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Huang Z, Cao L, Yan D. Inflammatory immunity and bacteriological perspectives: A new direction for copper treatment of sepsis. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2024; 84:127456. [PMID: 38692229 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2024.127456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Copper is an essential trace element for all aerobic organisms because of its unique biological functions. In recent years, researchers have discovered that copper can induce cell death through various regulatory mechanisms, thereby inducing inflammation. Efforts have also been made to alter the chemical structure of copper to achieve either anticancer or anti-inflammatory effects. The copper ion can exhibit bactericidal effects by interfering with the integrity of the cell membrane and promoting oxidative stress. Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response caused by infection. Some studies have revealed that copper is involved in the pathophysiological process of sepsis and is closely related to its prognosis. During the infection of sepsis, the body may enhance the antimicrobial effect by increasing the release of copper. However, to avoid copper poisoning, all organisms have evolved copper resistance genes. Therefore, further analysis of the complex relationship between copper and bacteria may provide new ideas and research directions for the treatment of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Huang
- Department of Emergency Medicine,Zhoukou Central Hospital, No.26 Renmin Road, Chuanhui District, Zhoukou, Henan Province 466000, China
| | - Lunfei Cao
- Department of Emergency Medicine,Zhoukou Central Hospital, No.26 Renmin Road, Chuanhui District, Zhoukou, Henan Province 466000, China
| | - Dengfeng Yan
- Department of Emergency Medicine,Zhoukou Central Hospital, No.26 Renmin Road, Chuanhui District, Zhoukou, Henan Province 466000, China..
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2
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Méndez AAE, Argüello JM, Soncini FC, Checa SK. Scs system links copper and redox homeostasis in bacterial pathogens. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105710. [PMID: 38309504 PMCID: PMC10907172 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The bacterial envelope is an essential compartment involved in metabolism and metabolites transport, virulence, and stress defense. Its roles become more evident when homeostasis is challenged during host-pathogen interactions. In particular, the presence of free radical groups and excess copper in the periplasm causes noxious reactions, such as sulfhydryl group oxidation leading to enzymatic inactivation and protein denaturation. In response to this, canonical and accessory oxidoreductase systems are induced, performing quality control of thiol groups, and therefore contributing to restoring homeostasis and preserving survival under these conditions. Here, we examine recent advances in the characterization of the Dsb-like, Salmonella-specific Scs system. This system includes the ScsC/ScsB pair of Cu+-binding proteins with thiol-oxidoreductase activity, an alternative ScsB-partner, the membrane-linked ScsD, and a likely associated protein, ScsA, with a role in peroxide resistance. We discuss the acquisition of the scsABCD locus and its integration into a global regulatory pathway directing envelope response to Cu stress during the evolution of pathogens that also harbor the canonical Dsb systems. The evidence suggests that the canonical Dsb systems cannot satisfy the extra demands that the host-pathogen interface imposes to preserve functional thiol groups. This resulted in the acquisition of the Scs system by Salmonella. We propose that the ScsABCD complex evolved to connect Cu and redox stress responses in this pathogen as well as in other bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea A E Méndez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rosario, Argentina
| | - José M Argüello
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Fernando C Soncini
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Susana K Checa
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rosario, Argentina.
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3
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Zhou Y, Zhang L. The interplay between copper metabolism and microbes: in perspective of host copper-dependent ATPases ATP7A/B. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1267931. [PMID: 38106478 PMCID: PMC10723777 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1267931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper, a vital element in various physiological processes, is transported from the gastrointestinal tract to tissues and cells through diverse copper transporters. Among these transporters, ATP7A and ATP7B play significant roles in regulating systemic copper metabolism and exhibit precise regulation in their intracellular trafficking. These transporters undergo dynamic shuttling between the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and the plasma membrane via the endocytic recycling mechanism, which involves the retromer and other associated factors. Interestingly, the antimicrobial attribute of copper implies a potential connection between microbial infection and copper metabolism. Several microbes, including Salmonella enterica, Cryptococcus, Influenza A virus (IAV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) have been observed to impact the regulatory mechanisms of ATP7A/B, either directly or indirectly, as a means of survival. This review summarizes the key features and trafficking mechanisms of the copper transporters ATP7A/B, and examines the intricate interplay between microbes and copper metabolism. Ultimately, it highlights how microbes can perturb copper homeostasis through interactions with host factors, offering valuable insights into the mechanistic aspects of host-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Leiliang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
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4
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Li Y, Shi X, Chen Y, Luo S, Qin Z, Chen S, Wu Y, Yu F. Quantitative proteomic analysis of the mechanism of Cd toxicity in Enterobacter sp. FM-1: Comparison of different growth stages. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 336:122513. [PMID: 37673320 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Enterobacter sp. are widely used in bioremediation, but the mechanism of Cadmium (Cd) toxicity in Enterobacter sp. has been poorly studied. In the present study, we determined the tolerance of Enterobacter sp. FM-1 to Cd by analyzing the physiological and biochemical responses of FM-1 induced under Cd stress. Differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) under exposure to different Cd environments were analyzed by 4D-label-free proteomics to provide a comprehensive understanding of Cd toxicity in FM-1. The greatest total number of DEPs, 1148, was found in the High concentration vs. Control comparison group at 10 h. When protein expression was compared after different incubation times, FM-1 showed the highest Cd tolerance at 48 h. Additionally, with an increasing incubation time, different comparison groups gradually began to show similar growth patterns, which was reflected in the GO enrichment analysis. Notably, only 815 proteins were identified in the High concentration vs. Control group, and KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that these proteins were significantly enriched in the pyruvate metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, peroxisome, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, and citrate cycle pathways. These results suggested that an increased incubation time allows FM-1 adapt and survive in an environment with Cd toxicity, and protein expression significantly increased in response to oxidative stress in a Cd-contaminated environment during the pre-growth period. This study provides new perspectives on bacterial participation in bioremediation and expands our understanding of the mechanism of bacterial resistance under Cd exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Landscape Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization in Lijiang River Basin, Guangxi Normal University, 541004, Guilin, China; College of Environment and Resources, Guangxi Normal University, 541004, Guilin, China
| | - Xinwei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, China; College of Environment and Resources, Guangxi Normal University, 541004, Guilin, China
| | - Yuyuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, China; College of Environment and Resources, Guangxi Normal University, 541004, Guilin, China
| | - Shiyu Luo
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, China; College of Environment and Resources, Guangxi Normal University, 541004, Guilin, China
| | - Zhongkai Qin
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, China; College of Environment and Resources, Guangxi Normal University, 541004, Guilin, China
| | - Shuairen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, China; College of Environment and Resources, Guangxi Normal University, 541004, Guilin, China
| | - Yamei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, China; College of Environment and Resources, Guangxi Normal University, 541004, Guilin, China
| | - Fangming Yu
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Landscape Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization in Lijiang River Basin, Guangxi Normal University, 541004, Guilin, China; College of Environment and Resources, Guangxi Normal University, 541004, Guilin, China.
