1
|
Yamaguchi M, Fukuyama R, Fujita M. Effect of nattokinase on the pathological conditions in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28835. [PMID: 38586318 PMCID: PMC10998082 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Nattokinase (NK), also known as subtilisin NAT (EC 3.4.21.62), is a serine protease produced by Bacillus subtilis natto that has anti-inflammatory and fibrinolytic properties. To study whether NK prevents the progression of pathological changes in diabetes as an inflammatory disease, we examined the effect of NK on pathological conditions in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats using the following parameters: fasting blood glucose (glucose), total plasma protein (TP), creatinine, histopathology of renal corpuscles and tubules, advanced glycation end products (AGEs), and C-reactive protein (CRP). STZ-administered rats were maintained on a basic diet (CE-2) as control, low-NK diet (containing 0.2 mg NK/g diet), and high-NK diet (0.6 mg NK/g diet) for 14 days. High-dose NK significantly inhibited both glycogen deposition in the renal tubules and increase in the circulating AGE levels without downregulating glucose levels. Compared with the control group, the group treated with the high-NK diet presented a significant inhibition of the increase in the circulating CRP level on day 7 after the beginning of the treatment. However, the CRP level in the NK-H group reached the same level as that in the control group on Day 14. AGEs are known to induce CRP expression in hepatocytes, but the increase in CRP levels in our animal model was independent on the circulating AGE levels. In contrast, low-dose NK did not suppress changes in these parameters. Our present study suggests that NK suppresses glycogen deposition in renal tubules in a dose-dependent manner by the downregulation of AGE formation under hyperglycaemia in the rats with STZ-induced short-term diabetes. However, it is unclear whether this downregulation is caused by intact NK or peptides derived from NK during its digestion in the digestive tract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moe Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1 Hirokoshingai, Kure, Hiroshima, 737-0112, Japan
| | - Ryo Fukuyama
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1 Hirokoshingai, Kure, Hiroshima, 737-0112, Japan
| | - Mitsugu Fujita
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1 Hirokoshingai, Kure, Hiroshima, 737-0112, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Leñini C, Rodriguez Ayala F, Goñi AJ, Rateni L, Nakamura A, Grau RR. Probiotic properties of Bacillus subtilis DG101 isolated from the traditional Japanese fermented food nattō. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1253480. [PMID: 37840737 PMCID: PMC10569484 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1253480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Spore-forming probiotic bacteria offer interesting properties as they have an intrinsic high stability, and when consumed, they are able to survive the adverse conditions encountered during the transit thorough the host gastrointestinal (GI) tract. A traditional healthy food, nattō, exists in Japan consisting of soy fermented by the spore-forming bacterium Bacillus subtilis natto. The consumption of nattō is linked to many beneficial health effects, including the prevention of high blood pressure, osteoporosis, and cardiovascular-associated disease. We hypothesize that the bacterium B. subtilis natto plays a key role in the beneficial effects of nattō for humans. Here, we present the isolation of B. subtilis DG101 from nattō and its characterization as a novel spore-forming probiotic strain for human consumption. B. subtilis DG101 was non-hemolytic and showed high tolerance to lysozyme, low pH, bile salts, and a strong adherence ability to extracellular matrix proteins (i.e., fibronectin and collagen), demonstrating its potential application for competitive exclusion of pathogens. B. subtilis DG101 forms robust liquid and solid biofilms and expresses several extracellular enzymes with activity against food diet-associated macromolecules (i.e., proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides) that would be important to improve food diet digestion by the host. B. subtilis DG101 was able to grow in the presence of toxic metals (i.e., chromium, cadmium, and arsenic) and decreased their bioavailability, a feature that points to this probiotic as an interesting agent for bioremediation in cases of food and water poisoning with metals. In addition, B. subtilis DG101 was sensitive to antibiotics commonly used to treat infections in medical settings, and at the same time, it showed a potent antimicrobial effect against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. In mammalians (i.e., rats), B. subtilis DG101 colonized the GI tract, and improved the lipid and protein serum homeostasis of animals fed on the base of a normal- or a deficient-diet regime (dietary restriction). In the animal model for longevity studies, Caenorhabditis elegans, B. subtilis DG101 significantly increased the animal lifespan and prevented its age-related behavioral decay. Overall, these results demonstrate that B. subtilis DG101 is the key component of nattō with interesting probiotic properties to improve and protect human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Leñini
- Departamento de Microbiología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Facundo Rodriguez Ayala
- Departamento de Microbiología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Anibal Juan Goñi
- Departamento de Microbiología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Liliana Rateni
- Departamento de Microbiología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Akira Nakamura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Roberto Ricardo Grau
- Departamento de Microbiología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li Y, Chen L, Tang X, Zhu W, Ma A, Shi C, Li J. Combined Computer-Aided Predictors to Improve the Thermostability of Nattokinase. Foods 2023; 12:3045. [PMID: 37628044 PMCID: PMC10453301 DOI: 10.3390/foods12163045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Food-derived nattokinase has strong thrombolytic activity and few side effects. In the field of medicine, nattokinase has been developed as an adjuvant drug for the treatment of thrombosis, and nattokinase-rich beverages and health foods have also shown great potential in the field of food development. At present, the poor thermostability of nattokinase limits its industrial production and application. In this study, we used several thermostability-prediction algorithms to predict nattokinase from Bacillus mojavensis LY-06 (AprY), and screened two variants S33T and T174V with increased thermostability and fibrinolytic activity. The t1/2 of S33T and T174V were 8.87-fold and 2.51-fold those of the wild type AprY, respectively, and their enzyme activities were also increased (1.17-fold and 1.28-fold, respectively). Although the thermostability of N218L was increased by 2.7 times, the fibrinolytic activity of N218L was only 73.3% of that of wild type AprY. The multiple-point mutation results showed that S33T-N218L and S33T-T174V-N218L variants lost their activity, and the T174V-N218L variant did not show any significant change in catalytic performance, while S33T-T174V increased its thermostability and activity by 21.3% and 24.8%, respectively. Although the S33T-T174V variant did not show the additive effect of thermostability, it combined the excellent transient thermostability of S33T with the better thrombolytic activity of T174V. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the overall structure of S33T and T174V variants tended to be stable, while the structure of S33T-T174V variant was more flexible. Local structure analysis showed that the increased rigidity of the active center region (positions 64-75) and the key loop region (positions 129-130, 155-163, 187-192, 237-241, and 268-270) determined the increased thermostability of all variants. In addition, the enhanced flexibility of S33T-T174V variant in the Ca1 binding region (positions 1-4, 75-82) and the peripheral region of the catalytic pocket (positions 210-216) may account for the inability to superpose its thermostability. We explored the effective strategy to enhance the thermostability of nattokinase, and the resulting variants have potential industrial production and application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Institute of Materia Medica, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China;
| | - Liangqi Chen
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (L.C.); (X.T.); (W.Z.); (A.M.); (C.S.)
| | - Xiyu Tang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (L.C.); (X.T.); (W.Z.); (A.M.); (C.S.)
| | - Wenhui Zhu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (L.C.); (X.T.); (W.Z.); (A.M.); (C.S.)
| | - Aixia Ma
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (L.C.); (X.T.); (W.Z.); (A.M.); (C.S.)
| | - Changyu Shi
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (L.C.); (X.T.); (W.Z.); (A.M.); (C.S.)
