1
|
André S, Verteneuil S, Ris L, Kahvecioglu ZC, Nonclercq D, De Winter J, Vander Elst L, Laurent S, Muller RN, Burtea C. Modulation of Cytosolic Phospholipase A2 as a Potential Therapeutic Strategy for Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2023; 7:1395-1426. [PMID: 38225969 PMCID: PMC10789292 DOI: 10.3233/adr-230075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder lacking any curative treatment up to now. Indeed, actual medication given to the patients alleviates only symptoms. The cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2-IVA) appears as a pivotal player situated at the center of pathological pathways leading to AD and its inhibition could be a promising therapeutic approach. Objective A cPLA2-IVA inhibiting peptide was identified in the present work, aiming to develop an original therapeutic strategy. Methods We targeted the cPLA2-IVA using the phage display technology. The hit peptide PLP25 was first validated in vitro (arachidonic acid dosage [AA], cPLA2-IVA cellular translocation) before being tested in vivo. We evaluated spatial memory using the Barnes maze, amyloid deposits by MRI and immunohistochemistry (IHC), and other important biomarkers such as the cPLA2-IVA itself, the NMDA receptor, AβPP and tau by IHC after i.v. injection in APP/PS1 mice. Results Showing a high affinity for the C2 domain of this enzyme, the peptide PLP25 exhibited an inhibitory effect on cPLA2-IVA activity by blocking its binding to its substrate, resulting in a decreased release of AA. Coupled to a vector peptide (LRPep2) in order to optimize brain access, we showed an improvement of cognitive abilities of APP/PS1 mice, which also exhibited a decreased number of amyloid plaques, a restored expression of cPLA2-IVA, and a favorable effect on NMDA receptor expression and tau protein phosphorylation. Conclusions cPLA2-IVA inhibition through PLP25 peptide could be a promising therapeutic strategy for AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Séverine André
- General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry Unit, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Sébastien Verteneuil
- General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry Unit, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Laurence Ris
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Mons, Research Institute for Health Science and Technologies, Mons, Belgium
| | - Zehra-Cagla Kahvecioglu
- General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry Unit, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | | | - Julien De Winter
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory (SMOs), University of Mons-UMONS, Mons, Belgium
| | - Luce Vander Elst
- General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry Unit, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Sophie Laurent
- General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry Unit, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
- Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Robert N. Muller
- General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry Unit, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
- Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Carmen Burtea
- General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry Unit, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Schwartz RE, Conboy IM. Non-Intrinsic, Systemic Mechanisms of Cellular Senescence. Cells 2023; 12:2769. [PMID: 38132089 PMCID: PMC10741531 DOI: 10.3390/cells12242769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is believed to contribute to aging and disease through the activity of secreted factors that promote inflammation, remodel the extracellular matrix, and adversely modify the behavior of non-senescent cells. While the markers and properties of senescent cells are still under investigation, it is postulated that cellular senescence manifests in vivo as the consequence of cellular damage that accumulates and becomes exacerbated with time. Yet, the notions that senescence has a solely intrinsic and time-dependent nature are questioned by the rapid induction of senescence in young mice and young cells in vitro by exposure to blood from aged animals. Here, we review some of the research on the systemically present factors that increase with age and may contribute to extrinsically induced senescence or "bystander senescence". These include proteins, reactive oxygen species, lipids, and nucleic acids, which may be present in individual soluble form, in vesicles, and in non-membranous multi-component macromolecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Irina M. Conboy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nango H, Tsuruta K, Miyagishi H, Aono Y, Saigusa T, Kosuge Y. Update on the pathological roles of prostaglandin E 2 in neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Transl Neurodegener 2023; 12:32. [PMID: 37337289 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-023-00366-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by selective degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons. The pathogenesis of ALS remains largely unknown; however, inflammation of the spinal cord is a focus of ALS research and an important pathogenic process in ALS. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a major lipid mediator generated by the arachidonic-acid cascade and is abundant at inflammatory sites. PGE2 levels are increased in the postmortem spinal cords of ALS patients and in ALS model mice. Beneficial therapeutic effects have been obtained in ALS model mice using cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors to inhibit the biosynthesis of PGE2, but the usefulness of this inhibitor has not yet been proven in clinical trials. In this review, we present current evidence on the involvement of PGE2 in the progression of ALS and discuss the potential of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase (mPGES) and the prostaglandin receptor E-prostanoid (EP) 2 as therapeutic targets for ALS. Signaling pathways involving prostaglandin receptors mediate toxic effects in the central nervous system. In some situations, however, the receptors mediate neuroprotective effects. Our recent studies demonstrated that levels of mPGES-1, which catalyzes the final step of PGE2 biosynthesis, are increased at the early-symptomatic stage in the spinal cords of transgenic ALS model mice carrying the G93A variant of superoxide dismutase-1. In addition, in an experimental motor-neuron model used in studies of ALS, PGE2 induces the production of reactive oxygen species and subsequent caspase-3-dependent cytotoxicity through activation of the EP2 receptor. Moreover, this PGE2-induced EP2 up-regulation in motor neurons plays a role in the death of motor neurons in ALS model mice. Further understanding of the pathophysiological role of PGE2 in neurodegeneration may provide new insights to guide the development of novel therapies for ALS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nango
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi-Shi, Chiba, 274-8555, Japan
| | - Komugi Tsuruta
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi-Shi, Chiba, 274-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroko Miyagishi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi-Shi, Chiba, 274-8555, Japan
| | - Yuri Aono
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Nihon University, 2-870-1 Sakaechonishi, Matsudo-Shi, Chiba, 271-8587, Japan
| | - Tadashi Saigusa
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Nihon University, 2-870-1 Sakaechonishi, Matsudo-Shi, Chiba, 271-8587, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kosuge
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi-Shi, Chiba, 274-8555, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sharif N. Neuroaxonal and cellular damage/protection by prostanoid receptor ligands, fatty acid derivatives and associated enzyme inhibitors. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:5-17. [PMID: 35799502 PMCID: PMC9241399 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.343887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular and mitochondrial membrane phospholipids provide the substrate for synthesis and release of prostaglandins in response to certain chemical, mechanical, noxious and other stimuli. Prostaglandin D2, prostaglandin E2, prostaglandin F2α, prostaglandin I2 and thromboxane-A2 interact with five major receptors (and their sub-types) to elicit specific downstream cellular and tissue actions. In general, prostaglandins have been associated with pain, inflammation, and edema when they are present at high local concentrations and involved on a chronic basis. However, in acute settings, certain endogenous and exogenous prostaglandins have beneficial effects ranging from mediating muscle contraction/relaxation, providing cellular protection, regulating sleep, and enhancing blood flow, to lowering intraocular pressure to prevent the development of glaucoma, a blinding disease. Several classes of prostaglandins are implicated (or are considered beneficial) in certain central nervous system dysfunctions (e.g., Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s diseases; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis; stroke, traumatic brain injuries and pain) and in ocular disorders (e.g., ocular hypertension and glaucoma; allergy and inflammation; edematous retinal disorders). This review endeavors to address the physiological/pathological roles of prostaglandins in the central nervous system and ocular function in health and disease, and provides insights towards the therapeutic utility of some prostaglandin agonists and antagonists, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and cyclooxygenase inhibitors.