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5
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Kunkle DE, Skaar EP. Moving metals: How microbes deliver metal cofactors to metalloproteins. Mol Microbiol 2023; 120:547-554. [PMID: 37408317 PMCID: PMC10592388 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
First row d-block metal ions serve as vital cofactors for numerous essential enzymes and are therefore required nutrients for all forms of life. Despite this requirement, excess free transition metals are toxic. Free metal ions participate in the production of noxious reactive oxygen species and mis-metalate metalloproteins, rendering enzymes catalytically inactive. Thus, bacteria require systems to ensure metalloproteins are properly loaded with cognate metal ions to maintain protein function, while avoiding metal-mediated cellular toxicity. In this perspective we summarize the current mechanistic understanding of bacterial metallocenter maturation with specific emphasis on metallochaperones; a group of specialized proteins that both shield metal ions from inadvertent reactions and distribute them to cognate target metalloproteins. We highlight several recent advances in the field that have implicated new classes of proteins in the distribution of metal ions within bacterial proteins, while speculating on the future of the field of bacterial metallobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillon E. Kunkle
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Eric P. Skaar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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6
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Ishihara JI, Mekubo T, Kusaka C, Kondo S, Oiko R, Igarashi K, Aiba H, Ishikawa S, Ogasawara N, Oshima T, Takahashi H. A critical role of the periplasm in copper homeostasis in Gram-negative bacteria. Biosystems 2023; 231:104980. [PMID: 37453610 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2023.104980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Copper is essential for life, but is toxic in excess. Copper homeostasis is achieved in the cytoplasm and the periplasm as a unique feature of Gram-negative bacteria. Especially, it has become clear the role of the periplasm and periplasmic proteins regarding whole-cell copper homeostasis. Here, we addressed the role of the periplasm and periplasmic proteins in copper homeostasis using a Systems Biology approach integrating experiments with models. Our analysis shows that most of the copper-bound molecules localize in the periplasm but not cytoplasm, suggesting that Escherichia coli utilizes the periplasm to sense the copper concentration in the medium and sequester copper ions. In particular, a periplasmic multi-copper oxidase CueO and copper-responsive transcriptional factor CusS contribute both to protection against Cu(I) toxicity and to incorporating copper into the periplasmic components/proteins. We propose that Gram-negative bacteria have evolved mechanisms to sense and store copper in the periplasm to expand their living niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ichi Ishihara
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Mekubo
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Chikako Kusaka
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Suguru Kondo
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Oiko
- Graduate School of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu City, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Kensuke Igarashi
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-17-2-1 Tsukisamu-Higashi, Toyohiraku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 062-8517, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Aiba
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Pharmaceutical Sciences Building, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shu Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Naotake Ogasawara
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Taku Oshima
- Graduate School of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu City, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Takahashi
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan; Molecular Chirality Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; Plant Molecular Science Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
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7
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Kumari K, Rawat V, Shadan A, Sharma PK, Deb S, Singh RP. In-depth genome and pan-genome analysis of a metal-resistant bacterium Pseudomonas parafulva OS-1. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1140249. [PMID: 37408640 PMCID: PMC10318148 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1140249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A metal-resistant bacterium Pseudomonas parafulva OS-1 was isolated from waste-contaminated soil in Ranchi City, India. The isolated strain OS-1 showed its growth at 25-45°C, pH 5.0-9.0, and in the presence of ZnSO4 (upto 5 mM). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain OS-1 belonged to the genus Pseudomonas and was most closely related to parafulva species. To unravel the genomic features, we sequenced the complete genome of P. parafulva OS-1 using Illumina HiSeq 4,000 sequencing platform. The results of average nucleotide identity (ANI) analysis indicated the closest similarity of OS-1 to P. parafulva PRS09-11288 and P. parafulva DTSP2. The metabolic potential of P. parafulva OS-1 based on Clusters of Othologous Genes (COG) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) indicated a high number of genes related to stress protection, metal resistance, and multiple drug-efflux, etc., which is relatively rare in P. parafulva strains. Compared with other parafulva strains, P. parafulva OS-1 was found to have the unique β-lactam resistance and type VI secretion system (T6SS) gene. Additionally, its genomes encode various CAZymes such as glycoside hydrolases and other genes associated with lignocellulose breakdown, suggesting that strain OS-1 have strong biomass degradation potential. The presence of genomic complexity in the OS-1 genome indicates that horizontal gene transfer (HGT) might happen during evolution. Therefore, genomic and comparative genome analysis of parafulva strains is valuable for further understanding the mechanism of resistance to metal stress and opens a perspective to exploit a newly isolated bacterium for biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Kumari
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technology, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Vaishnavi Rawat
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technology, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Afreen Shadan
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukerjee University, Ranchi, India
| | - Parva Kumar Sharma
- Department of Plant Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Sushanta Deb
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University (WSU), Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Rajnish Prakash Singh
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technology, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
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Sharma KK, Singh D, Mohite SV, Williamson PR, Kennedy JF. Metal manipulators and regulators in human pathogens: A comprehensive review on microbial redox copper metalloenzymes "multicopper oxidases and superoxide dismutases". Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 233:123534. [PMID: 36740121 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The chemistry of metal ions with human pathogens is essential for their survival, energy generation, redox signaling, and niche dominance. To regulate and manipulate the metal ions, various enzymes and metal chelators are present in pathogenic bacteria. Metalloenzymes incorporate transition metal such as iron, zinc, cobalt, and copper in their reaction centers to perform essential metabolic functions; however, iron and copper have gained more importance. Multicopper oxidases have the ability to perform redox reaction on phenolic substrates with the help of copper ions. They have been reported from Enterobacteriaceae, namely Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, and Yersinia enterocolitica, but their role in virulence is still poorly understood. Similarly, superoxide dismutases participate in reducing oxidative stress and allow the survival of pathogens. Their role in virulence and survival is well established in Salmonella typhimurium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Further, to ensure survival against stress, like metal starvation or metal toxicity, redox metalloenzymes and metal transportation systems of pathogens actively participate in metal homeostasis. Recently, the omics and protein structure biology studies have helped to predict new targets for regulation the colonization potential of the pathogenic strains. The current review is focused on the major roles of redox metalloenzymes, especially MCOs and SODs of human pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Kant Sharma
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Gut Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India.