| | - Jinyao Li
- Institute of Materia Medica, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China;
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (L.C.); (X.T.); (W.Z.); (A.M.); (C.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Naik S, Katariya R, Shelke S, Patravale V, Umekar M, Kotagale N, Taksande B. Nattokinase prevents β-amyloid peptide (Aβ 1-42) induced neuropsychiatric complications, neuroinflammation and BDNF signalling disruption in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 952:175821. [PMID: 37263404 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by abnormal accumulation of extracellular β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and neuronal damage. Although AD is typically considered a cognitive neurodegenerative disorder, almost all people diagnosed with AD develop neuropsychiatric complications at some stage in their life span. The present study investigated the effect of chronic Nattokinase (NK) administration on β-Amyloid peptide (Aβ1-42) induced neuropsychiatric conditions (depression-like behaviour, anxiety, and memory impairment) in mice. Aβ1-42 peptide injected mice demonstrated depression, anxiety, and impairment of cognitive abilities evaluated as increased immobility time in forced swim test (FST), decreased open arm time/entries in elevated plus maze (EPM) and reference and working memory error in radial arm maze (RAM) respectively with elevation in Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), reduction in Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) immunocontent within the hippocampus. Chronic administration of NK (50-100 mg/kg, i.p.) from day 8-27, prevented depression-like behaviour, anxiety, and memory impairment and normalized the neurochemical alteration within the hippocampus of mice injected with Aβ1-42 peptide. The effect of NK on psychiatric complications, learning, and memory was comparable to peripheral donepezil treatment. This study suggests that NK improves learning, memory impairment, and neuropsychiatric complications possibly through the downregulation of neuroinflammatory pathways and restoring BDNF signalling in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shivraj Naik
- Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Raj Katariya
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, New Kamptee, Nagpur, MS, 441 002, India
| | - Shraddha Shelke
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, New Kamptee, Nagpur, MS, 441 002, India
| | - Vandana Patravale
- Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Milind Umekar
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, New Kamptee, Nagpur, MS, 441 002, India
| | - Nandkishor Kotagale
- Government College of Pharmacy, Kathora Naka, VMV Road, Amravati, MS, 444604, India
| | - Brijesh Taksande
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, New Kamptee, Nagpur, MS, 441 002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wu H, Zhang Q, Xu P, Chen J, Duan L, Xu F, Zhang F. Nattokinase Promotes Post-stroke Neurogenesis and Cognition Recovery via Increasing Circulating Irisin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023. [PMID: 37466380 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c08718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of treatments for post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) is severely limited by the autonomic regeneration capacity of the adult brain. Nattokinase (NK), a serine protease from the traditional food natto, has many beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system by modulating the blood system. While the role of blood factors in neurogenesis and cognition is well-established, it remains unclear whether NK can serve as an anti-PSCI agent through these factors. Our study demonstrates that NK protects against acute ischemic stroke and impressively promotes neurogenesis in rat models by increasing peripheral blood irisin, leading to improved cognitive functions. Our findings demonstrate NK to be a promising candidate for treating PSCI, and we also highlight irisin as a novel target of NK, suggesting its potential role in the peripheral blood-to-brain axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Pu Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiepeng Chen
- Sungen Biotech Company, Limited, Shantou, Guangdong 515000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Duan
- Sungen Biotech Company, Limited, Shantou, Guangdong 515000, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Xu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengjiao Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Modi A, Raval I, Doshi P, Joshi M, Joshi C, Patel AK. Heterologous expression of recombinant nattokinase in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) and media optimization for overproduction of nattokinase using RSM. Protein Expr Purif 2023; 203:106198. [PMID: 36379347 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2022.106198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Nattokinase, a serine protease, was discovered in Bacillus subtilis during the fermentation of a soybean byproduct. Nattokinase is essential for the lysis of blood clots and the treatment of cardiac diseases including atherosclerosis, thrombosis, high blood pressure, and stroke. The demand for thrombolytic drugs rises as the prevalence of cardiovascular disease rises, and nattokinase is particularly effective for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases due to its long duration of action. In this study, we cloned the nattokinase gene from the Bacillus subtilis strain into the pET32a vector and expressed the protein in the E. coli BL21(DE3) strain. The active recombinant nattokinase was purified using Ni-NTA affinity chromatography and then evaluated for fibrinolytic and blood clot lysis activity. Physiological parameters for optimizing protein production at optimal pH, temperature, IPTG concentration, and incubation time were investigated. A statistical technique was used to optimize media components for nattokinase overproduction, and Central Composite Design-Response Surface Methodology-based optimization was used to select significant components for protein production. The optimized media produced 1805.50 mg/L of expressed nattokinase and 42.80 gm/L of bacterial mass. The fibrinolytic activity obtained from refolded native protein was 58FU/mg, which was five times higher than the available orokinase drug (11FU/mg). The efficiency with which a statistical technique for media optimization was implemented improved recombinant nattokinase production and provides new information for scale - up nattokinase toward industrial applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akhilesh Modi
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Sector 11, Gandhinagar, 382010, Gujarat, India
| | - Ishan Raval
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Sector 11, Gandhinagar, 382010, Gujarat, India
| | - Pooja Doshi
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Sector 11, Gandhinagar, 382010, Gujarat, India
| | - Madhvi Joshi
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Sector 11, Gandhinagar, 382010, Gujarat, India
| | - Chaitanya Joshi
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Sector 11, Gandhinagar, 382010, Gujarat, India
| | - Amrutlal K Patel
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Sector 11, Gandhinagar, 382010, Gujarat, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Supplementation with Natto and Red Yeast Rice Alters Gene Expressions in Cholesterol Metabolism Pathways in ApoE -/- Mice with Concurrent Changes in Gut Microbiota. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15040973. [PMID: 36839329 PMCID: PMC9961320 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to examine the effect of natto and red yeast rice (NR) supplementation on lipid and lipoprotein profiles, gene expressions of cholesterol metabolism, and the composition of gut microbiota in ApoE-/- mice. Forty-one male ApoE-/- mice aged 7-8 wks old were randomly fed a control diet (CD), CD + NR (oral gavage at 0.3 g/kg BW/day), high-fat and high-cholesterol diet (HFD), or HFD + NR for 12 wks. Fasting blood samples, liver and intestine tissues and fecal samples were collected at week 12. Biochemical parameters, gene expressions in cholesterol metabolism and gut microbiota composition and diversity were measured using standard methods. NR supplementation had no significant effect on lipid and lipoprotein profiles. Compared with the HFD group, HFD + NR resulted in higher mRNA expressions of HMGCR and CYP7A1 (both P-NR < 0.05) and ABCA1 (P-diet*NR = 0.0134, P-NR = 0.0407), lower mRNA expression of PCSK9 (P-diet*NR = 0.0002), lower fasting glucose concentrations (P-diet*NR = 0.0011), and lower relative abundance of genera Bacteroides and Lactococcus (both P-NR < 0.01) and Coriobacteriaceae_UCG-002 (P-diet*NR = 0.0007). The relative abundance of Lactococcus was inversely correlated with HMGCR and CYP7A1, and the relative abundance of Coriobacteriaceae_UCG-002 was positively correlated with PCSK9 and inversely correlated with ABCA1 (all P < 0.05). These findings suggest that NR supplementation may regulate gene expressions in cholesterol metabolism via changes in the gut microbiota in HFD-fed ApoE-/- mice.
Collapse
|
8
|
El-Baky NA, Amara AAAF, Redwan EM. Nutraceutical and therapeutic importance of clots and their metabolites. NUTRACEUTICALS 2023:241-268. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-443-19193-0.00009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
|
9
|
Wang Y, Wang H, Zhang Y, Xu F, Wang J, Zhang F. Stepwise Strategy to Identify Thrombin as a Hydrolytic Substrate for Nattokinase. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:5780-5793. [PMID: 36330712 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c00978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Nattokinase (NK) is a serine protease with a potent thrombolytic activity that possesses multiple cardiovascular disease (CVD) preventative and treatment activities. In light of its advanced beneficial cardiovascular effects and its nature as a serine protease, characterizing its biological substrates is essential for informing and ultimately delineating the molecular mechanism of its thrombolytic and anticoagulant activities that will unlock the powerful strategic design of effective therapies for CVDs. Given the efficacy of NK to break the vicious loop between inflammation, oxidative stress, and thrombosis, and the extensive role of thrombin in the loop, a stepwise computational strategy was developed to investigate the cleavage events of NK, including both a protein-protein complex model for protein substrate recognition and a protease-peptide complex model for the cleavage site identification, whereby their contact region was sited to allow for the prediction of the corresponding cleavage site that was successfully verified by both mass spectrometry (MS)-based N-terminal sequencing and various functional assays. Collectively, thrombin was predicted and identified to be a novel biological substrate of NK, which expanded the comprehensive antithrombus mechanism of NK via breaking the vicious loop between inflammation, oxidative stress, and thrombosis. This study not only provided insight into the interaction characteristics between NK and its hydrolytic substrate for a better understanding toward its catalytic mechanism but also developed a comprehensive computational strategy to elucidate the proteolytic targets of NK for the breakthrough of feature drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yupeng Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Xu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengjiao Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jamali N, Vahedi F, Soltani Fard E, Taheri-Anganeh M, Taghvimi S, Khatami SH, Ghasemi H, Movahedpour A. Nattokinase: Structure, applications and sources. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
11
|
Tanikawa T, Kiba Y, Yu J, Hsu K, Chen S, Ishii A, Yokogawa T, Suzuki R, Inoue Y, Kitamura M. Degradative Effect of Nattokinase on Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175405. [PMID: 36080170 PMCID: PMC9458005 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged as a pandemic and has inflicted enormous damage on the lives of the people and economy of many countries worldwide. However, therapeutic agents against SARS-CoV-2 remain unclear. SARS-CoV-2 has a spike protein (S protein), and cleavage of the S protein is essential for viral entry. Nattokinase is produced by Bacillus subtilis var. natto and is beneficial to human health. In this study, we examined the effect of nattokinase on the S protein of SARS-CoV-2. When cell lysates transfected with S protein were incubated with nattokinase, the S protein was degraded in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that S protein on the cell surface was degraded when nattokinase was added to the culture medium. Thus, our findings suggest that nattokinase exhibits potential for the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infection via S protein degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Tanikawa
- Laboratory of Nutri-Pharmacotherapeutics Management, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
| | - Yuka Kiba
- Laboratory of Pharmacognocy, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
| | - James Yu
- Contek Life Science Co., Ltd., Taipei City 100007, Taiwan
| | - Kate Hsu
- Contek Life Science Co., Ltd., Taipei City 100007, Taiwan
| | - Shinder Chen
- Contek Life Science Co., Ltd., Taipei City 100007, Taiwan
| | | | - Takami Yokogawa
- Laboratory of Pharmacognocy, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Suzuki
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Phytochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
| | - Yutaka Inoue
- Laboratory of Nutri-Pharmacotherapeutics Management, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
| | - Masashi Kitamura
- Laboratory of Pharmacognocy, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li Y, Tang X, Chen L, Xu X, Li J. Characterization of a Nattokinase from the Newly Isolated Bile Salt-Resistant Bacillus mojavensis LY-06. Foods 2022; 11:foods11162403. [PMID: 36010402 PMCID: PMC9407603 DOI: 10.3390/foods11162403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nattokinase is a potential new thrombolytic drug because of its strong thrombolytic effect, high safety, and low cost. However, there is no research reporting on bile salt-tolerant nattokinase-producing probiotics. In this study, the bile salt-tolerant nattokinase-producing strain Bacillus mojavensis LY-06 was isolated from local Xinjiang douchi, and the fermentation yield of nattokinase of 1434.64 U/mL was obtained by both a single factor experiment and an orthogonal experiment. A gene responsible for fibrinolysis (aprY) was cloned from the genome of strain Bacillus mojavensis LY-06, and the soluble expression of this gene in Escherichia coli (rAprY, fused with His-tag at C-terminus) was achieved; molecular docking elucidates the cause of insoluble expression of rAprY. The optimal pH and temperature for the fibrinolysis activity of nattokinase AprY fermented by Bacillus mojavensis LY-06 were determined to be pH 6.0 and 50 °C, respectively. However, the optimal pH of rAprY expressed in Escherichia coli was 8, and its acid stability, thermal stability, and fibrinolytic activity were lower than those of AprY. Bioinformatics analysis found that the His-tag carried at the C-terminus of rAprY could affect its acidic stability by changing the isoelectric point and surface charge of the enzyme; in contrast to AprY, changes in the number of internal hydrogen bonds and the flexibility of the loop region in the structure of rAprY resulted in lower fibrinolytic activity and poorer thermal stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Institute of Materia Medica, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
| | - Xiyu Tang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
| | - Liangqi Chen
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
| | - Xinran Xu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
| | - Jinyao Li
- Institute of Materia Medica, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yuan L, Liangqi C, Xiyu T, Jinyao L. Biotechnology, Bioengineering and Applications of Bacillus Nattokinase. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070980. [PMID: 35883536 PMCID: PMC9312984 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombosis has threatened human health in past decades. Bacillus nattokinase is a potential low-cost thrombolytic drug without side-effects and has been introduced into the consumer market as a functional food or dietary supplement. This review firstly summarizes the biodiversity of sources and the fermentation process of nattokinase, and systematically elucidates the structure, catalytic mechanism and enzymatic properties of nattokinase. In view of the problems of low fermentation yield, insufficient activity and stability of nattokinase, this review discusses the heterologous expression of nattokinase in different microbial hosts and summarizes the protein and genetic engineering progress of nattokinase-producing strains. Finally, this review summarizes the clinical applications of nattokinase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Yuan
- Department of Materia Medica, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China;
| | - Chen Liangqi
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (C.L.); (T.X.)