Collapse
|
5
|
Womack TR, Vollert CT, Ohia-Nwoko O, Schmitt M, Montazari S, Beckett TL, Mayerich D, Murphy MP, Eriksen JL. Prostacyclin Promotes Degenerative Pathology in a Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:769347. [PMID: 35197825 PMCID: PMC8860182 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.769347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is the most common form of dementia in aged populations. A substantial amount of data demonstrates that chronic neuroinflammation can accelerate neurodegenerative pathologies. In AD, chronic neuroinflammation results in the upregulation of cyclooxygenase and increased production of prostaglandin H2, a precursor for many vasoactive prostanoids. While it is well-established that many prostaglandins can modulate the progression of neurodegenerative disorders, the role of prostacyclin (PGI2) in the brain is poorly understood. We have conducted studies to assess the effect of elevated prostacyclin biosynthesis in a mouse model of AD. Upregulated prostacyclin expression significantly worsened multiple measures associated with amyloid-β (Aβ) disease pathologies. Mice overexpressing both Aβ and PGI2 exhibited impaired learning and memory and increased anxiety-like behavior compared with non-transgenic and PGI2 control mice. PGI2 overexpression accelerated the development of Aβ accumulation in the brain and selectively increased the production of soluble Aβ42. PGI2 damaged the microvasculature through alterations in vascular length and branching; Aβ expression exacerbated these effects. Our findings demonstrate that chronic prostacyclin expression plays a novel and unexpected role that hastens the development of the AD phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tasha R. Womack
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Craig T. Vollert
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Odochi Ohia-Nwoko
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Monika Schmitt
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Saghi Montazari
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Tina L. Beckett
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - David Mayerich
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Michael Paul Murphy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Jason L. Eriksen
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Jason L. Eriksen
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lu CD, Ma JK, Luo ZY, Tai QX, Wang P, Guan PP. Transferrin is responsible for mediating the effects of iron ions on the regulation of anterior pharynx-defective-1α/β and Presenilin 1 expression via PGE 2 and PGD 2 at the early stage of Alzheimer's Disease. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 10:3117-3135. [PMID: 30383537 PMCID: PMC6286844 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Transferrin (Tf) is an important iron-binding protein postulated to play a key role in iron ion (Fe) absorption via the Tf receptor (TfR), which potentially contributes to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the role of Tf in AD remains unknown. Using mouse-derived neurons and APP/PS1 transgenic (Tg) mice as model systems, we firstly revealed the mechanisms of APH-1α/1β and presenilin 1 (PS1) upregulation by Fe in prostaglandin (PG) E2- and PGD2-dependent mechanisms. Specifically, Fe stimulated the expression of mPGES-1 and the production of PGE2 and PGD2 via the Tf and TfR system. Highly accumulated PGE2 markedly induced the expression of anterior pharynx-defective-1α and -1β (APH-1α/1β) and PS1 via an EP receptor-dependent mechanism. In contrast, PGD2 suppressed the expression of APH-1α/1β and PS1 via a prostaglandin D2 (DP) receptor-dependent mechanism. As the natural dehydrated product of PGD2, 15d-PGJ2 exerts inhibitory effects on the expression of APH-1α/1β and PS1 in a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ-dependent manner. The expression of APH-1α/1β and PS1 ultimately determined the production and deposition of β-amyloid protein (Aβ), an effect that potentially contributes to the pathogenesis of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Di Lu
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Ji-Kang Ma
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Zheng-Yang Luo
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Qun-Xi Tai
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Pu Wang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Pei-Pei Guan
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Guan PP, Liang YY, Cao LL, Yu X, Wang P. Cyclooxygenase-2 Induced the β-Amyloid Protein Deposition and Neuronal Apoptosis Via Upregulating the Synthesis of Prostaglandin E 2 and 15-Deoxy-Δ 12,14-prostaglandin J 2. Neurotherapeutics 2019; 16:1255-1268. [PMID: 31392591 PMCID: PMC6985346 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-019-00770-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandins (PGs) have been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Analysis of the underlying mechanisms elucidated a function of sequential PGE2 and PGD2 synthesis in regulating β-amyloid protein (Aβ) deposition by modulating tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)-dependent presenilin (PS)1/2 activity in COX-2 and APP/PS1 crossed mice. Specifically, COX-2 overexpression accelerates the expression of microsomal PGE synthase-1 (mPGES-1) and lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase (L-PGDS), leading to the synthesis of PGE2 and 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) in 6-month-old APP/PS1 mice. Consequently, PGE2 has the ability to increase Aβ production by enhancing the expression of PS1/2 in a TNF-α-dependent manner, which accelerates the cognitive decline of COX-2/APP/PS1 mice. More interestingly, low concentrations of 15d-PGJ2 treatment facilitate the effects of PGE2 on the deposition of Aβ via TNF-α-dependent PS1/2 mechanisms. In contrast, high concentrations of 15d-PGJ2 treatment inhibit the deposition of Aβ via suppressing the expression of TNF-α-dependent PS1/2. In this regard, a high concentration of 15d-PGJ2 appears to be a therapeutic agent against Alzheimer's disease. However, the high 15d-PGJ2 concentration treatment induces neuronal apoptosis via increasing the protein levels of Bax, cleaved caspase-3, and DFF45, which further impairs the learning ability of APP/PS1 mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Pei Guan
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, No. 3-11, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Yun-Yue Liang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, No. 3-11, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Long-Long Cao
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, No. 3-11, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Xin Yu
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, No. 3-11, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Pu Wang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, No. 3-11, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110819, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gurel B, Cansev M, Sevinc C, Kelestemur S, Ocalan B, Cakir A, Aydin S, Kahveci N, Ozansoy M, Taskapilioglu O, Ulus IH, Başar MK, Sahin B, Tuzuner MB, Baykal AT. Early Stage Alterations in CA1 Extracellular Region Proteins Indicate Dysregulation of IL6 and Iron Homeostasis in the 5XFAD Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 61:1399-1410. [PMID: 29376847 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, an increasing number of research papers revealed that the compositional and volumetric alterations in the extracellular matrix are the consequences of aging and may be related to Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we aimed to demonstrate the alterations in hippocampal extracellular fluid proteins in vivo using the 5XFAD mouse model. Samples were obtained from hippocampi of 5XFAD mice (n = 6) and their non-transgenic littermates by intracerebral push-pull perfusion technique at 3 months of age, representing the pre-pathological stage of the AD. Proteins in the hippocampal perfusates were analyzed by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS/MS). 178 proteins were identified and 19 proteins of them were found to be statistically significantly altered (p≤0.05, fold change ≥40%, unique peptide count ≥3) in the hippocampal CA1 extracellular fluid of the 5XFAD mouse model. Ingenuity pathway analysis of the protein expression results identified IL6 as an upstream regulator. The upregulation of IL6 was validated by immunohistochemical staining of the hippocampus and cortex of the 5XFAD mice prior to Aβ plaque formation. Furthermore, the iron level in the hippocampus was measured by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry as IL6 is mentioned in several studies to take part in iron homeostasis and inflammation and found to be increased in 5XFAD mice hippocampus. Alterations in extracellular matrix proteins in addition to increasing amount of hippocampal IL6 and iron in the early stages of AD may reveal inflammation-mediated iron dyshomeostasis in the early stages of neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Busra Gurel
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Cansev
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Cansu Sevinc
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Seda Kelestemur
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Busra Ocalan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Aysen Cakir
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Sami Aydin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Nevzat Kahveci
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ozansoy
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Taskapilioglu
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ismail Hakki Ulus
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Merve Karayel Başar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Betul Sahin
- Acibadem Labmed R&D Laboratory, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Ahmet Tarik Baykal
