1
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Suzuki K, Okawa K, Ohkura M, Kanaizumi T, Kobayashi T, Takahashi K, Takei H, Otsuka M, Tabata E, Bauer PO, Oyama F. Evolutionary insights into sequence modifications governing chitin recognition and chitinase inactivity in YKL-40 (HC-gp39, CHI3L1). J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107365. [PMID: 38750795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
YKL-40, also known as human cartilage glycoprotein-39 (HC-gp39) or CHI3L1, shares structural similarities with chitotriosidase (CHIT1), an active chitinase, but lacks chitinase activity. Despite being a biomarker for inflammatory disorders and cancer, the reasons for YKL-40's inert chitinase function have remained elusive. This study reveals that the loss of chitinase activity in YKL-40 has risen from multiple sequence modifications influencing its chitin affinity. Contrary to the common belief associating the lack of chitinase activity with amino acid substitutions in the catalytic motif, attempts to activate YKL-40 by creating two amino acid mutations in the catalytic motif (MT-YKL-40) proved ineffective. Subsequent exploration that included creating chimeras of MT-YKL-40 and CHIT1 catalytic domains (CatDs) identified key exons responsible for YKL-40 inactivation. Introducing YKL-40 exons 3, 6, or 8 into CHIT1 CatD resulted in chitinase inactivation. Conversely, incorporating CHIT1 exons 3, 6, and 8 into MT-YKL-40 led to its activation. Our recombinant proteins exhibited properly formed disulfide bonds, affirming a defined structure in active molecules. Biochemical and evolutionary analysis indicated that the reduced chitinase activity of MT-YKL-40 correlates with specific amino acids in exon 3. M61I and T69W substitutions in CHIT1 CatD diminished chitinase activity and increased chitin binding. Conversely, substituting I61 with M and W69 with T in MT-YKL-40 triggered chitinase activity while reducing the chitin-binding activity. Thus, W69 plays a crucial role in a unique subsite within YKL-40. These findings emphasize that YKL-40, though retaining the structural framework of a mammalian chitinase, has evolved to recognize chitin while surrendering chitinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Okawa
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Ohkura
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoki Kanaizumi
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaki Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koro Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromu Takei
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Momo Otsuka
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eri Tabata
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan; Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (PD), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Fumitaka Oyama
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan.
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2
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Díaz RE, Ecker AK, Correy GJ, Asthana P, Young ID, Faust B, Thompson MC, Seiple IB, Van Dyken SJ, Locksley RM, Fraser JS. Structural characterization of ligand binding and pH-specific enzymatic activity of mouse Acidic Mammalian Chitinase. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.06.03.542675. [PMID: 37398339 PMCID: PMC10312649 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.03.542675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Chitin is an abundant biopolymer and pathogen-associated molecular pattern that stimulates a host innate immune response. Mammals express chitin-binding and chitin-degrading proteins to remove chitin from the body. One of these proteins, Acidic Mammalian Chitinase (AMCase), is an enzyme known for its ability to function under acidic conditions in the stomach but is also active in tissues with more neutral pHs, such as the lung. Here, we used a combination of biochemical, structural, and computational modeling approaches to examine how the mouse homolog (mAMCase) can act in both acidic and neutral environments. We measured kinetic properties of mAMCase activity across a broad pH range, quantifying its unusual dual activity optima at pH 2 and 7. We also solved high resolution crystal structures of mAMCase in complex with oligomeric GlcNAcn, the building block of chitin, where we identified extensive conformational ligand heterogeneity. Leveraging these data, we conducted molecular dynamics simulations that suggest how a key catalytic residue could be protonated via distinct mechanisms in each of the two environmental pH ranges. These results integrate structural, biochemical, and computational approaches to deliver a more complete understanding of the catalytic mechanism governing mAMCase activity at different pH. Engineering proteins with tunable pH optima may provide new opportunities to develop improved enzyme variants, including AMCase, for therapeutic purposes in chitin degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Efraín Díaz
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Tetrad Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Andrew K Ecker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Galen J Correy
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Pooja Asthana
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Iris D Young
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Bryan Faust
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Biophysics Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Michael C Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Ian B Seiple
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Steven J Van Dyken
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Richard M Locksley
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- University of California, San Francisco, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - James S Fraser
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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3
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Wu Y, Adeniyi-Ipadeola G, Adkins-Threats M, Seasock M, Suarez-Reyes C, Fujiwara R, Bottazzi ME, Song L, Mills JC, Weatherhead JE. Host gastric corpus microenvironment facilitates Ascaris suum larval hatching and infection in a murine model. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011930. [PMID: 38324590 PMCID: PMC10878500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Ascariasis (roundworm) is the most common parasitic helminth infection globally and can lead to significant morbidity in children including chronic lung disease. Children become infected with Ascaris spp. via oral ingestion of eggs. It has long been assumed that Ascaris egg hatching and larval translocation across the gastrointestinal mucosa to initiate infection occurs in the small intestine. Here, we show that A. suum larvae hatched in the host stomach in a murine model. Larvae utilize acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase; acid chitinase; Chia) from chief cells and acid pumped by parietal cells to emerge from eggs on the surface of gastric epithelium. Furthermore, antagonizing AMCase and gastric acid in the stomach decreases parasitic burden in the liver and lungs and attenuates lung disease. Given Ascaris eggs are chitin-coated, the gastric corpus would logically be the most likely organ for egg hatching, though this is the first study directly evincing the essential role of the host gastric corpus microenvironment. These findings point towards potential novel mechanisms for therapeutic targets to prevent ascariasis and identify a new biomedical significance of AMCase in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Grace Adeniyi-Ipadeola
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mahliyah Adkins-Threats
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Departments of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Matthew Seasock
- Department of Medicine, Immunology, Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Charlie Suarez-Reyes
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ricardo Fujiwara
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Maria Elena Bottazzi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lizhen Song
- Department of Medicine, Immunology, Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jason C. Mills
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Departments of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jill E. Weatherhead
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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Mengkrog Holen M, Tuveng TR, Kent MP, Vaaje‐Kolstad G. The gastric mucosa of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is abundant in highly active chitinases. FEBS Open Bio 2024; 14:23-36. [PMID: 37581908 PMCID: PMC10761930 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) possesses a genome containing 10 genes encoding chitinases, yet their functional roles remain poorly understood. In other fish species, chitinases have been primarily linked to digestion, but also to other functions, as chitinase-encoding genes are transcribed in a variety of non-digestive organs. In this study, we investigated the properties of two chitinases belonging to the family 18 glycoside hydrolase group, namely Chia.3 and Chia.4, both isolated from the stomach mucosa. Chia.3 and Chia.4, exhibiting 95% sequence identity, proved inseparable using conventional chromatographic methods, necessitating their purification as a chitinase pair. Biochemical analysis revealed sustained chitinolytic activity against β-chitin for up to 24 h, spanning a pH range of 2 to 6. Moreover, subsequent in vitro investigations established that this chitinase pair efficiently degrades diverse chitin-containing substrates into chitobiose, highlighting the potential of Atlantic salmon to utilize novel chitin-containing feed sources. Analysis of the gastric matrix proteome demonstrates that the chitinases are secreted and rank among the most abundant proteins in the gastric matrix. This finding correlates well with the previously observed high transcription of the corresponding chitinase genes in Atlantic salmon stomach tissue. By shedding light on the secreted chitinases in the Atlantic salmon's stomach mucosa and elucidating their functional characteristics, this study enhances our understanding of chitinase biology in this species. Moreover, the observed capacity to effectively degrade chitin-containing materials implies the potential utilization of alternative feed sources rich in chitin, offering promising prospects for sustainable aquaculture practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Mengkrog Holen
- Center for Integrative Genetics, Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of BiosciencesNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
| | - Tina Rise Tuveng
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food ScienceNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
| | - Matthew Peter Kent
- Center for Integrative Genetics, Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of BiosciencesNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
| | - Gustav Vaaje‐Kolstad
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food ScienceNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
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5
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Moubarz G, Shousha WG, Saad-Hussein A, Shawky MM, Shawky S. Influence of chitotriosidase gene polymorphisms on oxidative stress and susceptibility to Aspergillus infection among exposed workers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2023; 33:1195-1204. [PMID: 35616283 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2022.2080189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chitotriosidase (CHIT1) is involved in the innate defense against chitin-containing pathogens. In the present study, we sought to investigate the role of CHIT1 gene polymorphisms on susceptibility to Aspergillus infection in addition to oxidative stress caused by infection. CHIT1 gene polymorphisms were identified in 60 Aspergillus-positive workers by REFLP. We also measured concentrations of the CHIT1 enzyme, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and malondialdehyde (MDA). The majority of workers were wild-type (AA) (66.5%), followed by heterozygous (AB) (28.5%), and homozygous mutants (BB) (5%). The mean concentrations of specific IgE for all Aspergillus species were affected by change in CHIT1 genotypes. Our findings indicate that decreased CHIT1 activity in homozygous mutant CHIT1 allele is associated with a subsequent decrease in TAC levels, resulting in an increased risk of fungal infection and accumulation of oxidant MDA. Thus, CHIT1 enzyme activity plays a critical role in the susceptibility of WWTP workers to fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gehan Moubarz
- Environmental & Occupational Medicine Department, Environment & Climate Change Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Amal Saad-Hussein
- Environmental & Occupational Medicine Department, Environment & Climate Change Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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6