| | - Tang Xiyu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (C.L.); (T.X.)
| | - Li Jinyao
- Department of Materia Medica, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China;
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (C.L.); (T.X.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-130-0968-6488
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Recent Advances in Nattokinase-Enriched Fermented Soybean Foods: A Review. Foods 2022; 11:foods11131867. [PMID: 35804683 PMCID: PMC9265860 DOI: 10.3390/foods11131867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
With the dramatic increase in mortality of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) caused by thrombus, this has sparked an interest in seeking more effective thrombolytic drugs or dietary nutriments. The dietary consumption of natto, a traditional Bacillus-fermented food (BFF), can reduce the risk of CVDs. Nattokinase (NK), a natural, safe, efficient and cost-effective thrombolytic enzyme, is the most bioactive ingredient in natto. NK has progressively been considered to have potentially beneficial cardiovascular effects. Microbial synthesis is a cost-effective method of producing NK. Bacillus spp. are the main production strains. While microbial synthesis of NK has been thoroughly explored, NK yield, activity and stability are the critical restrictions. Multiple optimization strategies are an attempt to tackle the current problems to meet commercial demands. We focus on the recent advances in NK, including fermented soybean foods, production strains, optimization strategies, extraction and purification, activity maintenance, biological functions, and safety assessment of NK. In addition, this review systematically discussed the challenges and prospects of NK in actual application. Due to the continuous exploration and rapid progress of NK, NK is expected to be a natural future alternative to CVDs.
Collapse
|
15
|
Kapoor R, Khowal S, Panda BP, Wajid S. Comparative genomic analyses of Bacillus subtilis strains to study the biochemical and molecular attributes of nattokinases. Biotechnol Lett 2022; 44:485-502. [PMID: 35099650 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-022-03226-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The present research work explores the Nattokinase (NK) producing capacity of five Bacillus subtilis strains (MTCC 2616, MTCC 2756, MTCC 2451, MTCC 1427, and MTCC 7164) using soybean varieties as substrate under solid-state fermentation conditions. Subsequently, the biochemical attributes of NKs were analyzed. Soybean variety didn't affect the production of NK to a significant extent; however, the five strains differed substantially for their NK producing capacity. NK produced by MTCC 2451 (R3) showed a low Kmvalue implying its higher specificity for fibrin but this strain (MTCC 2451) didn't produce NK in sufficient quantity. The low Km of MTCC 2451 NK implicates its potential candidature for treating blood clots in cardiovascular patients. The NK produced by MTCC 2616 (R1) was produced in sufficient quantity and showed good fibrin dissolving potential. The aprN of MTCC 2616 substantially varied from the other four strains. The aprN of MTCC 2756 (R2), MTCC 2451 (R3), MTCC 1427 (R4), and MTCC 7164 (R5) shared > 99% sequence identity, but the encoded NKs had significant variations in their Km values. The biochemical-molecular analyses indicate the co-presence of three critical residues (Thr130, Asp140, and Tyr217) as a quintessential attribute in determining the low Km of NK enzymes, and the absence of any one of the three critical residues may affect (highly increase) the Km.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Kapoor
- Microbial and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Sapna Khowal
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Science, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Bibhu Prasad Panda
- Microbial and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India.
| | - Saima Wajid
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Science, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Minh NH, Trang HTQ, Van TB, Loc NH. Production and purification of nattokinase from Bacillus subtilis. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/08905436.2021.2005622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Hoang Minh
- Clinical Skills Laboratory, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam
| | | | - Tran Bao Van
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Sciences, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Hoang Loc
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Sciences, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tang Y, Yang Y, Lu X, Liu Q, Li Q, Song X, Wang M, Hu H, Zhou L, Wang Y. Oral therapy of recombinant Subtilisin QK-2 potentiates thrombolytic effect in a carrageenan-induced thrombosis animal model. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
|
18
|
Chen H, Chen J, Zhang F, Li Y, Wang R, Zheng Q, Zhang X, Zeng J, Xu F, Lin Y. Effective management of atherosclerosis progress and hyperlipidemia with nattokinase: A clinical study with 1,062 participants. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:964977. [PMID: 36072877 PMCID: PMC9441630 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.964977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Nattokinase (NK), known as a potent fibrinolytic and antithrombotic agent, has been shown to have antiatherosclerotic and lipid-lowering effects. However, data on human clinical studies are limited. In this clinical study involving 1,062 participants, our objective was to examine the efficacy of NK in atherosclerosis and hyperlipidemia and safety at the dose of 10,800 FU/day after 12 months of oral administration. Various factors, including lower doses that influence NK pharmacological actions, were also investigated. We found that NK at a dose of 10,800 FU/day effectively managed the progression of atherosclerosis and hyperlipidemia with a significant improvement in the lipid profile. A significant reduction in the thickness of the carotid artery intima-media and the size of the carotid plaque was observed. The improvement rates ranged from 66.5 to 95.4%. NK was found to be ineffective in lowering lipids and suppressing atherosclerosis progression at a dose of 3,600 FU/day. The lipid-lowering effect of NK was more prominent in subjects who smoked, drank alcohol, and subjects with higher BMI. Regular exercise further improved the effects of NK. Co-administration of vitamin K2 and aspirin with NK produced a synergetic effect. No noticeable adverse effects associated with the use of NK were recorded. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that atherosclerosis progression and hyperlipidemia can be effectively managed with NK at a dose of 10,800 FU/day. The lower dose of 3,600 FU per day is ineffective. The dose of 10,800 FU/day is safe and well tolerated. Some lifestyle factors and the coadministration of vitamin K2 and aspirin lead to improved outcomes in the use of NK. Our findings provide clinical evidence on the effective dose of NK in the management of cardiovascular disease and challenge the recommended dose of 2,000 FU per day.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Fuping Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenyang Red Cross Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuanhui Li
- Guangzhou Center, Sinopharm Group Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | | | | | - Xu Zhang
- Sungen Bioscience Co. Ltd., Shantou, China
| | - Jun Zeng
- Sungen Bioscience Co. Ltd., Shantou, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Antithrombotic & Thrombolytic Innovative Drug Research Center, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
- Feng Xu
| | - Yiguang Lin
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- The Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Yiguang Lin
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sharma C, Osmolovskiy A, Singh R. Microbial Fibrinolytic Enzymes as Anti-Thrombotics: Production, Characterisation and Prodigious Biopharmaceutical Applications. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1880. [PMID: 34834294 PMCID: PMC8625737 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac disorders such as acute myocardial infarction, embolism and stroke are primarily attributed to excessive fibrin accumulation in the blood vessels, usually consequential in thrombosis. Numerous methodologies including the use of anti-coagulants, anti-platelet drugs, surgical operations and fibrinolytic enzymes are employed for the dissolution of fibrin clots and hence ameliorate thrombosis. Microbial fibrinolytic enzymes have attracted much more attention in the management of cardiovascular disorders than typical anti-thrombotic strategies because of the undesirable after-effects and high expense of the latter. Fibrinolytic enzymes such as plasminogen activators and plasmin-like proteins hydrolyse thrombi with high efficacy with no significant after-effects and can be cost effectively produced on a large scale with a short generation time. However, the hunt for novel fibrinolytic enzymes necessitates complex purification stages, physiochemical and structural-functional attributes, which provide an insight into their mechanism of action. Besides, strain improvement and molecular technologies such as cloning, overexpression and the construction of genetically modified strains for the enhanced production of fibrinolytic enzymes significantly improve their thrombolytic potential. In addition, the unconventional applicability of some fibrinolytic enzymes paves their way for protein hydrolysis in addition to fibrin/thrombi, blood pressure regulation, anti-microbials, detergent additives for blood stain removal, preventing dental caries, anti-inflammatory and mucolytic expectorant agents. Therefore, this review article encompasses the production, biochemical/structure-function properties, thrombolytic potential and other surplus applications of microbial fibrinolytic enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chhavi Sharma
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201313, India;
| | - Alexander Osmolovskiy
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Rajni Singh
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201313, India;
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Research progress on the utilisation of embedding technology and suitable delivery systems for improving the bioavailability of nattokinase: A review. FOOD STRUCTURE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foostr.2021.100219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
21
|
Diwan D, Usmani Z, Sharma M, Nelson JW, Thakur VK, Christie G, Molina G, Gupta VK. Thrombolytic Enzymes of Microbial Origin: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10468. [PMID: 34638809 PMCID: PMC8508633 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzyme therapies are attracting significant attention as thrombolytic drugs during the current scenario owing to their great affinity, specificity, catalytic activity, and stability. Among various sources, the application of microbial-derived thrombolytic and fibrinolytic enzymes to prevent and treat vascular occlusion is promising due to their advantageous cost-benefit ratio and large-scale production. Thrombotic complications such as stroke, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, deep venous thrombosis, and peripheral occlusive diseases resulting from blood vessel blockage are the major cause of poor prognosis and mortality. Given the ability of microbial thrombolytic enzymes to dissolve blood clots and prevent any adverse effects, their use as a potential thrombolytic therapy has attracted great interest. A better understanding of the hemostasis and fibrinolytic system may aid in improving the efficacy and safety of this treatment approach over classical thrombolytic agents. Here, we concisely discuss the physiological mechanism of thrombus formation, thrombo-, and fibrinolysis, thrombolytic and fibrinolytic agents isolated from bacteria, fungi, and algae along with their mode of action and the potential application of microbial enzymes in thrombosis therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Diwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; (D.D.); (J.W.N.)