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lemche E. Early Life Stress and Epigenetics in Late-onset Alzheimer's Dementia: A Systematic Review. Curr Genomics 2018; 19:522-602. [PMID: 30386171 PMCID: PMC6194433 DOI: 10.2174/1389202919666171229145156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Involvement of life stress in Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease (LOAD) has been evinced in longitudinal cohort epidemiological studies, and endocrinologic evidence suggests involvements of catecholamine and corticosteroid systems in LOAD. Early Life Stress (ELS) rodent models have successfully demonstrated sequelae of maternal separation resulting in LOAD-analogous pathology, thereby supporting a role of insulin receptor signalling pertaining to GSK-3beta facilitated tau hyper-phosphorylation and amyloidogenic processing. Discussed are relevant ELS studies, and findings from three mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways (JNK/SAPK pathway, ERK pathway, p38/MAPK pathway) relevant for mediating environmental stresses. Further considered were the roles of autophagy impairment, neuroinflammation, and brain insulin resistance. For the meta-analytic evaluation, 224 candidate gene loci were extracted from reviews of animal studies of LOAD pathophysiological mechanisms, of which 60 had no positive results in human LOAD association studies. These loci were combined with 89 gene loci confirmed as LOAD risk genes in previous GWAS and WES. Of the 313 risk gene loci evaluated, there were 35 human reports on epigenomic modifications in terms of methylation or histone acetylation. 64 microRNA gene regulation mechanisms were published for the compiled loci. Genomic association studies support close relations of both noradrenergic and glucocorticoid systems with LOAD. For HPA involvement, a CRHR1 haplotype with MAPT was described, but further association of only HSD11B1 with LOAD found; however, association of FKBP1 and NC3R1 polymorphisms was documented in support of stress influence to LOAD. In the brain insulin system, IGF2R, INSR, INSRR, and plasticity regulator ARC, were associated with LOAD. Pertaining to compromised myelin stability in LOAD, relevant associations were found for BIN1, RELN, SORL1, SORCS1, CNP, MAG, and MOG. Regarding epigenetic modifications, both methylation variability and de-acetylation were reported for LOAD. The majority of up-to-date epigenomic findings include reported modifications in the well-known LOAD core pathology loci MAPT, BACE1, APP (with FOS, EGR1), PSEN1, PSEN2, and highlight a central role of BDNF. Pertaining to ELS, relevant loci are FKBP5, EGR1, GSK3B; critical roles of inflammation are indicated by CRP, TNFA, NFKB1 modifications; for cholesterol biosynthesis, DHCR24; for myelin stability BIN1, SORL1, CNP; pertaining to (epi)genetic mechanisms, hTERT, MBD2, DNMT1, MTHFR2. Findings on gene regulation were accumulated for BACE1, MAPK signalling, TLR4, BDNF, insulin signalling, with most reports for miR-132 and miR-27. Unclear in epigenomic studies remains the role of noradrenergic signalling, previously demonstrated by neuropathological findings of childhood nucleus caeruleus degeneration for LOAD tauopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erwin Lemche
- Section of Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Elevated levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandins (PGs) are involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is characterized by the accumulation of β-amyloid protein (Aβ) and tau hyperphosphorylation. However, the gaps in our knowledge of the roles of COX-2 and PGs in AD have not been filled. Here, we summarized the literature showing that COX-2 dysregulation obviously influences abnormal cleavage of β-amyloid precursor protein, aggregation and deposition of Aβ in β-amyloid plaques and the inclusion of phosphorylated tau in neurofibrillary tangles. Neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, synaptic plasticity, neurotoxicity, autophagy, and apoptosis have been assessed to elucidate the mechanisms of COX-2 regulation of AD. Notably, an imbalance of these factors ultimately produces cognitive decline. The current review substantiates our understanding of the mechanisms of COX-2-induced AD and establishes foundations for the design of feasible therapeutic strategies to treat AD.-Guan, P.-P., Wang, P. Integrated communications between cyclooxygenase-2 and Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Pei Guan
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Pu Wang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu YZ, Wang YX, Jiang CL. Inflammation: The Common Pathway of Stress-Related Diseases. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:316. [PMID: 28676747 PMCID: PMC5476783 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
While modernization has dramatically increased lifespan, it has also witnessed that the nature of stress has changed dramatically. Chronic stress result failures of homeostasis thus lead to various diseases such as atherosclerosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and depression. However, while 75%-90% of human diseases is related to the activation of stress system, the common pathways between stress exposure and pathophysiological processes underlying disease is still debatable. Chronic inflammation is an essential component of chronic diseases. Additionally, accumulating evidence suggested that excessive inflammation plays critical roles in the pathophysiology of the stress-related diseases, yet the basis for this connection is not fully understood. Here we discuss the role of inflammation in stress-induced diseases and suggest a common pathway for stress-related diseases that is based on chronic mild inflammation. This framework highlights the fundamental impact of inflammation mechanisms and provides a new perspective on the prevention and treatment of stress-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Zi Liu
- Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Yun-Xia Wang
- Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Chun-Lei Jiang
- Laboratory of Stress Medicine, Faculty of Psychology and Mental Health, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zheng SQ, Gong ZY, Lu CD, Wang P. Prostaglandin I 2 is responsible for ameliorating prostaglandin E 2 stress in stimulating the expression of tumor necrosis factor α in a β-amyloid protein -dependent mechanism. Oncotarget 2017; 8:102801-102819. [PMID: 29262525 PMCID: PMC5732691 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) has been found to be induced during the early stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Using mouse-derived astrocyte and APP/PS1 transgenic (Tg) mice as model systems, we firstly elucidated the mechanisms underlying COX-2 metabolic production including prostaglandin (PG)E2- and PGI2-mediated tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) regulation. Specifically, PGE2 accumulation in astrocyte activated the p38 and JNK/c-Jun signaling pathways via phosphorylation, resulting in TNF-α expression. In contrast, the administration of PGI2 attenuated the effects of PGE2 in stimulating the production of TNF-α by inhibiting the activity of TNF-α promoter and the binding activity of AP1 on the promoter of TNF-α. Moreover, our data also showed that not only Aβ1-42 oligomers but also Aβ1-42 fibrils have the ability to involve in mediating the antagonistic effects of PGE2 and PGI2 on regulating the expression of TNF-α via a p38- and JNK/c-Jun-dependent, AP1-transactivating mechanism. Reciprocally, the production of TNF-α finally accelerated the deposition of β-amyloid protein (Aβ)1-42 in β-amyloid plaques (APs), which contribute to the cognitive decline of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Qin Zheng
- The College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Yi Gong
- The College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Chen-Di Lu
- The College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Pu Wang
- The College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang P, Guan P, Guo J, Cao L, Xu G, Yu X, Wang Y, Wang Z. Prostaglandin I2 upregulates the expression of anterior pharynx-defective-1α and anterior pharynx-defective-1β in amyloid precursor protein/presenilin 1 transgenic mice. Aging Cell 2016; 15:861-71. [PMID: 27240539 PMCID: PMC5013024 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) has been recently identified to be involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Yet, the role of an important COX‐2 metabolic product, prostaglandin (PG) I2, in the pathogenesis of AD remains unknown. Using human‐ and mouse‐derived neuronal cells as well as amyloid precursor protein/presenilin 1 (APP/PS1) transgenic mice as model systems, we elucidated the mechanism of anterior pharynx‐defective (APH)‐1α and pharynx‐defective‐1β induction. In particular, we found that PGI2 production increased during the course of AD development. Then, PGI2 accumulation in neuronal cells activates PKA/CREB and JNK/c‐Jun signaling pathways by phosphorylation, which results in APH‐1α/1β expression. As PGI2 is an important metabolic by‐product of COX‐2, its suppression by NS398 treatment decreases the expression of APH‐1α/1β in neuronal cells and APP/PS1 mice. More importantly, β‐amyloid protein (Aβ) oligomers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of APP/PS1 mice are critical for stimulating the expression of APH‐1α/1β, which was blocked by NS398 incubation. Finally, the induction of APH‐1α/1β was confirmed in the brains of patients with AD. Thus, these findings not only provide novel insights into the mechanism of PGI2‐induced AD progression but also are instrumental for improving clinical therapies to combat AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pu Wang
- College of Life and Health Sciences Northeastern University Shenyang 110819 China
| | - Pei‐Pei Guan
- College of Life and Health Sciences Northeastern University Shenyang 110819 China
| | - Jing‐Wen Guo
- College of Life and Health Sciences Northeastern University Shenyang 110819 China
| | - Long‐Long Cao
- College of Life and Health Sciences Northeastern University Shenyang 110819 China
| | - Guo‐Biao Xu
- College of Life and Health Sciences Northeastern University Shenyang 110819 China
| | - Xin Yu
- College of Life and Health Sciences Northeastern University Shenyang 110819 China
| | - Yue Wang
- College of Life and Health Sciences Northeastern University Shenyang 110819 China
| | - Zhan‐You Wang
- College of Life and Health Sciences Northeastern University Shenyang 110819 China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
St-Jacques B, Ma W. Preferred recycling pathway by internalized PGE2 EP4 receptor following agonist stimulation in cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons contributes to enhanced EP4 receptor sensitivity. Neuroscience 2016; 326:56-68. [PMID: 27060485 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a well-known pain mediator abundantly produced in injured tissues, sensitizes nociceptive dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons (nociceptors) through its four EP receptors (EP1-4). Our prior study showed that PGE2 or EP4 agonist stimulates EP4 externalization and this event was not only suppressed by the inhibitor of anterograde export, but also by the recycling inhibitor (St-Jacques and Ma, 2013). These data suggest that EP4 recycling also contributes to agonist-enhanced EP4 surface abundance. In the current study, we tested this hypothesis using antibody-feeding-based internalization assay, recycling assay and FITC-PGE2 binding assay. We observed that selective EP4 agonist 1-hydroxy-PGE1 (1-OH-PGE1) or CAY10850 time- and concentration-dependently increased EP4 internalization in cultured DRG neuron. Internalized EP4 was predominantly localized in the early endosomes and recycling endosomes, but rarely in the late endosomes and lysosomes. These observations were confirmed by FITC-PGE2 binding assay. We further revealed that 1-OH-PGE1 or CAY10850 time- and concentration-dependently increased EP4 recycling. Double exposures to 1-OH-PGE1 induced a greater increase in calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) release than a single exposure or vehicle exposure, an event blocked by pre-treatment with the recycling inhibitor monensin. Our data suggest that EP4 recycling contributes to agonist-induced cell surface abundance and consequently enhanced receptor sensitivity. Facilitating EP4 externalization and recycling is a novel mechanism underlying PGE2-induced nociceptor sensitization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno St-Jacques
