1
|
Tahavvori A, Gargari MK, Yazdani Y, Mamalo AS, Beilankouhi EAV, Valilo M. Involvement of antioxidant enzymes in Parkinson's disease. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 249:154757. [PMID: 37598566 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Similar to many other diseases, the etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is multifactorial and includes both genetic and environmental factors. Exposure to pesticides and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the body, mainly in electron transporter complexes 1 and 2 in the inner mitochondrial membrane, are two primary environmental risk factors for this disease. Increased accumulation of ROS and oxidative stress (OS) trigger a series of reactions that can lead to the aggregation of misfolded proteins, DNA damage, autophagy, and apoptosis, which may adversely affect cell function. These processes cause diseases such as coronary artery disease (CAD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and PD. As indicated in previous studies, ROS is considered a critical regulator in the progression of PD. The human body contains several antioxidant molecules, such as vitamin A, vitamin C, bilirubin, and uric acid, as well as antioxidant enzymes including paraoxonase (PON), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Therefore, based on the canonical function of the antioxidant enzymes in PD, In the present review, we attempted to examine the function of antioxidant enzymes in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Tahavvori
- M, D, Internal Department, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Morad Kohandel Gargari
- Imamreza Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yalda Yazdani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Soleimani Mamalo
- School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran; School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Valilo
- Department of Biochemistry, Urmia University of Medical Sciences Faculty of Medicine, Urmia, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Miyano K, Okamoto S, Kajikawa M, Kiyohara T, Kawai C, Yamauchi A, Kuribayashi F. Regulation of Derlin-1-mediated degradation of NADPH oxidase partner p22 phox by thiol modification. Redox Biol 2022; 56:102479. [PMID: 36122532 PMCID: PMC9486109 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmembrane protein p22phox heterodimerizes with NADPH oxidase (Nox) 1–4 and is essential for the reactive oxygen species-producing capacity of oxidases. Missense mutations in the p22phox gene prevent the formation of phagocytic Nox2-based oxidase, which contributes to host defense. This results in chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), a severe primary immunodeficiency syndrome. In this study, we characterized missense mutations in p22phox (L51Q, L52P, E53V, and P55R) in the A22° type (wherein the p22phox protein is undetectable) of CGD. We demonstrated that these substitutions enhanced the degradation of the p22phox protein in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the binding of p22phox to Derlin-1, a key component of ER-associated degradation (ERAD). Therefore, the L51-L52-E53-P55 sequence is responsible for protein stability in the ER. We observed that the oxidation of the thiol group of Cys-50, which is adjacent to the L51-L52-E53-P55 sequence, suppressed p22phox degradation. However, the suppression effect was markedly attenuated by the serine substitution of Cys-50. Blocking the free thiol of Cys-50 by alkylation or C50S substitution promoted the association of p22phox with Derlin-1. Derlin-1 depletion partially suppressed the degradation of p22phox mutant proteins. Furthermore, heterodimerization with p22phox (C50S) induced rapid degradation of not only Nox2 but also nonphagocytic Nox4 protein, which is responsible for redox signaling. Thus, the redox-sensitive Cys-50 appears to determine whether p22phox becomes a target for degradation by the ERAD system through its interaction with Derlin-1. Missense mutations in exon 3 of p22phox enhance the binding of p22phox to Derlin-1. Oxidation of the thiol group of p22phox Cys50 suppresses p22phox degradation. Serine substitution of Cys-50 increases the affinity of p22phox for Derlin-1. Stability of the p22phox protein is regulated by redox-sensitive Cys-50.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kei Miyano
- Department of Natural Sciences, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan; Department of Biochemistry, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan.
| | - Shuichiro Okamoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Mizuho Kajikawa
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan
| | - Takuya Kiyohara
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Chikage Kawai
- Department of Biochemistry, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Akira Yamauchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Futoshi Kuribayashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hewitt OH, Degnan SM. Distribution and diversity of ROS-generating enzymes across the animal kingdom, with a focus on sponges (Porifera). BMC Biol 2022; 20:212. [PMID: 36175868 PMCID: PMC9524095 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01414-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reactive derivatives of oxygen (reactive oxygen species; ROS) are essential in signalling networks of all aerobic life. Redox signalling, based on cascades of oxidation-reduction reactions, is an evolutionarily ancient mechanism that uses ROS to regulate an array of vital cellular processes. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide anion (O2•-) are employed as signalling molecules that alter the oxidation state of atoms, inhibiting or activating gene activity. Here, we conduct metazoan-wide comparative genomic assessments of the two enzyme families, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and NADPH oxidases (NOX), that generate H2O2 and/or O2•- in animals. RESULTS Using the genomes of 19 metazoan species representing 10 phyla, we expand significantly on previous surveys of these two ancient enzyme families. We find that the diversity and distribution of both the SOD and NOX enzyme families comprise some conserved members but also vary considerably across phyletic animal lineages. For example, there is substantial NOX gene loss in the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi and divergent SOD isoforms in the bilaterians D. melanogaster and C. elegans. We focus particularly on the sponges (phylum Porifera), a sister group to all other metazoans, from which these enzymes have not previously been described. Within Porifera, we find a unique calcium-regulated NOX, the widespread radiation of an atypical member of CuZnSOD named Rsod, and a novel endoplasmic reticulum MnSOD that is prevalent across aquatic metazoans. CONCLUSIONS Considering the precise, spatiotemporal specificity of redox signalling, our findings highlight the value of expanding redox research across a greater diversity of organisms to better understand the functional roles of these ancient enzymes within a universally important signalling mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia H Hewitt
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Marine Science, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Sandie M Degnan
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Marine Science, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chiu TLH, Leung D, Chan KW, Yeung HM, Wong CY, Mao H, He J, Vignesh P, Liang W, Liew WK, Jiang LP, Chen TX, Chen XY, Tao YB, Xu YB, Yu HH, Terblanche A, Lung DC, Li CR, Chen J, Tian M, Eley B, Yang X, Yang J, Chiang WC, Lee BW, Suri D, Rawat A, Gupta A, Singh S, Wong WHS, Chua GT, Duque JSDR, Cheong KN, Chong PCY, Ho MHK, Lee TL, Yang W, Lee PP, Lau YL. Phenomic Analysis of Chronic Granulomatous Disease Reveals More Severe Integumentary Infections in X-Linked Compared With Autosomal Recessive Chronic Granulomatous Disease. Front Immunol 2022; 12:803763. [PMID: 35140711 PMCID: PMC8818666 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.803763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundChronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an inborn error of immunity (IEI), characterised by recurrent bacterial and fungal infections. It is inherited either in an X-linked (XL) or autosomal recessive (AR) mode. Phenome refers to the entire set of phenotypes expressed, and its study allows us to generate new knowledge of the disease. The objective of the study is to reveal the phenomic differences between XL and AR-CGD by using Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) terms.MethodsWe collected data on 117 patients with genetically diagnosed CGD from Asia and Africa referred to the Asian Primary Immunodeficiency Network (APID network). Only 90 patients with sufficient clinical information were included for phenomic analysis. We used HPO terms to describe all phenotypes manifested in the patients.ResultsXL-CGD patients had a lower age of onset, referral, clinical diagnosis, and genetic diagnosis compared with AR-CGD patients. The integument and central nervous system were more frequently affected in XL-CGD patients. Regarding HPO terms, perianal abscess, cutaneous abscess, and elevated hepatic transaminase were correlated with XL-CGD. A higher percentage of XL-CGD patients presented with BCGitis/BCGosis as their first manifestation. Among our CGD patients, lung was the most frequently infected organ, with gastrointestinal system and skin ranking second and third, respectively. Aspergillus species, Mycobacterium bovis, and Mycobacteirum tuberculosis were the most frequent pathogens to be found.ConclusionPhenomic analysis confirmed that XL-CGD patients have more recurrent and aggressive infections compared with AR-CGD patients. Various phenotypic differences listed out can be used as clinical handles to distinguish XL or AR-CGD based on clinical features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Lok-Hin Chiu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Daniel Leung
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Koon-Wing Chan
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hok Man Yeung
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chung-Yin Wong
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Huawei Mao
- Department of Immunology, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxin He
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
| | - Pandiarajan Vignesh
- Allergy & Immunology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Weiling Liang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Woei Kang Liew
- Paediatric Immunology Service, KK Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Li-Ping Jiang
- Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tong-Xin Chen
- Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang-Yuan Chen
- Department of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Guangzhou Children’s Hospital, Guangdong, China
| | - Yin-Bo Tao
- Department of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Guangzhou Children’s Hospital, Guangdong, China
| | - Yong-Bin Xu
- Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hsin-Hui Yu
- Department of Paediatrics, National Taiwan University Children’s Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Alta Terblanche
- Paediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - David Christopher Lung
- Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital/Hong Kong Children’s Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Cheng-Rong Li
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology Ministry of Health, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Man Tian
- Department of Tuberculosis, Nanjing Chest Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Brian Eley
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town and Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Xingtian Yang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wen Chin Chiang
- Paediatric Immunology Service, KK Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bee Wah Lee
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children’s Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Deepti Suri
- Allergy & Immunology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Amit Rawat
- Allergy & Immunology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anju Gupta
- Allergy & Immunology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Surjit Singh
- Allergy & Immunology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Wilfred Hing Sang Wong
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Gilbert T. Chua
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jaime Sou Da Rosa Duque
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kai-Ning Cheong
- Hong Kong Children’s Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | | | - Tsz-Leung Lee
- Hong Kong Children’s Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wanling Yang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Pamela P. Lee
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Pamela P. Lee, ; Yu Lung Lau,
| | - Yu Lung Lau
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Pamela P. Lee, ; Yu Lung Lau,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