| | - Zeba Usmani
- Department of Applied Biology, University of Science & Technology, Techno City, Killing Road, Baridua 9th Mile 793101, Meghalaya, India; (Z.U.); (M.S.)
| | - Minaxi Sharma
- Department of Applied Biology, University of Science & Technology, Techno City, Killing Road, Baridua 9th Mile 793101, Meghalaya, India; (Z.U.); (M.S.)
| | - James W. Nelson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; (D.D.); (J.W.N.)
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, SRUC, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK;
- School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Graham Christie
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK;
| | - Gustavo Molina
- Laboratory of Bioflavors and Bioactive Compounds, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, State University of Campinas, R. Monteiro Lobato, 80, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-862, Brazil;
| | - Vijai Kumar Gupta
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, SRUC, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK;
- Centre for Safe and Improved Food, SRUC, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Heterologous expression of nattokinase from B. subtilis natto using Pichia pastoris GS115 and assessment of its thrombolytic activity. BMC Biotechnol 2021; 21:49. [PMID: 34372833 PMCID: PMC8353737 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-021-00708-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nattokinase is a fibrinolytic enzyme that has huge market value as a nutritional supplement for health promotion. In order to increase nattokinase yields, fermentation conditions, strains, cultivation media, and feeding strategies have been optimized. Nattokinase has been expressed using several heterologous expression systems. Pichia pastoris heterologous expression system was the alternative. Results This report aimed to express high levels of nattokinase from B. subtilis natto (NK-Bs) using a Pichia pastoris heterologous expression system and assess its fibrinolytic activity in vivo. Multicopy expression strains bearing 1–7 copies of the aprN gene were constructed. The expression level of the target protein reached a maximum at five copies of the target gene. However, multicopy expression strains were not stable in shake-flask or high-density fermentation, causing significant differences in the yield of the target protein among batches. Therefore, P. pastoris bearing a single copy of aprN was used in shake-flask and high-density fermentation. Target protein yield was 320 mg/L in shake-flask fermentation and approximately 9.5 g/L in high-density fermentation. The recombinant nattokinase showed high thermo- and pH-stability. The present study also demonstrated that recombinant NK-Bs had obvious thrombolytic activity. Conclusions This study suggests that the P. pastoris expression system is an ideal platform for the large-scale, low-cost preparation of nattokinase. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12896-021-00708-4.
Collapse
|
23
|
Soares Bispo JR, de Oliveira Lima IG, da Silva MB, de Oliveira Feitosa A, Dos Santos ACM, Alexandre Moreira MS, Zambrano Passarini MR, Saraiva Câmara PEA, Rosa LH, Oliveira VM, de Queiroz AC, Fernandes Duarte AW. Fibrinolytic enzymes from extremophilic microorganisms in the development of new thrombolytic therapies: Technological Prospecting. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2021; 15:169-183. [PMID: 34353276 DOI: 10.2174/1872208315666210805154713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extremophilic microorganisms from a wide variety of extreme natural environments have been researched, and many biotechnological applications have been carried out, due to their capacity to produce biomolecules resistant to extreme conditions, such as fibrinolytic proteases. The search for new fibrinolytic enzymes is important in the development of new therapies against cardiovascular diseases. OBJECTIVE This article aimed to evaluate the patents filed about protease with fibrinolytic activity produced by extremophilic microorganisms whose use is aimed at the development of new drugs for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. METHODS The prospecting was carried out using data on deposits and patent concessions made available on the technological bases: European Patent Office (EPO), United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Industrial - Brazil (INPI), The LENS and Patent Inspiration. The International Patent Classification and subclasses and groups for each document were also evaluated. RESULTS Although 382 patents were selected using terms related to extreme environments, such as "thermophile" and "acidophiles", few were related to clinical use and were mainly performed using Bacillus subtilis and Streptomyces megasporus strains. A highlight of nattokinase was produced by Bacillus subtilis GDN and actinokinase by Streptomyces megasporus SD5. CONCLUSION The low number of patents on enzymes with this profile (extreme environments) revealed a little-explored field, promising in the development of new microbial thrombolytic drugs, such as fibrinolytic enzymes with less adverse effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Romero Soares Bispo
- Laboratório de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Complexo de Ciências Médicas e Enfermagem, Campus Arapiraca, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 57309-005, Arapiraca, AL. Brazil
| | - Igor Gomes de Oliveira Lima
- Laboratório de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Complexo de Ciências Médicas e Enfermagem, Campus Arapiraca, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 57309-005, Arapiraca, AL. Brazil
| | - Maurício Bernardo da Silva
- Laboratório de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Complexo de Ciências Médicas e Enfermagem, Campus Arapiraca, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 57309-005, Arapiraca, AL. Brazil
| | - Alexya de Oliveira Feitosa
- Laboratório de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Complexo de Ciências Médicas e Enfermagem, Campus Arapiraca, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 57309-005, Arapiraca, AL. Brazil
| | - Ana Caroline Melo Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Complexo de Ciências Médicas e Enfermagem, Campus Arapiraca, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 57309-005, Arapiraca, AL. Brazil
| | - Magna Suzana Alexandre Moreira
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 57072-900, Maceió, AL. Brazil
| | | | | | - Luiz Henrique Rosa
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG. Brazil
| | - Valéria Maia Oliveira
- Divisão de Recursos Microbianos, Centro Pluridisciplinar de Pesquisas Químicas, Biológicas e Agrícolas. Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, 13148-218, Paulínia, SP. Brazil
| | - Aline Cavalcanti de Queiroz
- Laboratório de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Complexo de Ciências Médicas e Enfermagem, Campus Arapiraca, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 57309-005, Arapiraca, AL. Brazil
| | - Alysson Wagner Fernandes Duarte
- Laboratório de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Complexo de Ciências Médicas e Enfermagem, Campus Arapiraca, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 57309-005, Arapiraca, AL. Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Cioni P, Gabellieri E, Campanini B, Bettati S, Raboni S. Use of Exogenous Enzymes in Human Therapy: Approved Drugs and Potential Applications. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:411-452. [PMID: 34259137 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210713094722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The development of safe and efficacious enzyme-based human therapies has increased greatly in the last decades, thanks to remarkable advances in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for different diseases, and the characterization of the catalytic activity of relevant exogenous enzymes that may play a remedial effect in the treatment of such pathologies. Several enzyme-based biotherapeutics have been approved by FDA (the U.S. Food and Drug Administration) and EMA (the European Medicines Agency) and many are undergoing clinical trials. Apart from enzyme replacement therapy in human genetic diseases, which is not discussed in this review, approved enzymes for human therapy find applications in several fields, from cancer therapy to thrombolysis and the treatment, e.g., of clotting disorders, cystic fibrosis, lactose intolerance and collagen-based disorders. The majority of therapeutic enzymes are of microbial origin, the most convenient source due to fast, simple and cost-effective production and manipulation. The use of microbial recombinant enzymes has broadened prospects for human therapy but some hurdles such as high immunogenicity, protein instability, short half-life and low substrate affinity, still need to be tackled. Alternative sources of enzymes, with reduced side effects and improved activity, as well as genetic modification of the enzymes and novel delivery systems are constantly searched. Chemical modification strategies, targeted- and/or nanocarrier-mediated delivery, directed evolution and site-specific mutagenesis, fusion proteins generated by genetic manipulation are the most explored tools to reduce toxicity and improve bioavailability and cellular targeting. This review provides a description of exogenous enzymes that are presently employed for the therapeutic management of human diseases with their current FDA/EMA-approved status, along with those already experimented at the clinical level and potential promising candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Cioni
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa. Italy
| | - Edi Gabellieri
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa. Italy
| | - Barbara Campanini
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 23/A, 43124 Parma. Italy
| | - Stefano Bettati
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa. Italy
| | - Samanta Raboni
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa. Italy
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Derosa G, Maffioli P, D’Angelo A, Di Pierro F. Nutraceutical Approach to Preventing Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Related Complications. Front Immunol 2021; 12:582556. [PMID: 34262553 PMCID: PMC8273380 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.582556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Several months ago, Chinese authorities identified an atypical pneumonia in Wuhan city, province of Hubei (China) caused by a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV or SARS-CoV-2). The WHO announced this new disease was to be known as "COVID-19". Evidence Acquisition Several approaches are currently underway for the treatment of this disease, but a specific cure remains to be established. Evidence Synthesis This review will describe how the use of selected nutraceuticals could be helpful, in addition to pharmacological therapy, in preventing some COVID-19-related complications in infected patients. Conclusions Even if a specific and effective cure for COVID-19 still has some way to go, selected nutraceuticals could be helpful, in addition to pharmacological therapy, in preventing some COVID-19-related complications in infected patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Derosa