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Feng Y, Wang S, Yang F, Shang Y, Jocelin Ngando F, Huang J, Guo Y. Molecular identification and functional analysis of chitinase genes reveal their importance in the metamorphosis of Sarcophaga peregrina (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2023; 23:10. [PMID: 38016007 PMCID: PMC10684050 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iead107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Chitinases play a crucial role in insect metamorphosis by facilitating chitin degradation. Sarcophaga peregrina (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) is a typical holometabolous insect and an important hygiene pest that causes myiasis in humans and other mammals and acts as a vector for various parasitic agents, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Enhancing the understanding of the metamorphosis in this species has significance for vector control. In this study, we identified a total of 12 chitinase genes in S. peregrina using bioinformatic analysis methods. Based on transcriptome data, SpIDGF2 and SpCht10 were selected for further functional investigation. The down-regulation of these genes by RNA interference led to developmental delays, disruptions in molting, and differences in cuticle composition during the pupal stage. These findings underscore the pivotal role of chitinase genes in the metamorphic process and offer valuable insights for effective control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakai Feng
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830017, China
| | - Shiwen Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830017, China
| | - Fengqin Yang
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Yanjie Shang
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Fernand Jocelin Ngando
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830017, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Endemic Diseases, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830017, China
| | - Yadong Guo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830017, China
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
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7
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Kim DH, Wang Y, Jung H, Field RL, Zhang X, Liu TC, Ma C, Fraser JS, Brestoff JR, Van Dyken SJ. A type 2 immune circuit in the stomach controls mammalian adaptation to dietary chitin. Science 2023; 381:1092-1098. [PMID: 37676935 PMCID: PMC10865997 DOI: 10.1126/science.add5649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Dietary fiber improves metabolic health, but host-encoded mechanisms for digesting fibrous polysaccharides are unclear. In this work, we describe a mammalian adaptation to dietary chitin that is coordinated by gastric innate immune activation and acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase). Chitin consumption causes gastric distension and cytokine production by stomach tuft cells and group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in mice, which drives the expansion of AMCase-expressing zymogenic chief cells that facilitate chitin digestion. Although chitin influences gut microbial composition, ILC2-mediated tissue adaptation and gastrointestinal responses are preserved in germ-free mice. In the absence of AMCase, sustained chitin intake leads to heightened basal type 2 immunity, reduced adiposity, and resistance to obesity. These data define an endogenous metabolic circuit that enables nutrient extraction from an insoluble dietary constituent by enhancing digestive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Hyun Kim
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yilin Wang
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Haerin Jung
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rachael L. Field
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xinya Zhang
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ta-Chiang Liu
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Changqing Ma
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - James S. Fraser
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan R. Brestoff
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Steven J. Van Dyken
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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8
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Tabata E, Kobayashi I, Morikawa T, Kashimura A, Bauer PO, Oyama F. Evolutionary activation of acidic chitinase in herbivores through the H128R mutation in ruminant livestock. iScience 2023; 26:107254. [PMID: 37502259 PMCID: PMC10368815 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Placental mammals' ancestors were insectivores, suggesting that modern mammals may have inherited the ability to digest insects. Acidic chitinase (Chia) is a crucial enzyme hydrolyzing significant component of insects' exoskeleton in many species. On the other hand, herbivorous animal groups, such as cattle, have extremely low chitinase activity compared to omnivorous species, e.g., mice. The low activity of cattle Chia has been attributed to R128H mutation. The presence of either of these amino acids correlates with the feeding behavior of different bovid species with R and H determining the high and low enzymatic activity, respectively. Evolutionary analysis indicated that selective constraints were relaxed in 67 herbivorous Chia in Cetartiodactyla. Despite searching for another Chia paralog that could compensate for the reduced chitinase activity, no active paralogs were found in this order. Herbivorous animals' Chia underwent genetic alterations and evolved into a molecule with low activity due to the chitin-free diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Tabata
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (PD), Koujimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Ikuto Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan
| | - Takuya Morikawa
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan
| | - Akinori Kashimura
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan
| | - Peter O. Bauer
- Bioinova a.s., Videnska 1083, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Fumitaka Oyama
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan
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9
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Wang L, Tian D, Zhang X, Han M, Cheng X, Ye X, Zhang C, Gao H, Li Z. The Regulation of Phosphorus Release by Penicillium chrysogenum in Different Phosphate via the TCA Cycle and Mycelial Morphology. J Microbiol 2023; 61:765-775. [PMID: 37665553 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-023-00072-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Phosphate-solubilizing fungi (PSF) efficiently dissolve insoluble phosphates through the production of organic acids. This study investigates the mechanisms of organic acid secretion by PSF, specifically Penicillium chrysogenum, under tricalcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2, Ca-P) and ferric phosphate (FePO4, Fe-P) conditions. Penicillium chrysogenum exhibited higher phosphorus (P) release efficiency from Ca-P (693.6 mg/L) than from Fe-P (162.6 mg/L). However, Fe-P significantly enhanced oxalic acid (1193.7 mg/L) and citric acid (227.7 mg/L) production by Penicillium chrysogenum compared with Ca-P (905.7 and 3.5 mg/L, respectively). The presence of Fe-P upregulated the expression of genes and activity of enzymes related to the tricarboxylic acid cycle, including pyruvate dehydrogenase and citrate synthase. Additionally, Fe-P upregulated the expression of chitinase and endoglucanase genes, inducing a transformation of Penicillium chrysogenum mycelial morphology from pellet to filamentous. The filamentous morphology exhibited higher efficiency in oxalic acid secretion and P release from Fe-P and Ca-P. Compared with pellet morphology, filamentous morphology enhanced P release capacity by > 40% and > 18% in Ca-P and Fe-P, respectively. This study explored the strategies employed by PSF to improve the dissolution of different insoluble phosphates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Wang
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, Anhui Province Engineering and Technology Research Center of Intelligent Manufacture and Efficient Utilization of Green Phosphorus Fertilizer, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of JiangHuai Arable Land Resources Protection and Eco-Restoration, Ministry of Natural Resources, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Da Tian
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, Anhui Province Engineering and Technology Research Center of Intelligent Manufacture and Efficient Utilization of Green Phosphorus Fertilizer, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of JiangHuai Arable Land Resources Protection and Eco-Restoration, Ministry of Natural Resources, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoru Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, Anhui Province Engineering and Technology Research Center of Intelligent Manufacture and Efficient Utilization of Green Phosphorus Fertilizer, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of JiangHuai Arable Land Resources Protection and Eco-Restoration, Ministry of Natural Resources, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxue Han
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, Anhui Province Engineering and Technology Research Center of Intelligent Manufacture and Efficient Utilization of Green Phosphorus Fertilizer, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of JiangHuai Arable Land Resources Protection and Eco-Restoration, Ministry of Natural Resources, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Cheng
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, Anhui Province Engineering and Technology Research Center of Intelligent Manufacture and Efficient Utilization of Green Phosphorus Fertilizer, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of JiangHuai Arable Land Resources Protection and Eco-Restoration, Ministry of Natural Resources, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Ye
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, Anhui Province Engineering and Technology Research Center of Intelligent Manufacture and Efficient Utilization of Green Phosphorus Fertilizer, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of JiangHuai Arable Land Resources Protection and Eco-Restoration, Ministry of Natural Resources, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaochun Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, Anhui Province Engineering and Technology Research Center of Intelligent Manufacture and Efficient Utilization of Green Phosphorus Fertilizer, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of JiangHuai Arable Land Resources Protection and Eco-Restoration, Ministry of Natural Resources, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongjian Gao
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, Anhui Province Engineering and Technology Research Center of Intelligent Manufacture and Efficient Utilization of Green Phosphorus Fertilizer, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of JiangHuai Arable Land Resources Protection and Eco-Restoration, Ministry of Natural Resources, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic SolidWaste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Peng C, Wu DD, Ren JL, Peng ZL, Ma Z, Wu W, Lv Y, Wang Z, Deng C, Jiang K, Parkinson CL, Qi Y, Zhang ZY, Li JT. Large-scale snake genome analyses provide insights into vertebrate development. Cell 2023; 186:2959-2976.e22. [PMID: 37339633 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Snakes are a remarkable squamate lineage with unique morphological adaptations, especially those related to the evolution of vertebrate skeletons, organs, and sensory systems. To clarify the genetic underpinnings of snake phenotypes, we assembled and analyzed 14 de novo genomes from 12 snake families. We also investigated the genetic basis of the morphological characteristics of snakes using functional experiments. We identified genes, regulatory elements, and structural variations that have potentially contributed to the evolution of limb loss, an elongated body plan, asymmetrical lungs, sensory systems, and digestive adaptations in snakes. We identified some of the genes and regulatory elements that might have shaped the evolution of vision, the skeletal system and diet in blind snakes, and thermoreception in infrared-sensitive snakes. Our study provides insights into the evolution and development of snakes and vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjun Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610040, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dong-Dong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Jin-Long Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610040, China
| | - Zhong-Liang Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610040, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhifei Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610040, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610040, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yunyun Lv
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610040, China; College of Life Science, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang, Sichuan 641100, China
| | - Zeng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610040, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Cao Deng
- Departments of Bioinformatics, DNA Stories Bioinformatics Center, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Ke Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610040, China
| | | | - Yin Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610040, China
| | - Zhi-Yi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610040, China
| | - Jia-Tang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610040, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw 05282, Myanmar.