O'Neill S, Knaus UG. Bioluminescence-Based Complementation Assay to Correlate Conformational Changes in Membrane-Bound Complexes with Enzymatic Function. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2525:123-137. [PMID: 35836064 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2473-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The proteomics field has undergone tremendous development with the introduction of many innovative methods for the identification and characterization of protein-protein interactions (PPIs). Sensitive and quantitative protein association-based techniques represent a versatile tool to probe the architecture of receptor complexes and receptor-ligand interactions and expand the drug discovery toolbox by facilitating high-throughput screening (HTS) approaches. These novel methodologies will be highly enabling for interrogation of structural determinants required for the activity of multimeric membrane-bound enzymes with unresolved crystal structure and for HTS assay development focused on unique characteristics of complex assembly instead of common catalytic features, thereby increasing specificity. We describe here an example of a binary luciferase reporter assay (NanoBiT®) to quantitatively assess the heterodimerization of the catalytically active NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) enzyme complex. The catalytic subunit NOX4 requires association with the protein p22phox for stabilization and enzymatic activity, but the precise manner by which these two membrane-bound proteins interact to facilitate hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generation is currently unknown. The NanoBiT complementation reporter quantitatively determined the accurate, reduced, or failed complex assembly, which can then be confirmed by determining H2O2 release, protein expression, and heterodimer trafficking. Multimeric complex formation differs between NOX enzyme isoforms, facilitating isoform-specific, PPI-based drug screening in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon O'Neill
- Conway Institute, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Legend Biotech, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ulla G Knaus
- Conway Institute, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pourgholi L, Pourgholi F, Ziaee S, Goodarzynejad H, Hosseindokht M, Boroumand M, Mandegary A. The association between CYBA gene C242T variant and risk of metabolic syndrome. Eur J Clin Invest 2020; 50:e13275. [PMID: 32406080 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both inflammation and oxidative stress may contribute to pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome (MetS). The C242T polymorphism (rs4673) in the CYBA gene, as the main components of NAD (P) H oxidase, causes inter-individual variability in the enzyme activity. We aimed to investigate the association between this polymorphism with MetS and its components. METHODS Two hundred nine patients with MetS and 232 controls were included in this study. MetS was defined based on NCEP ATP-III A criteria with some modifications. The C242T polymorphism within CYBA gene was determined by using PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. RESULTS After applying a multiple logistic regression model with adjusting for potential confounders of MetS including, age, sex, body mass index, hypertension, used medications, and diabetes mellitus, C242T polymorphism was found to be associated with the presence of MetS in men but not in the total population or in women. T allele as compared to C allele was associated with decreased odds of MetS in men (adjusted OR = 0.42, 95% CI = 0.24-0.74; P = .003), but not in women (adjusted OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.07-1.61; P = .890), or in the total population (adjusted OR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.51-1.02; P = .063). CONCLUSION This study shows that T allele of C242T polymorphism in CYBA gene is protective against MetS in Iranian men but not in women. Further cohort studies with larger sample size in subgroups of men and women are required to confirm such association in other racial or ethnic group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Pourgholi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Pourgholi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shayan Ziaee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Goodarzynejad
- Department of Cardiac Research, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Hosseindokht
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadali Boroumand
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Mandegary
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Significance: The oxidative stress, resulting from an imbalance in the production and scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS), is known to be involved in the development and progression of several pathologies. The excess of ROS production is often due to an overactivation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (NOX) and for this reason these enzymes became promising therapeutic targets. However, even if NOX are now well characterized, the development of new therapies is limited by the lack of highly isoform-specific inhibitors. Recent Advances: In the past decade, several groups and laboratories have screened thousands of molecules to identify new specific inhibitors with low off-target effects. These works have led to the characterization of several new potent NOX inhibitors; however, their specificity varies a lot depending on the molecules. Critical Issues: Here, we are reviewing more than 25 known NOX inhibitors, focusing mainly on the newly identified ones such as APX-115, NOS31, Phox-I1 and 2, GLX7013114, and GSK2795039. To have a better overall view of these molecules, the inhibitors were classified according to their specificity, from pan-NOX inhibitors to highly isoform-specific ones. We are also presenting the use of these compounds both in vitro and in vivo. Future Directions: Several of these new molecules are potent and very specific inhibitors that could be good candidates for the development of new drugs. Even if the results are very promising, most of these compounds were only validated in vitro or in mice models and further investigations will be required before using them as potential therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Chocry
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Neurophysiopathologie (INP), CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Ludovic Leloup
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Neurophysiopathologie (INP), CNRS, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Knock GA. NADPH oxidase in the vasculature: Expression, regulation and signalling pathways; role in normal cardiovascular physiology and its dysregulation in hypertension. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 145:385-427. [PMID: 31585207 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The last 20-25 years have seen an explosion of interest in the role of NADPH oxidase (NOX) in cardiovascular function and disease. In vascular smooth muscle and endothelium, NOX generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) that act as second messengers, contributing to the control of normal vascular function. NOX activity is altered in response to a variety of stimuli, including G-protein coupled receptor agonists, growth-factors, perfusion pressure, flow and hypoxia. NOX-derived ROS are involved in smooth muscle constriction, endothelium-dependent relaxation and smooth muscle growth, proliferation and migration, thus contributing to the fine-tuning of blood flow, arterial wall thickness and vascular resistance. Through reversible oxidative modification of target proteins, ROS regulate the activity of protein tyrosine phosphatases, kinases, G proteins, ion channels, cytoskeletal proteins and transcription factors. There is now considerable, but somewhat contradictory evidence that NOX contributes to the pathogenesis of hypertension through oxidative stress. Specific NOX isoforms have been implicated in endothelial dysfunction, hyper-contractility and vascular remodelling in various animal models of hypertension, pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary arterial hypertension, but also have potential protective effects, particularly NOX4. This review explores the multiplicity of NOX function in the healthy vasculature and the evidence for and against targeting NOX for antihypertensive therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Greg A Knock
- Dpt. of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Touyz RM, Anagnostopoulou A, Rios F, Montezano AC, Camargo LL. NOX5: Molecular biology and pathophysiology. Exp Physiol 2019; 104:605-616. [PMID: 30801870 PMCID: PMC6519284 DOI: 10.1113/ep086204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? This review provides a comprehensive overview of Nox5 from basic biology to human disease and highlights unique features of this Nox isoform What advances does it highlight? Major advances in Nox5 biology relate to crystallization of the molecule and new insights into the pathophysiological role of Nox5. Recent discoveries have unravelled the crystal structure of Nox5, the first Nox isoform to be crystalized. This provides new opportunities to develop drugs or small molecules targeted to Nox5 in an isoform-specific manner, possibly for therapeutic use. Moreover genome wide association studies (GWAS) identified Nox5 as a new blood pressure-associated gene and studies in mice expressing human Nox5 in a cell-specific manner have provided new information about the (patho) physiological role of Nox5 in the cardiovascular system and kidneys. Nox5 seems to be important in the regulation of vascular contraction and kidney function. In cardiovascular disease and diabetic nephropathy, Nox5 activity is increased and this is associated with increased production of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress implicated in tissue damage. ABSTRACT Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (Nox), comprise seven family members (Nox1-Nox5 and dual oxidase 1 and 2) and are major producers of reactive oxygen species in mammalian cells. Reactive oxygen species are crucially involved in cell signalling and function. All Noxs share structural homology comprising six transmembrane domains with two haem-binding regions and an NADPH-binding region on the intracellular C-terminus, whereas their regulatory systems, mechanisms of activation and tissue distribution differ. This explains the diverse function of Noxs. Of the Noxs, NOX5 is unique in that rodents lack the gene, it is regulated by Ca2+ , it does not require NADPH oxidase subunits for its activation, and it is not glycosylated. NOX5 localizes in the perinuclear and endoplasmic reticulum regions of cells and traffics to the cell membrane upon activation. It is tightly regulated through numerous post-translational modifications and is activated by vasoactive agents, growth factors and pro-inflammatory cytokines. The exact pathophysiological significance of NOX5 remains unclear, but it seems to be important in the physiological regulation of sperm motility, vascular contraction and lymphocyte differentiation, and NOX5 hyperactivation has been implicated in cardiovascular disease, kidney injury and cancer. The field of NOX5 biology is still in its infancy, but with new insights into its biochemistry and cellular regulation, discovery of the NOX5 crystal structure and genome-wide association studies implicating NOX5 in disease, the time is now ripe to advance NOX5 research. This review provides a comprehensive overview of our current understanding of NOX5, from basic biology to human disease, and highlights the unique characteristics of this enigmatic Nox isoform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rhian M. Touyz
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical SciencesBHF Glasgow Cardiovascular CentreUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Aikaterini Anagnostopoulou
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical SciencesBHF Glasgow Cardiovascular CentreUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Francisco Rios
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical SciencesBHF Glasgow Cardiovascular CentreUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Augusto C. Montezano
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical SciencesBHF Glasgow Cardiovascular CentreUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Livia L. Camargo
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical SciencesBHF Glasgow Cardiovascular CentreUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Structure and mechanisms of ROS generation by NADPH oxidases. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2019; 59:91-97. [PMID: 31051297 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
NADPH oxidases (NOXs) are integral membrane enzymes that produce reactive oxygen species. Humans have seven NOX enzymes that feature a very similar catalytic core but distinct regulatory mechanisms. The recent structural elucidation of the NOX catalytic domains has been a step forward in the field. NADPH, FAD, and two hemes form a linear array of redox cofactors that transfer electrons across to the two sides of the membrane. Oxygen is reduced through an unusual outer sphere mechanism that does not involve any covalent intermediate with the heme iron. Several recent studies have expanded the roles of NOXs in cell signaling, innate immune response, and cell proliferation including oncogenic transformation. This work reinforces NOX-generated ROS as powerful signaling molecules. A challenging question is to understand the specific mechanisms of enzyme regulation and to harness the growing insight on NOXs' structure and biochemistry to generate more powerful small-molecule modulators of NOX activities.
