321 DOI: 10.1210/me.2007-0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer invariably recurs after androgen deprivation therapy. Growth of this recurrent/androgen-independent form of prostate cancer may be due to increased androgen receptor (AR) transcriptional activity in the absence of androgen. This ligand-independent AR activation is promoted by some growth factors but the mechanism is not well understood. Vav3, a Rho guanosine triphosphatase guanine nucleotide exchange factor, which is activated by growth factors, is up-regulated in human prostate cancer. We show here that Vav3 levels increase during in vivo progression of prostate cancer to androgen independence. Vav3 strikingly enhanced growth factor activation of AR in the absence of androgen. Because Vav3 may be chronically activated in prostate cancer by growth factor receptors, we examined the effects of a constitutively active (Ca) form of Vav3 on AR transcriptional activity. Ca Vav3 caused nuclear localization and ligand-independent activation of AR via the Rho guanosine triphosphatase, Rac1. Ca Rac1 activation of AR occurred, in part, through MAPK/ERK signaling. Expression of active Rac1 conferred androgen-independent growth of prostate cancer cells in culture, soft agar, and mice. These findings suggest that Vav3/Rac 1 signaling is an important modulator of ligand-independent AR transcriptional activity in prostate cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leah S Lyons
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Heemers HV, Tindall DJ. Androgen receptor (AR) coregulators: a diversity of functions converging on and regulating the AR transcriptional complex. Endocr Rev 2007; 28:778-808. [PMID: 17940184 DOI: 10.1210/er.2007-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 494] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Androgens, acting through the androgen receptor (AR), are responsible for the development of the male phenotype during embryogenesis, the achievement of sexual maturation at puberty, and the maintenance of male reproductive function and behavior in adulthood. In addition, androgens affect a wide variety of nonreproductive tissues. Moreover, aberrant androgen action plays a critical role in multiple pathologies, including prostate cancer and androgen insensitivity syndromes. The formation of a productive AR transcriptional complex requires the functional and structural interaction of the AR with its coregulators. In the last decade, an overwhelming and ever increasing number of proteins have been proposed to possess AR coactivating or corepressing characteristics. Intriguingly, a vast diversity of functions has been ascribed to these proteins, indicating that a multitude of cellular functions and signals converge on the AR to regulate its function. The current review aims to provide an overview of the AR coregulator proteins identified to date and to propose a classification of these AR coregulator proteins according to the function(s) ascribed to them. Taken together, this approach will increase our understanding of the cellular pathways that converge on the AR to ensure an appropriate transcriptional response to androgens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannelore V Heemers
- Department of Urology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Rho GTPases: functions and association with cancer. Clin Exp Metastasis 2007; 24:657-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s10585-007-9119-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
42
|
Schultz-Norton JR, Walt KA, Ziegler YS, McLeod IX, Yates JR, Raetzman LT, Nardulli AM. The deoxyribonucleic acid repair protein flap endonuclease-1 modulates estrogen-responsive gene expression. Mol Endocrinol 2007; 21:1569-80. [PMID: 17488975 DOI: 10.1210/me.2006-0519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ligand-occupied estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) initiates changes in gene expression through its interaction with target DNA. The capacity of ERalpha to modulate gene expression is influenced by the association of the receptor with a variety of coregulatory proteins. To further understand the role of these coregulatory proteins in ERalpha-mediated transcription, we have isolated and identified proteins associated with ERalpha when it is bound to the consensus estrogen response element. One of the proteins identified in this complex, flap endonuclease-1 (FEN-1), is required for DNA replication and repair. We show that FEN-1 interacts directly with ERalpha and enhances the interaction of ERalpha with estrogen response element-containing DNA. More importantly, chromatin immunoprecipitation and RNA interference assays demonstrate that endogenously expressed FEN-1 associates with the native pS2 gene in MCF-7 cells and influences estrogen-responsive gene expression. Interestingly, estrogen differentially regulates expression of FEN-1 in mouse uterine epithelial, stromal, and myometrial cells. Together, our studies help to elucidate the functional consequence of the ERalpha-FEN-1 interaction and increase our understanding of the elaborate regulatory mechanisms that drive estrogen-responsive gene expression and DNA repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Schultz-Norton