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11
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Holen MM, Vaaje-Kolstad G, Kent MP, Sandve SR. Gene family expansion and functional diversification of chitinase and chitin synthase genes in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 13:jkad069. [PMID: 36972305 PMCID: PMC10234404 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Chitin is one of the most abundant polysaccharides in nature, forming important structures in insects, crustaceans, and fungal cell walls. Vertebrates on the other hand are generally considered "nonchitinous" organisms, despite having highly conserved chitin metabolism-associated genes. Recent work has revealed that the largest group of vertebrates, the teleosts, have the potential to both synthesize and degrade endogenous chitin. Yet, little is known about the genes and proteins responsible for these dynamic processes. Here, we used comparative genomics, transcriptomics, and chromatin accessibility data to characterize the repertoire, evolution, and regulation of genes involved in chitin metabolism in teleosts, with a particular focus on Atlantic salmon. Reconstruction of gene family phylogenies provides evidence for an expansion of teleost and salmonid chitinase and chitin synthase genes after multiple whole-genome duplications. Analyses of multi-tissue gene expression data demonstrated a strong bias of gastrointestinal tract expression for chitin metabolism genes, but with different spatial and temporal tissue specificities. Finally, we integrated transcriptomes from a developmental time series of the gastrointestinal tract with chromatin accessibility data to identify putative transcription factors responsible for regulating chitin metabolism gene expression (CDX1 and CDX2) as well as tissue-specific divergence in the regulation of gene duplicates (FOXJ2). The findings presented here support the hypothesis that chitin metabolism genes in teleosts play a role in developing and maintaining a chitin-based barrier in the teleost gut and provide a basis for further investigations into the molecular basis of this barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Mengkrog Holen
- Section for Genome Biology, Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås NO-1432, Norway
| | - Gustav Vaaje-Kolstad
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science (IKBM), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås NO-1432, Norway
| | - Matthew Peter Kent
- Section for Genome Biology, Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås NO-1432, Norway
| | - Simen Rød Sandve
- Section for Genome Biology, Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås NO-1432, Norway
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12
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Balestri LI, Trivisani CI, Orofino F, Fiorucci D, Truglio GI, D’Agostino I, Poggialini F, Botta L, Docquier JD, Dreassi E. Discovery and Optimization of a Novel Macrocyclic Amidinourea Series Active as Acidic Mammalian Chitinase Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:417-424. [PMID: 37077400 PMCID: PMC10107916 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Our research group has been involved for a long time in the development of macrocyclic amidinoureas (MCAs) as antifungal agents. The mechanistic investigation drove us to perform an in silico target fishing study, which allowed the identification of chitinases as one of their putative targets, with 1a showing a submicromolar inhibition of Trichoderma viride chitinase. In this work, we investigated the possibility to further inhibit the corresponding human enzymes, acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase) and chitotriosidase (CHIT1), involved in several chronic inflammatory lung diseases. Thus, we first validated the inhibitory activity of 1a against AMCase and CHIT1 and then designed and synthesized new derivatives aimed at improving the potency and selectivity against AMCase. Among them, compound 3f emerged for its activity profile along with its promising in vitro ADME properties. We also gained a good understanding of the key interactions with the target enzyme through in silico studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Francesco Orofino
- Department
of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Diego Fiorucci
- Department
of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Ivana Truglio
- Department
of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Ilaria D’Agostino
- Department
of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Federica Poggialini
- Department
of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Botta
- Lead
Discovery Siena s.r.l., Via Vittorio Alfieri 31, I-53019 Castelnuovo Berardenga, Italy
- Department
of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University
of Tuscia, Largo Università s.n.c., I-01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Jean-Denis Docquier
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie Mediche, University of
Siena, Viale Bracci 16, I-53100, Siena, Italy
- Laboratoire
de Bactériologie Moléculaire, Centre d’Ingénierie
des Protéines, UR-InBioS, University
of Liège, Allée
du 6 Août, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Elena Dreassi
- Department
of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
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13
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Declercq J, Hammad H, Lambrecht BN, Smole U. Chitinases and chitinase-like proteins in asthma. Semin Immunol 2023; 67:101759. [PMID: 37031560 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite the lack of endogenous chitin synthesis, mammalian genomes encode two enzymatically active true chitinases (chitotriosidase and acidic mammalian chitinase) and a variable number of chitinase-like proteins (CLPs) that have no enzyme activity but bind chitin. Chitinases and CLPs are prominent components of type-2 immune response-mediated respiratory diseases. However, despite extensive research into their role in allergic airway disease, there is still no agreement on whether they are mere biomarkers of disease or actual disease drivers. Functions ascribed to chitinases and CLPs include, but are not limited to host defense against chitin-containing pathogens, directly promoting inflammation, and modulating tissue remodeling and fibrosis. Here, we discuss in detail the chitin-dependent and -independent roles of chitinases and CLPs in the context of allergic airway disease, and recent advances and emerging concepts in the field that might identify opportunities for new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozefien Declercq
- Immunoregulation Unit, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hamida Hammad
- Immunoregulation Unit, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart N Lambrecht
- Immunoregulation Unit, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, ErasmusMC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Ursula Smole
- Immunoregulation Unit, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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14
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An S, Liu W, Fu J, Zhang Z, Zhang R. Molecular identification of the chitinase genes in Aedes albopictus and essential roles of AaCht10 in pupal-adult transition. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:120. [PMID: 37005671 PMCID: PMC10068161 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05733-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes albopictus is an increasingly serious threat in public health due to it is vector of multiple arboviruses that cause devastating human diseases, as well as its widening distribution in recent years. Insecticide resistance is a serious problem worldwide that limits the efficacy of chemical control strategies against Ae. albopictus. Chitinase genes have been widely recognized as attractive targets for the development of effective and environmentally safe insect management measures. METHODS Chitinase genes of Ae. albopictus were identified and characterized on the basis of bioinformatics search of the referenced genome. Gene characterizations and phylogenetic relationships of chitinase genes were investigated, and spatio-temporal expression pattern of each chitinase gene was evaluated using qRT-PCR. RNA interference (RNAi) was used to suppress the expression of AaCht10, and the roles of AaCht10 were verified based on phynotype observations, chitin content analysis and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain of epidermis and midgut. RESULTS Altogether, 14 chitinase-related genes (12 chitinase genes and 2 IDGFs) encoding 17 proteins were identified. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all these AaChts were classified into seven groups, and most of them were gathered into group IX. Only AaCht5-1, AaCht10 and AaCht18 contained both catalytic and chitin-binding domains. Different AaChts displayed development- and tissue-specific expression profiling. Suppression of the expression of AaCht10 resulted in abnormal molting, increased mortality, decreased chitin content and thinning epicuticle, procuticle and midgut wall of pupa. CONCLUSIONS Findings of the present study will aid in determining the biological functions of AaChts and also contribute to using AaChts as potential target for mosquito management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha An
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250000, China
- School of Clinical and Basic Medical Science, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Jinan, 250117, China
| | - Wenjuan Liu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250000, China
- School of Clinical and Basic Medical Science, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Jinan, 250117, China
| | - Jingwen Fu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250000, China
- School of Clinical and Basic Medical Science, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Jinan, 250117, China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250000, China.
- School of Clinical and Basic Medical Science, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Jinan, 250117, China.
| | - Ruiling Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250000, China.
- School of Clinical and Basic Medical Science, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Jinan, 250117, China.
- School of Laboratory Animal (Shandong Laboratory Animal Center), Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Jinan, 250117, China.
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15
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Okawa K, Tabata E, Kida Y, Uno K, Suzuki H, Kamaya M, Bauer PO, Oyama F. Irreversible evolutionary loss of chitin-degrading ability in the chitinase-like protein Ym1 under positive selection in rodents. Protein Sci 2023; 32:e4620. [PMID: 36883357 PMCID: PMC10031810 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Ym1 (chitinase-like 3, Chil3) expressed in mice is a nonenzymatic chitinase-like protein, which shows 67% identity with mouse acidic chitinase (Chia). Similar to Chia, Ym1 is overexpressed in asthma and parasitic infections in mouse lungs. Due to the lack of chitin-degrading activity, the biomedical role of Ym1 under these pathophysiological conditions remains to be determined. In this study, we investigated what region and amino acid changes in Ym1 resulted in the loss of enzymatic activity. Replacing two amino acids at the catalytic motif to obtain a Chia-like sequence (N136D and Q140E; MT-Ym1) did not activate the protein. We conducted a comparative study of Ym1 and Chia. We found that three protein segments-(i) the catalytic motif residues, (ii) exons 6 and 7, and (iii) exon 10-are responsible for chitinase activity loss in Ym1. We show that replacing each of these three segments in Chia that are also involved in substrate recognition and binding by the Ym1 sequence can fully abolish the enzymatic activity. In addition, we show that there have been extensive gene duplication events at the Ym1 locus specific to the rodent lineages. Consistent with this result, Ym1 orthologs from the rodent genome were under positive selection when analyzed through the CODEML program. These data suggest that numerous amino acid substitutions in the regions involved in the chitin recognition, binding, and degradation ability of the ancestor Ym1 molecule lead to the irreversible inactivation of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Okawa
- Department of Chemistry and Life ScienceKogakuin UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Eri Tabata
- Department of Chemistry and Life ScienceKogakuin UniversityTokyoJapan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (PD)TokyoJapan
| | - Yuta Kida
- Department of Chemistry and Life ScienceKogakuin UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Kyohei Uno
- Department of Chemistry and Life ScienceKogakuin UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Hidetoshi Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry and Life ScienceKogakuin UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Minori Kamaya
- Department of Applied ChemistryKogakuin UniversityTokyoJapan
| | | | - Fumitaka Oyama
- Department of Chemistry and Life ScienceKogakuin UniversityTokyoJapan
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16
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NIO-KOBAYASHI J, OWHASHI M, IWANAGA T. Pathological examination of Ym1, a chitinase family protein, in <i>Mesocestoides corti</i>-infected mice. Biomed Res 2022; 43:161-171. [DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.43.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junko NIO-KOBAYASHI
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Makoto OWHASHI
- Faculty of Integrated Arts and Science, Tokushima University
| | - Toshihiko IWANAGA
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University
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17
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Liu N, Qi L, Huang M, Chen D, Yin C, Zhang Y, Wang X, Yuan G, Wang RJ, Yang J, Peng YL, Lu X. Comparative Secretome Analysis of Magnaporthe oryzae Identified Proteins Involved in Virulence and Cell Wall Integrity. GENOMICS, PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2022; 20:728-746. [PMID: 34284133 PMCID: PMC9880818 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Plant fungal pathogens secrete numerous proteins into the apoplast at the plant-fungus contact sites to facilitate colonization. However, only a few secretory proteins were functionally characterized in Magnaporthe oryzae, the fungal pathogen causing rice blast disease worldwide. Asparagine-linked glycosylation 3 (Alg3) is an α-1,3-mannosyltransferase functioning in the N-glycan synthesis of N-glycosylated secretory proteins. Fungal pathogenicity and cell wall integrity are impaired in Δalg3 mutants, but the secreted proteins affected in Δalg3 mutants are largely unknown. In this study, we compared the secretomes of the wild-type strain and the Δalg3 mutant and identified 51 proteins that require Alg3 for proper secretion. These proteins were predicted to be involved in metabolic processes, interspecies interactions, cell wall organization, and response to chemicals. Nine proteins were selected for further validation. We found that these proteins were localized at the apoplastic region surrounding the fungal infection hyphae. Moreover, the N-glycosylation of these proteins was significantly changed in the Δalg3 mutant, leading to the decreased protein secretion and abnormal protein localization. Furthermore, we tested the biological functions of two genes, INV1 (encoding invertase 1, a secreted invertase) and AMCase (encoding acid mammalian chinitase, a secreted chitinase). The fungal virulence was significantly reduced, and the cell wall integrity was altered in the Δinv1 and Δamcase mutant strains. Moreover, the N-glycosylation was essential for the function and secretion of AMCase. Taken together, our study provides new insight into the role of N-glycosylated secretory proteins in fungal virulence and cell wall integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China,Graduate School of China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Linlu Qi
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Manna Huang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China,Graduate School of China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Deng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Changfa Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China,Graduate School of China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yiying Zhang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China,Graduate School of China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xingbin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China,Graduate School of China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guixin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China,Graduate School of China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Rui-Jin Wang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jun Yang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - You-Liang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xunli Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China,Corresponding author.