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Weiya Ma
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H4H 1R3, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H4H 1R3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Prostaglandin I₂ Attenuates Prostaglandin E₂-Stimulated Expression of Interferon γ in a β-Amyloid Protein- and NF-κB-Dependent Mechanism. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20879. [PMID: 26869183 PMCID: PMC4751455 DOI: 10.1038/srep20879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) has been recently identified as being involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the role of an important COX-2 metabolic product, prostaglandin (PG) I2, in AD development remains unknown. Using mouse-derived astrocytes as well as APP/PS1 transgenic mice as model systems, we firstly elucidated the mechanisms of interferon γ (IFNγ) regulation by PGE2 and PGI2. Specifically, PGE2 accumulation in astrocytes activated the ERK1/2 and NF-κB signaling pathways by phosphorylation, which resulted in IFNγ expression. In contrast, the administration of PGI2 attenuated the effects of PGE2 on stimulating the production of IFNγ via inhibiting the translocation of NF-κB from the cytosol to the nucleus. Due to these observations, we further studied these prostaglandins and found that both PGE2 and PGI2 increased Aβ1–42 levels. In detail, PGE2 induced IFNγ expression in an Aβ1–42-dependent manner, whereas PGI2-induced Aβ1–42 production did not alleviate cells from IFNγ inhibition by PGI2 treatment. More importantly, our data also revealed that not only Aβ1–42 oligomer but also fibrillar have the ability to induce the expression of IFNγ via stimulation of NF-κB nuclear translocation in astrocytes of APP/PS1 mice. The production of IFNγ finally accelerated the deposition of Aβ1–42 in β-amyloid plaques.
Collapse
|
16
|
Hosono T, Mouri A, Nishitsuji K, Jung CG, Kontani M, Tokuda H, Kawashima H, Shibata H, Suzuki T, Nabehsima T, Michikawa M. Arachidonic or Docosahexaenoic Acid Diet Prevents Memory Impairment in Tg2576 Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 48:149-62. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-150341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hosono
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Nihon University Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Fujisawa, Japan
- Department of Alzheimer’s Disease, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Akihiro Mouri
- Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
- NPO Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuchika Nishitsuji
- Department of Alzheimer’s Disease, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Science, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Cha-Gyun Jung
- Department of Alzheimer’s Disease, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
- Department of Neurophysiology and Brain Science, Nagoya City University, School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masanori Kontani
- Institute for Health Care Science, Suntory Wellness Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Hisanori Tokuda
- Institute for Health Care Science, Suntory Wellness Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawashima
- Institute for Health Care Science, Suntory Wellness Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shibata
- Institute for Health Care Science, Suntory Wellness Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Suzuki
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Nabehsima
- NPO Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Nagoya, Japan
- Nabeshima Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Meijyo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Makoto Michikawa
- Department of Alzheimer’s Disease, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya City University, School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Arachidonic acid diet attenuates brain Aβ deposition in Tg2576 mice. Brain Res 2015; 1613:92-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
18
|
West C, Hanyaloglu AC. Minireview: Spatial Programming of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Activity: Decoding Signaling in Health and Disease. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:1095-106. [PMID: 26121235 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Probing the multiplicity of hormone signaling via G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) has demonstrated the complex signal pathways that underlie the multiple functions these receptors play in vivo. This is highly pertinent for the GPCRs key in reproduction and pregnancy that are exposed to cyclical and dynamic changes in their extracellular milieu. How such functional pleiotropy in GPCR signaling is translated to specific downstream cellular responses, however, is largely unknown. Emerging data strongly support mechanisms for a central role of receptor location in signal regulation via membrane trafficking. In this review, we discuss current progress in our understanding of the role membrane trafficking plays in location control of GPCR signaling, from organized plasma membrane signaling microdomains, potentially provided by both distinct endocytic and exocytic pathways, to more recent evidence for spatial control within the endomembrane system. Application of these emerging mechanisms in their relevance to GPCR activity in physiological and pathophysiological conditions will also be discussed, and in improving therapeutic strategies that exploits these mechanisms in order to program highly regulated and distinct signaling profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla West
- Institute of Reproductive Biology and Development, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Aylin C Hanyaloglu
- Institute of Reproductive Biology and Development, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang H, Ye M, Yu L, Wang J, Guo Y, Lei W, Yang J. Hippocampal neuronal cyclooxygenase-2 downstream signaling imbalance in a rat model of chronic aluminium gluconate administration. Behav Brain Funct 2015; 11:8. [PMID: 25888969 PMCID: PMC4336726 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-015-0054-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute and chronic brain damages including neurodegenerative diseases are a group of neuroinflammation-associated diseases characterized by cognitive function defect and progressive neuron loss. The pathophysiological procession of brain damages involves the overexpression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. Owing to the limited benefit to chronic brain damage and the late adverse effect of COX-2 inhibitors, the COX downstream signaling pathway has become a focus in neurological research. In order to explore the mechanism of aluminum neurotoxicity and the importance of COX2 downstream signaling pathways to chronic brain damage, the present study was designed to simultaneously observe the prostaglandin (PG) contents, and the expressions of PG synthases and PG receptors of hippocampus in a rat model induced by chronic administration of aluminium gluconate. METHODS A rat model of chronic brain damage was established by chronic intragastric administration of aluminium gluconate (Al3+ 200 mg/kg per day, 5d a week for 20 weeks). PG contents, the expressions of PG synthases, and the expressions of PG receptors in rats were measured by ELISA, RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. RESULTS Chronic aluminium gluconate administration resulted in hippocampal neuron injury and learning and memory disorders in rats. Aluminium gluconate administration also resulted in increased levels of PGE2, PGD2, TXA2, PGI2, and PGF2α in rat hippocampus. The DP1, EP2, IP, mPGES-1, EP4, PGIS and TXAS mRNA expressions, and the DP1, EP2 and IP protein expressions significantly increased in the Al-treated hippocampus, while the EP3 and FP mRNA and protein expressions and the TP mRNA expression decreased. CONCLUSIONS The PGS/PGs/PG receptors signaling pathway in chronic aluminium gluconate-overloaded rat hippocampus is disturbed, which may be involved in the mechanism of aluminium neurotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Mengliang Ye
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Lijuan Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Yuanxin Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Wenjuan Lei
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Junqing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Suppression of Alzheimer-associated inflammation by microglial prostaglandin-E2 EP4 receptor signaling. J Neurosci 2014; 34:5882-94. [PMID: 24760848 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0410-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A persistent and nonresolving inflammatory response to accumulating Aβ peptide species is a cardinal feature in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In response to accumulating Aβ peptide species, microglia, the innate immune cells of the brain, generate a toxic inflammatory response that accelerates synaptic and neuronal injury. Many proinflammatory signaling pathways are linked to progression of neurodegeneration. However, endogenous anti-inflammatory pathways capable of suppressing Aβ-induced inflammation represent a relatively unexplored area. Here we report that signaling through the prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) EP4 receptor potently suppresses microglial inflammatory responses to Aβ42 peptides. In cultured microglial cells, EP4 stimulation attenuated levels of Aβ42-induced inflammatory factors and potentiated phagocytosis of Aβ42. Microarray analysis demonstrated that EP4 stimulation broadly opposed Aβ42-driven gene expression changes in microglia, with enrichment for targets of IRF1, IRF7, and NF-κB transcription factors. In vivo, conditional deletion of microglial EP4 in APPSwe-PS1ΔE9 (APP-PS1) mice conversely increased inflammatory gene expression, oxidative protein modification, and Aβ deposition in brain at early stages of pathology, but not at later stages, suggesting an early anti-inflammatory function of microglial EP4 signaling in the APP-PS1 model. Finally, EP4 receptor levels decreased significantly in human cortex with progression from normal to AD states, suggesting that early loss of this beneficial signaling system in preclinical AD development may contribute to subsequent progression of pathology.