Collapse
|
11
|
Zeng MY, Miralda I, Armstrong CL, Uriarte SM, Bagaitkar J. The roles of NADPH oxidase in modulating neutrophil effector responses. Mol Oral Microbiol 2019; 34:27-38. [PMID: 30632295 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are phagocytic innate immune cells essential for killing bacteria via activation of a wide variety of effector responses and generation of large amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Majority of the ROS in neutrophils is generated by activation of the superoxide-generating enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase. Independent of their anti-microbial function, NADPH oxidase-derived ROS have emerged as key regulators of host immune responses and neutrophilic inflammation. Data from patients with inherited defects in the NADPH oxidase subunit alleles that ablate its enzyme function as well as mouse models demonstrate profound dysregulation of host inflammatory responses, neutrophil hyper-activation and tissue damage in response to microbial ligands or tissue trauma. A large body of literature now demonstrates how oxidants function as essential signaling molecules that are essential for the regulation of neutrophil responses during priming, degranulation, neutrophil extracellular trap formation, and apoptosis, independent of their role in microbial killing. In this review we summarize how NADPH oxidase-derived oxidants modulate neutrophil function in a cell intrinsic manner and regulate host inflammatory responses. In addition, we summarize studies that have elucidated possible roles of oxidants in neutrophilic responses within the oral mucosa and periodontal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melody Y Zeng
- Department of Pediatrics and Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, New York
| | - Irina Miralda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Cortney L Armstrong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Silvia M Uriarte
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.,Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Juhi Bagaitkar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.,Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nakano Y, Nauseef WM. Spectroscopy of NOX Protein Family Members. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1982:113-120. [PMID: 31172469 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9424-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
All members of the NOX protein family contain a unique b-type cytochrome that mediates the electron transport that characterizes the activity of the multicomponent oxidase complexes. Referred to as cytochrome b558, because of its signature spectral absorbance at 558 nm in reduced-minus-oxidized difference spectroscopy, or cytochrome b(-245), because of its very low midpoint potential of -245 mV at pH 7.0, the protein possesses two stacked inequivalent hemes ligated by pairs of histidine residues in membrane helices h3 and h5. In a flavin-dependent fashion, cytochrome b558 shuttles electrons from cytoplasmic NADPH across membranes to molecular oxygen and thereby generates superoxide anion. By performing reduced-minus-oxidized difference spectroscopy and using the millimolar extinction coefficient, E 559-540 nm = 21.6 cm-1 mM-1, one can calculate the amount of cytochrome b558 in intact cells or partially purified membrane preparations. Measurements in samples where cytochrome b558 is relatively high and the presence of unrelated heme-containing proteins low, as in neutrophils, are straightforward. However, low levels of cytochrome b558 expression combined with an abundance of mitochondria and other sources of heme proteins make spectral detection of cytochrome b558 in non-phagocytic cells extremely challenging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Nakano
- Department of Medicine, Inflammation Program, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - William M Nauseef
- Department of Medicine, Inflammation Program, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Assays based on ectopic expression of NOX NADPH oxidase subunits in heterologous mammalian cells are an important approach for investigating features of this family of enzymes. These model systems have been used to analyze the biosynthesis and functional domains of NOX enzyme components as well as their regulation and cellular activities. This chapter provides an overview of the basic principles and applications of heterologous whole cell assays in studying NOX NADPH oxidases.
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
The stabilization and activation of NOX4 through its binding with p22phox are well documented; however little is known of the precise manner by which these two proteins interact. In recent years, the field of proteomics has undergone tremendous development with the introduction of many novel methods for the identification and characterization of protein-protein interactions (PPIs). To enhance our understanding of structural determinants leading to the association between NOX4 and p22phox, we developed a binary luciferase reporter assay (NanoBiT®) to quantitatively assess NOX4-p22phox heterodimerization. The complementation reporter quantitatively determines the accurate, reduced, or failed complex assembly, which can be confirmed and further interrogated by analyzing NOX4 catalytic activity (H2O2 release), protein expression, and dimer localization. This association-based PPI technique represents both a much-needed expansion of the NOX4 lead discovery tool box and a versatile method to probe the architecture of NOX and DUOX complexes in the future.
Collapse
|
15
|
Kawai C, Yamauchi A, Kuribayashi F. Monoclonal antibody 7D5 recognizes the R147 epitope on the gp91 phox , phagocyte flavocytochrome b 558 large subunit. Microbiol Immunol 2018; 62:269-280. [PMID: 29573449 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Human phagocyte flavocytochrome b558 (Cyt b), the catalytic center of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase, consists of a heavily glycosylated large subunit (gp91phox ; Nox2) and a small subunit (p22phox ). Cyt b is a membrane-spanning complex enzyme. Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is predominantly caused by a mutation in the CYBB gene encoding gp91phox on the X-chromosome. Because the phagocytes of patients with CGD are not able to generate the superoxide anion, these patients are susceptible to severe infections that can be fatal. It has been suggested that the extracellular region of gp91phox is necessary for and critical to forming the epitope of mAb 7D5 and that 7D5 provides a useful tool for rapid screening of X-linked CGD by FACS. To further elucidate the mAb 7D5 epitope on human gp91phox , chimeric DNA expressed human and mouse gp91phox recombinant protein were constructed. The fusion proteins were immunostained for mAb 7D5 and analyzed by FACS and western blot analysis. The 143 ELGDRQNES151 region was found to reside at the extracellular surface on human gp91phox and to be an important epitope for the interaction with mAb 7D5, as analyzed by FACS analysis. In particular, amino acid R147 is a unique epitope on the membrane-associated Cyt b for mAb 7D5. In conclusion, it is proposed that FACS analysis using mAb 7D5 is a valuable tool for early diagnosis of CGD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chikage Kawai
- Department of Biochemistry, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
| | - Akira Yamauchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
| | - Futoshi Kuribayashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Biosynthesis of human myeloperoxidase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 642:1-9. [PMID: 29408362 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Members of Chordata peroxidase subfamily [1] expressed in mammals, including myeloperoxidase (MPO), eosinophil peroxidase (EPO), lactoperoxidase (LPO), and thyroid peroxidase (TPO), express conserved motifs around the heme prosthetic group essential for their activity, a calcium-binding site, and at least two covalent bonds linking the heme group to the protein backbone. Although most studies of the biosynthesis of these peroxidases have focused on MPO, many of the features described occur during biosynthesis of other members of the protein subfamily. Whereas MPO biosynthesis includes events typical for proteins generated in the secretory pathway, the importance and consequences of heme insertion are events uniquely associated with peroxidases. This Review summarizes decades of work elucidating specific steps in the biosynthetic pathway of human MPO. Discussion includes cotranslational glycosylation and subsequent modifications of the N-linked carbohydrate sidechains, contributions by molecular chaperones in the endoplasmic reticulum, cleavage of the propeptide from proMPO, and proteolytic processing of protomers and dimerization to yield mature MPO. Parallels between the biosynthesis of MPO and TPO as well as the impact of inherited mutations in the MPO gene on normal biosynthesis will be summarized. Lastly, specific gaps in our knowledge revealed by this review of our current understanding will be highlighted.
Collapse
|
17
|
Thomas DC. The phagocyte respiratory burst: Historical perspectives and recent advances. Immunol Lett 2017; 192:88-96. [PMID: 28864335 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
When exposed to certain stimuli, phagocytes (including neutrophils, macrophages and eosinophils) undergo marked changes in the way they handle oxygen. Firstly, their rate of oxygen uptake increases greatly. This is accompanied by (i) the production of large amounts of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide and (ii) the metabolism of large quantities of glucose through the hexose monophosphate shunt. We now know that the oxygen used is not for respiration but for the production of powerful microbiocidal agents downstream of the initial production of superoxide. Concomitantly, glucose is oxidised through the hexose monophosphate shunt to re-generate the NADPH that has been consumed through the reduction of molecular oxygen to generate superoxide. This phagocyte respiratory burst is generated by an NADPH oxidase multi-protein complex that has a catalytic core consisting of membrane-bound gp91phox (CYBB) and p22phox (CYBA) sub-units and cytosolic components p47phox (NCF1), p67phox (NCF2) and p40phox (NCF4). Finally, another cytosolic component, the small G-protein Rac (Rac2 in neutrophils and Rac1 in macrophages) is also required for full activation. The importance of the complex in host defence is underlined by chronic granulomatous disease, a severe life-limiting immunodeficiency caused by mutations in the genes encoding the individual subunits. In this review, I will discuss the experimental evidence that underlies our knowledge of the respiratory burst, outlining how elegant biochemical analysis, coupled with study of patients deficient in the various subunits has helped elucidate the function of this essential part of innate immunity. I will also discuss some exciting recent studies that shed new light on how the abundance of the various components is controlled. Finally, I will explore the emerging role of reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in the pathogenesis of major human diseases including auto-inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David C Thomas
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 157, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
DeCoursey TE. The intimate and controversial relationship between voltage-gated proton channels and the phagocyte NADPH oxidase. Immunol Rev 2017; 273:194-218. [PMID: 27558336 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
One of the most fascinating and exciting periods in my scientific career entailed dissecting the symbiotic relationship between two membrane transporters, the Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced form (NADPH) oxidase complex and voltage-gated proton channels (HV 1). By the time I entered this field, there had already been substantial progress toward understanding NADPH oxidase, but HV 1 were known only to a tiny handful of cognoscenti around the world. Having identified the first proton currents in mammalian cells in 1991, I needed to find a clear function for these molecules if the work was to become fundable. The then-recent discoveries of Henderson, Chappell, and colleagues in 1987-1988 that led them to hypothesize interactions of both molecules during the respiratory burst of phagocytes provided an excellent opportunity. In a nutshell, both transporters function by moving electrical charge across the membrane: NADPH oxidase moves electrons and HV 1 moves protons. The consequences of electrogenic NADPH oxidase activity on both membrane potential and pH strongly self-limit this enzyme. Fortunately, both consequences specifically activate HV 1, and HV 1 activity counteracts both consequences, a kind of yin-yang relationship. Notwithstanding a decade starting in 1995 when many believed the opposite, these are two separate molecules that function independently despite their being functionally interdependent in phagocytes. The relationship between NADPH oxidase and HV 1 has become a paradigm that somewhat surprisingly has now extended well beyond the phagocyte NADPH oxidase - an industrial strength producer of reactive oxygen species (ROS) - to myriad other cells that produce orders of magnitude less ROS for signaling purposes. These cells with their seven NADPH oxidase (NOX) isoforms provide a vast realm of mechanistic obscurity that will occupy future studies for years to come.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E DeCoursey