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Oxelmark E, Roth JM, Brooks PC, Braunstein SE, Schneider RJ, Garabedian MJ. The cochaperone p23 differentially regulates estrogen receptor target genes and promotes tumor cell adhesion and invasion. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:5205-13. [PMID: 16809759 PMCID: PMC1592714 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00009-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cochaperone p23 plays an important role in estrogen receptor alpha (ER) signal transduction. In this study, we investigated how p23 regulates ER target gene activation and affects tumor growth and progression. Remarkably, we found that changes in the expression of p23 differentially affected the activation of ER target genes in a manner dependent upon the type of DNA regulatory element. p23 overexpression enhanced the expression of the ER target genes cathepsin D and pS2, which are regulated by direct DNA binding of ER to estrogen response elements (ERE). In contrast, the expression of other target genes, including c-Myc, cyclin D1, and E2F1, to which ER is recruited indirectly through its interaction with other transcription factors remains unaffected by changes in p23 levels. The p23-induced expression of pS2 is associated with enhanced recruitment of ER to the ERE in the promoter, whereas ER recruitment to the ERE-less c-Myc promoter does not respond to p23. Intriguingly, p23-overexpressing MCF-7 cells exhibit increased adhesion and invasion in the presence of fibronectin. Our findings demonstrate that p23 differentially regulates ER target genes and is involved in the control of distinct cellular processes in breast tumor development, thus revealing novel functions of this cochaperone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellinor Oxelmark
- Department of Microbiology, NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Tanaka T, Nishimura D, Wu RC, Amano M, Iso T, Kedes L, Nishida H, Kaibuchi K, Hamamori Y. Nuclear Rho kinase, ROCK2, targets p300 acetyltransferase. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:15320-9. [PMID: 16574662 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m510954200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho-associated coiled-coil protein kinase (ROCK) is an effector for the small GTPase Rho and plays a pivotal role in diverse cellular activities, including cell adhesion, cytokinesis, and gene expression, primarily through an alteration of actin cytoskeleton dynamics. Here, we show that ROCK2 is localized in the nucleus and associates with p300 acetyltransferase both in vitro and in cells. Nuclear ROCK2 is present in a large protein complex and partially cofractionates with p300 by gel filtration analysis. By immunofluorescence, ROCK2 partially colocalizes with p300 in distinct insoluble nuclear structures. ROCK2 phosphorylates p300 in vitro, and nuclear-restricted expression of constitutively active ROCK2 induces p300 phosphorylation in cells. p300 acetyltransferase activity is dependent on its phosphorylation status in cells, and p300 phosphorylation by ROCK2 results in an increase in its acetyltransferase activity in vitro. These observations suggest that nucleus-localized ROCK2 targets p300 for phosphorylation to regulate its acetyltransferase activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toru Tanaka
- Department of Medicine and Center for Cardiovascular Development, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Lyons LS, Burnstein KL. Vav3, a Rho GTPase guanine nucleotide exchange factor, increases during progression to androgen independence in prostate cancer cells and potentiates androgen receptor transcriptional activity. Mol Endocrinol 2005; 20:1061-72. [PMID: 16384856 DOI: 10.1210/me.2005-0346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The progression of prostate cancer from androgen dependence to androgen independence is often accompanied by enhanced androgen receptor (AR) transcriptional activity. We observed a marked increase in the expression of Vav3, a Rho GTPase guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), during the progression of human prostate cancer LNCaP cells to the androgen-independent derivative, LNCaP-R1. GEFs activate Rho family GTPases by promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP. Reporter gene assays showed that Vav3 potentiated AR transcriptional activity, and knock down of Vav3 resulted in decreased AR transactivation. Vav3 also increased androgen-induced levels of prostate-specific antigen mRNA. Furthermore, Vav3 enhanced AR activity at subnanomolar concentrations of androgen. This finding is particularly relevant because low androgen levels may be present in prostate tissue of patients undergoing androgen deprivation therapy. Enhancement of AR activity by Vav3 required amino terminal activation function 1 (AF1) of AR; however, Vav3 did not interact with AR or increase AR levels. Neither GEF function nor the C-terminal domains of Vav3 were required for Vav3-mediated enhancement of AR activity; however, the pleckstrin homology domain was obligatory. These data show that Vav3 levels rise during progression to androgen independence and support continued AR signaling (even under conditions of low androgen) by a novel GEF-independent cross-talk mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leah S Lyons