Collapse
|
21
|
Yoshida M, Watanabe Y, Yamanishi K, Yamashita A, Yamamoto H, Okuzaki D, Shimada K, Nojima H, Yasunaga T, Okamura H, Matsunaga H, Yamanishi H. Analysis of genes causing hypertension and stroke in spontaneously hypertensive rats: gene expression profiles in the brain. Int J Mol Med 2014; 33:887-96. [PMID: 24452243 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and stroke-prone SHR (SHRSP) are frequently used as rat models not only of essential hypertension and stroke, but also of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) are used as the control rats in these cases. An increasing number of studies has demonstrated the critical role of the central nervous system in the development and maintenance of hypertension. In a previous study, we analyzed the gene expression profiles in the adrenal glands of SHR. Thus, in this study, we analyzed gene expression profiles in the brains of SHR in order to identify the genes responsible for causing hypertension and stroke, as well as those involved in ADHD. Using genome-wide microarray technology, we examined the gene expression profiles in the brains of 3 rat strains (SHR, SHRSP and WKY) when the rats were 3 and 6 weeks of age, a period in which the rats are considered to be in a pre-hypertensive state. Gene expression profiles in the brain were compared between SHR and WKY, and between SHRSP and SHR. A total of 179 genes showing a >4- or <-4-fold change in expression were isolated, and candidate genes were selected using two different web tools: the first tool was the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID), which was used to search for significantly enriched genes, and categorized them using Gene Ontology (GO) terms, and the second was the network explorer of Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA), which was used to search for interaction networks among SHR- and SHRSP-specific genes. The IPA of SHR-specific genes revealed that prostaglandin E receptor 4 (Ptger4) is one of the candidate genes responsible for causing hypertension in SHR, and that albumin (Alb) and chymase 1 (Cma1) are also responsible for causing hypertension in SHR in the presence of angiotensinogen (Agt). Similar analyses of SHRSP-specific genes revealed that the angiotensin II receptor-associated gene (Agtrap) interacts with the FBJ osteosarcoma oncogene (Fos), and with the angiotensin II receptor type-1b (Agtr1b). As Agtrap and Agtr1b not only participate in the 'uptake of norepinephrine' and 'blood pressure', but also in the 'behavior' of SHRSP at 6 weeks of age, our data demonstrate a close association between hypertension and ADHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Momoko Yoshida
- Hirakata General Hospital for Developmental Disorders, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0122, Japan
| | - Yuko Watanabe
- Hirakata General Hospital for Developmental Disorders, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0122, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Yamanishi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Akifumi Yamashita
- Department of Genome Informatics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Yamamoto
- Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Daisuke Okuzaki
- DNA-Chip Development Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazunori Shimada
- Hirakata General Hospital for Developmental Disorders, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0122, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nojima
- DNA-Chip Development Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Teruo Yasunaga
- Department of Genome Informatics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Haruki Okamura
- Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Hisato Matsunaga
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Yamanishi
- Hirakata General Hospital for Developmental Disorders, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0122, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Cudaback E, Jorstad NL, Yang Y, Montine TJ, Keene CD. Therapeutic implications of the prostaglandin pathway in Alzheimer's disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 88:565-72. [PMID: 24434190 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An important pathologic hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is neuroinflammation, a process characterized in AD by disproportionate activation of cells (microglia and astrocytes, primarily) of the non-specific innate immune system within the CNS. While inflammation itself is not intrinsically detrimental, a delicate balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory signals must be maintained to ensure that long-term exaggerated responses do not damage the brain over time. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) represent a broad class of powerful therapeutics that temper inflammation by inhibiting cyclooxygenase-mediated signaling pathways including prostaglandins, which are the principal mediators of CNS neuroinflammation. While historically used to treat discrete or systemic inflammatory conditions, epidemiologic evidence suggests that protracted NSAID use may delay AD onset, as well as decrease disease severity and rate of progression. Unfortunately, clinical trials with NSAIDs have thus far yielded disappointing results, including premature discontinuation of a large-scale prevention trial due to unexpected cardiovascular side effects. Here we review the literature and make the argument that more targeted exploitation of downstream prostaglandin signaling pathways may offer significant therapeutic benefits for AD while minimizing adverse side effects. Directed strategies such as these may ultimately help to delay the deleterious consequences of brain aging and might someday lead to new therapies for AD and other chronic neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eiron Cudaback
- University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Box 359791, 325 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Nikolas L Jorstad
- University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Box 359791, 325 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Yue Yang
- University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Box 359791, 325 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Thomas J Montine
- University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Box 359791, 325 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - C Dirk Keene
- University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Box 359791, 325 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Fattahi MJ, Mirshafiey A. Positive and negative effects of prostaglandins in Alzheimer's disease. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2014; 68:50-60. [PMID: 23992456 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review was to clarify the role of prostaglandins and prostaglandin receptors in the immunopathology of Alzheimer's disease. A PubMed search was done using the key word, 'Alzheimer's disease' in combination with the term 'prostaglandins'. Articles from the past 10 years were preferentially selected but important ones from the past 20 years were also included according to the authors' judgment. Alzheimer's disease is characterized by pathological hallmarks such as extracellular deposition of the amyloid β-peptide, the appearance of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, extensive neuronal loss and synaptic changes in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. These processes induce inflammatory pathways by activating microglia, astrocytes and infiltrating leukocytes that produce inflammatory mediators including cytokines and prostaglandins.Prostaglandins are small lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid by multi-enzymatic pathways in which cyclooxygenases and phospholipases are the rate-limiting enzymes. In the central nervous system, prostaglandins exhibit either neurotoxic or neuroprotective effects by acting on specific G-protein-coupled receptors that have different subfamilies and differences in their selective agonists, tissue distribution and signal transduction cascades. Further studies on the role of prostaglandins in Alzheimer's disease may contribute to clarification of their neuroprotective actions, which may lead to the development of successful therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Javad Fattahi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hoshino T, Suzuki K, Matsushima T, Yamakawa N, Suzuki T, Mizushima T. Suppression of Alzheimer's disease-related phenotypes by geranylgeranylacetone in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76306. [PMID: 24098472 PMCID: PMC3788141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Aβ is generated by the secretase-mediated proteolysis of β-amyloid precursor protein (APP), and cleared by enzyme-mediated degradation and phagocytosis. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 stimulates this phagocytosis. We recently reported that the APP23 mouse model for AD showed fewer AD-related phenotypes when these animals were crossed with transgenic mice expressing heat shock protein (HSP) 70. We here examined the effect of geranylgeranylacetone, an inducer of HSP70 expression, on the AD-related phenotypes. Repeated oral administration of geranylgeranylacetone to APP23 mice for 9 months not only improved cognitive function but also decreased levels of Aβ, Aβ plaque deposition and synaptic loss. The treatment also up-regulated the expression of an Aβ-degrading enzyme and TGF-β1 but did not affect the maturation of APP and secretase activities. These outcomes were similar to those observed in APP23 mice genetically modified to overexpress HSP70. Although the repeated oral administration of geranylgeranylacetone did not increase the level of HSP70 in the brain, a single oral administration of geranylgeranylacetone significantly increased the level of HSP70 when Aβ was concomitantly injected directly into the hippocampus. Since geranylgeranylacetone has already been approved for use as an anti-ulcer drug and its safety in humans has been confirmed, we propose that this drug be considered as a candidate drug for the prevention of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Hoshino
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichiro Suzuki
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahide Matsushima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Naoki Yamakawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Suzuki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tohru Mizushima
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Mizushima T. [Identification of a molecular mechanism for actions of existing medicines and its application for drug development]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2013; 132:713-20. [PMID: 22687730 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.132.713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
As a new strategy for drug discovery and development, we propose here the establishment of drug re-profiling strategy. In this strategy, the actions of existing medicines, whose safety and pharmacokinetic effects in humans have been confirmed already, are examined comprehensively at the molecular level and the results are used for the development of new medicines. For example, identification of the mechanisms underlying the side effects of medicines enables us to develop safer drugs. The results can also be used for developing existing drugs for use as medicines in treatment of other diseases. Promoting this research strategy could provide breakthroughs in drug discovery and development by pharmaceutical companies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Mizushima