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Physiology, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Juillan-Binard C, Picciocchi A, Andrieu JP, Dupuy J, Petit-Hartlein I, Caux-Thang C, Vivès C, Nivière V, Fieschi F. A Two-component NADPH Oxidase (NOX)-like System in Bacteria Is Involved in the Electron Transfer Chain to the Methionine Sulfoxide Reductase MsrP. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:2485-2494. [PMID: 28028176 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.752014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
MsrPQ is a newly identified methionine sulfoxide reductase system found in bacteria, which appears to be specifically involved in the repair of periplasmic proteins oxidized by hypochlorous acid. It involves two proteins: a periplasmic one, MsrP, previously named YedY, carrying out the Msr activity, and MsrQ, an integral b-type heme membrane-spanning protein, which acts as the specific electron donor to MsrP. MsrQ, previously named YedZ, was mainly characterized by bioinformatics as a member of the FRD superfamily of heme-containing membrane proteins, which include the NADPH oxidase proteins (NOX/DUOX). Here we report a detailed biochemical characterization of the MsrQ protein from Escherichia coli We optimized conditions for the overexpression and membrane solubilization of an MsrQ-GFP fusion and set up a purification scheme allowing the production of pure MsrQ. Combining UV-visible spectroscopy, heme quantification, and site-directed mutagenesis of histidine residues, we demonstrated that MsrQ is able to bind two b-type hemes through the histidine residues conserved between the MsrQ and NOX protein families. In addition, we identify the E. coli flavin reductase Fre, which is related to the dehydrogenase domain of eukaryotic NOX enzymes, as an efficient cytosolic electron donor to the MsrQ heme moieties. Cross-linking experiments as well as surface Plasmon resonance showed that Fre interacts with MsrQ to form a specific complex. Taken together, these data support the identification of the first prokaryotic two-component protein system related to the eukaryotic NOX family and involved in the reduction of periplasmic oxidized proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Céline Juillan-Binard
- From the Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Université Grenoble Alpes, 38044 Grenoble.,the IBS, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), 38027 Grenoble.,the IBS, CNRS, 38027 Grenoble
| | - Antoine Picciocchi
- From the Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Université Grenoble Alpes, 38044 Grenoble.,the IBS, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), 38027 Grenoble.,the IBS, CNRS, 38027 Grenoble
| | - Jean-Pierre Andrieu
- From the Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Université Grenoble Alpes, 38044 Grenoble.,the IBS, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), 38027 Grenoble.,the IBS, CNRS, 38027 Grenoble
| | - Jerome Dupuy
- From the Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Université Grenoble Alpes, 38044 Grenoble.,the IBS, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), 38027 Grenoble.,the IBS, CNRS, 38027 Grenoble
| | - Isabelle Petit-Hartlein
- From the Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Université Grenoble Alpes, 38044 Grenoble.,the IBS, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), 38027 Grenoble.,the IBS, CNRS, 38027 Grenoble
| | - Christelle Caux-Thang
- the Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble.,CNRS LCBM UMR 5249, Grenoble, and.,CEA-DRF-BIG-Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, 17 Rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Corinne Vivès
- From the Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Université Grenoble Alpes, 38044 Grenoble.,the IBS, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), 38027 Grenoble.,the IBS, CNRS, 38027 Grenoble
| | - Vincent Nivière
- the Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble.,CNRS LCBM UMR 5249, Grenoble, and.,CEA-DRF-BIG-Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, 17 Rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Franck Fieschi
- From the Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Université Grenoble Alpes, 38044 Grenoble, .,the IBS, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), 38027 Grenoble.,the IBS, CNRS, 38027 Grenoble
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Han M, Zhang T, Yang L, Wang Z, Ruan J, Chang X. Association between NADPH oxidase (NOX) and lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thorac Dis 2016; 8:1704-11. [PMID: 27499960 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2016.06.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Considerable studies have reported that NADPH oxidase (NOX) expression or activity may play an important role in the tumorigenesis of lung cancer. However, the results are inconsistent. Thus, a systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted in this study. METHODS A systematic search of electronic databases was performed. Statistical analysis was performed using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software (Version 3). The pooled Hedges's g with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) or rate ratio with 95% CIs was adopted to assess the effect size. Fixed or random effect model was separately used based on the heterogeneity between the studies. RESULTS A total of ten eligible studies were included in the current systematic review and overall meta-analysis showed that NOX/DUOX activity and mRNA were significantly in favor of lung cancer (Hedges's g =1.216, P=0.034). Suppression of NOX function by pharmacologic inhibitor or expression by siRNA resulted in significant inhibition of lung cancer cell invasion and migration in in vitro experiments (Hedges's g =2.422, P<0.001) and lung cancer formation in vivo studies (rate ratio =0.366, P=0.002). CONCLUSIONS Findings of this systematic review indicate that NOX activity and expression is associated with tumorigenesis of lung cancer and inhibition of NOX function or mRNA expression significantly blocks lung cancer formation and invasion. Suppressing NOX up-regulation or interfering NOX function in tumor microenvironment may be one important approach to prevent oxidative-stress-related carcinogenesis in the lung.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Han
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, China
| | - Tianhui Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, China
| | - Zitong Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, China
| | - Junzhong Ruan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, China
| | - Xiujun Chang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
CYBA encoding p22(phox), the cytochrome b558 alpha polypeptide: gene structure, expression, role and physiopathology. Gene 2016; 586:27-35. [PMID: 27048830 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
P22(phox) is a ubiquitous protein encoded by the CYBA gene located on the long arm of chromosome 16 at position 24, containing six exons and spanning 8.5 kb. P22(phox) is a critical component of the superoxide-generating nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (NOXs). It is associated with NOX2 to form cytochrome b558 expressed mainly in phagocytes and responsible for the killing of microorganisms when bacterial and fungal infections occur. CYBA mutations lead to one of the autosomal recessive forms of chronic granulomatous disease (AR22(0)CGD) clinically characterized by recurrent and severe infections in early childhood. However, p22(phox) is also the partner of NOX1, NOX3 and NOX4, but not NOX5, which are analogs of NOX2, the first identified member of the NOX family. P22(phox)-NOX complexes have emerged as one of the most relevant sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in tissues and cells, and are associated with several diseases such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The p22(phox)-deficient mouse strain nmf333 has made it possible to highlight the role of p22(phox) in the control of inner ear balance in association with NOX3. However, the relevance of p22(phox) for NOX3 function remains uncertain because AR22(0)CGD patients do not suffer from vestibular dysfunction. Finally, a large number of genetic variations of CYBA have been reported, among them the C242T polymorphism, which has been extensively studied in association with coronary artery and heart diseases, but conflicting results continue to be reported.
Collapse
|
22
|
Souabni H, Machillot P, Baciou L. Contribution of lipid environment to NADPH oxidase activity: influence of sterol. Biochimie 2015; 107 Pt A:33-42. [PMID: 25448770 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The NADPH-oxidase complex, which plays beneficial or detrimental role in the inflammatory and degenerative diseases, is a membrane multi-subunit complex tightly regulated in order to produce superoxide anions, precursor of oxygen reactive species (ROS), in cells. The flavocytochrome b(558) (Cytb(558)) is the catalytic core of the NADPH oxidase which consists of two membrane proteins gp91(phox) (highly glycosylated) and p22(phox). In this work we took advantage of heterologous yeast cells engineered to express wild-type bovine Cytb(558) to analyze the properties of the NADPH oxidase activity during the biosynthesis processing steps of gp91(phox) and p22(phox) within endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and plasma membrane (Pmb). Our data showed that, in yeast, the heterodimerization at the endoplasmic reticulum membranes was concomitant with high level glycosylation of gp91(phox) and the heme acquisition. This study also demonstrated that the phagocyte NADPH oxidase was active at ER membranes and that this activity was surprisingly higher at the ER compared to the Pmb membranes. We have correlated these findings with the presence of sterols in the plasma membranes and their absence in ER membranes. This correlation was confirmed by decreased superoxide anion production rates in proteoliposomes supplemented with ergosterol or cholesterol. Our data support the idea that membrane environment might be determinant for ROS regulation and that sterols could directly interact with the membrane proteins of the NADPH oxidase constraining its capacity to produce superoxide anions.
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
The mechanism by which reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by tumour cells remained incompletely understood until the discovery over the last 15 years of the family of NADPH oxidases (NOXs 1–5 and dual oxidases DUOX1/2) which are structural homologues of gp91phox, the major membrane-bound component of the respiratory burst oxidase of leucocytes. Knowledge of the roles of the NOX isoforms in cancer is rapidly expanding. Recent evidence suggests that both NOX1 and DUOX2 species produce ROS in the gastrointestinal tract as a result of chronic inflammatory stress; cytokine induction (by interferon-γ, tumour necrosis factor α, and interleukins IL-4 and IL-13) of NOX1 and DUOX2 may contribute to the development of colorectal and pancreatic carcinomas in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and chronic pancreatitis, respectively. NOX4 expression is increased in pre-malignant fibrotic states which may lead to carcinomas of the lung and liver. NOX5 is highly expressed in malignant melanomas, prostate cancer and Barrett's oesophagus-associated adenocarcinomas, and in the last it is related to chronic gastro-oesophageal reflux and inflammation. Over-expression of functional NOX proteins in many tissues helps to explain tissue injury and DNA damage from ROS that accompany pre-malignant conditions, as well as elucidating the potential mechanisms of NOX-related damage that contribute to both the initiation and the progression of a wide range of solid and haematopoietic malignancies.