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Pamela Maffioli
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Angela D’Angelo
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Pierro
- Velleja Research S.r.l., Milan, Italy
- Digestive Endoscopy & Gastroenterology, Poliambulanza Hospital, Brescia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Gallelli G, Di Mizio G, Palleria C, Siniscalchi A, Rubino P, Muraca L, Cione E, Salerno M, De Sarro G, Gallelli L. Data Recorded in Real Life Support the Safety of Nattokinase in Patients with Vascular Diseases. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13062031. [PMID: 34199189 PMCID: PMC8231931 DOI: 10.3390/nu13062031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nattokinase (NK) is a serine protease enzyme with fibrinolytic activity. Even if it could be used for the treatment of several diseases, no data have been published supporting its use patients who underwent vascular surgery. In this study, we evaluated both the efficacy and the safety of nattokinase (100 mg/day per os) in patients admitted to vascular surgery. Patients were of both sexes, >18 years of age, with vascular diseases (i.e., deep vein thrombosis, superficial vein thrombosis, venous insufficiency), and naïve to specific pharmacological treatments (anticoagulants or anti-platelets). Patients were divided into three groups. Group 1: patients with deep vein thrombosis, treated with fondaparinux plus nattokinase. Group 2: patients with phlebitis, treated with enoxaparin plus nattokinase. Group 3: patients with venous insufficiency after classical surgery, treated with nattokinase one day later. During the study, we enrolled 153 patients (age 22–92 years), 92 females (60.1%) and 61 males (39.9%;), and documented that nattokinase was able to improve the clinical symptoms (p < 0.01) without the development of adverse drug reactions or drug interactions. Among the enrolled patients, during follow-up, we did not record new cases of vascular diseases. Attention to patients’ clinical evolution, monitoring of the INR, and timely and frequent adjustment of dosages represent the cornerstones of the safety of care for patients administered fibrinolytic drugs as a single treatment or in pharmacological combination. Therefore, we can conclude that the use of nattokinase represents an efficient and safe treatment able to both prevent and treat patients with vascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Gallelli
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Pugliese Ciaccio Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (G.G.); (P.R.)
| | - Giulio Di Mizio
- Forensic Medicine, Department of Law, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Caterina Palleria
- Department of Health Science, School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance Unit, Mater Domini University Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.P.); (G.D.S.); (L.G.)
| | - Antonio Siniscalchi
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit, Annunziata Hospital of Cosenza, 87100 Cosenza, Italy;
| | - Paolo Rubino
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Pugliese Ciaccio Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (G.G.); (P.R.)
| | - Lucia Muraca
- Department of General Medicine, ASP 7 Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Erika Cione
- Department of Pharmacy Helath and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Excellence 2018-2022, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy;
| | - Monica Salerno
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia”, University of Catania, 95041 Catania, Italy;
| | - Giovambattista De Sarro
- Department of Health Science, School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance Unit, Mater Domini University Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.P.); (G.D.S.); (L.G.)
- Department of Health Science, School of Medicine, Clinical Pharmacology Research Center FAS@UMG, University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Luca Gallelli
- Department of Health Science, School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance Unit, Mater Domini University Hospital, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (C.P.); (G.D.S.); (L.G.)
- Department of Health Science, School of Medicine, Clinical Pharmacology Research Center FAS@UMG, University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Huang Z, Ng TK, Chen W, Sun X, Huang D, Zheng D, Yi J, Xu Y, Zhuang X, Chen S. Nattokinase Attenuates Retinal Neovascularization Via Modulation of Nrf2/HO-1 and Glial Activation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:25. [PMID: 34036312 PMCID: PMC8164371 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.6.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Nattokinase (NK), an active ingredient extracted from traditional food Natto, has been studied for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases due to various vasoprotective effects, including fibrinolytic, antihypertensive, anti-atherosclerotic, antiplatelet, and anti-inflammatory activities. Here, we reported an antineovascular effect of NK against experimental retinal neovascularization. METHODS The inhibitory effect of NK against retinal neovascularization was evaluated using an oxygen-induced retinopathy murine model. Expressions of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling and glial activation in the NK-treated retinae were measured. We also investigated cell proliferation and migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) after NK administration. RESULTS NK treatment significantly attenuated retinal neovascularization in the OIR retinae. Consistently, NK suppressed VEGF-induced cell proliferation and migration in a concentration-dependent manner in cultured vascular endothelial cells. NK ameliorated ischemic retinopathy partially via activating Nrf2/HO-1. In addition, NK orchestrated reactive gliosis and promoted microglial activation toward a reparative phenotype in ischemic retina. Treatment of NK exhibited no cell toxicity or anti-angiogenic effects in the normal retina. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed the anti-angiogenic effect of NK against retinal neovascularization via modulating Nrf2/HO-1, glial activation and neuroinflammation, suggesting a promising alternative treatment strategy for retinal neovascularization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zijing Huang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tsz Kin Ng
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Weiqi Chen
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaowei Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Dingguo Huang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dezhi Zheng
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingsheng Yi
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanxuan Xu
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xi Zhuang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shaolang Chen
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Frias J, Toubarro D, Fraga A, Botelho C, Teixeira J, Pedrosa J, Simões N. Purification and Characterization of a Thrombolytic Enzyme Produced by a New Strain of Bacillus subtil. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:327-337. [PMID: 33148943 PMCID: PMC9705946 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2008.08010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fibrinolytic enzymes with a direct mechanism of action and safer properties are currently requested for thrombolytic therapy. This paper reports on a new enzyme capable of degrading blood clots directly without impairing blood coagulation. This enzyme is also non-cytotoxic and constitutes an alternative to other thrombolytic enzymes known to cause undesired side effects. Twenty-four Bacillus isolates were screened for production of fibrinolytic enzymes using a fibrin agar plate. Based on produced activity, isolate S127e was selected and identified as B. subtilis using the 16S rDNA gene sequence. This strain is of biotechnological interest for producing high fibrinolytic yield and consequently has potential in the industrial field. The purified fibrinolytic enzyme has a molecular mass of 27.3 kDa, a predicted pI of 6.6, and a maximal affinity for Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe. This enzyme was almost completely inhibited by chymostatin with optimal activity at 48°C and pH 7. Specific subtilisin features were found in the gene sequence, indicating that this enzyme belongs to the BPN group of the S8 subtilisin family and was assigned as AprE127. This subtilisin increased thromboplastin time by 3.7% (37.6 to 39 s) and prothrombin time by 3.2% (12.6 to 13 s), both within normal ranges. In a whole blood euglobulin assay, this enzyme did not impair coagulation but reduced lysis time significantly. Moreover, in an in vitro assay, AprE127 completely dissolved a thrombus of about 1 cc within 50 min and, in vivo, reduced a thrombus prompted in a rat tail by 11.4% in 24 h compared to non-treated animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Frias
- CBA – Biotechnology Centre of Azores, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Azores, 9500-32 Ponta Delgada, Açores. Portugal,Corresponding author Phone: +351919687431 E-mail:
| | - Duarte Toubarro
- CBA – Biotechnology Centre of Azores, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Azores, 9500-32 Ponta Delgada, Açores. Portugal
| | - Alexandra Fraga
- ICVS - Life and Health Research Institute, University of Minho, 4710-07 Braga, Portugal
| | - Claudia Botelho
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal,CBMA – Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal,INL - International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - José Teixeira
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Jorge Pedrosa
- ICVS - Life and Health Research Institute, University of Minho, 4710-07 Braga, Portugal
| | - Nelson Simões