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
RETRACTED: Multiple inflammatory pathways are involved in the development and progression of cognitive deficits in APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 33:2661-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 12/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
27
|
Lima IVDA, Bastos LFS, Limborço-Filho M, Fiebich BL, de Oliveira ACP. Role of prostaglandins in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:946813. [PMID: 22778499 PMCID: PMC3385693 DOI: 10.1155/2012/946813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing data demonstrates that inflammation participates in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. Among the different inflammatory mediators involved, prostaglandins play an important role. The effects induced by prostaglandins might be mediated by activation of their known receptors or by nonclassical mechanisms. In the present paper, we discuss the evidences that link prostaglandins, as well as the enzymes that produce them, to some neurological diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Vieira de Assis Lima
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Avenida Antonio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Leandro Francisco Silva Bastos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Avenida Antonio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Muenzinger Building, Colorado University of Colorado Boulder, Avenida, Boulder, CO 80309-0354, USA
| | - Marcelo Limborço-Filho
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Avenida Antonio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Bernd L. Fiebich
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg Medical School, Hauptstraße 5, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- VivaCell Biotechnology GmbH, Ferdinand-Porsche-Straße 5, 79211 Denzlingen, Germany
| | - Antonio Carlos Pinheiro de Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Avenida Antonio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg Medical School, Hauptstraße 5, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Claeysen S, Cochet M, Donneger R, Dumuis A, Bockaert J, Giannoni P. Alzheimer culprits: cellular crossroads and interplay. Cell Signal 2012; 24:1831-40. [PMID: 22627093 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the primary cause of dementia in the elderly and one of the major health problems worldwide. Since its first description by Alois Alzheimer in 1907, noticeable but insufficient scientific comprehension of this complex pathology has been achieved. All the research that has been pursued takes origin from the identification of the pathological hallmarks in the forms of amyloid-β (Aβ) deposits (plaques), and aggregated hyperphosphorylated tau protein filaments (named neurofibrillary tangles). Since this discovery, many hypotheses have been proposed to explain the origin of the pathology. The "amyloid cascade hypothesis" is the most accredited theory. The mechanism suggested to be one of the initial causes of AD is an imbalance between the production and the clearance of Aβ peptides. Therefore, Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) synthesis, trafficking and metabolism producing either the toxic Aβ peptide via the amyloidogenic pathway or the sAPPα fragment via the non amyloidogenic pathway have become appealing subjects of study. Being able to reduce the formation of the toxic Aβ peptides is obviously an immediate approach in the trial to prevent AD. The following review summarizes the most relevant discoveries in the field of the last decades.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Claeysen
- CNRS, UMR-5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, F-34000 Montpellier, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Elberg D, Turman MA, Pullen N, Elberg G. Prostaglandin E2 stimulates cystogenesis through EP4 receptor in IMCD-3 cells. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2012; 98:11-6. [PMID: 22503965 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated that prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) induced cAMP and cyst formation through PGE(2) receptor-2 (EP2) activity in human autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) epithelial cells. In this study, we determined the role of EP2 and EP4 receptors in mediating PGE(2) stimulation of cAMP signaling and cystogenesis in mouse renal epithelial cells using the inner medullary collecting duct-3 (IMCD-3) cell line. In contrast to human ADPKD cells, using novel EP2 and EP4 antagonists, we found that IMCD-3 cells expressed functional EP4 but not EP2, which stimulated cAMP formation and led to cyst formation in 3D culture system. The involvement of EP4 receptors in IMCD-3 cells was further supported by the specific effect of EP4 siRNA that inhibited PGE(2)-induced cystogenesis. We also observed different cellular localization of EP2 or EP4 receptors in IMCD-3 transfected cells. Collectively, our results suggest an important role of different expression of EP2 or EP4 receptors in the regulation of cystogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Elberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nephrology, the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hoshino T, Namba T, Takehara M, Murao N, Matsushima T, Sugimoto Y, Narumiya S, Suzuki T, Mizushima T. Improvement of cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease model mice by genetic and pharmacological inhibition of the EP(4) receptor. J Neurochem 2012; 120:795-805. [PMID: 22044482 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07567.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), which is generated by the β- and γ-secretase-mediated proteolysis of β-amyloid precursor protein (APP), plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We recently reported that prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2) ) stimulates the production of Aβ through both EP(2) and EP(4) receptors and that activation of the EP(4) receptor stimulates Aβ production through endocytosis and activation of γ-secretase. We here found that transgenic mice expressing mutant APP (APP23) mice showed a greater or lesser apparent cognitive deficit when they were crossed with mice lacking EP(2) or EP(4) receptors, respectively. Mice lacking the EP(4) receptor also displayed lower levels of Aβ plaque deposition and less neuronal and synaptic loss than control mice. Oral administration of a specific EP(4) receptor antagonist, AE3-208 to APP23 mice, improved their cognitive performance, as well as decreasing brain levels of Aβ and suppressing endocytosis and activation of γ-secretase. Taken together, these results suggest that inhibition of the EP(4) receptor improves the cognitive function of APP23 mice by suppressing Aβ production and reducing neuronal and synaptic loss. We therefore propose that EP(4) receptor antagonists, such as AE3-208, could be therapeutically beneficial for the prevention and treatment of AD.
Collapse
|
31
|
Stasi LP, Bhimani K, Borriello M, Canciani L, Caselli G, Colace F, Ferioli C, Kaswala M, Mennuni L, Piepoli T, Pucci S, Salvi M, Shirsath V, Zanelli T, Zerbi S. Synthesis, pharmacophore modeling and in vitro activity of 10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f]oxepine-4-carboxamide derivatives as novel and potent antagonists of the prostaglandin EP4 receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:6336-40. [PMID: 21930381 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.08.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The construction of a EP(4) antagonists pharmacophore model and the discovery of a highly potent oxepinic series of EP(4) antagonists is discussed. Compound 1a exhibits an excellent selectivity profile toward EP(2) receptor subtype and low cytochrome P450 inhibition potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Piero Stasi
- Rottapharm Madaus, Medicinal Chemistry Department, via Valosa di Sopra 9, Monza 20900, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Woodward DF, Jones RL, Narumiya S. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXXIII: classification of prostanoid receptors, updating 15 years of progress. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 63:471-538. [PMID: 21752876 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.003517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now more than 15 years since the molecular structures of the major prostanoid receptors were elucidated. Since then, substantial progress has been achieved with respect to distribution and function, signal transduction mechanisms, and the design of agonists and antagonists (http://www.iuphar-db.org/DATABASE/FamilyIntroductionForward?familyId=58). This review systematically details these advances. More recent developments in prostanoid receptor research are included. The DP(2) receptor, also termed CRTH2, has little structural resemblance to DP(1) and other receptors described in the original prostanoid receptor classification. DP(2) receptors are more closely related to chemoattractant receptors. Prostanoid receptors have also been found to heterodimerize with other prostanoid receptor subtypes and nonprostanoids. This may extend signal transduction pathways and create new ligand recognition sites: prostacyclin/thromboxane A(2) heterodimeric receptors for 8-epi-prostaglandin E(2), wild-type/alternative (alt4) heterodimers for the prostaglandin FP receptor for bimatoprost and the prostamides. It is anticipated that the 15 years of research progress described herein will lead to novel therapeutic entities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D F Woodward
- Dept. of Biological Sciences RD3-2B, Allergan, Inc., 2525 Dupont Dr., Irvine, CA 92612, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Suppression of Alzheimer's disease-related phenotypes by expression of heat shock protein 70 in mice. J Neurosci 2011; 31:5225-34. [PMID: 21471357 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5478-10.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aβ is generated by proteolysis of β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) and is cleared by enzyme-mediated degradation and phagocytosis by microglia and astrocytes. Some cytokines, such as TGF-β1, stimulate this phagocytosis. In contrast, cellular upregulation of HSP70 expression provides cytoprotection against Aβ. HSP70 activity in relation to inhibition of Aβ oligomerization and stimulation of Aβ phagocytosis has also been reported. Although these in vitro results suggest that stimulating the expression of HSP70 could prove effective in the treatment of AD, there is a lack of in vivo evidence supporting this notion. In this study, we address this issue, using transgenic mice expressing HSP70 and/or a mutant form of APP (APPsw). Transgenic mice expressing APPsw showed less of an apparent cognitive deficit when they were crossed with transgenic mice expressing HSP70. Transgenic mice expressing HSP70 also displayed lower levels of Aβ, Aβ plaque deposition, and neuronal and synaptic loss than control mice. Immunoblotting experiments and direct measurement of β- and γ-secretase activity suggested that overexpression of HSP70 does not affect the production Aβ. In contrast, HSP70 overexpression did lead to upregulation of the expression of Aβ-degrading enzyme and TGF-β1 both in vivo and in vitro. These results suggest that overexpression of HSP70 in mice suppresses not only the pathological but also the functional phenotypes of AD. This study provides the first in vivo evidence confirming the potential therapeutic benefit of HSP70 for the prevention or treatment of AD.