Collapse
|
24
|
Identification of NOX2 regions for normal biosynthesis of cytochrome b558 in phagocytes highlighting essential residues for p22phox binding. Biochem J 2015; 464:425-37. [PMID: 25252997 DOI: 10.1042/bj20140555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome b558, the redox core of the NADPH oxidase (NOX) complex in phagocytes, is composed of NOX2 and p22phox, the synthesis of which is intimately connected but not fully understood. We reproduced 10 rare X-minus chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) mutations of highly conserved residues in NOX1-NOX4, in X0-CGD PLB-985 cells in order to analyse their impact on the synthesis of cytochrome b558. According to the impact of these mutations on the level of expression of NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) and its activity, mutants were categorized into group A (W18C, E309K, K315del and I325F), characterized by a linear relationship between NOX2 expression and NOX activity, and group B (H338Y, P339H, G389A and F656-F570del), showing an absence of NOX activity associated with variable levels of NOX2 expression. These last residues belong to the FAD-binding pocket of NOX2, suggesting that this functional domain also plays a role in the structural integrity of NOX2. Finally, we observed an abnormal accumulation of p65 (65-kDa monomer), the NOX2 precursor and p65-p22phox dissociation in the W18C, E309K, I325F and G389A mutants, pointing out a possible role of the first transmembrane domain (Trp18), and the region between the membrane and the dehydrogenase domain of NOX2 (Glu309, Ile325 and Gly389), in the binding with p22phox.
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
In phagocytes, gp91phox is the key membrane component of the NADPH oxidase complex. In contrast with what was known from studies in mammalian phagocytes, in Pichia pastoris we succeeded in producing an active catalytic subunit gp91phox in absence of its membrane partner.
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Understanding isoform- and context-specific subcellular Nox reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase compartmentalization allows relevant functional inferences. This review addresses the interplay between Nox NADPH oxidases and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), an increasingly evident player in redox pathophysiology given its role in redox protein folding and stress responses. RECENT ADVANCES Catalytic/regulatory transmembrane subunits are synthesized in the ER and their processing includes folding, N-glycosylation, heme insertion, p22phox heterodimerization, as shown for phagocyte Nox2. Dual oxidase (Duox) maturation also involves the regulation by ER-resident Duoxa2. The ER is the activation site for some isoforms, typically Nox4, but potentially other isoforms. Such location influences redox/Nox-mediated calcium signaling regulation via ER targets, such as sarcoendoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA). Growing evidence suggests that Noxes are integral signaling elements of the unfolded protein response during ER stress, with Nox4 playing a dual prosurvival/proapoptotic role in this setting, whereas Nox2 enhances proapoptotic signaling. ER chaperones such as protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) closely interact with Noxes. PDI supports growth factor-dependent Nox1 activation and mRNA expression, as well as migration in smooth muscle cells, and PDI overexpression induces acute spontaneous Nox activation. CRITICAL ISSUES Mechanisms of PDI effects include possible support of complex formation and RhoGTPase activation. In phagocytes, PDI supports phagocytosis, Nox activation, and redox-dependent interactions with p47phox. Together, the results implicate PDI as possible Nox organizer. FUTURE DIRECTIONS We propose that convergence between Noxes and ER may have evolutive roots given ER-related functional contexts, which paved Nox evolution, namely calcium signaling and pathogen killing. Overall, the interplay between Noxes and the ER may provide relevant insights in Nox-related (patho)physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco R M Laurindo
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine , São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hinds TD, Sodhi K, Meadows C, Fedorova L, Puri N, Kim DH, Peterson SJ, Shapiro J, Abraham NG, Kappas A. Increased HO-1 levels ameliorate fatty liver development through a reduction of heme and recruitment of FGF21. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:705-12. [PMID: 23839791 PMCID: PMC3830593 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obese leptin deficient (ob/ob) mice are a model of adiposity that displays increased levels of fat, glucose, and liver lipids. Our hypothesis is that HO-1 overexpression ameliorates fatty liver development. METHODS Obese mice were administered cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP) and stannic mesoporphyrin (SnMP) for 6 weeks. Heme, HO-1, HO activity, PGC1α, FGF21, glycogen content, and lipogenesis were assessed. RESULTS CoPP administration increased hepatic HO-1 protein levels and HO activity, decreased hepatic heme, body weight gain, glucose levels, and resulted in decreased steatosis. Increased levels of HO-1 produced a decrease in lipid droplet size, Fatty acid synthase (FAS) levels involving recruitment of FGF21, PPARα, and Glut 1. These beneficial effects were reversed by inhibition of HO activity. CONCLUSION Increased levels of HO-1 and HO activity reduced the levels of obesity by reducing hepatic heme and lipid accumulation. These changes were manifested by decreases in cellular heme, increases in FGF21, glycogen content, and fatty liver. The beneficial effect of HO-1 induction results from an increase in PPARα and FGF21 levels and a decrease in PGC1α, levels they were reversed by SnMP. Low levels of HO-1 and HO activity are responsible for fatty liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Komal Sodhi
- Department of Medicine, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, 25755
| | - Charles Meadows
- Department of Medicine, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, 25755
| | | | | | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Medicine, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, 25755
| | - Stephen J. Peterson
- Department of Medicine, New York Methodist-Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Joseph Shapiro
- Department of Medicine, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, 25755
| | - Nader G. Abraham
- Department of Medicine, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, 25755
- The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Nauseef WM. Detection of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide production by cellular NADPH oxidases. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1840:757-67. [PMID: 23660153 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recent recognition that isoforms of the cellular NADPH-dependent oxidases, collectively known as the NOX protein family, participate in a wide range of physiologic and pathophysiologic processes in both the animal and plant kingdoms has stimulated interest in the identification, localization, and quantitation of their products in biological settings. Although several tools for measuring oxidants released extracellularly are available, the specificity and selectivity of the methods for reliable analysis of intracellular oxidants have not matched the enthusiasm for studying NOX proteins. SCOPE OF REVIEW Focusing exclusively on superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide produced by NOX proteins, this review describes the ideal probe for analysis of O2(-) and H2O2 generated extracellularly and intracellularly by NOX proteins. An overview of the components, organization, and topology of NOX proteins provides a rationale for applying specific probes for use and a context in which to interpret results and thereby construct plausible models linking NOX-derived oxidants to biological responses. The merits and shortcomings of methods currently in use to assess NOX activity are highlighted, and those assays that provide quantitation of superoxide or H2O2 are contrasted with those intended to examine spatial and temporal aspects of NOX activity. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Although interest in measuring the extracellular and intracellular products of the NOX protein family is great, robust analytical probes are limited. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The widespread involvement of NOX proteins in many biological processes requires rigorous approaches to the detection, localization, and quantitation of the oxidants produced. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Current methods to study reactive oxygen species - pros and cons and biophysics of membrane proteins. Guest Editor: Christine Winterbourn.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William M Nauseef
- Inflammation Program and Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, and Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
DeCoursey TE. Voltage-gated proton channels: molecular biology, physiology, and pathophysiology of the H(V) family. Physiol Rev 2013; 93:599-652. [PMID: 23589829 PMCID: PMC3677779 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00011.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated proton channels (H(V)) are unique, in part because the ion they conduct is unique. H(V) channels are perfectly selective for protons and have a very small unitary conductance, both arguably manifestations of the extremely low H(+) concentration in physiological solutions. They open with membrane depolarization, but their voltage dependence is strongly regulated by the pH gradient across the membrane (ΔpH), with the result that in most species they normally conduct only outward current. The H(V) channel protein is strikingly similar to the voltage-sensing domain (VSD, the first four membrane-spanning segments) of voltage-gated K(+) and Na(+) channels. In higher species, H(V) channels exist as dimers in which each protomer has its own conduction pathway, yet gating is cooperative. H(V) channels are phylogenetically diverse, distributed from humans to unicellular marine life, and perhaps even plants. Correspondingly, H(V) functions vary widely as well, from promoting calcification in coccolithophores and triggering bioluminescent flashes in dinoflagellates to facilitating killing bacteria, airway pH regulation, basophil histamine release, sperm maturation, and B lymphocyte responses in humans. Recent evidence that hH(V)1 may exacerbate breast cancer metastasis and cerebral damage from ischemic stroke highlights the rapidly expanding recognition of the clinical importance of hH(V)1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E DeCoursey
- Dept. of Molecular Biophysics and Physiology, Rush University Medical Center HOS-036, 1750 West Harrison, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
The NADPH oxidase family and its inhibitors. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2012; 60:277-94. [PMID: 22696046 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-012-0176-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The classical nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase was originally detected in neutrophils as a multicomponent enzyme that catalyzes the generation of superoxide from oxygen and the reduced form of NADPH. This enzyme is composed of two membrane-bound subunits (p22phox and gp91phox), three cytosolic subunits (p67phox, p47phox, and p40phox) and a small G-protein Rac (Rac1 and Rac2). Recently, it has been demonstrated that there are several isoforms of nonphagocytic NADPH oxidase. Endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells or adventitial fibroblasts possess multiple isoforms of this enzyme. The new homologs, along with gp91phox are now designated the Nox family of NADPH oxidases and are key sources of reactive oxygen species in the vasculature. Reactive oxygen species play a significant role in regulating endothelial function and vascular tone. However, besides the participation in the processes of physiological cell, these enzymes can also be the perpetrator of oxidative stress that causes endothelial dysfunction. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of the structure and functions of NADPH oxidase and NADPH oxidase inhibitors in the treatment of disorders with endothelial damage.