- CBA – Biotechnology Centre of Azores, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Azores, 9500-32 Ponta Delgada, Açores. Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Yang M, Wu J, Huang Q, Jia Y. Probing the Role of Catalytic Triad on the Cleavage between Intramolecular Chaperone and NK Mature Peptide. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:2348-2353. [PMID: 33569954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Many proteases require the assistance of an intramolecular chaperone (IMC) that is essential for protein folding. Subtilisin is produced as a precursor that requires its N-terminal propeptide to act as an IMC to chaperone the folding of its subtilisin domain. During the precursor folding, the cleavage of the peptide bond between the IMC and the subtilisin domain is the most important and rate-limiting step, which leads to the structural reorganization of the subtilisin domain and IMC's degradation. It is speculated that the cleavage is fulfilled by the nucleophilic attack of Ser221, with the assistance of Asp32 positioning the correct tautomer of His64 and His64 accepting a proton from Ser221. In this study, our results suggested that there was a different mechanism of cleavage of the peptide bond between the IMC and the subtilisin domain in nattokinase (NK), and the role of the NK catalytic triad on the cleavage was not consistent with the classical theory. This finding suggested that members of the subtilisin family had evolved different mechanisms to acquire their own active subtilisin efficiently.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manli Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plants Resource Research and Development, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jingyu Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plants Resource Research and Development, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Qingrong Huang
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick NJ08901, United States
| | - Yan Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plants Resource Research and Development, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Li X, Yang X, Umar M, Zhang Z, Luo W, Fan Y, Ma D, Li M. Expression of a novel dual-functional polypeptide and its pharmacological action research. Life Sci 2020; 267:118890. [PMID: 33359743 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To develop a dual-functional medicine for hypoglycemic and anti-thrombus. MAIN METHODS The long-acting glucagon like peptide-1 (5×GLP-1) and nattokinase (NK) were cloned by SOE PCR and gained the GLP-1 and NK fusion polypeptide after transformed into E. coli. Use of mice models for the hypoglycemic and anti-thrombus activity of the fusion polypeptide. Balb/C mice were given the carrageenan by intraperitoneal injection to induce tail thrombus models. Type 2 diabetes mellitus mice model was used to research the hypoglycemic function of the fusion polypeptide. KEY FINDINGS Results showed that the fusion polypeptide could significantly prevent thrombus formation after oral administration. Continuous administration for 15 days, fasting blood glucose levels of the experimental group decreased to nearly normal levels. SIGNIFICANCE The present study investigated the expression, purification and functional activity of the rolGLP-1 and NK fusion polypeptide, which provided a foundation for further studying the detailed pharmaceutical mechanism and drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory for Bioactive Materials of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China; School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, China
| | - Xingkai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory for Bioactive Materials of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China
| | - Muhammad Umar
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory for Bioactive Materials of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China
| | - Zhixuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory for Bioactive Materials of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China
| | - Wenya Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory for Bioactive Materials of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory for Bioactive Materials of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China
| | - Daocheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory for Bioactive Materials of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China
| | - Minggang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory for Bioactive Materials of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Takagaki S, Suzuki M, Suzuki E, Hasumi K. Unsaturated fatty acids enhance the fibrinolytic activity of subtilisin NAT (nattokinase). J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13326. [PMID: 32572985 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Subtilisin NAT (STN), alternatively designated nattokinase, is a serine protease with potent fibrinolytic activity. In this study, we screened several foods to enhance the fibrinolytic potential of STN and identified unsaturated fatty acid-rich ones as candidates. We isolated linoleic acid as a major active compound from one of the most active foods, red pepper. Linoleic acid promoted the STN-mediated fibrin/fibrinogen degradation at >20 μg/ml. STN cleaved three of the fibrinogen polypeptide chains, among which linoleic acid accelerated Bβ-chain and γ-chain degradations, but slightly suppressed the degradation of α-chain fragments. Linoleic acid failed to affect small synthetic peptide degradation, suggesting a conformational modulation of fibrin/fibrinogen for the linoleic acid promotion of STN activity. Of the various fatty acids tested, unsaturated ones were active but saturated ones were rather inhibitory to STN-mediated fibrinolysis. Thus, our data shed new light on the dietary promotion of STN activity. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Subtilisin NAT (STN) is a serine protease abundantly contained in natto, a soybean food fermented with Bacillus subtilis var. natto. The use of STN as functional foods to improve blood circulation is getting attention because STN actively degrades fibrin. Our results demonstrate that widely occurring unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic, eicosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids enhance the fibrinolytic activity of STN. Thus, the intake of natto or STN supplements in combination with unsaturated fatty acid-containing oil can be a novel way to gain cardiovascular benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soichiro Takagaki
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo Noko University, Tokyo, Japan.,Organo Food Tech Corporation, Satte, Japan
| | - Maiko Suzuki
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo Noko University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eriko Suzuki
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo Noko University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiji Hasumi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo Noko University, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Cogliati S, Clementi V, Francisco M, Crespo C, Argañaraz F, Grau R. Bacillus Subtilis Delays Neurodegeneration and Behavioral Impairment in the Alzheimer’s Disease Model Caenorhabditis Elegans. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 73:1035-1052. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-190837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Cogliati
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, CONICET – Rosario, Argentina
| | - Victoria Clementi
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, CONICET – Rosario, Argentina
| | - Marcos Francisco
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, CONICET – Rosario, Argentina
| | - Cira Crespo
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, CONICET – Rosario, Argentina
| | - Federico Argañaraz
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, CONICET – Rosario, Argentina
| | - Roberto Grau
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, CONICET – Rosario, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Isolation and Optimal Fermentation Condition of the Bacillus subtilis Subsp. natto Strain WTC016 for Nattokinase Production. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation5040092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Nattokinase is a serine protease in the subtilisin family which is produced by Bacillus subtilis subsp. natto and exhibits vigorous fibrinolytic activity that has been suggested to be able to prevent and treat thromboembolic diseases. In this study, WTC016, a spore-forming and rod-shaped bacterium with fibrinolytic activity was successfully isolated from soil, which was identified as Bacillus subtilis subsp. natto based on morphological and physiological tests, and phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA and gyrA. According to the growth curve of WTC016, the nattokinase production reached the highest amount in the stationary phase. To optimize the liquid fermentation condition for nattokinase yield of WTC016, further optimal tests of four factors, including the temperature, pH, inoculum size, and loading volume, followed by orthogonal test of all these factors, was performed. The optimal fermentation conditions were determined as 30 °C, 7.0 pH, 2% inoculum size, and 60 mL of loading volume in 250 mL conical flask, which indicates the highest nattokinase production of 3284 ± 58 IU/mL while fermented for 26 h. This work laid the foundation for producing nattokinase using Bacillus subtilis subsp. natto WTC016.
Collapse
|
34
|
Hu Y, Yu D, Wang Z, Hou J, Tyagi R, Liang Y, Hu Y. Purification and characterization of a novel, highly potent fibrinolytic enzyme from Bacillus subtilis DC27 screened from Douchi, a traditional Chinese fermented soybean food. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9235. [PMID: 31239529 PMCID: PMC6592948 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45686-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The highly fibrinolytic enzyme-producing bacterium was identified as Bacillus subtilis DC27 and isolated from Douchi, a traditional fermented soybean food. The DFE27 enzyme was purified from the fermentation broth of B. subtilis DC27 by using UNOsphere Q column chromatography, Sephadex G-75 gel filtration, and high-performance liquid chromatography. It was 29 kDa in molecular mass and showed the optimal reaction temperature and pH value of 45 °C and 7.0, respectively, with a stable fibrinolytic activity below 50 °C and within the pH range of 6.0 to 10.0. DFE27 was identified as a serine protease due to its complete inhibition by phenylmethysulfony fluoride. The first 24 amino acid residues of the N-terminal sequence of the enzyme were AQSVPYGVSQIKAPALHSQGFTGS. The enzyme displayed the highest specificity toward the substrate D-Val-Leu-Lys-pNA for plasmin and it could not only directly degrade but also hydrolyze fibrin by activating plasminogen into plasmin. Overall, the DFE27 enzyme was obviously different from other known fibrinolytic enzymes in the optimum substrate specificity or fibrinolytic action mode, suggesting that it is a novel fibrinolytic enzyme and may have potential applications in the treatment and prevention of thrombosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanliang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Edible Wild Plants Conservation& Utilization, College of Life Sciences, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, 435002, China
| | - Dan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhaoting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jianjun Hou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Edible Wild Plants Conservation& Utilization, College of Life Sciences, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, 435002, China
| | - Rohit Tyagi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yunxiang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Industrial Fermentation, Wuhan, 430068, China.