Collapse
|
34
|
Ganea D, Kocieda V, Kong W, Yen JH. Modulation of dendritic cell function by PGE2 and DHA: a framework for understanding the role of dendritic cells in neuroinflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 6:277-291. [PMID: 21804863 DOI: 10.2217/clp.11.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation characterizes various neurological disorders. Peripheral immune cells and CNS-resident glia contribute to neuroinflammation and impact CNS degeneration, recovery and regeneration. Recently, the role of dendritic cells in neuroinflammation received special attention. The function of infiltrating immune cells and resident glia is affected by various factors, including lipid mediators. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially n-6 arachidonic acid and n-3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the most abundant in the CNS, play an important role in neuroinflammation. The major arachidonic acid bioactive derivative in immune cells, PGE2, and DHA have been reported to have opposite effects on dendritic cells in terms of cytokine production and activation/differentiation of CD4(+) T cells. Here we review the existing information on PGE2 and DHA modulation of dendritic cell function and the potential impact of these lipid mediators of dendritic cells in CNS inflammatory disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Doina Ganea
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N Broad Sreet, PA 19140, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Manev H, Chen H, Dzitoyeva S, Manev R. Cyclooxygenases and 5-lipoxygenase in Alzheimer's disease. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011; 35:315-9. [PMID: 20691748 PMCID: PMC3033490 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Revised: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Typically, cyclooxygenases (COXs) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), enzymes that generate biologically active lipid molecules termed eicosanoids, are considered inflammatory. Hence, their putative role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been explored in the framework of possible inflammatory mechanisms of AD pathobiology. More recent data indicate that these enzymes and the biologically active lipid molecules they generate could influence the functioning of the central nervous system and the pathobiology of neurodegenerative disorders such as AD via mechanisms different from classical inflammation. These mechanisms include the cell-specific localization of COXs and 5-LOX in the brain, the type of lipid molecules generated by the activity of these enzymes, the type and the localization of receptors selective for a type of lipid molecule, and the putative interactions of the COXs and 5-LOX pathways with intracellular components relevant for AD such as the gamma-secretase complex. Considering the importance of these multiple and not necessarily inflammatory mechanisms may help us delineate the exact nature of the involvement of the brain COXs and 5-LOX in AD and would reinvigorate the search for novel targets for AD therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hari Manev
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Mizushima T. Drug discovery and development focusing on existing medicines: drug re-profiling strategy. J Biochem 2011; 149:499-505. [PMID: 21436140 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvr032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As a new strategy for drug discovery and development, I focus on drug re-profiling as a way to identify new treatments for diseases. In this strategy, the actions of existing medicines, whose safety and pharmacokinetic effects in humans have already been confirmed clinically and approved for use, are examined comprehensively at the molecular level and the results used for the development of new medicines. This strategy is based on the fact that we still do not understand the underlying mechanisms of action of many existing medicines, and as such the cellular responses that give rise to their main effects and side effects are yet to be elucidated. To this extent, identification of the mechanisms underlying the side effects of medicines offers a means for us to develop safer drugs. The results can also be used for developing existing drugs for use as medicines for the treatment of other diseases. Promoting this research strategy could provide breakthroughs in drug discovery and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Mizushima
- Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Benicky J, Sánchez-Lemus E, Honda M, Pang T, Orecna M, Wang J, Leng Y, Chuang DM, Saavedra JM. Angiotensin II AT1 receptor blockade ameliorates brain inflammation. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011; 36:857-70. [PMID: 21150913 PMCID: PMC3055735 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2010.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Brain inflammation has a critical role in the pathophysiology of brain diseases of high prevalence and economic impact, such as major depression, schizophrenia, post-traumatic stress disorder, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, and traumatic brain injury. Our results demonstrate that systemic administration of the centrally acting angiotensin II AT(1) receptor blocker (ARB) candesartan to normotensive rats decreases the acute brain inflammatory response to administration of the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a model of brain inflammation. The broad anti-inflammatory effects of candesartan were seen across the entire inflammatory cascade, including decreased production and release to the circulation of centrally acting proinflammatory cytokines, repression of nuclear transcription factors activation in the brain, reduction of gene expression of brain proinflammatory cytokines, cytokine and prostanoid receptors, adhesion molecules, proinflammatory inducible enzymes, and reduced microglia activation. These effects are widespread, occurring not only in well-known brain target areas for circulating proinflammatory factors and LPS, that is, hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and the subfornical organ, but also in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala. Candesartan reduced the associated anorexic effects, and ameliorated associated body weight loss and anxiety. Direct anti-inflammatory effects of candesartan were also documented in cultured rat microglia, cerebellar granule cells, and cerebral microvascular endothelial cells. ARBs are widely used in the treatment of hypertension and stroke, and their anti-inflammatory effects contribute to reduce renal and cardiac failure. Our results indicate that these compounds may offer a novel and safe therapeutic approach for the treatment of brain disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julius Benicky
- Section on Pharmacology, Division of Intramural Research Programs, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Enrique Sánchez-Lemus
- Section on Pharmacology, Division of Intramural Research Programs, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Masaru Honda
- Section on Pharmacology, Division of Intramural Research Programs, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tao Pang
- Section on Pharmacology, Division of Intramural Research Programs, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Martina Orecna
- Section on Pharmacology, Division of Intramural Research Programs, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Juan Wang
- Section on Pharmacology, Division of Intramural Research Programs, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yan Leng
- Molecular Neurobiology Section, Division of Intramural Research Programs, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - De-Maw Chuang
- Molecular Neurobiology Section, Division of Intramural Research Programs, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Juan M Saavedra
- Section on Pharmacology, Division of Intramural Research Programs, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Wang D, Xiang YK. β-adrenergic receptor, amyloid β-peptide, and Alzheimer's disease. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2011; 67:205-28. [PMID: 21771492 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-384921-2.00010-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dayong Wang
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Murakami M, Taketomi Y, Miki Y, Sato H, Hirabayashi T, Yamamoto K. Recent progress in phospholipase A₂ research: from cells to animals to humans. Prog Lipid Res 2010; 50:152-92. [PMID: 21185866 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian genomes encode genes for more than 30 phospholipase A₂s (PLA₂s) or related enzymes, which are subdivided into several classes including low-molecular-weight secreted PLA₂s (sPLA₂s), Ca²+-dependent cytosolic PLA₂s (cPLA₂s), Ca²+-independent PLA₂s (iPLA₂s), platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolases (PAF-AHs), lysosomal PLA₂s, and a recently identified adipose-specific PLA. Of these, the intracellular cPLA₂ and iPLA₂ families and the extracellular sPLA₂ family are recognized as the "big three". From a general viewpoint, cPLA₂α (the prototypic cPLA₂ plays a major role in the initiation of arachidonic acid metabolism, the iPLA₂ family contributes to membrane homeostasis and energy metabolism, and the sPLA₂ family affects various biological events by modulating the extracellular phospholipid milieus. The cPLA₂ family evolved along with eicosanoid receptors when vertebrates first appeared, whereas the diverse branching of the iPLA₂ and sPLA₂ families during earlier eukaryote development suggests that they play fundamental roles in life-related processes. During the past decade, data concerning the unexplored roles of various PLA₂ enzymes in pathophysiology have emerged on the basis of studies using knockout and transgenic mice, the use of specific inhibitors, and information obtained from analysis of human diseases caused by mutations in PLA₂ genes. This review focuses on current understanding of the emerging biological functions of PLA₂s and related enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Murakami