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18
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Elliott T, Truong C, Jackson S, Zúñiga C, Trappe J, Vernes K. Mammalian Mycophagy: a Global Review of Ecosystem Interactions Between Mammals and Fungi. Fungal Syst Evol 2022; 9:99-159. [PMID: 36072820 PMCID: PMC9402283 DOI: 10.3114/fuse.2022.09.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The consumption of fungi by animals is a significant trophic interaction in most terrestrial ecosystems, yet the role mammals play in these associations has been incompletely studied. In this review, we compile 1 154 references published over the last 146 years and provide the first
comprehensive global review of mammal species known to eat fungi (508 species in 15 orders). We review experimental studies that found viable fungal inoculum in the scats of at least 40 mammal species, including spores from at least 58 mycorrhizal fungal species that remained viable after
ingestion by mammals. We provide a summary of mammal behaviours relating to the consumption of fungi, the nutritional importance of fungi for mammals, and the role of mammals in fungal spore dispersal. We also provide evidence to suggest that the morphological evolution of sequestrate fungal
sporocarps (fruiting bodies) has likely been driven in part by the dispersal advantages provided by mammals. Finally, we demonstrate how these interconnected associations are widespread globally and have far-reaching ecological implications for mammals, fungi and associated plants in most
terrestrial ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- T.F. Elliott
- Ecosystem Management, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - C. Truong
- Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, Birdwood Ave, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - S.M. Jackson
- Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, 1 William St., Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - C.L. Zúñiga
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer Circuito s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - J.M. Trappe
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - K. Vernes
- Ecosystem Management, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
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19
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Full-Length Transcriptome Comparison Provides Novel Insights into the Molecular Basis of Adaptation to Different Ecological Niches of the Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent in Alvinocaridid Shrimps. DIVERSITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/d14050371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The deep-sea hydrothermal vent ecosystem is one of the extreme chemoautotrophic environments. Shinkaicaris leurokolos Kikuchi and Hashimoto, 2000, and Alvinocaris longirostris Kikuchi and Ohta, 1995, are typically co-distributed and closely related alvinocaridid shrimps in hydrothermal vent areas with different ecological niches, providing an excellent model for studying the adaptive evolution mechanism of animals in the extreme deep-sea hydrothermal vent environment. The shrimp S. leurokolos lives in close proximity to the chimney vent discharging high-temperature fluid, while A. longirostris inhabits the peripheral areas of hydrothermal vents. In this study, full-length transcriptomes of S. leurokolos and A. longirostris were generated using a combination of single-molecule real-time (SMRT) and Illumina RNA-seq technology. Expression analyses of the transcriptomes showed that among the top 30% of highly expressed genes of each species, more genes related to sulfide and heavy metal metabolism (sulfide: quinone oxidoreductase, SQR; persulfide dioxygenase, ETHE1; thiosulfate sulfurtransferase, TST, and ferritin, FRI) were specifically highly expressed in S. leurokolos, while genes involved in maintaining epibiotic bacteria or pathogen resistance (beta-1,3-glucan-binding protein, BGBP; endochitinase, CHIT; acidic mammalian chitinase, CHIA, and anti-lipopolysaccharide factors, ALPS) were highly expressed in A. longirostris. Gene family expansion analysis revealed that genes related to anti-oxidant metabolism (cytosolic manganese superoxide dismutase, SODM; glutathione S-transferase, GST, and glutathione peroxidase, GPX) and heat stress (heat shock cognate 70 kDa protein, HSP70 and heat shock 70 kDa protein cognate 4, HSP7D) underwent significant expansion in S. leurokolos, while CHIA and CHIT involved in pathogen resistance significantly expanded in A. longirostris. Finally, 66 positively selected genes (PSGs) were identified in the vent shrimp S. leurokolos. Most of the PSGs were involved in DNA repair, antioxidation, immune defense, and heat stress response, suggesting their function in the adaptive evolution of species inhabiting the extreme vent microhabitat. This study provides abundant genetic resources for deep-sea invertebrates, and is expected to lay the foundation for deep decipherment of the adaptive evolution mechanism of shrimps in a deep-sea chemosynthetic ecosystem based on further whole-genome comparison.
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Wolbachia depletion blocks transmission of lymphatic filariasis by preventing chitinase-dependent parasite exsheathment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2120003119. [PMID: 35377795 PMCID: PMC9169722 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2120003119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis is a vector-borne neglected tropical disease prioritized for global elimination. The filarial nematodes that cause the disease host a symbiotic bacterium, Wolbachia, which has been targeted using antibiotics, leading to cessation of parasite embryogenesis, waning of circulating larvae (microfilariae [mf]), and gradual cure of adult infection. One of the benefits of the anti-Wolbachia mode of action is that it avoids the rapid killing of mf, which can drive inflammatory adverse events. However, mf depleted of Wolbachia persist for several months in circulation, and thus patients treated with antibiotics are assumed to remain at risk for transmitting infections. Here, we show that Wolbachia-depleted mf rapidly lose the capacity to develop in the mosquito vector through a defect in exsheathment and inability to migrate through the gut wall. Transcriptomic and Western blotting analyses demonstrate that chitinase, an enzyme essential for mf exsheathment, is down-regulated in Wolbachia-depleted mf and correlates with their inability to exsheath and escape the mosquito midgut. Supplementation of in vitro cultures of Wolbachia-depleted mf with chitinase enzymes restores their ability to exsheath to a similar level to that observed in untreated mf. Our findings elucidate a mechanism of rapid transmission-blocking activity of filariasis after depletion of Wolbachia and adds to the broad range of biological processes of filarial nematodes that are dependent on Wolbachia symbiosis.
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Characterization of Acidic Mammalian Chitinase as a Novel Biomarker for Severe Periodontitis (Stage III/IV): A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19074113. [PMID: 35409795 PMCID: PMC8998681 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19074113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by gingival infection, periodontal pocket formation, and alveolar bone loss. Acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase), an active chitinase enzyme, increased its expression under severe inflammation and related systemic disorders. However, AMCase expression and molecular mechanism in periodontal inflammation, have not been elucidated yet. This study was aimed to characterize AMCase in severe periodontitis patients compare to those in periodontally healthy subjects. In total, 15 periodontally healthy subjects and 15 severe (stage III/IV) periodontitis patients were enrolled with their informed consent. Tissue samples were collected and analyzed using Western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). AMCase protein expressions in periodontal patients were significantly more increased than those of periodontally healthy individuals. ELISA resulted in median values (first quartile to third quartile) of the periodontally healthy group 0.654 ng/mL (range, 0.644−0.827 ng/mL) and the periodontitis group 0.965 ng/mL (range, 0.886−1.165 ng/mL). AMCase was expressed significantly higher levels in periodontitis patients than in periodontally healthy individuals (p < 0.05). This suggests that AMCase may play a potential role as a biomarker for the screening and early diagnosis of severe periodontitis.
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Lee SY, Lee CM, Ma B, Kamle S, Elias JA, Zhou Y, Lee CG. Targeting Chitinase 1 and Chitinase 3-Like 1 as Novel Therapeutic Strategy of Pulmonary Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:826471. [PMID: 35370755 PMCID: PMC8969576 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.826471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitinase 1 (CHIT1) and chitinase 3-like-1 (CHI3L1), two representative members of 18-Glycosyl hydrolases family, are significantly implicated in the pathogenesis of various human diseases characterized by inflammation and remodeling. Notably, dysregulated expression of CHIT1 and CHI3L1 was noted in the patients with pulmonary fibrosis and their levels were inversely correlated with clinical outcome of the patients. CHIT1 and CHI3L1, mainly expressed in alveolar macrophages, regulate profibrotic macrophage activation, fibroblast proliferation and myofibroblast transformation, and TGF-β signaling and effector function. Although the mechanism or the pathways that CHIT1 and CHI3L1 use to regulate pulmonary fibrosis have not been fully understood yet, these studies identify CHIT1 and CHI3L1 as significant modulators of fibroproliferative responses leading to persistent and progressive pulmonary fibrosis. These studies suggest a possibility that CHIT1 and CHI3L1 could be reasonable therapeutic targets to intervene or reverse established pulmonary fibrosis. In this review, we will discuss specific roles and regulatory mechanisms of CHIT1 and CHI3L1 in profibrotic cell and tissue responses as novel therapeutic targets of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suh-Young Lee
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, 185 Meeting St., Providence, RI, United States
- Devision of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chang-Min Lee
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, 185 Meeting St., Providence, RI, United States
| | - Bing Ma
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, 185 Meeting St., Providence, RI, United States
| | - Suchitra Kamle
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, 185 Meeting St., Providence, RI, United States
| | - Jack A. Elias
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, 185 Meeting St., Providence, RI, United States
| | - Yang Zhou
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, 185 Meeting St., Providence, RI, United States
| | - Chun Geun Lee
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, 185 Meeting St., Providence, RI, United States
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Uehara M, Takasaki C, Wakita S, Sugahara Y, Tabata E, Matoska V, Bauer PO, Oyama F. Crab-Eating Monkey Acidic Chitinase (CHIA) Efficiently Degrades Chitin and Chitosan under Acidic and High-Temperature Conditions. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27020409. [PMID: 35056724 PMCID: PMC8781735 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharides, the degradation products of chitin and chitosan, possess anti-bacterial, anti-tumor, and anti-inflammatory activities. The enzymatic production of chitooligosaccharides may increase the interest in their potential biomedical or agricultural usability in terms of the safety and simplicity of the manufacturing process. Crab-eating monkey acidic chitinase (CHIA) is an enzyme with robust activity in various environments. Here, we report the efficient degradation of chitin and chitosan by monkey CHIA under acidic and high-temperature conditions. Monkey CHIA hydrolyzed α-chitin at 50 °C, producing N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc) dimers more efficiently than at 37 °C. Moreover, the degradation rate increased with a longer incubation time (up to 72 h) without the inactivation of the enzyme. Five substrates (α-chitin, colloidal chitin, P-chitin, block-type, and random-type chitosan substrates) were exposed to monkey CHIS at pH 2.0 or pH 5.0 at 50 °C. P-chitin and random-type chitosan appeared to be the best sources of GlcNAc dimers and broad-scale chitooligosaccharides, respectively. In addition, the pattern of the products from the block-type chitosan was different between pH conditions (pH 2.0 and pH 5.0). Thus, monkey CHIA can degrade chitin and chitosan efficiently without inactivation under high-temperature or low pH conditions. Our results show that certain chitooligosaccharides are enriched by using different substrates under different conditions. Therefore, the reaction conditions can be adjusted to obtain desired oligomers. Crab-eating monkey CHIA can potentially become an efficient tool in producing chitooligosaccharide sets for agricultural and biomedical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Uehara
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (M.U.); (C.T.); (S.W.); (Y.S.); (E.T.)
| | - Chinatsu Takasaki
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (M.U.); (C.T.); (S.W.); (Y.S.); (E.T.)
| | - Satoshi Wakita
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (M.U.); (C.T.); (S.W.); (Y.S.); (E.T.)
| | - Yasusato Sugahara
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (M.U.); (C.T.); (S.W.); (Y.S.); (E.T.)
| | - Eri Tabata
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (M.U.); (C.T.); (S.W.); (Y.S.); (E.T.)