| | - Deepti Singh
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Gut Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Shreya Vishwas Mohite
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Gut Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Peter R Williamson
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John F Kennedy
- Chembiotech Laboratories, Advanced Science and Technology Institute, 5 the Croft, Buntsford Drive, Stoke Heath, Bromsgrove, Worcs B60 4JE, UK
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9
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Dao TH, Iverson A, Neville SL, Johnson MDL, McDevitt CA, Rosch JW. The role of CopA in Streptococcus pyogenes copper homeostasis and virulence. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 240:112122. [PMID: 36639322 PMCID: PMC10161136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance of intracellular metal homeostasis during interaction with host niches is critical to the success of bacterial pathogens. To prevent infection, the mammalian innate immune response employs metal-withholding and metal-intoxication mechanisms to limit bacterial propagation. The first-row transition metal ion copper serves critical roles at the host-pathogen interface and has been associated with antimicrobial activity since antiquity. Despite lacking any known copper-utilizing proteins, streptococci have been reported to accumulate significant levels of copper. Here, we report that loss of CopA, a copper-specific exporter, confers increased sensitivity to copper in Streptococcus pyogenes strain HSC5, with prolonged exposure to physiological levels of copper resulting in reduced viability during stationary phase cultivation. This defect in stationary phase survival was rescued by supplementation with exogeneous amino acids, indicating the pathogen had altered nutritional requirements during exposure to copper stress. Furthermore, S. pyogenes HSC5 ΔcopA was substantially attenuated during murine soft-tissue infection, demonstrating the importance of copper efflux at the host-pathogen interface. Collectively, these data indicate that copper can severely reduce the viability of stationary phase S. pyogenes and that active efflux mechanisms are required to survive copper stress in vitro and during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina H Dao
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Amy Iverson
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Stephanie L Neville
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Michael D L Johnson
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Department of Immunobiology, BIO5 Institute, Valley Fever Center for Excellence, and Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Tucson, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Christopher A McDevitt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Jason W Rosch
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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10
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Osman D, Robinson NJ. Protein metalation in a nutshell. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:141-150. [PMID: 36124565 PMCID: PMC10087151 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Metalation, the acquisition of metals by proteins, must avoid mis-metalation with tighter binding metals. This is illustrated by four selected proteins that require different metals: all show similar ranked orders of affinity for bioavailable metals, as described in a universal affinity series (the Irving-Williams series). Crucially, cellular protein metalation occurs in competition with other metal binding sites. The strength of this competition defines the intracellular availability of each metal: its magnitude has been estimated by calibrating a cells' set of DNA-binding, metal-sensing, transcriptional regulators. This has established that metal availabilities (as free energies for forming metal complexes) are maintained to the inverse of the universal series. The tightest binding metals are least available. With these availabilities, correct metalation is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deenah Osman
- Department of Biosciences, University of Durham, UK.,Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, UK
| | - Nigel J Robinson
- Department of Biosciences, University of Durham, UK.,Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, UK
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11
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Host-Mediated Copper Stress Is Not Protective against Streptococcus pneumoniae D39 Infection. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0249522. [PMID: 36413018 PMCID: PMC9769658 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02495-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal ions are required by all organisms for the chemical processes that support life. However, in excess they can also exert toxicity within biological systems. During infection, bacterial pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae are exposed to host-imposed metal intoxication, where the toxic properties of metals, such as copper, are exploited to aid in microbial clearance. However, previous studies investigating the antimicrobial efficacy of copper in vivo have reported variable findings. Here, we use a highly copper-sensitive strain of S. pneumoniae, lacking both copper efflux and intracellular copper buffering by glutathione, to investigate how copper stress is managed and where it is encountered during infection. We show that this strain exhibits highly dysregulated copper homeostasis, leading to the attenuation of growth and hyperaccumulation of copper in vitro. In a murine infection model, whole-tissue copper quantitation and elemental bioimaging of the murine lung revealed that infection with S. pneumoniae resulted in increased copper abundance in specific tissues, with the formation of spatially discrete copper hot spots throughout the lung. While the increased copper was able to reduce the viability of the highly copper-sensitive strain in a pneumonia model, copper levels in professional phagocytes and in a bacteremic model were insufficient to prosecute bacterial clearance. Collectively, this study reveals that host copper is redistributed to sites of infection and can impact bacterial viability in a hypersusceptible strain. However, in wild-type S. pneumoniae, the concerted actions of the copper homeostatic mechanisms are sufficient to facilitate continued viability and virulence of the pathogen. IMPORTANCE Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) is one of the world's foremost bacterial pathogens. Treatment of both localized and systemic pneumococcal infection is becoming complicated by increasing rates of multidrug resistance globally. Copper is a potent antimicrobial agent used by the mammalian immune system in the defense against bacterial pathogens. However, unlike other bacterial species, this copper stress is unable to prosecute pneumococcal clearance. This study determines how the mammalian host inflicts copper stress on S. pneumoniae and the bacterial copper tolerance mechanisms that contribute to maintenance of viability and virulence in vitro and in vivo. This work has provided insight into the chemical biology of the host-pneumococcal interaction and identified a potential avenue for novel antimicrobial development.