Collapse
|
31
|
Coso S, Harrison I, Harrison CB, Vinh A, Sobey CG, Drummond GR, Williams ED, Selemidis S. NADPH oxidases as regulators of tumor angiogenesis: current and emerging concepts. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 16:1229-47. [PMID: 22229841 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and peroxynitrite are generated ubiquitously by all mammalian cells and have been understood for many decades as inflicting cell damage and as causing cancer by oxidation and nitration of macromolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, and lipids. RECENT ADVANCES A current concept suggests that ROS can also promote cell signaling pathways triggered by growth factors and transcription factors that ultimately regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, all of which are important hallmarks of tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Moreover, an emerging concept indicates that ROS regulate the functions of immune cells that infiltrate the tumor environment and stimulate angiogenesis, such as macrophages and specific regulatory T cells. CRITICAL ISSUES In this article, we highlight that the NADPH oxidase family of ROS-generating enzymes are the key sources of ROS and, thus, play an important role in redox signaling within tumor, endothelial, and immune cells thereby promoting tumor angiogenesis. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Knowledge of these intricate ROS signaling pathways and identification of the culprit NADPH oxidases is likely to reveal novel therapeutic opportunities to prevent angiogenesis that occurs during cancer and which is responsible for the revascularization after current antiangiogenic treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Coso
- Centre for Cancer Research, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Targeting microglia-mediated neurotoxicity: the potential of NOX2 inhibitors. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:2409-27. [PMID: 22581365 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1015-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are key sentinels of central nervous system health, and their dysfunction has been widely implicated in the progressive nature of neurodegenerative diseases. While microglia can produce a host of factors that are toxic to neighboring neurons, NOX2 has been implicated as a common and essential mechanism of microglia-mediated neurotoxicity. Accumulating evidence indicates that activation of the NOX2 enzyme complex in microglia is neurotoxic, both through the production of extracellular reactive oxygen species that damage neighboring neurons as well as the initiation of redox signaling in microglia that amplifies the pro-inflammatory response. More specifically, evidence supports that NOX2 redox signaling enhances microglial sensitivity to pro-inflammatory stimuli, and amplifies the production of neurotoxic cytokines, to promote chronic and neurotoxic microglial activation. Here, we describe the evidence denoting the role of NOX2 in microglia-mediated neurotoxicity with an emphasis on Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, describe available inhibitors that have been tested, and detail evidence of the neuroprotective and therapeutic potential of targeting this enzyme complex to regulate microglia.
Collapse
|
33
|
Lassègue B, San Martín A, Griendling KK. Biochemistry, physiology, and pathophysiology of NADPH oxidases in the cardiovascular system. Circ Res 2012; 110:1364-90. [PMID: 22581922 PMCID: PMC3365576 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.111.243972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 587] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The NADPH oxidase (Nox) enzymes are critical mediators of cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology. These proteins are expressed in virtually all cardiovascular cells, and regulate such diverse functions as differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, senescence, inflammatory responses and oxygen sensing. They target a number of important signaling molecules, including kinases, phosphatases, transcription factors, ion channels, and proteins that regulate the cytoskeleton. Nox enzymes have been implicated in many different cardiovascular pathologies: atherosclerosis, hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling, angiogenesis and collateral formation, stroke, and heart failure. In this review, we discuss in detail the biochemistry of Nox enzymes expressed in the cardiovascular system (Nox1, 2, 4, and 5), their roles in cardiovascular cell biology, and their contributions to disease development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Lassègue
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Nguyen MVC, Zhang L, Lhomme S, Mouz N, Lenormand JL, Lardy B, Morel F. Recombinant Nox4 cytosolic domain produced by a cell or cell-free base systems exhibits constitutive diaphorase activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 419:453-8. [PMID: 22326263 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.01.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The membrane protein NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) oxidase Nox4 constitutively generates reactive oxygen species differing from other NADPH oxidases activity, particularly in Nox2 which needs a stimulus to be active. Although the precise mechanism of production of reactive oxygen species by Nox2 is well characterized, the electronic transfer throughout Nox4 remains unclear. Our study aims to investigate the initial electronic transfer step (diaphorase activity) of the cytosolic tail of Nox4. For this purpose, we developed two different approaches to produce soluble and active truncated Nox4 proteins. We synthesized soluble recombinant proteins either by in vitro translation or by bacteria induction. While proteins obtained by bacteria induction demonstrate an activity of 4.4 ± 1.7 nmol/min/nmol when measured against iodonitro tetrazolium chloride and 20.5 ± 2.8 nmol/min/nmol with cytochrome c, the soluble proteins produced by cell-free expression system exhibit a diaphorase activity with a turn-over of 26 ± 2.6 nmol/min/nmol when measured against iodonitro tetrazolium chloride and 48 ± 20.2 nmol/min/nmol with cytochrome c. Furthermore, the activity of the soluble proteins is constitutive and does not need any stimulus. We also show that the cytosolic tail of the isoform Nox4B lacking the first NADPH binding site is unable to demonstrate any diaphorase activity pointing out the importance of this domain.
Collapse
|
35
|
Inada M, Sudhakaran R, Kihara K, Nishi J, Yoshimine M, Mekata T, Kono T, Sakai M, Yoshida T, Itami T. Molecular cloning and characterization of the NADPH oxidase from the kuruma shrimp, Marsupenaeus japonicus: early gene up-regulation after Vibrio penaeicida and poly(I:C) stimulations in vitro. Mol Cell Probes 2011; 26:29-41. [PMID: 22133377 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Free radicals such as nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in many physiological processes. In humans, there are 5 homologs of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (Noxes) that generate superoxide (O(2)(-)), which can dismute to produce ROS, and play significant roles in innate immunity and cell proliferation. Though Noxes have been identified in vertebrates (humans and fishes) and some insects, there are very few reports investigating Noxes in crustaceans. In the present study, we describe the entire cDNA sequence (4216 bp) of Marsupenaeus japonicus (kuruma shrimp) Nox (MjNox) generated using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and random amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The open reading frame of MjNox encodes a protein of 1280 amino acids with an estimated mass of 146 kDa that has 46.8% sequence homology with the Nox gene of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Highly conserved amino acid sequences were observed in the NADPH binding domain. Transcriptional analysis revealed that MjNox mRNA is highly expressed in the lymphoid organ, hepatopancreas and hemocytes of the healthy kuruma shrimp. In the hemocytes, MjNox expression reached its peak 4 h after stimulation with either Vibrio penaeicida or poly(I:C) and decreased to its normal level after 12 h.This study is the first to identify and clone a Nox family member (MjNox) from a crustacean species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mari Inada
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Agriculture and Engineering, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, 889-2192 Miyazaki, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Lectin-induced activation of plasma membrane NADPH oxidase in cholesterol-depleted human neutrophils. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 516:173-81. [PMID: 22056482 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The gp91phox subunit of flavocytochrome b(558) is the catalytic core of the phagocyte plasma membrane NADPH oxidase. Its activation occurs within lipid rafts and requires translocation of four subunits to flavocytochrome b(558). gp91phox is the only glycosylated subunit of NADPH oxidase and no data exist about the structure or function of its glycans. Glycans, however, bind to lectins and this can stimulate NADPH oxidase activity. Given this information, we hypothesized that lectin-gp91phox interactions would facilitate the assembly of a functionally active NADPH oxidase in the absence of lipid rafts. To test this, we used lectins with different carbohydrate-binding specificity to examine the effects on H(2)O(2) generation by human neutrophils treated with the lipid raft disrupting agent methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD). MβCD treatment removed membrane cholesterol, caused changes in cell morphology, inhibited lectin-induced cell aggregation, and delayed lectin-induced assembly of the NADPH oxidase complex. More importantly, MβCD treatment either stimulated or inhibited H(2)O(2) production in a lectin-dependent manner. Together, these results show selectivity in lectin binding to gp91phox, and provide evidence for the biochemical structures of the gp91phox glycans. Furthermore, the data also indicate that in the absence of lipid rafts, neutrophil NADPH oxidase activity can be altered by these select lectins.
Collapse
|
37
|
Bustamante J, Arias AA, Vogt G, Picard C, Galicia LB, Prando C, Grant AV, Marchal CC, Hubeau M, Chapgier A, de Beaucoudrey L, Puel A, Feinberg J, Valinetz E, Jannière L, Besse C, Boland A, Brisseau JM, Blanche S, Lortholary O, Fieschi C, Emile JF, Boisson-Dupuis S, Al-Muhsen S, Woda B, Newburger PE, Condino-Neto A, Dinauer MC, Abel L, Casanova JL. Germline CYBB mutations that selectively affect macrophages in kindreds with X-linked predisposition to tuberculous mycobacterial disease. Nat Immunol 2011; 12:213-21. [PMID: 21278736 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 12/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Germline mutations in CYBB, the human gene encoding the gp91(phox) subunit of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase, impair the respiratory burst of all types of phagocytes and result in X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). We report here two kindreds in which otherwise healthy male adults developed X-linked recessive Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease (MSMD) syndromes. These patients had previously unknown mutations in CYBB that resulted in an impaired respiratory burst in monocyte-derived macrophages but not in monocytes or granulocytes. The macrophage-specific functional consequences of the germline mutation resulted from cell-specific impairment in the assembly of the NADPH oxidase. This 'experiment of nature' indicates that CYBB is associated with MSMD and demonstrates that the respiratory burst in human macrophages is a crucial mechanism for protective immunity to tuberculous mycobacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta Bustamante
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U980, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Jackson HM, Kawahara T, Nisimoto Y, Smith SME, Lambeth JD. Nox4 B-loop creates an interface between the transmembrane and dehydrogenase domains. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:10281-90. [PMID: 20139414 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.084939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
By targeting redox-sensitive amino acids in signaling proteins, the NADPH oxidase (Nox) family of enzymes link reactive oxygen species to physiological processes. We previously analyzed the sequences of 107 Nox enzymes and identified conserved regions that are predicted to have important functions in Nox structure or activation. One such region is the cytosolic B-loop, which in Nox1-4 contains a conserved polybasic region. Previous studies of Nox2 showed that certain basic residues in the B-loop are important for activity and translocation of p47(phox)/p67(phox), suggesting this region participates in subunit assembly. However, conservation of this region in Nox4, which does not require p47(phox)/p67(phox), suggested an additional role for the B-loop in Nox function. Here, we show by mutation of Nox4 B-loop residues that this region is important for Nox4 activity. Fluorescence polarization detected binding between Nox4 B-loop peptide and dehydrogenase domain (K(d) = 58 +/- 12 nm). This interaction was weakened with Nox4 R96E B-loop corresponding to a mutation that also markedly decreases the activity of holo-Nox4. Truncations of the dehydrogenase domain localize the B-loop-binding site to the N-terminal half of the NADPH-binding subdomain. Similarly, the Nox2 B-loop bound to the Nox2 dehydrogenase domain, and both the Nox2 and Nox4 interactions were dependent on the polybasic region of the B-loop. These data indicate that the B-loop is critical for Nox4 function; we propose that the B-loop, by binding to the dehydrogenase domain, provides the interface between the transmembrane and dehydrogenase domains of Nox enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Jackson