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (PD), Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Vaclav Matoska
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hematology and Immunology, Homolka Hospital, Roentgenova 37/2, 150 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (V.M.); (P.O.B.)
| | - Peter O. Bauer
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hematology and Immunology, Homolka Hospital, Roentgenova 37/2, 150 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (V.M.); (P.O.B.)
- Bioinova JSC, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Fumitaka Oyama
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (M.U.); (C.T.); (S.W.); (Y.S.); (E.T.)
- Correspondence:
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Yang M, Shrestha SK, Soh Y, Heo SM. Effects of aloe-emodin on alveolar bone in Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced periodontitis rat model: a pilot study. J Periodontal Implant Sci 2022; 52:383-393. [DOI: 10.5051/jpis.2104060203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Beihua University, Jilin, China
| | - Saroj K Shrestha
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Yunjo Soh
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Institute of New Drug Development, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Seok-Mo Heo
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
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A Helminth-Derived Chitinase Structurally Similar to Mammalian Chitinase Displays Immunomodulatory Properties in Inflammatory Lung Disease. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:6234836. [PMID: 34869783 PMCID: PMC8639245 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6234836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunomodulation of airway hyperreactivity by excretory-secretory (ES) products of the first larval stage (L1) of the gastrointestinal nematode Trichuris suis is reported by us and others. Here, we aimed to identify the proteins accounting for the modulatory effects of the T. suis L1 ES proteins and studied six selected T. suis L1 proteins for their immunomodulatory efficacy in a murine OVA-induced allergic airway disease model. In particular, an enzymatically active T. suis chitinase mediated amelioration of clinical signs of airway hyperreactivity, primarily associated with suppression of eosinophil recruitment into the lung, the associated chemokines, and increased numbers of RELMα+ interstitial lung macrophages. While there is no indication of T. suis chitinase directly interfering with dendritic cell activation or antigen presentation to CD4 T cells, treatment of allergic mice with the worm chitinase influenced the hosts' own chitinase activity in the inflamed lung. The three-dimensional structure of the T. suis chitinase as determined by high-resolution X-ray crystallography revealed high similarities to mouse acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase) but a unique ability of T. suis chitinase to form dimers. Our data indicate that the structural similarities between the parasite and host chitinase contribute to the disease-ameliorating effect of the helminth-derived chitinase on allergic lung inflammation.
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Tabata E, Itoigawa A, Koinuma T, Tayama H, Kashimura A, Sakaguchi M, Matoska V, Bauer PO, Oyama F. Noninsect-Based Diet Leads to Structural and Functional Changes of Acidic Chitinase in Carnivora. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 39:6432054. [PMID: 34897517 PMCID: PMC8789059 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acidic chitinase (Chia) digests the chitin of insects in the omnivorous stomach and the chitinase activity in carnivorous Chia is significantly lower than that of the omnivorous enzyme. However, mechanistic and evolutionary insights into the functional changes in Chia remain unclear. Here we show that a noninsect-based diet has caused structural and functional changes in Chia during the course of evolution in Carnivora. By creating mouse-dog chimeric Chia proteins and modifying the amino acid sequences, we revealed that F214L and A216G substitutions led to the dog enzyme activation. In 31 Carnivora, Chia was present as a pseudogene with stop codons in the open reading frame (ORF) region. Importantly, the Chia proteins of skunk, meerkat, mongoose, and hyena, which are insect-eating species, showed high chitinolytic activity. The cat Chia pseudogene product was still inactive even after ORF restoration. However, the enzyme was activated by matching the number and position of Cys residues to an active form and by introducing five meerkat Chia residues. Mutations affecting the Chia conformation and activity after pseudogenization have accumulated in the common ancestor of Felidae due to functional constraints. Evolutionary analysis indicates that Chia genes are under relaxed selective constraint in species with noninsect-based diets except for Canidae. These results suggest that there are two types of inactivating processes in Carnivora and that dietary changes affect the structure and activity of Chia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Tabata
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (PD), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Itoigawa
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takumi Koinuma
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tayama
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akinori Kashimura
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Vaclav Matoska
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hematology and Immunology, Homolka Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Peter O Bauer
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hematology and Immunology, Homolka Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
- Bioinova JSC, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Fumitaka Oyama
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo, Japan
- Corresponding author: E-mail:
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Wakita S, Sugahara Y, Nakamura M, Kobayashi S, Matsuda K, Takasaki C, Kimura M, Kida Y, Uehara M, Tabata E, Hiraoka K, Seki S, Matoska V, Bauer PO, Oyama F. Mouse Acidic Chitinase Effectively Degrades Random-Type Chitosan to Chitooligosaccharides of Variable Lengths under Stomach and Lung Tissue pH Conditions. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216706. [PMID: 34771117 PMCID: PMC8587675 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharides exhibit several biomedical activities, such as inflammation and tumorigenesis reduction in mammals. The mechanism of the chitooligosaccharides’ formation in vivo has been, however, poorly understood. Here we report that mouse acidic chitinase (Chia), which is widely expressed in mouse tissues, can produce chitooligosaccharides from deacetylated chitin (chitosan) at pH levels corresponding to stomach and lung tissues. Chia degraded chitin to produce N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc) dimers. The block-type chitosan (heterogenous deacetylation) is soluble at pH 2.0 (optimal condition for mouse Chia) and was degraded into chitooligosaccharides with various sizes ranging from di- to nonamers. The random-type chitosan (homogenous deacetylation) is soluble in water that enables us to examine its degradation at pH 2.0, 5.0, and 7.0. Incubation of these substrates with Chia resulted in the more efficient production of chitooligosaccharides with more variable sizes was from random-type chitosan than from the block-type form of the molecule. The data presented here indicate that Chia digests chitosan acquired by homogenous deacetylation of chitin in vitro and in vivo. The degradation products may then influence different physiological or pathological processes. Our results also suggest that bioactive chitooligosaccharides can be obtained conveniently using homogenously deacetylated chitosan and Chia for various biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Wakita
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (S.W.); (Y.S.); (M.N.); (S.K.); (K.M.); (C.T.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (M.U.); (E.T.)
| | - Yasusato Sugahara
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (S.W.); (Y.S.); (M.N.); (S.K.); (K.M.); (C.T.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (M.U.); (E.T.)
| | - Masayuki Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (S.W.); (Y.S.); (M.N.); (S.K.); (K.M.); (C.T.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (M.U.); (E.T.)
| | - Syunsuke Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (S.W.); (Y.S.); (M.N.); (S.K.); (K.M.); (C.T.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (M.U.); (E.T.)
| | - Kazuhisa Matsuda
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (S.W.); (Y.S.); (M.N.); (S.K.); (K.M.); (C.T.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (M.U.); (E.T.)
| | - Chinatsu Takasaki
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (S.W.); (Y.S.); (M.N.); (S.K.); (K.M.); (C.T.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (M.U.); (E.T.)
| | - Masahiro Kimura
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (S.W.); (Y.S.); (M.N.); (S.K.); (K.M.); (C.T.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (M.U.); (E.T.)
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (PD), Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Yuta Kida
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (S.W.); (Y.S.); (M.N.); (S.K.); (K.M.); (C.T.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (M.U.); (E.T.)
| | - Maiko Uehara
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (S.W.); (Y.S.); (M.N.); (S.K.); (K.M.); (C.T.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (M.U.); (E.T.)
| | - Eri Tabata
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (S.W.); (Y.S.); (M.N.); (S.K.); (K.M.); (C.T.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (M.U.); (E.T.)
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (PD), Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Koji Hiraoka
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (K.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Shiro Seki
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (K.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Vaclav Matoska
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hematology and Immunology, Homolka Hospital, Roentgenova 37/2, 150 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (V.M.); (P.O.B.)
| | - Peter O. Bauer
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hematology and Immunology, Homolka Hospital, Roentgenova 37/2, 150 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (V.M.); (P.O.B.)
- Bioinova JSC, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Fumitaka Oyama
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (S.W.); (Y.S.); (M.N.); (S.K.); (K.M.); (C.T.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (M.U.); (E.T.)
- Correspondence:
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Jin Y, Song J, Xu F, Zhang D, He J, Zheng J, Zhang Y, Li J, Guo Y, Xu M, Yu X, Liu Y, Liu Q, Yan J. Association between YKL-40 and asthma: a systematic meta-analysis. Sleep Breath 2021; 26:1011-1022. [PMID: 34657273 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-021-02495-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Many studies have shown that chitinase-3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1), also known as YKL-40, is associated with asthma. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the role of serum YKL-40 in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of asthma, severity grading, and determination of disease state. METHODS The PubMed, Ovid, and Cochrane databases were searched. A total of 17 articles involving 5696 subjects were included in this meta-analysis. RESULTS The results showed that the level of YKL-40 was significantly higher in asthmatic patients than in the normal group regardless of age and residential location, and increased with severity and acute exacerbation (p < 0.05). YKL-40 levels were significantly different between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma, and also between asthma-COPD overlap syndrome (ACO) and asthma (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION YKL-40 may act as a potential serological marker for the diagnosis of asthma, assessment of severity, indicator of the disease state, and differential diagnosis of COPD, ACO, and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Jin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jie Song
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Fang Xu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jinfang He
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jiakun Zheng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jintong Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yikun Guo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Mengjiao Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Xiangfeng Yu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yanbin Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China.
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Ori F, Menotta M, Leonardi M, Amicucci A, Zambonelli A, Covès H, Selosse MA, Schneider-Maunoury L, Pacioni G, Iotti M. Effect of slug mycophagy on Tuber aestivum spores. Fungal Biol 2021; 125:796-805. [PMID: 34537175 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Truffles in the genus Tuber produce subterranean fruiting bodies that are not able to actively discharge their spores in the environment. For this reason, truffles depend on mycophagous animals for reproduction. Fungus consumption (mycophagy) is a behaviour typical of both vertebrates and invertebrates. Mammals, especially rodents, are the most studied group of mycophagists and have been found to consume a great variety of fungi. Among invertebrates, mycophagy is documented in arthropods, but rarely in molluscs. In our study we assessed the effect on the morphology and mycorrhizal colonization of Tuber aestivum spores after passage through the gut of slugs (Deroceras invadens) and, for comparison, of a house mouse (Mus musculus). Light, scanning electron and atomic force microscopy revealed that the digestion, especially by slugs, freed spores from the asci and modified their morphology. These are believed to be the reasons why we observed an improvement in oak mycorrhization with the slug and rodent ingested spores in comparison to a fresh spore inoculation. We also demonstrated by molecular barcoding that slugs' guts sampled on a Tuber melanosporum truffle ground contain spores from this species and Tuber brumale, further suggesting that some invertebrates are efficient Tuber spore dispersers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ori
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Science, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Michele Menotta
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via Saffi 2, 61029, Urbino, Italy.
| | - Marco Leonardi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Science, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Antonella Amicucci
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via Saffi 2, 61029, Urbino, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Zambonelli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 44, 40127, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Hervé Covès
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France; Arbre et Paysage 32, 93 Route de Pessan, 32000, Auch, France.