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12
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Focarelli F, Giachino A, Waldron KJ. Copper microenvironments in the human body define patterns of copper adaptation in pathogenic bacteria. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010617. [PMID: 35862345 PMCID: PMC9302775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper is an essential micronutrient for most organisms that is required as a cofactor for crucial copper-dependent enzymes encoded by both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Evidence accumulated over several decades has shown that copper plays important roles in the function of the mammalian immune system. Copper accumulates at sites of infection, including the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts and in blood and urine, and its antibacterial toxicity is directly leveraged by phagocytic cells to kill pathogens. Copper-deficient animals are more susceptible to infection, whereas those fed copper-rich diets are more resistant. As a result, copper resistance genes are important virulence factors for bacterial pathogens, enabling them to detoxify the copper insult while maintaining copper supply to their essential cuproenzymes. Here, we describe the accumulated evidence for the varied roles of copper in the mammalian response to infections, demonstrating that this metal has numerous direct and indirect effects on immune function. We further illustrate the multifaceted response of pathogenic bacteria to the elevated copper concentrations that they experience when invading the host, describing both conserved and species-specific adaptations to copper toxicity. Together, these observations demonstrate the roles of copper at the host–pathogen interface and illustrate why bacterial copper detoxification systems can be viable targets for the future development of novel antibiotic drug development programs. Copper is required by both animals and bacteria in small quantities as a micronutrient. During infection, the mammalian immune system increases the local concentration of copper, which gives rise to copper toxicity in the pathogen. In turn, bacterial pathogens possess specialized systems to resist this copper toxicity. Copper also plays important, indirect roles in the function of the immune system. In this review, we explain the diverse roles of copper in the human body with a focus on its functions within the immune system. We also describe how bacterial pathogens respond to the copper toxicity that they experience within the host during infection, illustrating both conserved copper homeostasis and detoxification systems in bacteria and species-specific adaptations that have been shown to be important to pathogenicity. The key role of copper at the host–pathogen interface and the essential requirement for pathogenic bacteria to resist copper toxicity makes the protein components that confer resistance on pathogens potential targets for future development of novel antibiotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Focarelli
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Giachino
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin John Waldron
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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13
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Novoa-Aponte L, Argüello JM. Unique underlying principles shaping copper homeostasis networks. J Biol Inorg Chem 2022; 27:509-528. [PMID: 35802193 PMCID: PMC9470648 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-022-01947-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Copper is essential in cells as a cofactor for key redox enzymes. Bacteria have acquired molecular components that sense, uptake, distribute, and expel copper ensuring that cuproenzymes are metallated and steady-state metal levels are maintained. Toward preventing deleterious reactions, proteins bind copper ions with high affinities and transfer the metal via ligand exchange, warranting that copper ions are always complexed. Consequently, the directional copper distribution within cell compartments and across cell membranes requires specific dynamic interactions and metal exchange between cognate holo-apo protein partners. These metal exchange reactions are determined by thermodynamic and kinetics parameters and influenced by mass action. Then, copper distribution can be conceptualized as a molecular system of singular interacting elements that maintain a physiological copper homeostasis. This review focuses on the impact of copper high-affinity binding and exchange reactions on the homeostatic mechanisms, the conceptual models to describe the cell as a homeostatic system, the various molecule functions that contribute to copper homeostasis, and the alternative system architectures responsible for copper homeostasis in model bacteria. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Novoa-Aponte
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 60 Prescott St, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.,Genetics and Metabolism Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - José M Argüello
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 60 Prescott St, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
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14
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Zhen Y, Ge L, Chen Q, Xu J, Duan Z, Loor JJ, Wang M. Latent Benefits and Toxicity Risks Transmission Chain of High Dietary Copper along the Livestock-Environment-Plant-Human Health Axis and Microbial Homeostasis: A Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:6943-6962. [PMID: 35666880 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The extensive use of high-concentration copper (Cu) in feed additives, fertilizers, pesticides, and nanoparticles (NPs) inevitably causes significant pollution in the ecological environment. This type of chain pollution begins with animal husbandry: first, Cu accumulation in animals poisons them; second, high Cu enters the soil and water sources with the feces and urine to cause toxicity, which may further lead to crop and plant pollution; third, this process ultimately endangers human health through consumption of livestock products, aquatic foods, plants, and even drinking water. High Cu potentially alters the antibiotic resistance of soil and water sources and further aggravates human disease risks. Thus, it is necessary to formulate reasonable Cu emission regulations because the benefits of Cu for livestock and plants cannot be ignored. The present review evaluates the potential hazards and benefits of high Cu in livestock, the environment, the plant industry, and human health. We also discuss aspects related to bacterial and fungal resistance and homeostasis and perspectives on the application of Cu-NPs and microbial high-Cu removal technology to reduce the spread of toxicity risks to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkang Zhen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
- State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, China
| | - Ling Ge
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Qiaoqing Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Institute for Quality and Safety and Standards of Agricultural Products Research, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330000, China
| | - Zhenyu Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, China
| | - Juan J Loor
- Mammalian Nutrition Physiology Genomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Mengzhi Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
- State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, China
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15