- Lipid Metabolism Project, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Lee YJ, Han SB, Nam SY, Oh KW, Hong JT. Inflammation and Alzheimer’s disease. Arch Pharm Res 2010; 33:1539-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-010-1006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
41
|
Pomponi MFL, Gambassi G, Pomponi M, Masullo C. Alzheimer's Disease: Fatty Acids We Eat may be Linked to a Specific Protection via Low-dose Aspirin. Aging Dis 2010; 1:37-59. [PMID: 22396856 PMCID: PMC3295019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2010] [Revised: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that cognitive decline in aging is the consequence of a growing vulnerability to an asymptomatic state of neuroinflammation. Moreover, it is becoming more evident that inflammation occurs in the brain of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and that the classical mediators of inflammation, eicosanoids and cytokines, may contribute to the neurodegeneration. In agreement with this observation, aspirin (ASA) - a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug - may protect against AD and/or vascular dementia. However, both the time of prescription and the dose of ASA may be critical. A major indication for low-dose ASA is in combination with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). DHA plays an essential role in neural function and its anti-inflammatory properties are associated with the well-known ability of this fatty acid to inhibit the production of various pro-inflammatory mediators, including eicosanoids and cytokines. Higher DHA intake is inversely correlated with relative risk of AD and DHA+ASA supplement may further decrease cognitive decline in healthy elderly adults. Although low-dose ASA may be insufficient for any anti-inflammatory action the concomitant presence of DHA favours a neuroprotective role for ASA. This depends on the allosteric effects of ASA on cyclooxygenase-2 and following production - from DHA - of specific lipid mediators (resolvins, protectins, and electrophilic oxo-derivatives). ASA and DHA might protect against AD, although controlled trials are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo F. L. Pomponi
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica clinica, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore (UCSC), Largo F. Vito, 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Gambassi
- Centro Medicina Invecchiamento, UCSC, Largo A. Gemelli, 8, 00168 Rome
| | | | - Carlo Masullo
- Istituto di Neurologia, UCSC, Largo A. Gemelli, 8, 00168 Rome
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Heneka MT, O'Banion MK, Terwel D, Kummer MP. Neuroinflammatory processes in Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2010; 117:919-47. [PMID: 20632195 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-010-0438-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Generation of neurotoxic amyloid beta peptides and their deposition along with neurofibrillary tangle formation represent key pathological hallmarks in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent evidence suggests that inflammation may be a third important component which, once initiated in response to neurodegeneration or dysfunction, may actively contribute to disease progression and chronicity. Various neuroinflammatory mediators including complement activators and inhibitors, chemokines, cytokines, radical oxygen species and inflammatory enzyme systems are expressed and released by microglia, astrocytes and neurons in the AD brain. Degeneration of aminergic brain stem nuclei including the locus ceruleus and the nucleus basalis of Meynert may facilitate the occurrence of inflammation in their projection areas given the antiinflammatory and neuroprotective action of their key transmitters norepinephrine and acetylcholine. While inflammation has been thought to arise secondary to degeneration, recent experiments demonstrated that inflammatory mediators may stimulate amyloid precursor protein processing by various means and therefore can establish a vicious cycle. Despite the fact that some aspects of inflammation may even be protective for bystander neurons, antiinflammatory treatment strategies should therefore be considered. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have been shown to reduce the risk and delay the onset to develop AD. While, the precise molecular mechanism underlying this effect is still unknown, a number of possible mechanisms including cyclooxygenase 2 or gamma-secretase inhibition and activation of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma may alone or, more likely, in concert account for the epidemiologically observed protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Heneka
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neurosciences, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Mizushima T. Molecular Mechanism for Various Pharmacological Activities of NSAIDS. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010; 3:1614-1636. [PMID: 27713320 PMCID: PMC4034000 DOI: 10.3390/ph3051614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Revised: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory action of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is mediated through their inhibitory effects on cyclooxygenase (COX) activity. On the other hand, NSAID use is often associated with gastrointestinal complications. The inhibition of COX by NSAIDs is not the sole explanation for the gastrointestinal side effects of NSAIDs. Furthermore, recent epidemiological studies have revealed that prolonged NSAID use reduces the risk of cancer and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and a COX-independent unknown mechanism is suggested to be involved in these activities of NSAIDs. In this article, I review our recent work on the COX-independent mechanism involved in NSAID-induced gastric lesions and anti-tumor and anti-AD activities of NSAIDs. Using DNA microarray analysis, we found that NSAIDs affect expression of various genes in a COX-independent manner. We found that membrane permeabilization activity of NSAIDs and resulting NSAID-induced apoptosis are involved in NSAID-induced gastric lesions. On the other hand, induction of expression of tight junction-related genes and endoplasmic reticulum chaperones were suggested to be involved in anti-tumor and anti-AD, respectively, activities of NSAIDs. These results suggest that NSAIDs affect expression of various genes in a COX-independent manner, which is involved in various pharmacological activities of NSAIDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Mizushima
- Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kihara T, Shimmyo Y, Akaike A, Niidome T, Sugimoto H. Abeta-induced BACE-1 cleaves N-terminal sequence of mPGES-2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 393:728-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.02.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
45
|
Blouin M, Han Y, Burch J, Farand J, Mellon C, Gaudreault M, Wrona M, Lévesque JF, Denis D, Mathieu MC, Stocco R, Vigneault E, Therien A, Clark P, Rowland S, Xu D, O’Neill G, Ducharme Y, Friesen R. The Discovery of 4-{1-[({2,5-Dimethyl-4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-3-thienyl}carbonyl)amino]cyclopropyl}benzoic Acid (MK-2894), A Potent and Selective Prostaglandin E2 Subtype 4 Receptor Antagonist. J Med Chem 2010; 53:2227-38. [DOI: 10.1021/jm901771h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
46
|
Vedin I, Cederholm T, Freund-Levi Y, Basun H, Hjorth E, Irving GF, Eriksdotter-Jönhagen M, Schultzberg M, Wahlund LO, Palmblad J. Reduced prostaglandin F2 alpha release from blood mononuclear leukocytes after oral supplementation of omega3 fatty acids: the OmegAD study. J Lipid Res 2009; 51:1179-85. [PMID: 19965584 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m002667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids, e.g., dokosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eikosapentaenoic acid (EPA), ameliorate inflammatory reactions by various mechanisms, but the role of prostaglandins remains unclear. Our aim was to determine if dietary supplementation with a DHA-rich fish oil influenced the release of PGF(2alpha) from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). In the OmegAD study, 174 Alzheimer disease patients received either 1.7 g DHA plus 0.6 g EPA or a placebo daily for six months. PBMCs from the 21 (9 on fish oil and 12 on placebo) first-randomized patients were stimulated with either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or phytohemagglutinin (PHA) before and after 6 months. Our results showed that plasma concentrations of DHA and EPA increased significantly at 6 months in the omega-3 group. PGF(2alpha) release from LPS- (but not from PHA-) stimulated PBMC was significantly diminished in this group; no change was noted in the placebo group. PGF(2alpha) changes correlated inversely with changes in plasma DHA and EPA. Decreased IL-6 and IL-1(beta) levels correlated with decreased PGF(2alpha) levels. The stimulus-specific PGF(2alpha) release from PBMC after 6 months of oral supplementation with the DHA-rich fish oil might be one event related to reduced inflammatory reactions associated with omega-3 fatty acid intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inger Vedin
- Department of Medicine, Caring Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|