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France; Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Laure Schneider-Maunoury
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Giovanni Pacioni
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Science, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Mirco Iotti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Science, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy.
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Robust chitinolytic activity of crab-eating monkey (Macaca fascicularis) acidic chitinase under a broad pH and temperature range. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15470. [PMID: 34326426 PMCID: PMC8322401 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95010-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet of the crab-eating monkey (Macaca fascicularis) consists of both plants and animals, including chitin-containing organisms such as crabs and insects. This omnivorous monkey has a high expression of acidic chitinase (CHIA) in the stomach and here, we report on its enzymatic properties under different conditions. When we compared with Mus musculus CHIA (Mm-CHIA), Macaca fascicularis CHIA (Mf-CHIA) exhibits higher chitinolytic activity at broad pH (1.0–7.0) and temperature (30–70 ℃) range. Interestingly, at its optimum pH (5.0), Mf-CHIA showed the highest activity at 65 °C while maintaining it at robust levels between 50 and 70 °C. The degradation efficiency of Mf-CHIA was superior to Mm-CHIA toward both polymeric chitin as well as an artificial chromogenic substrate. Our results show that unique features of Mf-CHIA including its thermostability warrant the nomination of this enzyme for potential agricultural and biomedical applications.
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Chitinases and Chitinase-Like Proteins as Therapeutic Targets in Inflammatory Diseases, with a Special Focus on Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136966. [PMID: 34203467 PMCID: PMC8268069 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitinases belong to the evolutionarily conserved glycosyl hydrolase family 18 (GH18). They catalyze degradation of chitin to N-acetylglucosamine by hydrolysis of the β-(1-4)-glycosidic bonds. Although mammals do not synthesize chitin, they possess two enzymatically active chitinases, i.e., chitotriosidase (CHIT1) and acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase), as well as several chitinase-like proteins (YKL-40, YKL-39, oviductin, and stabilin-interacting protein). The latter lack enzymatic activity but still display oligosaccharides-binding ability. The physiologic functions of chitinases are still unclear, but they have been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of various human fibrotic and inflammatory disorders, particularly those of the lung (idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, sarcoidosis, and asthma) and the gastrointestinal tract (inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) and colon cancer). In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about chitinases, particularly in IBDs, and demonstrate that chitinases can serve as prognostic biomarkers of disease progression. Moreover, we suggest that the inhibition of chitinase activity may be considered as a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of IBDs.
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Khan A, Alamry KA. Recent advances of emerging green chitosan-based biomaterials with potential biomedical applications: A review. Carbohydr Res 2021; 506:108368. [PMID: 34111686 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2021.108368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan is the most abundant natural biopolymer, after cellulose. It is mainly derived from the fungi, shrimp's shells, and exoskeleton of crustaceans, through the deacetylation of chitin. The ecological sustainability associated with its exercise and the flexibility of chitosan owing to its active functional hydroxyl and amino groups makes it a promising candidate for a wide range of applications through a variety of modifications. The biodegradability and biocompatibility of chitosan and its derivatives along with their various chemical functionalities make them promising carriers for pharmaceutical, nutritional, medicinal, environmental, agriculture, drug delivery, and biotechnology applications. The present work aims to provide a detailed and organized description of modified chitosan and its derivatives-based nanomaterials for biomedical applications. We addressed the biological and physicochemical benefits of nanocomposite materials made up of chitosan and its derivatives in various formulations, including improved physicochemical stability and cells/tissue interaction, controlled drug release, and increased bioavailability and efficacy in clinical practice. Moreover, several modification techniques and their effective utilization are also reviewed and collected in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajahar Khan
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Khalid A Alamry
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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Hu C, Ma Z, Zhu J, Fan Y, Tuo B, Li T, Liu X. Physiological and pathophysiological roles of acidic mammalian chitinase (CHIA) in multiple organs. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 138:111465. [PMID: 34311522 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acidic mammalian chitinase (CHIA) belongs to the 18-glycosidase family and is expressed in epithelial cells and certain immune cells (such as neutrophils and macrophages) in various organs. Under physiological conditions, as a hydrolase, CHIA can degrade chitin-containing pathogens, participate in Type 2 helper T (Th2)-mediated inflammation, and enhance innate and adaptive immunity to pathogen invasion. Under pathological conditions, such as rhinitis, ocular conjunctivitis, asthma, chronic atrophic gastritis, type 2 diabetes, and pulmonary interstitial fibrosis, CHIA expression is significantly changed. In addition, studies have shown that CHIA has an anti-apoptotic effect, promotes epithelial cell proliferation and maintains organ integrity, and these effects are not related to chitinase degradation. CHIA can also be used as a biomolecular marker in diseases such as chronic atrophic gastritis, dry eye, and acute kidney damage caused by sepsis. Analysis of the authoritative TCGA database shows that CHIA expression in gastric adenocarcinoma, liver cancer, renal clear cell carcinoma and other tumors is significantly downregulated compared with that in normal tissues, but the specific mechanism is unclear. This review is based on all surveys conducted to date and summarizes the expression patterns and functional diversity of CHIA in various organs. Understanding the physiological and pathophysiological relevance of CHIA in multiple organs opens new possibilities for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province 563003, China; Digestive Disease Institute of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, Guizhou Province 563003, China
| | - Zhiyuan Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province 563003, China; Digestive Disease Institute of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, Guizhou Province 563003, China; Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province 563003, China
| | - Jiaxing Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province 563003, China; Digestive Disease Institute of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, Guizhou Province 563003, China
| | - Yi Fan
- Endoscopy center, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province 563003, China
| | - Biguang Tuo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province 563003, China; Digestive Disease Institute of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, Guizhou Province 563003, China; Endoscopy center, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province 563003, China
| | - Taolang Li
- Digestive Disease Institute of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, Guizhou Province 563003, China; Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province 563003, China.
| | - Xuemei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province 563003, China; Digestive Disease Institute of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, Guizhou Province 563003, China; Endoscopy center, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province 563003, China.
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34
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Du C, Zhao X, Song W, He N, Jiang S, Zhou Y, Zhang G. Combined strategies to improve the expression of acidic mammalian chitinase in Pichia pastoris for the production of N, N'-diacetylchitobiose. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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35
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Singh RV, Sambyal K, Negi A, Sonwani S, Mahajan R. Chitinases production: A robust enzyme and its industrial applications. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2021.1883004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Krishika Sambyal
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, India
| | - Anjali Negi
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, India
| | - Shubham Sonwani
- Department of Biosciences, Christian Eminent College, Indore, India
| | - Ritika Mahajan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences, JAIN (Deemed-to-be University), Bengaluru, India
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36
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Raposo CD, Canelas AB, Barros MT. Human Lectins, Their Carbohydrate Affinities and Where to Find Them. Biomolecules 2021; 11:188. [PMID: 33572889 PMCID: PMC7911577 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lectins are a class of proteins responsible for several biological roles such as cell-cell interactions, signaling pathways, and several innate immune responses against pathogens. Since lectins are able to bind to carbohydrates, they can be a viable target for targeted drug delivery systems. In fact, several lectins were approved by Food and Drug Administration for that purpose. Information about specific carbohydrate recognition by lectin receptors was gathered herein, plus the specific organs where those lectins can be found within the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia D. Raposo
- LAQV-Requimte, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
| | - André B. Canelas
- Glanbia-AgriChemWhey, Lisheen Mine, Killoran, Moyne, E41 R622 Tipperary, Ireland;
| | - M. Teresa Barros
- LAQV-Requimte, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
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37
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Pinteac R, Montalban X, Comabella M. Chitinases and chitinase-like proteins as biomarkers in neurologic disorders. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2021; 8:e921. [PMID: 33293459 PMCID: PMC7803328 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chitinases are hydrolytic enzymes widely distributed in nature. Despite their physiologic and pathophysiologic roles are not well understood, chitinases are emerging as biomarkers in a broad range of neurologic disorders, where in many cases, protein levels measured in the CSF have been shown to correlate with disease activity and progression. In this review, we will summarize the structural features of human chitinases and chitinase-like proteins and their potential physiologic and pathologic functions in the CNS. We will also review existing evidence for the role of chitinases and chitinase-like proteins as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in inflammatory, neurodegenerative diseases, and psychiatric disorders. Finally, we will comment on future perspectives of chitinase studies in neurologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rucsanda Pinteac
- From the Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Montalban
- From the Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Comabella
- From the Servei de Neurologia-Neuroimmunologia, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.
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Roles of Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist in Prostate Cancer Progression. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8120602. [PMID: 33322099 PMCID: PMC7763916 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8120602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Inflammation is known to promote tumor formation and progression; however, we found a natural anti-inflammatory factor, interleukin (IL)-1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), in a mouse transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP)-C1-derived tumor microenvironment (TME). We sought to characterize the functions of the IL1RN-secreting cells in the TME. Methods: We compared tumors collected from two syngeneic mouse models and isolated tumor-infiltrating leukocytes (TILs) with different cluster of differentiation 11b (CD11b) statuses. We examined the proliferation functions of the TILs and the IL1RN using several approaches, including a colony-formation assay and DNA synthesis levels. Results: We demonstrated that CD11b-deficient TILs (TILs/CD11b−) secreted the IL1RN and promoted proliferation by analyzing conditioned media. In addition to mouse TRAMP-C1, proliferation functions of the IL1RN were confirmed in several human castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cell lines and one normal epithelial cell line. The androgen-sensitive lymph node carcinoma of the prostate (LNCaP) cell line showed cytotoxic responses to IL1β treatment and androgen-dependent regulation of IL-1 receptor type 1 (IL1R1), while the C4-2 CRPC cell line did not. IL1RN rescued LNCaP cells from the cytotoxic effects of IL1β/IL1R1 signaling. Conclusions: Our results support TILs/CD11b− cells being able to protect androgen-dependent cells from inflammatory damage and promote the malignant progression of prostate cancers partly through the IL1RN in the TME.