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Méndez AAE, Mendoza JI, Echarren ML, Terán I, Checa SK, Soncini FC. Evolution of Copper Homeostasis and Virulence in Salmonella. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:823176. [PMID: 35369444 PMCID: PMC8966772 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.823176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica sv. Typhimurium modulates the expression of factors essential for virulence, contributing to its survival against the surge of copper (Cu) in the Salmonella-containing vacuole. This bactericidal host innate immune component primarily targets the bacterial envelope, where most cuproproteins are localized. While in most enteric species periplasmic Cu homeostasis is maintained by the CusR/CusS-controlled CusCFBA efflux system encoded in the cus locus, we noticed that these genes were lost from the Salmonella-core genome. At the same time, Salmonella acquired cueP, coding for a periplasmic Cu chaperone. As cus, cueP was shown to be essential for bacterial survival in a copper-rich environment under anaerobiosis, suggesting that it can functionally substitute the CusCFBA system. In the present study, the whole Escherichia coli cus locus was reintroduced to the chromosome of the Salmonella wild-type or the ΔcueP strain. While the integrated cus locus did not affect Cu resistance under aerobic conditions, it increases Cu tolerance under anaerobiosis, irrespective of the presence or absence of cueP. In contrast to the Cus system, CueP expression is higher at high copper concentrations and persisted over time, suggesting separate functions. Finally, we observed that, regardless of the presence or absence of cus, a mutant deleted of cueP shows a deficiency in replication inside macrophages compared to the wild-type strain. Our results demonstrate that CueP and CusCFBA exert redundant functions for metal resistance, but not for intracellular survival, and therefore for the virulence of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea A E Méndez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Julián I Mendoza
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rosario, Argentina
| | - María Laura Echarren
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Terán
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Susana K Checa
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Fernando C Soncini
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rosario, Argentina
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16
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Virieux-Petit M, Hammer-Dedet F, Aujoulat F, Jumas-Bilak E, Romano-Bertrand S. From Copper Tolerance to Resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa towards Patho-Adaptation and Hospital Success. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13020301. [PMID: 35205346 PMCID: PMC8872213 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The hospital environment constitutes a reservoir of opportunistic pathogens responsible for healthcare-associated infections (HCAI) such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa). Pa persistence within technological niches, the increasing emergence of epidemic high-risk clones in HCAI, the epidemiological link between plumbing strains and clinical strains, make it a major nosocomial pathogen. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of Pa adaptation to hospital water systems would be useful in preventing HCAI. This review deciphers how copper resistance contributes to Pa adaptation and persistence in a hospital environment, especially within copper water systems, and ultimately to its success as a causative agent of HCAI. Numerous factors are involved in copper homeostasis in Pa, among which active efflux conferring copper tolerance, and copper-binding proteins regulating the copper compartmentalization between periplasm and cytoplasm. The functional harmony of copper homeostasis is regulated by several transcriptional regulators. The genomic island GI-7 appeared as especially responsible for the copper resistance in Pa. Mechanisms of copper and antibiotic cross-resistance and co-resistance are also identified, with potential co-regulation processes between them. Finally, copper resistance of Pa confers selective advantages in colonizing and persisting in hospital environments but also appears as an asset at the host/pathogen interface that helps in HCAI occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxine Virieux-Petit
- HydroSciences Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier University, 34093 Montpellier, France; (M.V.-P.); (F.H.-D.); (F.A.); (E.J.-B.)
| | - Florence Hammer-Dedet
- HydroSciences Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier University, 34093 Montpellier, France; (M.V.-P.); (F.H.-D.); (F.A.); (E.J.-B.)
| | - Fabien Aujoulat
- HydroSciences Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier University, 34093 Montpellier, France; (M.V.-P.); (F.H.-D.); (F.A.); (E.J.-B.)
| | - Estelle Jumas-Bilak
- HydroSciences Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier University, 34093 Montpellier, France; (M.V.-P.); (F.H.-D.); (F.A.); (E.J.-B.)
- Hospital Hygiene and Infection Control Team, University Hospital of Montpellier, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Sara Romano-Bertrand
- HydroSciences Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier University, 34093 Montpellier, France; (M.V.-P.); (F.H.-D.); (F.A.); (E.J.-B.)
- Hospital Hygiene and Infection Control Team, University Hospital of Montpellier, 34093 Montpellier, France
- UMR 5151 HSM, Equipe Pathogènes Hydriques Santé et Environnements, U.F.R. des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Montpellier, 15, Avenue Charles Flahault, BP 14491, CEDEX 5, 34093 Montpellier, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-4-11-75-94-30
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17
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Chlebek D, Płociniczak T, Gobetti S, Kumor A, Hupert-Kocurek K, Pacwa-Płociniczak M. Analysis of the Genome of the Heavy Metal Resistant and Hydrocarbon-Degrading Rhizospheric Pseudomonas qingdaonensis ZCR6 Strain and Assessment of Its Plant-Growth-Promoting Traits. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010214. [PMID: 35008639 PMCID: PMC8745256 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pseudomonas qingdaonensis ZCR6 strain, isolated from the rhizosphere of Zea mays growing in soil co-contaminated with hydrocarbons and heavy metals, was investigated for its plant growth promotion, hydrocarbon degradation, and heavy metal resistance. In vitro bioassays confirmed all of the abovementioned properties. ZCR6 was able to produce indole acetic acid (IAA), siderophores, and ammonia, solubilized Ca3(PO4)2, and showed surface active properties and activity of cellulase and very high activity of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase (297 nmol α-ketobutyrate mg−1 h−1). The strain degraded petroleum hydrocarbons (76.52% of the initial hydrocarbon content was degraded) and was resistant to Cd, Zn, and Cu (minimal inhibitory concentrations reached 5, 15, and 10 mM metal, respectively). The genome of the ZCR6 strain consisted of 5,507,067 bp, and a total of 5055 genes were annotated, of which 4943 were protein-coding sequences. Annotation revealed the presence of genes associated with nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, sulfur metabolism, siderophore biosynthesis and uptake, synthesis of IAA, ethylene modulation, heavy metal resistance, exopolysaccharide biosynthesis, and organic compound degradation. Complete characteristics of the ZCR6 strain showed its potential multiway properties for enhancing the phytoremediation of co-contaminated soils. To our knowledge, this is the first analysis of the biotechnological potential of the species P. qingdaonensis.