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 Northwest 10th Avenue, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ghiselli G, Liu CG. Global gene expression profiling of cells overexpressing SMC3. Mol Cancer 2005; 4:34. [PMID: 16156898 PMCID: PMC1242249 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-4-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2004] [Accepted: 09/12/2005] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Structural Maintenance of Chromosome 3 protein (SMC3) plays an essential role during the sister chromatid separation, is involved in DNA repair and recombination and participates in microtubule-mediated intracellular transport. SMC3 is frequently elevated in human colon carcinoma and overexpression of the protein transforms murine NIH3T3 fibroblasts. In order to gain insight into the mechanism of SMC3-mediated tumorigenesis a gene expression profiling was performed on human 293 cells line stably overexpressing SMC3. Results Biotinylated complementary RNA (cRNA) was used for hybridization of a cDNAmicroarray chip harboring 18,861 65-mer oligos derived from the published dEST sequences. After filtering, the hybridization data were normalized and statistically analyzed. Sixty-five genes for which a putative function could be assigned displayed at least two-fold change in their expression level. Eighteen of the affected genes is either a transcriptional factor or is involved in DNA and chromatin related mechanisms whereas most of those involved in signal transduction are members or modulators of the ras-rho/GTPase and cAMP signaling pathways. In particular the expression of RhoB and CRE-BPa, two mediators of cellular transformation, was significantly enhanced. This association was confirmed by analyzing the RhoB and CRE-BPa transcript levels in cells transiently transfected with an SMC3 expression vector. Consistent with the idea that the activation of ras-rho/GTPase and cAMP pathways is relevant in the context of the cellular changes following SMC3 overexpression, gene transactivation through the related serum (SRE) and cAMP (CRE) cis-acting response elements was significantly increased. Conclusion We have documented a selective effect of the ectopic expression of SMC3 on a set of genes and transcriptional signaling pathways that are relevant for tumorigenesis. The results lead to postulate that RhoB and CRE-BPa two known oncogenic mediators whose expression is significantly increased following SMC3 overexpression play a significant role in mediating SMC3 tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Ghiselli
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Chang-Gong Liu
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Cestac P, Doisneau-Sixou S, Favre G. Développement des inhibiteurs de farnésyl transférase comme agents anticancéreux. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2005; 63:76-84. [PMID: 15803104 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4509(05)82254-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ras proteins belong to the monomeric GTPases familly. They control cell growth, differentiation, proliferation, and survival. Ras mutations are frequently found in human cancers and play a fundamental role in tumorigenesis. Ras requires localization to the plasma membrane to exert its oncogenic effects. This subcelllular localization is dependent of protein farnesylation which is a post translational modification catalysed by the farnesyl transferase enzyme. Farnesyl transferase Inhibitors (FTI) were then designed ten to twelve years ago to inhibit ras processing and consequently the growth of ras mutated tumor. Preclinical data show that FTIs inhibit cell proliferation and survival in vitro and in vivo of a wide range of cancer cell lines, many of which contain wild type ras suggesting that mutated Ras is not the only target of the FTIs effects. Four FTIs went then through clinical trials and three of then are still developed in the clinic. Phase I et II clinical trials confirmed a relevant antitumor activity and a low toxicity. Phase III clinical trials are currently undergoing for both solid and hematologic tumors. The expected results should allow to define the position of FTIs as anticancer drugs, particularly in combination with conventional chemotherapy, hormone therapy, radiotherapy or any other new targeted compound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ph Cestac