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Madan K, Madan M, Sharma S, Paliwal S. Chitinases: Therapeutic Scaffolds for Allergy and Inflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 14:46-57. [PMID: 31934842 PMCID: PMC7509760 DOI: 10.2174/1872213x14666200114184054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: Chitinases are the evolutionary conserved glycosidic enzymes that are characterized by their ability to cleave the naturally abundant polysaccharide chitin. The potential role of chitinases has been identified in the manifestation of various allergies and inflammatory diseases. In recent years, chitinases inhibitors are emerging as an alluring area of interest for the researchers and scientists and there is a dire need for the development of potential and safe chitinase antagonists for the prophylaxis and treatment of several diseases. Objective: The present review expedites the role of chitinases and their inhibitors in inflammation and related disorders. Methods: At first, an exhaustive survey of literature and various patents available related to chitinases were carried out. Useful information on chitinases and their inhibitor was gathered from the authentic scientific databases namely SCOPUS, EMBASE, PUBMED, GOOGLE SCHOLAR, MEDLINE, EMBASE, EBSCO, WEB OF SCIENCE, etc. This information was further analyzed and compiled up to prepare the framework of the review article. The search strategy was conducted by using queries with key terms “ chitin”, “chitinase”, “chitotrisidase”, “acidic mammalian chitinase”, “chitinase inhibitors”, “asthma” and “chitinases associated inflammatory disorders”, etc. The patents were searched using the key terms “chitinases and uses thereof”, “chitinase inhibitors”, “chitin-chitinase associated pathological disorders” etc. from www.google.com/patents, www.freepatentsonline.com, and www.scopus.com. Results: The present review provides a vision for apprehending human chitinases and their participation in several diseases. The patents available also signify the extended role and effectiveness of chitinase inhibitors in the prevention and treatment of various diseases viz. asthma, acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases, dental diseases, neurologic diseases, metabolic diseases, liver diseases, polycystic ovary syndrome, endometriosis, and cancer. In this regard, extensive pre-clinical and clinical investigations are required to develop some novel, potent and selective drug molecules for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases, allergies and cancers in the foreseeable future. Conclusion: In conclusion, chitinases can be used as potential biomarkers in prognosis and diagnosis of several inflammatory diseases and allergies and the design of novel chitinase inhibitors may act as key and rational scaffolds in designing some novel therapeutic agents in the treatment of variety of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirtika Madan
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan-304022, India
| | - Mansi Madan
- Dr. Ulhas Patil Medical College and Hospital, Jalgaon- 425309, Maharashtra, India
| | - Swapnil Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan-304022, India
| | - Sarvesh Paliwal
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan-304022, India
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Kröger S, Heide C, Zentek J. Evaluation of an extruded diet for adult dogs containing larvae meal from the Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens). Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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41
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Ohno M, Miyazaki M, Kimura M, Minowa Y, Sakaguchi M, Oyama F, Yamashita T. Characterization of mouse di- N-acetylchitobiase that can degrade chitin-oligosaccharides. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2020; 84:2499-2507. [PMID: 32799730 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2020.1805584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Di-N-acetylchitobiase (Ctbs) degrades β-1,4 glycoside bonds of the chitobiose core of free asparagine-linked glycan. This study examined whether Ctbs degrades chitin-oligosaccharides to GlcNAc in mammals. We analyzed Ctbs mRNA and protein expression in mouse tissues and characterized enzymatic activity using recombinant mouse Ctbs expressed in Escherichia coli. Ctbs mRNA and protein were expressed in various tissues of mouse, including the stomach. Optimal conditions for recombinant Ctbs were pH 3.0 and 45°C, and the recombinant enzyme was retained more than 94% activity after incubation at pH 3.0-7.0 and below 37°C. The recombinant Ctbs hydrolyzed (GlcNAc)3 and (GlcNAc)6 at pH 3.0 and produced GlcNAc. The K m of Ctbs was lowest with (GlcNAc)3 as a substrate. k cat/K m was fourfold as high with (GlcNAc)3 and (GlcNAc)4 as substrates than with (GlcNAc)2. These results suggest that Ctbs digests chitin-oligosaccharides or (GlcNAc)2 of reducing-end residues of oligosaccharides and produces GlcNAc in mouse tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misa Ohno
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University , Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Masao Miyazaki
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University , Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kimura
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University , Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusaku Minowa
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University , Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Sakaguchi
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University , Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Oyama
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University , Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Yamashita
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University , Morioka, Iwate, Japan
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42
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Glycoside hydrolase family 18 chitinases: The known and the unknown. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 43:107553. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Koralewski R, Dymek B, Mazur M, Sklepkiewicz P, Olejniczak S, Czestkowski W, Matyszewski K, Andryianau G, Niedziejko P, Kowalski M, Gruza M, Borek B, Jedrzejczak K, Bartoszewicz A, Pluta E, Rymaszewska A, Kania M, Rejczak T, Piasecka S, Mlacki M, Mazurkiewicz M, Piotrowicz M, Salamon M, Zagozdzon A, Napiorkowska-Gromadzka A, Bartlomiejczak A, Mozga W, Dobrzański P, Dzwonek K, Golab J, Nowotny M, Olczak J, Golebiowski A. Discovery of OATD-01, a First-in-Class Chitinase Inhibitor as Potential New Therapeutics for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. J Med Chem 2020; 63:15527-15540. [PMID: 33078933 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chitotriosidase (CHIT1) and acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase) are the enzymatically active chitinases that have been implicated in the pathology of chronic lung diseases such as asthma and interstitial lung diseases (ILDs), including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and sarcoidosis. The clinical and preclinical data suggest that pharmacological inhibition of CHIT1 might represent a novel therapeutic approach in IPF. Structural modification of an advanced lead molecule 3 led to the identification of compound 9 (OATD-01), a highly active CHIT1 inhibitor with both an excellent PK profile in multiple species and selectivity against a panel of other off-targets. OATD-01 given orally once daily in a range of doses between 30 and 100 mg/kg showed significant antifibrotic efficacy in an animal model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. OATD-01 is the first-in-class CHIT1 inhibitor, currently completed phase 1b of clinical trials, to be a potential treatment for IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Koralewski
- OncoArendi Therapeutics SA, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Dymek
- OncoArendi Therapeutics SA, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marzena Mazur
- OncoArendi Therapeutics SA, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Sylwia Olejniczak
- OncoArendi Therapeutics SA, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Gleb Andryianau
- OncoArendi Therapeutics SA, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Niedziejko
- OncoArendi Therapeutics SA, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Kowalski
- OncoArendi Therapeutics SA, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mariusz Gruza
- OncoArendi Therapeutics SA, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Borek
- OncoArendi Therapeutics SA, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karol Jedrzejczak
- OncoArendi Therapeutics SA, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Elżbieta Pluta
- OncoArendi Therapeutics SA, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Magdalena Kania
- OncoArendi Therapeutics SA, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Rejczak
- OncoArendi Therapeutics SA, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sylwia Piasecka
- OncoArendi Therapeutics SA, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Mlacki
- OncoArendi Therapeutics SA, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Michał Piotrowicz
- OncoArendi Therapeutics SA, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Salamon
- OncoArendi Therapeutics SA, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Aneta Bartlomiejczak
- Structural Biology Center, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Trojdena 4, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Witold Mozga
- OncoArendi Therapeutics SA, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Dobrzański
- OncoArendi Therapeutics SA, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Dzwonek
- OncoArendi Therapeutics SA, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Golab
- OncoArendi Therapeutics SA, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Nielubowicza 5, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Nowotny
- Structural Biology Center, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Trojdena 4, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Olczak
- OncoArendi Therapeutics SA, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Golebiowski
- OncoArendi Therapeutics SA, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
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Denison ER, Rhodes RG, McLellan WA, Pabst DA, Erwin PM. Host phylogeny and life history stage shape the gut microbiome in dwarf (Kogia sima) and pygmy (Kogia breviceps) sperm whales. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15162. [PMID: 32938948 PMCID: PMC7495435 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72032-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiomes perform crucial roles in host health and development, but few studies have explored cetacean microbiomes especially deep divers. We characterized the gut microbiomes of stranded dwarf (Kogia sima) and pygmy (K. breviceps) sperm whales to examine the effects of phylogeny and life stage on microbiome composition and diversity. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed diverse gut communities (averaging 674 OTUs) dominated by a few symbiont taxa (25 OTUs accounted for 64% of total relative abundance). Both phylogeny and life stage shaped community composition and diversity, with species-specific microbiome differences present early in life. Further analysis showed evidence of microbiome convergence with host maturity, albeit through different processes: symbiont 'accumulation' in K. sima and 'winnowing' in K. breviceps, indicating different methods of community assembly during host development. Furthermore, culture-based analyses yielded 116 pure cultures matching 25 OTUs, including one isolate positive for chitin utilization. Our findings indicate that kogiid gut microbiomes are highly diverse and species-specific, undergo significant shifts with host development, and can be cultivated on specialized media under anaerobic conditions. These results enhance our understanding of the kogiid gut microbiome and may provide useful information for symbiont assessment in host health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Denison
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, 28409, USA
| | - Ryan G Rhodes
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, 28409, USA
| | - William A McLellan
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, 28409, USA
| | - D Ann Pabst
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, 28409, USA
| | - Patrick M Erwin
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, 28409, USA.
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45
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Kimura M, Watanabe T, Sekine K, Ishizuka H, Ikejiri A, Sakaguchi M, Kamaya M, Yamanaka D, Matoska V, Bauer PO, Oyama F. Comparative functional analysis between human and mouse chitotriosidase: Substitution at amino acid 218 modulates the chitinolytic and transglycosylation activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:2895-2902. [PMID: 32853624 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Chitotriosidase (Chit1) and acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase) have been attracting research interest due to their involvement in various pathological conditions such as Gaucher's disease and asthma, respectively. Both enzymes are highly expressed in mice, while the level of AMCase mRNA was low in human tissues. In addition, the chitinolytic activity of the recombinant human AMCase was significantly lower than that of the mouse counterpart. Here, we revealed a substantially higher chitinolytic and transglycosylation activity of human Chit1 against artificial and natural chitin substrates as compared to the mouse enzyme. We found that the substitution of leucine (L) by tryptophan (W) at position 218 markedly reduced both activities in human Chit1. Conversely, the L218W substitution in mouse Chit1 increased the activity of the enzyme. These results suggest that Chit1 may compensate for the low of AMCase activity in humans, while in mice, highly active AMCase may supplements low Chit1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kimura
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (PD), Koujimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan; Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Takashi Watanabe
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Sekine
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan
| | - Hitomi Ishizuka
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan
| | - Aoi Ikejiri
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Sakaguchi
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan
| | - Minori Kamaya
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamanaka
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Vaclav Matoska
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hematology and Immunology, Homolka Hospital, Roentgenova 37/2, Prague 150 00, Czech Republic
| | - Peter O Bauer
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hematology and Immunology, Homolka Hospital, Roentgenova 37/2, Prague 150 00, Czech Republic; Bioinova Ltd., Videnska 1083, Prague 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Fumitaka Oyama
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan.