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18
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Hyre A, Casanova-Hampton K, Subashchandrabose S. Copper Homeostatic Mechanisms and Their Role in the Virulence of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica. EcoSal Plus 2021; 9:eESP00142020. [PMID: 34125582 PMCID: PMC8669021 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.esp-0014-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Copper is an essential micronutrient that also exerts toxic effects at high concentrations. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on copper handling and homeostasis systems in Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica. We describe the mechanisms by which transcriptional regulators, efflux pumps, detoxification enzymes, metallochaperones, and ancillary copper response systems orchestrate cellular response to copper stress. E. coli and S. enterica are important pathogens of humans and animals. We discuss the critical role of copper during killing of these pathogens by macrophages and in nutritional immunity at the bacterial-pathogen-host interface. In closing, we identify opportunities to advance our understanding of the biological roles of copper in these model enteric bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Hyre
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Kaitlin Casanova-Hampton
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Sargurunathan Subashchandrabose
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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19
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Monteith AJ, Skaar EP. The impact of metal availability on immune function during infection. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:916-928. [PMID: 34483037 PMCID: PMC8516721 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nutrient transition metals are required cofactors for many proteins to perform functions necessary for life. As such, the concentration of nutrient metals is carefully maintained to retain critical biological processes while limiting toxicity. During infection, invading bacterial pathogens must acquire essential metals, such as zinc, manganese, iron, and copper, from the host to colonize and cause disease. To combat this, the host exploits the essentiality and toxicity of nutrient metals by producing factors that limit metal availability, thereby starving pathogens or accumulating metals in excess to intoxicate the pathogen in a process termed 'nutritional immunity'. As a result of inflammation, a heterogeneous environment containing both metal-replete and -deplete niches is created, in which nutrient metal availability may have an underappreciated role in regulating immune cell function during infection. How the host manipulates nutrient metal availability during infection, and the downstream effects that nutrient metals and metal-sequestering proteins have on immune cell function, are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Monteith
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Eric P Skaar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, & Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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20
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Betts HD, Neville SL, McDevitt CA, Sumby CJ, Harris HH. The biochemical fate of Ag + ions in Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and biological media. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 225:111598. [PMID: 34517168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Silver is commonly included in a range of household and medical items to provide bactericidal action. Despite this, the chemical fate of the metal in both mammalian and bacterial systems remains poorly understood. Here, we applied a metallomics approach using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and size-exclusion chromatography hyphenated with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SEC-ICP-MS) to advance our understanding of the biochemical fate of silver ions in bacterial culture and cells, and the chemistry associated with these interactions. When silver ions were added to lysogeny broth, silver was exclusively associated with moderately-sized species (~30 kDa) and bound by thiolate ligands. In two representative bacterial pathogens cultured in lysogeny broth including sub-lethal concentrations of ionic silver, silver was found in cells to be predominantly coordinated by thiolate species. The silver biomacromolecule-binding profile in Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was complex, with silver bound by a range of species spanning from 20 kDa to >1220 kDa. In bacterial cells, silver was nonuniformly colocalised with copper-bound proteins, suggesting that cellular copper processing may, in part, confuse silver for nutrient copper. Notably, in the treated cells, silver was not detected bound to low molecular weight compounds such as glutathione or bacillithiol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harley D Betts
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Stephanie L Neville
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Christopher A McDevitt
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Christopher J Sumby
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Hugh H Harris
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia,.