- Inserm U563, Département innovation thérapeutique et oncologie moléculaire, F31052 Toulouse, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Cestac P, Sarrabayrouse G, Médale-Giamarchi C, Rochaix P, Balaguer P, Favre G, Faye JC, Doisneau-Sixou S. Prenylation inhibitors stimulate both estrogen receptor alpha transcriptional activity through AF-1 and AF-2 and estrogen receptor beta transcriptional activity. Breast Cancer Res 2004; 7:R60-70. [PMID: 15642170 PMCID: PMC1064103 DOI: 10.1186/bcr956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2004] [Revised: 09/22/2004] [Accepted: 10/04/2004] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction We showed in a previous study that prenylated proteins play a role in estradiol stimulation of proliferation. However, these proteins antagonize the ability of estrogen receptor (ER) α to stimulate estrogen response element (ERE)-dependent transcriptional activity, potentially through the formation of a co-regulator complex. The present study investigates, in further detail, how prenylated proteins modulate the transcriptional activities mediated by ERα and by ERβ. Methods The ERE-β-globin-Luc-SV-Neo plasmid was either stably transfected into MCF-7 cells or HeLa cells (MELN cells and HELN cells, respectively) or transiently transfected into MCF-7 cells using polyethylenimine. Cells deprived of estradiol were analyzed for ERE-dependent luciferase activity 16 hours after estradiol stimulation and treatment with FTI-277 (a farnesyltransferase inhibitor) or with GGTI-298 (a geranylgeranyltransferase I inhibitor). In HELN cells, the effect of prenyltransferase inhibitors on luciferase activity was compared after transient transfection of plasmids coding either the full-length ERα, the full-length ERβ, the AF-1-deleted ERα or the AF-2-deleted ERα. The presence of ERα was then detected by immunocytochemistry in either the nuclei or the cytoplasms of MCF-7 cells. Finally, Clostridium botulinum C3 exoenzyme treatment was used to determine the involvement of Rho proteins in ERE-dependent luciferase activity. Results FTI-277 and GGTI-298 only stimulate ERE-dependent luciferase activity in stably transfected MCF-7 cells. They stimulate both ERα-mediated and ERβ-mediated ERE-dependent luciferase activity in HELN cells, in the presence of and in the absence of estradiol. The roles of both AF-1 and AF-2 are significant in this effect. Nuclear ERα is decreased in the presence of prenyltransferase inhibitors in MCF-7 cells, again in the presence of and in the absence of estradiol. By contrast, cytoplasmic ERα is mainly decreased after treatment with FTI-277, in the presence of and in the absence of estradiol. The involvement of Rho proteins in ERE-dependent luciferase activity in MELN cells is clearly established. Conclusions Together, these results demonstrate that prenylated proteins (at least RhoA, RhoB and/or RhoC) antagonize the ability of ERα and ERβ to stimulate ERE-dependent transcriptional activity, potentially acting through both AF-1 and AF-2 transcriptional activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Cestac
- Département 'Innovation Thérapeutique et Oncologie Moléculaire', Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, INSERM U563 and Institut Claudius Regaud, Toulouse, France
| | - Guillaume Sarrabayrouse
- Département 'Innovation Thérapeutique et Oncologie Moléculaire', Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, INSERM U563 and Institut Claudius Regaud, Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Médale-Giamarchi
- Département 'Innovation Thérapeutique et Oncologie Moléculaire', Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, INSERM U563 and Institut Claudius Regaud, Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Rochaix
- Département 'Innovation Thérapeutique et Oncologie Moléculaire', Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, INSERM U563 and Institut Claudius Regaud, Toulouse, France
| | - Patrick Balaguer
- INSERM 540, Endocrinologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Cancers, Montpellier, France
| | - Gilles Favre
- Département 'Innovation Thérapeutique et Oncologie Moléculaire', Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, INSERM U563 and Institut Claudius Regaud, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Charles Faye
- Département 'Innovation Thérapeutique et Oncologie Moléculaire', Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, INSERM U563 and Institut Claudius Regaud, Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Doisneau-Sixou
- Département 'Innovation Thérapeutique et Oncologie Moléculaire', Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, INSERM U563 and Institut Claudius Regaud, Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Aktories K, Wilde C, Vogelsgesang M. Rho-modifying C3-like ADP-ribosyltransferases. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 152:1-22. [PMID: 15372308 DOI: 10.1007/s10254-004-0034-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
C3-like exoenzymes comprise a family of seven bacterial ADP-ribosyltransferases, which selectively modify RhoA, B, and C at asparagine-41. Crystal structures of C3 exoenzymes are available, allowing novel insights into the structure-function relationships of these exoenzymes. Because ADP-ribosylation specifically inhibits the biological functions of the low-molecular mass GTPases, C3 exoenzymes are established pharmacological tools to study the cellular functions of Rho GTPases. Recent studies, however, indicate that the functional consequences of C3-induced ADP-ribosylation are more complex than previously suggested. In the present review the basic properties of C3 exoenzymes are briefly summarized and new findings are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Aktories
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Otto-Krayer-Haus, Albertstr. 25, Freiburg, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
|