| | - Yongmei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Guo H, Ban YH, Cha Y, An ES, Choi J, Seo DW, Park D, Choi EK, Kim YB. Comparative anti-thrombotic activity and haemorrhagic adverse effect of nattokinase and tissue-type plasminogen activator. Food Sci Biotechnol 2019; 28:1535-1542. [PMID: 31695953 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-019-00580-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-thrombotic activity and safety of nattokinase, an enzyme produced by Bacillus subtilis during soybean fermentation, were investigated in comparison with tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA). Carotid arterial thrombosis was produced with a FeCl3-soaked paper, followed by intravenous injection of nattokinase or t-PA. Nattokinase and t-PA delayed thrombus formation, near-fully (> 90%) inhibiting at 75 and 8.5 mg/kg, respectively. As adverse effects, t-PA induced petechial haemorrhage at 10 mg/kg in the lungs and thymus, and extensive bleeding at 20 mg/kg. Nattokinase also caused pulmonary haemorrhage from 300 mg/kg. Collectively, the standard safety margins (SSMs) for t-PA and nattokinase were calculated to be 1.2 and 4.0, respectively. Combinational treatment with dexamethasone (2 mg/kg) increased the efficacy and safety of t-PA and nattokinase, widening their SSMs to 2.4 and 8.0, respectively. The results indicate that nattokinase delayed thrombus formation and dissolved thrombi, and that nattokinase could be a good candidate anti-thrombotic agent with relatively-low haemorrhagic risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyu Guo
- 1College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Center, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdaero (Gaesin-dong), Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644 Korea
| | - Young-Hwan Ban
- 1College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Center, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdaero (Gaesin-dong), Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644 Korea
| | - Yeseul Cha
- 1College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Center, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdaero (Gaesin-dong), Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644 Korea
| | - Eun Suk An
- 1College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Center, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdaero (Gaesin-dong), Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644 Korea
| | - Jieun Choi
- 1College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Center, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdaero (Gaesin-dong), Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644 Korea
| | - Da Woom Seo
- 1College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Center, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdaero (Gaesin-dong), Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644 Korea
| | - Dongsun Park
- 2Department of Biology Education, Korea National University of Education, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28173 Korea
| | - Ehn-Kyoung Choi
- 1College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Center, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdaero (Gaesin-dong), Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644 Korea
| | - Yun-Bae Kim
- 1College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Center, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdaero (Gaesin-dong), Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644 Korea
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Liu Z, Zheng W, Ge C, Cui W, Zhou L, Zhou Z. High-level extracellular production of recombinant nattokinase in Bacillus subtilis WB800 by multiple tandem promoters. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:89. [PMID: 31064343 PMCID: PMC6505213 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1461-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nattokinase (NK), which is a member of the subtilisin family, is a potent fibrinolytic enzyme that might be useful for thrombosis therapy. Extensive work has been done to improve its production for the food industry. The aim of our study was to enhance NK production by tandem promoters in Bacillus subtilis WB800. Results Six recombinant strains harboring different plasmids with a single promoter (PP43, PHpaII, PBcaprE, PgsiB, PyxiE or PluxS) were constructed, and the analysis of the fibrinolytic activity showed that PP43 and PHpaII exhibited a higher expression activity than that of the others. The NK yield that was mediated by PP43 and PHpaII reached 140.5 ± 3.9 FU/ml and 110.8 ± 3.6 FU/ml, respectively. These promoters were arranged in tandem to enhance the expression level of NK, and our results indicated that the arrangement of promoters in tandem has intrinsic effects on the NK expression level. As the number of repetitive PP43 or PHpaII increased, the expression level of NK was enhanced up to the triple-promoter, but did not increase unconditionally. In addition, the repetitive core region of PP43 or PHpaII could effectively enhance NK production. Eight triple-promoters with PP43 and PHpaII in different orders were constructed, and the highest yield of NK finally reached 264.2 ± 7.0 FU/ml, which was mediated by the promoter PHpaII-PHpaII-PP43. The scale-up production of NK that was promoted by PHpaII-PHpaII-PP43 was also carried out in a 5-L fermenter, and the NK activity reached 816.7 ± 30.0 FU/mL. Conclusions Our studies demonstrated that NK was efficiently overproduced by tandem promoters in Bacillus subtilis. The highest fibrinolytic activity was promoted by PHpaII-PHpaII-PP43, which was much higher than that had been reported in previous studies. These multiple tandem promoters were used successfully to control NK expression and might be useful for improving the expression level of the other genes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-019-1461-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongmei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Wenhui Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunlei Ge
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenjing Cui
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhemin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Liu Z, Zhao H, Han L, Cui W, Zhou L, Zhou Z. Improvement of the acid resistance, catalytic efficiency, and thermostability of nattokinase by multisite‐directed mutagenesis. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:1833-1843. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongmei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of BiotechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxi Jiangsu China
| | - Han Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of BiotechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxi Jiangsu China
| | - Laichuang Han
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of BiotechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxi Jiangsu China
| | - Wenjing Cui
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of BiotechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxi Jiangsu China
| | - Li Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of BiotechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxi Jiangsu China
| | - Zhemin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of BiotechnologyJiangnan UniversityWuxi Jiangsu China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Nattokinase-heparin exhibits beneficial efficacy and safety-an optimal strategy for CKD patients on hemodialysis. Glycoconj J 2019; 36:93-101. [PMID: 30788657 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-019-09860-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Heparin is a widely used anticoagulant in hemodialysis (HD) for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD); however, it entails the risk of thrombus formation due to heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Indeed, CKD patients on HD are associated with excessive mortality from cardiovascular disease due to their prothrombotic profile. Therefore, it would be a significant breakthrough to develop a thrombolytic adjuvant that facilitates heparin to achieve its proper anticoagulant efficiency at a much lower dose for greater safety. Nattokinase (NK), a valuable dietary supplement possessing strong fibrinolytic and thrombolytic activity, was reported to interact with heparin and thereby the beneficial efficacy of NK-heparin was investigated herein. NK-heparin induced a synergistic enhancement of clotting time both in vitro and in vivo evaluations, whereas the overall fibrinolytic activity was only marginally enhanced. Moreover, it was demonstrated for the first time that NK induced potent degradation of all three chains of fibrinogen. In particular, NK-heparin markedly reinforced the fibrinolysis activity of NK, which may underlie, at least in part, the mechanism by which NK-heparin benefited their overall thrombolytic and anticoagulant activity. Collectively, we clarified the beneficial combination efficacy of NK and heparin for greater safety, providing a powerful impetus for physicians to administer heparin to a larger portion of patients with CKD.
Collapse
|
39
|
Yoo HJ, Kim M, Kim M, Lee A, Jin C, Lee SP, Kim TS, Lee SH, Lee JH. The effects of nattokinase supplementation on collagen–epinephrine closure time, prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time in nondiabetic and hypercholesterolemic subjects. Food Funct 2019; 10:2888-2893. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo02324g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
For 8 weeks, individuals who consumed nattokinase, considered one of the most active functional ingredients found in natto, showed improved hemostatic factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Yoo
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics
- Department of Food and Nutrition
- College of Human Ecology
- Yonsei University
- Seoul
| | - Minkyung Kim
- Research Center for Silver Science
- Institute of Symbiotic Life-TECH
- Yonsei University
- Seoul
- Korea
| | - Minjoo Kim
- Research Center for Silver Science
- Institute of Symbiotic Life-TECH
- Yonsei University
- Seoul
- Korea
| | - Ayoung Lee
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics
- Department of Food and Nutrition
- College of Human Ecology
- Yonsei University
- Seoul
| | - Chunmei Jin
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics
- Department of Food and Nutrition
- College of Human Ecology
- Yonsei University
- Seoul
| | | | | | - Sang-Hyun Lee
- Department of Family Practice
- National Health Insurance Corporation
- Ilsan Hospital
- Goyang
- Korea
| | - Jong Ho Lee
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics
- Department of Food and Nutrition
- College of Human Ecology
- Yonsei University
- Seoul
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Fibrinolytic Enzymes for Thrombolytic Therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1148:345-381. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7709-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
41
|
Cao ZH, Green-Johnson JM, Buckley ND, Lin QY. Bioactivity of soy-based fermented foods: A review. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:223-238. [PMID: 30521852 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
For centuries, fermented soy foods have been dietary staples in Asia and, now, in response to consumer demand, they are available throughout the world. Fermentation bestows unique flavors, boosts nutritional values and increases or adds new functional properties. In this review, we describe the functional properties and underlying action mechanisms of soy-based fermented foods such as Natto, fermented soy milk, Tempeh and soy sauce. When possible, the contribution of specific bioactive components is highlighted. While numerous studies with in vitro and animal models have hinted at the functionality of fermented soy foods, ascribing health benefits requires well-designed, often complex human studies with analysis of diet, lifestyle, family and medical history combined with long-term follow-ups for each subject. In addition, the contribution of the microbiome to the bioactivities of fermented soy foods, possibly mediated through direct action or bioactive metabolites, needs to be studied. Potential synergy or other interactions among the microorganisms carrying out the fermentation and the host's microbial community may also contribute to food functionality, but the details still require elucidation. Finally, safety evaluation of fermented soy foods has been limited, but is essential in order to provide guidelines for consumption and confirm lack of toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Hui Cao
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Julia M Green-Johnson
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology (UOIT), Oshawa L1H 7K4, Canada
| | | | - Qiu-Ye Lin
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Wang H, Sun X, Wang L, Wu H, Zhao G, Liu H, Wang P, Zheng Z. Coproduction of menaquinone-7 and nattokinase by Bacillus subtilis using soybean curd residue as a renewable substrate combined with a dissolved oxygen control strategy. ANN MICROBIOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-018-1372-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