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Lewis EM, Sergeant S, Ledford B, Stull N, Dinauer MC, McPhail LC. Phosphorylation of p22phox on threonine 147 enhances NADPH oxidase activity by promoting p47phox binding. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:2959-67. [PMID: 19948736 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.030643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidase comprises both cytosolic and membrane-bound subunits, which, when assembled and activated, initiate the transfer of electrons from NADPH to molecular oxygen to form superoxide. This activity, known as the respiratory burst, is extremely important in the innate immune response as indicated by the disorder chronic granulomatous disease. The regulation of this enzyme complex involves protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions as well as phosphorylation events. Previously, our laboratory demonstrated that the small membrane subunit of the oxidase complex, p22(phox), is phosphorylated in neutrophils and that its phosphorylation correlates with NADPH oxidase activity. In this study, we utilized site-directed mutagenesis in a Chinese hamster ovarian cell system to determine the phosphorylation sites within p22(phox). We also explored the mechanism by which p22(phox) phosphorylation affects NADPH oxidase activity. We found that mutation of threonine 147 to alanine inhibited superoxide production in vivo by more than 70%. This mutation also blocked phosphorylation of p22(phox) in vitro by both protein kinase C-alpha and -delta. Moreover, this mutation blocked the p22(phox)-p47(phox) interaction in intact cells. When phosphorylation was mimicked in vivo through mutation of Thr-147 to an aspartyl residue, NADPH oxidase activity was recovered, and the p22(phox)-p47(phox) interaction in the membrane was restored. Maturation of gp91(phox) was not affected by the alanine mutation, and phosphorylation of the cytosolic component p47(phox) still occurred. This study directly implicates threonine 147 of p22(phox) as a critical residue for efficient NADPH oxidase complex formation and resultant enzyme activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Lewis
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157 and
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Boltaña S, Doñate C, Goetz FW, MacKenzie S, Balasch JC. Characterization and expression of NADPH oxidase in LPS-, poly(I:C)- and zymosan-stimulated trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss W.) macrophages. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 26:651-661. [PMID: 19071219 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2008.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Revised: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In vertebrates, the generation of superoxide reactive oxygen species (ROS) via activation of the Nox/Duox family of NADPH oxidases is a prototypical feature of the pathogen-induced defensive responses of activated professional phagocytes. To understand the role of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Phox oxidase from a phylogenetic and functional perspective we describe the cloning, sequencing and expression analysis of multiple NADPH components in cultured macrophages. Phylogenetic analyses support the notion of the emergence of Phox-related components before the diversification of basal euteleosts and add to the limited collection of teleost NADPH oxidases. Expression studies using lipopolysaccharide, polyinosine-polycytidylic acid and zymosan to mimic the onset of inflammatory responses in trout macrophages suggest differences in regulation of the NADPH complex throughout the maturation/differentiation period of culture and between different treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Boltaña
- Unitat de Fisiologia Animal, Departament de Biologia Cellular, Fisiologia i d'Immunologia, Facultat de Biociencies, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Casbon AJ, Allen LAH, Dunn KW, Dinauer MC. Macrophage NADPH oxidase flavocytochrome B localizes to the plasma membrane and Rab11-positive recycling endosomes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2009; 182:2325-39. [PMID: 19201887 PMCID: PMC2666390 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Flavocytochrome b(558), the catalytic core of the phagocytic NADPH oxidase, mediates the transfer of electrons from NADPH to molecular oxygen to generate superoxide for host defense. Flavocytochrome b is a membrane heterodimer consisting of a large subunit gp91(phox) (NOX2) and a smaller subunit, p22(phox). Although in neutrophils flavocytochrome b has been shown to localize to the plasma membrane and specific granules, little is known about its distribution in macrophages. Using immunofluorescent staining and live cell imaging of fluorescently tagged gp91(phox) and p22(phox), we demonstrate in a Chinese hamster ovary cell model system and in RAW 264.7 and primary murine bone marrow-derived macrophages that flavocytochrome b is found in the Rab11-positive recycling endocytic compartment, as well as in Rab5-positive early endosomes and plasma membrane. Additionally, we show that unassembled p22(phox) and gp91(phox) subunits localize to the endoplasmic reticulum, which redistribute to the cell surface and endosomal compartments following heterodimer formation. These studies show for the first time that flavocytochrome b localizes to intracellular compartments in macrophages that recycle to the plasma membrane, which may act as a reservoir to deliver flavocytochrome b to the cell surface and phagosome membranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy-Jo Casbon
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics (Hematology/Oncology), James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Lee-Ann H. Allen
- Inflammation Program, Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Iowa and the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Coralville, IA 52241
| | - Kenneth W. Dunn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Mary C. Dinauer
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics (Hematology/Oncology), James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Sumimoto H. Structure, regulation and evolution of Nox-family NADPH oxidases that produce reactive oxygen species. FEBS J 2008; 275:3249-77. [PMID: 18513324 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06488.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 507] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
NADPH oxidases of the Nox family exist in various supergroups of eukaryotes but not in prokaryotes, and play crucial roles in a variety of biological processes, such as host defense, signal transduction, and hormone synthesis. In conjunction with NADPH oxidation, Nox enzymes reduce molecular oxygen to superoxide as a primary product, and this is further converted to various reactive oxygen species. The electron-transferring system in Nox is composed of the C-terminal cytoplasmic region homologous to the prokaryotic (and organelle) enzyme ferredoxin reductase and the N-terminal six transmembrane segments containing two hemes, a structure similar to that of cytochrome b of the mitochondrial bc(1) complex. During the course of eukaryote evolution, Nox enzymes have developed regulatory mechanisms, depending on their functions, by inserting a regulatory domain (or motif) into their own sequences or by obtaining a tightly associated protein as a regulatory subunit. For example, one to four Ca(2+)-binding EF-hand motifs are present at the N-termini in several subfamilies, such as the respiratory burst oxidase homolog (Rboh) subfamily in land plants (the supergroup Plantae), the NoxC subfamily in social amoebae (the Amoebozoa), and the Nox5 and dual oxidase (Duox) subfamilies in animals (the Opisthokonta), whereas an SH3 domain is inserted into the ferredoxin-NADP(+) reductase region of two Nox enzymes in Naegleria gruberi, a unicellular organism that belongs to the supergroup Excavata. Members of the Nox1-4 subfamily in animals form a stable heterodimer with the membrane protein p22(phox), which functions as a docking site for the SH3 domain-containing regulatory proteins p47(phox), p67(phox), and p40(phox); the small GTPase Rac binds to p67(phox) (or its homologous protein), which serves as a switch for Nox activation. Similarly, Rac activates the fungal NoxA via binding to the p67(phox)-like protein Nox regulator (NoxR). In plants, on the other hand, this GTPase directly interacts with the N-terminus of Rboh, leading to superoxide production. Here I describe the regulation of Nox-family oxidases on the basis of three-dimensional structures and evolutionary conservation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Sumimoto
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Nauseef WM. Nox enzymes in immune cells. Semin Immunopathol 2008; 30:195-208. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-008-0117-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2008] [Accepted: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
44
|
Liu W, Rogge CE, da Silva GFZ, Shinkarev VP, Tsai AL, Kamensky Y, Palmer G, Kulmacz RJ. His92 and His110 selectively affect different heme centers of adrenal cytochrome b(561). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2008; 1777:1218-28. [PMID: 18501187 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2008.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2008] [Revised: 04/14/2008] [Accepted: 04/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Adrenal cytochrome b(561) (cyt b(561)), a transmembrane protein that shuttles reducing equivalents derived from ascorbate, has two heme centers with distinct spectroscopic signals and reactivity towards ascorbate. The His54/His122 and His88/His161 pairs furnish axial ligands for the hemes, but additional amino acid residues contributing to the heme centers have not been identified. A computational model of human cyt b(561) (Bashtovyy, D., Berczi, A., Asard, H., and Pali, T. (2003) Protoplasma 221, 31-40) predicts that His92 is near the His88/His161 heme and that His110 abuts the His54/His122 heme. We tested these predictions by analyzing the effects of mutations at His92 or His110 on the spectroscopic and functional properties. Wild type cytochrome and mutants with substitutions in other histidine residues or in Asn78 were used for comparison. The largest lineshape changes in the optical absorbance spectrum of the high-potential (b(H)) peak were seen with mutation of His92; the largest changes in the low-potential (b(L)) peak lineshape were observed with mutation of His110. In the EPR spectra, mutation of His92 shifted the position of the g=3.1 signal (b(H)) but not the g=3.7 signal (b(L)). In reductive titrations with ascorbate, mutations in His92 produced the largest increase in the midpoint for the b(H) transition; mutations in His110 produced the largest decreases in DeltaA(561) for the b(L) transition. These results indicate that His92 can be considered part of the b(H) heme center, and His110 part of the b(L) heme center, in adrenal cyt b(561).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Affiliation(s)
- William M Nauseef
- Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine, University of Iowa and the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa 52241, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Taylor RM, Lord CI, Riesselman MH, Gripentrog JM, Leto TL, McPhail LC, Berdichevsky Y, Pick E, Jesaitis AJ. Characterization of Surface Structure and p47phox SH3 Domain-Mediated Conformational Changes for Human Neutrophil Flavocytochrome b. Biochemistry 2007; 46:14291-304. [DOI: 10.1021/bi701626p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ross M. Taylor
- Department of Microbiology, 109 Lewis Hall, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, Molecular Defenses Section, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852, Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, and Julius Friedrich Cohnheim-Minerva Center for Phagocyte Research and Ela Kodesz Institute of Host Defense against Infectious
| | - Connie I. Lord
- Department of Microbiology, 109 Lewis Hall, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, Molecular Defenses Section, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852, Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, and Julius Friedrich Cohnheim-Minerva Center for Phagocyte Research and Ela Kodesz Institute of Host Defense against Infectious