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21
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Electrochemical investigation for understanding the bactericidal effect of Cu2Se and Ag2Se for biomedical applications. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-021-01617-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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22
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Abstract
When attempting to propagate infections, bacterial pathogens encounter phagocytes that encase them in vacuoles called phagosomes. Within phagosomes, bacteria are bombarded with a plethora of stresses that often lead to their demise. However, pathogens have evolved numerous strategies to counter those host defenses and facilitate survival. Given the importance of phagosome-bacteria interactions to infection outcomes, they represent a collection of targets that are of interest for next-generation antibacterials. To facilitate such therapies, different approaches can be employed to increase understanding of phagosome-bacteria interactions, and these can be classified broadly as top down (starting from intact systems and breaking down the importance of different parts) or bottom up (developing a knowledge base on simplified systems and progressively increasing complexity). Here we review knowledge of phagosomal compositions and bacterial survival tactics useful for bottom-up approaches, which are particularly relevant for the application of reaction engineering to quantify and predict the time evolution of biochemical species in these death-dealing vacuoles. Further, we highlight how understanding in this area can be built up through the combination of immunology, microbiology, and engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshan M Sivaloganathan
- Program in Quantitative and Computational Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Mark P Brynildsen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA;
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23
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Giachino A, Focarelli F, Marles-Wright J, Waldron KJ. Synthetic biology approaches to copper remediation: bioleaching, accumulation and recycling. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 97:6021318. [PMID: 33501489 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the current aims of synthetic biology is the development of novel microorganisms that can mine economically important elements from the environment or remediate toxic waste compounds. Copper, in particular, is a high-priority target for bioremediation owing to its extensive use in the food, metal and electronic industries and its resulting common presence as an environmental pollutant. Even though microbe-aided copper biomining is a mature technology, its application to waste treatment and remediation of contaminated sites still requires further research and development. Crucially, any engineered copper-remediating chassis must survive in copper-rich environments and adapt to copper toxicity; they also require bespoke adaptations to specifically extract copper and safely accumulate it as a human-recoverable deposit to enable biorecycling. Here, we review current strategies in copper bioremediation, biomining and biorecycling, as well as strategies that extant bacteria use to enhance copper tolerance, accumulation and mineralization in the native environment. By describing the existing toolbox of copper homeostasis proteins from naturally occurring bacteria, we show how these modular systems can be exploited through synthetic biology to enhance the properties of engineered microbes for biotechnological copper recovery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Giachino
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Focarelli
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Marles-Wright
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin J Waldron
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
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24
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Bonavita R, Laukkanen MO. Common Signal Transduction Molecules Activated by Bacterial Entry into a Host Cell and by Reactive Oxygen Species. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:486-503. [PMID: 32600071 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Significance: An increasing number of pathogens are acquiring resistance to antibiotics. Efficient antimicrobial drug regimens are important even for the most advanced therapies, which range from cutting-edge invasive clinical protocols, such as robotic surgeries, to the treatment of harmless bacterial diseases and to minor scratches to the skin. Therefore, there is an urgent need to survey alternative antimicrobial drugs that can reinforce or replace existing antibiotics. Recent Advances: Bacterial proteins that are critical for energy metabolism, promising novel anticancer thiourea derivatives, and the use of synthetic molecules that increase the sensitivity of currently used antibiotics are among the recently discovered antimicrobial drugs. Critical Issues: In the development of new drugs, serious consideration should be given to the previous bacterial evolutionary selection caused by antibiotics, by the high proliferation rate of bacteria, and by the simple prokaryotic structure of bacteria. Future Directions: The survey of drug targets has mainly focused on bacterial proteins, although host signaling molecules involved in the treatment of various pathologies may have unknown antimicrobial characteristics. Recent data have suggested that small molecule inhibitors might enhance the effect of antibiotics, for example, by limiting bacterial entry into host cells. Phagocytosis, the mechanism by which host cells internalize pathogens through β-actin cytoskeletal rearrangement, induces calcium signaling, small GTPase activation, and phosphorylation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-serine/threonine-specific protein kinase B pathway. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 34, 486-503.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Bonavita
- Experimental Institute of Endocrinology and Oncology G. Salvatore, IEOS CNR, Naples, Italy
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25
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Culbertson EM, Khan AA, Muchenditsi A, Lutsenko S, Sullivan DJ, Petris MJ, Cormack BP, Culotta VC. Changes in mammalian copper homeostasis during microbial infection. Metallomics 2021; 12:416-426. [PMID: 31976503 DOI: 10.1039/c9mt00294d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Animals carefully control homeostasis of Cu, a metal that is both potentially toxic and an essential nutrient. During infection, various shifts in Cu homeostasis can ensue. In mice infected with Candida albicans, serum Cu progressively rises and at late stages of infection, liver Cu rises, while kidney Cu declines. The basis for these changes in Cu homeostasis was poorly understood. We report here that the progressive rise in serum Cu is attributable to liver production of the multicopper oxidase ceruloplasmin (Cp). Through studies using Cp-/- mice, we find this elevated Cp helps recover serum Fe levels at late stages of infection, consistent with a role for Cp in loading transferrin with Fe. Cp also accounts for the elevation in liver Cu seen during infection, but not for the fluctuations in kidney Cu. The Cu exporting ATPase ATP7B is one candidate for kidney Cu control, but we find no change in the pattern of kidney Cu loss during infection of Atp7b-/- mice, implying alternative mechanisms. To test whether fungal infiltration of kidney tissue was required for kidney Cu loss, we explored other paradigms of infection. Infection with the intravascular malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei caused a rise in serum Cu and decrease in kidney Cu similar to that seen with C. albicans. Thus, dynamics in kidney Cu homeostasis appear to be a common feature among vastly different infection paradigms. The implications for such Cu homeostasis control in immunity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward M Culbertson
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Aslam A Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Abigael Muchenditsi
- Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Svetlana Lutsenko
- Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - David J Sullivan
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Michael J Petris
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Brendan P Cormack
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Valeria C Culotta
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Copper Handling in the Salmonella Cell Envelope and Its Impact on Virulence. Trends Microbiol 2021; 29:384-387. [PMID: 33516594 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) plays a key role at the host-pathogen interface as both an essential element and a toxic element. Intracellular strains of pathogenic Salmonella have acquired the periplasmic Cu chaperone, CueP, and the thiol oxidoreductases complex Scs, while losing the ancestral Cu-detoxification Cus system. Coregulation of these species-specific factors link Cu with redox stress and allows Salmonella to counteract Cu toxicity during infection.