|
43
|
Exploitation of Bacillus subtilis as a robust workhorse for production of heterologous proteins and beyond. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 34:145. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-018-2531-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
44
|
Cui W, Suo F, Cheng J, Han L, Hao W, Guo J, Zhou Z. Stepwise modifications of genetic parts reinforce the secretory production of nattokinase in Bacillus subtilis. Microb Biotechnol 2018; 11:930-942. [PMID: 29984489 PMCID: PMC6116739 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nattokinase (NK) is an important serine‐protease with direct fibrinolytic activity involving the prevention of cardiovascular disease as an antithrombotic agent. Dozens of studies have focused on the characterization of intrinsic novel promoters and signal peptides to the secretory production of recombinant proteins in Bacillus subtilis. However, intrinsic genetic elements have several drawbacks, which cannot mediate the production of NK to the desired level. In this study, the genetic elements, which were used to overproduce the recombinant secretory NK, were rationally modified in B. subtilis in a stepwise manner. The first step was to select a suitable signal peptide for the highly efficient secretion of NK. By comparison of the secretory levels mediated by two different signal peptides, which were encoded by the genes of a minor extracellular protease epr (SPepr) and cell‐wall associated protease wapA (SPwapA), respectively, SPwapA was verified as the superior secretory element. Second, P04, which was a synthetic promoter screened from an array of mutants based on the promoter cloned from the operon of a quorum‐sensing associated gene srfA (PsrfA), was paired to SPwapA. The secretory level of NK was obviously augmented by the combination of these two genetic elements. Third, the cis‐acting element CodY‐binding sequence positioned at the 5′UTR was deleted (yielding P08), and thus the secretory level was significantly elevated. The activity of NK, which was defined as fibrinolytic units (FU), reached to a level of 270 FU ml−1. Finally, the superior genetic element composed of P08 and SPwapA was utilized to overproduce NK in the host B. subtilis WB800, which was able to produce the secretory NK at 292 FU ml−1. The strategy established in this study can not only be used to overproduce NK in B. subtilis but also might be a promising pipeline to modify the genetic element for the synthetic secretory system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Cui
- School of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Feiya Suo
- School of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Jintao Cheng
- School of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Laichuang Han
- School of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Wenliang Hao
- School of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Junling Guo
- School of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Zhemin Zhou
- School of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Chen H, McGowan EM, Ren N, Lal S, Nassif N, Shad-Kaneez F, Qu X, Lin Y. Nattokinase: A Promising Alternative in Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases. Biomark Insights 2018; 13:1177271918785130. [PMID: 30013308 PMCID: PMC6043915 DOI: 10.1177/1177271918785130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the world and our approach to the control and management of CVD mortality is limited. Nattokinase (NK), the most active ingredient of natto, possesses a variety of favourable cardiovascular effects and the consumption of Natto has been linked to a reduction in CVD mortality. Recent research has demonstrated that NK has potent fibrinolytic activity, antihypertensive, anti-atherosclerotic, and lipid-lowering, antiplatelet, and neuroprotective effects. This review covers the major pharmacologic effects of NK with a focus on its clinical relevance to CVD. It outlines the advantages of NK and the outstanding issues pertaining to NK pharmacokinetics. Available evidence suggests that NK is a unique natural compound that possesses several key cardiovascular beneficial effects for patients with CVD and is therefore an ideal drug candidate for the prevention and treatment of CVD. Nattokinase is a promising alternative in the management of CVD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Eileen M McGowan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, Australia
| | - Nina Ren
- Guangdong Online Hospital Clinic, Guangdong No.2 Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sara Lal
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, Australia
| | - Najah Nassif
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, Australia
| | - Fatima Shad-Kaneez
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, Australia
| | - Xianqin Qu
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, Australia
| | - Yiguang Lin
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, Australia
- Yiguang Lin, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Feng R, Li J, Chen J, Duan L, Liu X, Di D, Deng Y, Song Y. Preparation and toxicity evaluation of a novel nattokinase-tauroursodeoxycholate complex. Asian J Pharm Sci 2018; 13:173-182. [PMID: 32104390 PMCID: PMC7032186 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nattokinase (NK), which has been identified as a potent fibrinolytic protease, has remarkable potential in treatment of thrombolysis, and even has the ability to ameliorate chronic vein thrombosis. To reduce the hemorrhagic risk from an intravenous injection of NK, nattokinase-tauroursodeoxycholate (NK-TUDCA) complex was prepared at different pH values and with different ratios of NK and TUDCA. When assessing survival time, survival state, tail injury, and the body weight of mice, it was found that the NK-TUDCA complex (NK: 10 kIU/ml; TUDCA: 10 mg/ml; pH 5.0) had a lower toxicity when administered at an NK dosage of 130 kIU/kg in the acute toxicity test and 13 kIU/kg in the repeated low-dose challenge. From the results of the in vitro thrombolytic test and characterization of NK-TUDCA, we speculated that the delayed release of NK-TUDCA might be the main cause of toxicity reduction by the complex. This study described the preparation of an NK complex with low toxicity following intravenous administration, which could be utilized for further clinical study of NK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Feng
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | | | - Lili Duan
- Sungen Biotech Co., Ltd., Shantou 515000, China
| | - XinRong Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Donghua Di
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yihui Deng
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yanzhi Song
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Takabayashi T, Imoto Y, Sakashita M, Kato Y, Tokunaga T, Yoshida K, Narita N, Ishizuka T, Fujieda S. Nattokinase, profibrinolytic enzyme, effectively shrinks the nasal polyp tissue and decreases viscosity of mucus. Allergol Int 2017; 66:594-602. [PMID: 28389065 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is often comorbid with asthma and resistant to therapeutic interventions. We recently reported that excessive fibrin deposition caused by impairment of fibrinolysis might play pivotal role in forming nasal polyp. Nattokinase (NK), a serine protease produced by Bacillus subtilis, has been reported to be a strong fibrinolytic enzyme. NK could be a promising drug candidate for use in the treatment of both CRSwNP and asthma. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of NK on nasal polyp tissues from patients with CRSwNP. The nasal discharge from patients with CRSwNP and sputum from subjects with asthma were also used to investigate whether NK influences the viscosity of mucus. METHODS To examine the effects on NK on nasal polyp tissues, pieces of nasal polyps were incubated either with saline or NK (10-1000 FU/ml) at 37 °C for 24 h. We assessed the presence of fibrin in nasal polyp tissue incubated with NK by means of immunohistochemistry. To examine the effects of NK on nasal discharge and sputum from patients with CRSwNP and asthma, respectively, were incubated with NK solution at 37 °C for 1 h. RESULTS NK effectively shrinks the nasal polyp tissue through fibrin degradation. We also found that the viscosity of the nasal discharge and sputum from patients with CRSwNP and asthma, respectively, was significantly reduced by incubation with NK solution. CONCLUSIONS NK may be an effective alternative therapeutic option in patients with CRSwNP and comorbid asthma by causing fibrin degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuji Takabayashi
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Sensory and Locomotor Medicine, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.
| | - Yoshimasa Imoto
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Sensory and Locomotor Medicine, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Masafumi Sakashita
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Sensory and Locomotor Medicine, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Yukinori Kato
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Sensory and Locomotor Medicine, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tokunaga
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Sensory and Locomotor Medicine, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Kanako Yoshida
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Sensory and Locomotor Medicine, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Norihiko Narita
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Sensory and Locomotor Medicine, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Ishizuka
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Shigeharu Fujieda
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Sensory and Locomotor Medicine, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Safety of fermented soybean extract NSK‐SD® as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EC) No 258/97. EFSA J 2016. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
|
49
|
Ni H, Guo PC, Jiang WL, Fan XM, Luo XY, Li HH. Expression of nattokinase in Escherichia coli and renaturation of its inclusion body. J Biotechnol 2016; 231:65-71. [PMID: 27234878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nattokinase is an important fibrinolytic enzyme with therapeutic applications for cardiovascular diseases. The full-length and mature nattokinase genes were cloned from Bacillus subtilis var. natto and expressed in pQE30 vector in Escherichia coli. The full-length gene expressed low nattokinase activity in the intracellular soluble and the medium fractions. The mature gene expressed low soluble nattokinase activity and large amount insoluble protein in inclusion bodies without enzyme activity. Large amount of refolding solutions (RSs) at different pH values were screening and RS-10 and RS-11 at pH 9 were selected to refold nattokinase inclusion bodies. The recombinant cells were lysed with 0.1mg/mL lysozyme and ultrasonic treatment. After centrifugation, the pellete was washed twice with 20mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.5) containing 1% Triton X-100 to purify the inclusion bodies. The inclusion bodies were dissolved in water at pH 12.0 and refolded with RS-10. The refolded proteins showed 42.8IU/mg and 79.3IU/mg fibrinolytic activity by the traditional dilution method (20-fold dilution into RS-10) and the directly mixing the protein solution with equal volume RS-10, respectively, compared to the 52.0IU/mg of total water-soluble proteins from B. subtilis var. natto. This work demonstrated that the inclusion body of recombinant nattokinase expressed in E. coli could be simply refolded to the natural enzyme activity level by directly mixing the protein solution with equal volume refolding solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- He Ni
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Sciences, and Research and Development Center for Rare Animals, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Peng-Cheng Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Sciences, and Research and Development Center for Rare Animals, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Wei-Ling Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Sciences, and Research and Development Center for Rare Animals, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Xiao-Min Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Sciences, and Research and Development Center for Rare Animals, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Sciences, and Research and Development Center for Rare Animals, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; Guangzhou Huichuan Medical Technology Ltd., 211 Jinfu Building, 90 Qifu Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou 510410, China
| | - Hai-Hang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Sciences, and Research and Development Center for Rare Animals, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Improving the activity of the subtilisin nattokinase by site-directed mutagenesis and molecular dynamics simulation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 465:580-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|