| | - Marcia H. Riesselman
- Department of Microbiology, 109 Lewis Hall, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, Molecular Defenses Section, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852, Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, and Julius Friedrich Cohnheim-Minerva Center for Phagocyte Research and Ela Kodesz Institute of Host Defense against Infectious
| | - Jeannie M. Gripentrog
- Department of Microbiology, 109 Lewis Hall, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, Molecular Defenses Section, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852, Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, and Julius Friedrich Cohnheim-Minerva Center for Phagocyte Research and Ela Kodesz Institute of Host Defense against Infectious
| | - Thomas L. Leto
- Department of Microbiology, 109 Lewis Hall, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, Molecular Defenses Section, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852, Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, and Julius Friedrich Cohnheim-Minerva Center for Phagocyte Research and Ela Kodesz Institute of Host Defense against Infectious
| | - Linda C. McPhail
- Department of Microbiology, 109 Lewis Hall, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, Molecular Defenses Section, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852, Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, and Julius Friedrich Cohnheim-Minerva Center for Phagocyte Research and Ela Kodesz Institute of Host Defense against Infectious
| | - Yevgeny Berdichevsky
- Department of Microbiology, 109 Lewis Hall, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, Molecular Defenses Section, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852, Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, and Julius Friedrich Cohnheim-Minerva Center for Phagocyte Research and Ela Kodesz Institute of Host Defense against Infectious
| | - Edgar Pick
- Department of Microbiology, 109 Lewis Hall, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, Molecular Defenses Section, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852, Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, and Julius Friedrich Cohnheim-Minerva Center for Phagocyte Research and Ela Kodesz Institute of Host Defense against Infectious
| | - Algirdas J. Jesaitis
- Department of Microbiology, 109 Lewis Hall, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, Molecular Defenses Section, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852, Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, and Julius Friedrich Cohnheim-Minerva Center for Phagocyte Research and Ela Kodesz Institute of Host Defense against Infectious
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Lambeth JD, Kawahara T, Diebold B. Regulation of Nox and Duox enzymatic activity and expression. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 43:319-31. [PMID: 17602947 PMCID: PMC1989153 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2007] [Revised: 03/26/2007] [Accepted: 03/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, it has become clear that reactive oxygen species (ROS, which include superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and other metabolites) are produced in biological systems. Rather than being simply a by-product of aerobic metabolism, it is now recognized that specific enzymes--the Nox (NADPH oxidase) and Duox (Dual oxidase) enzymes--seem to have the sole function of generating ROS in a carefully regulated manner, and key roles in signal transduction, immune function, hormone biosynthesis, and other normal biological functions are being uncovered. The prototypical Nox is the respiratory burst oxidase or phagocyte oxidase, which generates large amounts of superoxide and other reactive species in the phagosomes of neutrophils and macrophages, playing a central role in innate immunity by killing microbes. This enzyme system has been extensively studied over the past two decades, and provides a basis for comparison with the more recently described Nox and Duox enzymes, which generate ROS in a variety of cells and tissues. This review first considers the structure and regulation of the respiratory burst oxidase, and then reviews recent studies relating to the regulation of the activity of the novel Nox/Duox enzymes. The regulation of Nox and Duox expression in tissues and by specific stimuli is also considered here. An accompanying review considers biological and pathological roles of the Nox family of enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J David Lambeth
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 148 Whitehead Biomedical Research Building, Emory University, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Molecular evolution of the reactive oxygen-generating NADPH oxidase (Nox/Duox) family of enzymes. BMC Evol Biol 2007; 7:109. [PMID: 17612411 PMCID: PMC1940245 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-7-109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2007] [Accepted: 07/06/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background NADPH-oxidases (Nox) and the related Dual oxidases (Duox) play varied biological and pathological roles via regulated generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Members of the Nox/Duox family have been identified in a wide variety of organisms, including mammals, nematodes, fruit fly, green plants, fungi, and slime molds; however, little is known about the molecular evolutionary history of these enzymes. Results We assembled and analyzed the deduced amino acid sequences of 101 Nox/Duox orthologs from 25 species, including vertebrates, urochordates, echinoderms, insects, nematodes, fungi, slime mold amoeba, alga and plants. In contrast to ROS defense enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase and catalase that are present in prokaryotes, ROS-generating Nox/Duox orthologs only appeared later in evolution. Molecular taxonomy revealed seven distinct subfamilies of Noxes and Duoxes. The calcium-regulated orthologs representing 4 subfamilies diverged early and are the most widely distributed in biology. Subunit-regulated Noxes represent a second major subdivision, and appeared first in fungi and amoeba. Nox5 was lost in rodents, and Nox3, which functions in the inner ear in gravity perception, emerged the most recently, corresponding to full-time adaptation of vertebrates to land. The sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus possesses the earliest Nox2 co-ortholog of vertebrate Nox1, 2, and 3, while Nox4 first appeared somewhat later in urochordates. Comparison of evolutionary substitution rates demonstrates that Nox2, the regulatory subunits p47phox and p67phox, and Duox are more stringently conserved in vertebrates than other Noxes and Nox regulatory subunits. Amino acid sequence comparisons identified key catalytic or regulatory regions, as 68 residues were highly conserved among all Nox/Duox orthologs, and 14 of these were identical with those mutated in Nox2 in variants of X-linked chronic granulomatous disease. In addition to canonical motifs, the B-loop, TM6-FAD, VXGPFG-motif, and extreme C-terminal regions were identified as important for Nox activity, as verified by mutational analysis. The presence of these non-canonical, but highly conserved regions suggests that all Nox/Duox may possess a common biological function remained in a long history of Nox/Duox evolution. Conclusion This report provides the first comprehensive analysis of the evolution and conserved functions of Nox and Duox family members, including identification of conserved amino acid residues. These results provide a guide for future structure-function studies and for understanding the evolution of biological functions of these enzymes.
Collapse
|
49
|
Nakano Y, Banfi B, Jesaitis A, Dinauer M, Allen LA, Nauseef W. Critical roles for p22phox in the structural maturation and subcellular targeting of Nox3. Biochem J 2007; 403:97-108. [PMID: 17140397 PMCID: PMC1828898 DOI: 10.1042/bj20060819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Otoconia are small biominerals in the inner ear that are indispensable for the normal perception of gravity and motion. Normal otoconia biogenesis requires Nox3, a Nox (NADPH oxidase) highly expressed in the vestibular system. In HEK-293 cells (human embryonic kidney cells) transfected with the Nox regulatory subunits NoxO1 (Nox organizer 1) and NoxA1 (Nox activator 1), functional murine Nox3 was expressed in the plasma membrane and exhibited a haem spectrum identical with that of Nox2, the electron transferase of the phagocyte Nox. In vitro Nox3 cDNA expressed an approximately 50 kDa primary translation product that underwent N-linked glycosylation in the presence of canine microsomes. RNAi (RNA interference)-mediated reduction of endogenous p22phox, a subunit essential for stabilization of Nox2 in phagocytes, decreased Nox3 activity in reconstituted HEK-293 cells. p22phox co-precipitated not only with Nox3 and NoxO1 from transfectants expressing all three proteins, but also with NoxO1 in the absence of Nox3, indicating that p22phox physically associated with both Nox3 and with NoxO1. The plasma membrane localization of Nox3 but not of NoxO1 required p22phox. Moreover, the glycosylation and maturation of Nox3 required p22phox expression, suggesting that p22phox was required for the proper biosynthesis and function of Nox3. Taken together, these studies demonstrate critical roles for p22phox at several distinct points in the maturation and assembly of a functionally competent Nox3 in the plasma membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Nakano
- *Inflammation Program, University of Iowa and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52241, U.S.A
- †Department of Medicine, University of Iowa and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52241, U.S.A
| | - Botond Banfi
- *Inflammation Program, University of Iowa and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52241, U.S.A
- ‡Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52241, U.S.A
| | | | - Mary C. Dinauer
- ∥Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics (Hematology/Oncology), Microbiology/Immunology, and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, U.S.A
| | - Lee-Ann H. Allen
- *Inflammation Program, University of Iowa and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52241, U.S.A
- †Department of Medicine, University of Iowa and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52241, U.S.A
| | - William M. Nauseef
- *Inflammation Program, University of Iowa and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52241, U.S.A
- †Department of Medicine, University of Iowa and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52241, U.S.A
- To whom correspondence should be addressed, at Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine, University of Iowa, D160 MTF, 2501 Crosspark Road, Coralville, IA 52241, U.S.A. (email )
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Kochel B, Vocks A, Arnhold J. Chemiluminescent picture of diphenyleneiodonium-inhibited NADPH oxidase: a bimodal process and its logistic-exponential model-based description. LUMINESCENCE 2007; 22:275-93. [PMID: 17373025 DOI: 10.1002/bio.961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A chemiluminescence (CL) study of diphenyleneiodonium-inhibited NADPH oxidase was performed on a cellular system containing neutrophils stimulated by phorbol myristate acetate, indicating a complex bimodal structure of CL processes corresponding to different stages of the inhibition. The complex structure of these processes was described by a superposition of two logistic-exponential (LE) models, characterizing these processes as bimodal ones. To determine the mechanistic foundation of the LE model-described processes, a generalized form of the second-order dynamic system of CL reactions, the solution to which corresponds to the LE model, was constructed. The diphenyleneiodonium effects on neutrophil NADPH oxidase were separated from the total bimodal CL of the whole measurement system by the use of difference CL processes. These difference processes were also found to be bimodal; thus, inhibitor-induced reduction of CL could be described by a second-order dynamic system. The rate constants and initial concentrations in this dynamic system were determined by the least squares method applied to numerical solutions approximating the difference processes. Using interrelations between the parameters of the dynamic system, cooperative effects in the inhibitor reactions with NADPH oxidase were found and described quantitatively. Other evidences of cooperativity were obtained from integral characteristics of the CL reduction process, i.e. dose-response and progress curves, determined by numerical integration of the LE models constituting the superposition. On this basis, it was also possible to detect a specific binding of the inhibitor to the enzyme. Finally, putative reaction mechanisms suggested by the model obtained were considered and compared with those known at present.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bonawentura Kochel
- Department of Toxicology, Wroclaw Medical University, Traugutta 57/59, PL-50417 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|