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Andryianau G, Kowalski M, Piotrowicz MC, Rajkiewicz AA, Dymek B, Sklepkiewicz PL, Pluta E, Stefaniak F, Czestkowski W, Olejniczak S, Mazur M, Niedziejko P, Koralewski R, Matyszewski K, Gruza M, Zagozdzon A, Salamon M, Rymaszewska A, Welzer M, Dzwonek K, Golab J, Olczak J, Bartoszewicz A, Golebiowski A. Benzoxazepine-Derived Selective, Orally Bioavailable Inhibitor of Human Acidic Mammalian Chitinase. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:1228-1235. [PMID: 32551005 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human acidic mammalian chitinase (hAMCase) is one of two true chitinases in humans, the function of which remains elusive. In addition to the defense against highly antigenic chitin and chitin-containing pathogens in the gastric and intestinal contents, AMCase has been implicated in asthma, allergic inflammation, and ocular pathologies. Potent and selective small-molecule inhibitors of this enzyme have not been identified to date. Here we describe structural modifications of compound OAT-177, a previously developed inhibitor of mouse AMCase, leading to OAT-1441, which displays high activity and selectivity toward hAMCase. Significantly reduced off-target activity toward the human ether-à-go-go-related gene (hERG) and a good pharmacokinetic profile make OAT-1441 a potential candidate for further preclinical development as well as a useful tool compound to study the physiological role of hAMCase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gleb Andryianau
- OncoArendi Therapeutics S.A., Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Kowalski
- OncoArendi Therapeutics S.A., Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Adam A. Rajkiewicz
- OncoArendi Therapeutics S.A., Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2C, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Dymek
- OncoArendi Therapeutics S.A., Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Elzbieta Pluta
- OncoArendi Therapeutics S.A., Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Filip Stefaniak
- OncoArendi Therapeutics S.A., Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Protein Engineering, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Ks. Trojdena 4, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Sylwia Olejniczak
- OncoArendi Therapeutics S.A., Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marzena Mazur
- OncoArendi Therapeutics S.A., Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Niedziejko
- OncoArendi Therapeutics S.A., Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Robert Koralewski
- OncoArendi Therapeutics S.A., Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Mariusz Gruza
- OncoArendi Therapeutics S.A., Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Magdalena Salamon
- OncoArendi Therapeutics S.A., Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Mikolaj Welzer
- OncoArendi Therapeutics S.A., Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Dzwonek
- OncoArendi Therapeutics S.A., Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Golab
- OncoArendi Therapeutics S.A., Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Nielubowicza 5, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Olczak
- OncoArendi Therapeutics S.A., Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Adam Golebiowski
- OncoArendi Therapeutics S.A., Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
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The expression levels of CHI3L1 and IL15Rα correlate with TGM2 in duodenum biopsies of patients with celiac disease. Inflamm Res 2020; 69:925-935. [PMID: 32500186 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-020-01371-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN Celiac disease (CD) is an intestinal inflammatory disorder of the small intestine. Gliadins are a component of gluten and there are three main types (α, γ, and ω). Recent studies indicate that gliadin peptides are able to activate an innate immune response. IL15 is a major mediator of the innate immune response and is involved in the early alteration of CD mucosa. The chitinase molecules are highly expressed by the innate immune cells during the inflammatory processes. MATERIAL OR SUBJECTS We analyzed several microarray datasets of PBMCs and duodenum biopsies of CD patients and healthy control subjects (HCs). We verified the modulation CHI3L1 in CD patients and correlated the expression levels to the IL15, IL15Rα, TGM2, IFNγ, and IFNGR1/2. Duodenal biopsy samples belonged to nine active and nine treated children patients (long-term effects of gliadin), and 17 adult CD patients and 10 adults HCs. We also selected 169 samples of PBMCs from 127 CD patients on adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD) for at least 2 years and 44 HCs. RESULTS Our analysis showed that CHI3L1 and IL15Rα were significantly upregulated in adult and children's celiac duodenum biopsies. In addition, the two genes were correlated significantly both in children than in adults CD duodenum biopsies. No significant modulation was observed in PBMCs of adult CD patients compared to the HCs. The correlation analysis of the expression levels of CHI3L1 and IL15Rα compared to TGM showed significant values both in adults and in children duodenal biopsies. Furthermore, the IFNγ expression levels were positively correlated with CHI3L1 and IL15Rα. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis confirmed the diagnostic ability of CHI3L1 and IL15Rα to discriminate CD from HCs. CONCLUSION Our data suggest a role for CHI3L1 underlying the pathophysiology of CD and represent a starting point aiming to inspire new investigation that proves the possible use of CHI3L1 as a diagnostic factor and therapeutic target.
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Przysucha N, Górska K, Krenke R. Chitinases and Chitinase-Like Proteins in Obstructive Lung Diseases - Current Concepts and Potential Applications. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2020; 15:885-899. [PMID: 32368034 PMCID: PMC7185641 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s236640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitinases, enzymes that cleave chitin’s chain to low molecular weight chitooligomers, are widely distributed in nature. Mammalian chitinases belong to the 18-glycosyl-hydrolase family and can be divided into two groups: true chitinases with enzymatic activity (AMCase and chitotriosidase) and chitinase-like proteins (CLPs) molecules which can bind to chitin or chitooligosaccharides but lack enzymatic activity (eg, YKL-40). Chitinases are thought to be part of an innate immunity against chitin-containing parasites and fungal infections. Both groups of these hydrolases are lately evaluated also as chemical mediators or biomarkers involved in airway inflammation and fibrosis. The aim of this article is to present the current knowledge on the potential role of human chitinases and CLPs in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and course of obstructive lung diseases. We also assessed the potential role of chitinase and CLPs inhibitors as therapeutic targets in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Przysucha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary Diseases and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Górska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary Diseases and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafal Krenke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary Diseases and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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49
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Kimura M, Umeyama T, Wakita S, Okawa K, Sakaguchi M, Matoska V, Bauer PO, Oyama F. Quantification of chitooligosaccharides by FACE method: Determination of combinatory effects of mouse chitinases. MethodsX 2020; 7:100881. [PMID: 32346528 PMCID: PMC7183225 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2020.100881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
FACE is a simple, qualitative and quantitative method. The standard curve warrants quantification of chitooligosaccharides of up to 10 nmol regardless on used buffer system. Our improved FACE method enable us to quantify chitooligosaccharides produced by chitinases at pH 2.0–8.0. Determination of the combinatory effects of the Chit1 and AMCase using the FACE method.
Fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis (FACE) enables detection and quantification of degradation products from artificial and natural chitin substrates such as 4-NP-(GlcNAc)2, (GlcNAc)4 and colloidal chitin. The FACE method has been improved by our group for analysis of chitooligosaccharides in the presence of several buffer systems commonly used in the biochemical evaluation of chitinolytic activities of enzymes at pH 2.0–8.0. FACE is a very sensitive technique detecting picomolar amounts of molecules. We optimized the detection conditions as follows: exposure type, precision; sensitivity, high resolution; exposure time, 5 s. We evaluated the (GlcNAc)2 levels using a standard curve that allows chitooligosaccharides quantification at up to 10 nmol amounts. Using the method presented here, the chitinolytic properties of different chitinases can be compared directly. Serratia chitinase A (ChiA) and chitinase B (ChiB), two well-studied bacterial chitinases, have been shown by HPLC to have a synergistic effect on the chitin degradation rate. Using the FACE method, we determined the combinatory effects of mouse chitotriosidase (Chit1) and acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase) in natural chitin substrates processing.FACE is a simple and quantitative method. Our improved procedure enables the quantification of chitooligosaccharides produced by chitinases at pH 2.0–8.0. FACE is able to quantify chitooligosaccharides at up to 10 nmol amounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kimura
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (DC2), Koujimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083 Japan
| | - Takatoshi Umeyama
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Wakita
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Okawa
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Sakaguchi
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Vaclav Matoska
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hematology and Immunology, Homolka Hospital, Roentgenova 37/2, Prague 150 00, Czech Republic
| | - Peter O Bauer
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hematology and Immunology, Homolka Hospital, Roentgenova 37/2, Prague 150 00, Czech Republic.,Bioinova Ltd., Videnska 1083, Prague 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Fumitaka Oyama
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
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50
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Kolonko AK, Bangel-Ruland N, Goycoolea FM, Weber WM. Chitosan Nanocomplexes for the Delivery of ENaC Antisense Oligonucleotides to Airway Epithelial Cells. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10040553. [PMID: 32260534 PMCID: PMC7226018 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoscale drug delivery systems exhibit a broad range of applications and promising treatment possibilities for various medical conditions. Nanomedicine is of great interest, particularly for rare diseases still lacking a curative treatment such as cystic fibrosis (CF). CF is defined by a lack of Cl− secretion through the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and an increased Na+ absorption mediated by the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC). The imbalanced ion and water transport leads to pathological changes in many organs, particularly in the lung. We developed a non-viral delivery system based on the natural aminopolysaccharide chitosan (CS) for the transport of antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) against ENaC to specifically address Na+ hyperabsorption. CS–ASO electrostatic self-assembled nanocomplexes were formed at varying positive/negative (P/N) charge ratios and characterized for their physicochemical properties. Most promising nanocomplexes (P/N 90) displayed an average size of ~150 nm and a zeta potential of ~+30 mV. Successful uptake of the nanocomplexes by the human airway epithelial cell line NCI-H441 was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy. Functional Ussing chamber measurements of transfected NCI-H441 cells showed significantly decreased Na+ currents, indicating successful downregulation of ENaC. The results obtained confirm the promising characteristics of CS as a non-viral and non-toxic delivery system and demonstrate the encouraging possibility to target ENaC with ASOs to treat abnormal ion transport in CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Katharina Kolonko
- Institute of Animal Physiology, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Muenster, Germany; (N.B.-R.); (W.-M.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-251-832-1784
| | - Nadine Bangel-Ruland
- Institute of Animal Physiology, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Muenster, Germany; (N.B.-R.); (W.-M.W.)
| | | | - Wolf-Michael Weber
- Institute of Animal Physiology, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Muenster, Germany; (N.B.-R.); (W.-M.W.)
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