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27
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Culbertson EM, Culotta VC. Copper in infectious disease: Using both sides of the penny. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 115:19-26. [PMID: 33423931 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The transition metal Cu is an essential micronutrient that serves as a co-factor for numerous enzymes involved in redox and oxygen chemistry. However, Cu is also a potentially toxic metal, especially to unicellular microbes that are in direct contact with their environment. Since 400 BCE, Cu toxicity has been leveraged for its antimicrobial properties and even today, Cu based materials are being explored as effective antimicrobials against human pathogens spanning bacteria, fungi, and viruses, including the SARS-CoV-2 agent of the 2019-2020 pandemic. Given that Cu has the double-edged property of being both highly toxic and an essential micronutrient, it plays an active and complicated role at the host-pathogen interface. Humans have evolved methods of incorporating Cu into innate and adaptive immune processes and both sides of the penny (Cu toxicity and Cu as a nutrient) are employed. Here we review the evolution of Cu in biology and its multi-faceted roles in infectious disease, from the viewpoints of the microbial pathogens as well as the animal hosts they infect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward M Culbertson
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Valeria C Culotta
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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28
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Osman D, Cooke A, Young TR, Deery E, Robinson NJ, Warren MJ. The requirement for cobalt in vitamin B 12: A paradigm for protein metalation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1868:118896. [PMID: 33096143 PMCID: PMC7689651 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin B12, cobalamin, is a cobalt-containing ring-contracted modified tetrapyrrole that represents one of the most complex small molecules made by nature. In prokaryotes it is utilised as a cofactor, coenzyme, light sensor and gene regulator yet has a restricted role in assisting only two enzymes within specific eukaryotes including mammals. This deployment disparity is reflected in another unique attribute of vitamin B12 in that its biosynthesis is limited to only certain prokaryotes, with synthesisers pivotal in establishing mutualistic microbial communities. The core component of cobalamin is the corrin macrocycle that acts as the main ligand for the cobalt. Within this review we investigate why cobalt is paired specifically with the corrin ring, how cobalt is inserted during the biosynthetic process, how cobalt is made available within the cell and explore the cellular control of cobalt and cobalamin levels. The partitioning of cobalt for cobalamin biosynthesis exemplifies how cells assist metalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deenah Osman
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Anastasia Cooke
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK.
| | - Tessa R Young
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Evelyne Deery
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK.
| | - Nigel J Robinson
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Martin J Warren
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK; Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK; Biomedical Research Centre, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
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29
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Hao X, Zhu J, Rensing C, Liu Y, Gao S, Chen W, Huang Q, Liu YR. Recent advances in exploring the heavy metal(loid) resistant microbiome. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 19:94-109. [PMID: 33425244 PMCID: PMC7771044 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Heavy metal(loid)s exert selective pressure on microbial communities and evolution of metal resistance determinants. Despite increasing knowledge concerning the impact of metal pollution on microbial community and ecological function, it is still a challenge to identify a consistent pattern of microbial community composition along gradients of elevated metal(loid)s in natural environments. Further, our current knowledge of the microbial metal resistome at the community level has been lagging behind compared to the state-of-the-art genetic profiling of bacterial metal resistance mechanisms in a pure culture system. This review provides an overview of the core metal resistant microbiome, development of metal resistance strategies, and potential factors driving the diversity and distribution of metal resistance determinants in natural environments. The impacts of biotic factors regulating the bacterial metal resistome are highlighted. We finally discuss the advances in multiple technologies, research challenges, and future directions to better understand the interface of the environmental microbiome with the metal resistome. This review aims to highlight the diversity and wide distribution of heavy metal(loid)s and their corresponding resistance determinants, helping to better understand the resistance strategy at the community level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Corresponding authors at: State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Jiaojiao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Christopher Rensing
- Institute of Environmental Microbiology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shenghan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wenli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qiaoyun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yu-Rong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Corresponding authors at: State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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30
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Betts HD, Whitehead C, Harris HH. Silver in biology and medicine: opportunities for metallomics researchers. Metallomics 2020; 13:6029133. [PMID: 33570135 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfaa001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The antibacterial properties of silver have been known for centuries and the threat of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has led to renewed focus on the noble metal. Silver is now commonly included in a range of household and medical items to imbue them with bactericidal properties. Despite this, the chemical fate of the metal in biological systems is poorly understood. Silver(I) is a soft metal with high affinity for soft donor atoms and displays much similarity to the chemistry of Cu(I). In bacteria, interaction of silver with the cell wall/membrane, DNA, and proteins and enzymes can lead to cell death. Additionally, the intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species by silver is posited to be a significant antimicrobial action. While the antibacterial action of silver is well known, bacteria found in silver mines display resistance against it through use of a protein ensemble thought to have been specifically developed for the metal, highlighting the need for judicious use. In mammals, ∼10-20% of ingested silver is retained by the body and thought to predominantly localize in the liver or kidneys. Chronic exposure can result in argyria, a condition characterized by blue staining of the skin, resulting from subdermal deposition of silver [as Ag(0)/sulfides], but more insidious side effects, such as inclusions in the brain, seizures, liver/kidney damage, and immunosuppression, have also been reported. Here, we hope to highlight the current understanding of the biological chemistry of silver and the necessity for continued study of these systems to fill existing gaps in knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harley D Betts
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Carole Whitehead
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Hugh H Harris
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, SA 5005, Australia
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31
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Barnawi H, Masri N, Hussain N, Al-Lawati B, Mayasari E, Gulbicka A, Jervis AJ, Huang MH, Cavet JS, Linton D. RNA-based thermoregulation of a Campylobacter jejuni zinc resistance determinant. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1009008. [PMID: 33064782 PMCID: PMC7592916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA thermometers (RNATs) trigger bacterial virulence factor expression in response to the temperature shift on entering a warm-blooded host. At lower temperatures these secondary structures sequester ribosome-binding sites (RBSs) to prevent translation initiation, whereas at elevated temperatures they "melt" allowing translation. Campylobacter jejuni is the leading bacterial cause of human gastroenteritis worldwide yet little is known about how it interacts with the host including host induced gene regulation. Here we demonstrate that an RNAT regulates a C. jejuni gene, Cj1163c or czcD, encoding a member of the Cation Diffusion Facilitator family. The czcD upstream untranslated region contains a predicted stem loop within the mRNA that sequesters the RBS to inhibit translation at temperatures below 37°C. Mutations that disrupt or enhance predicted secondary structure have significant and predictable effects on temperature regulation. We also show that in an RNAT independent manner, CzcD expression is induced by Zn(II). Mutants lacking czcD are hypersensitive to Zn(II) and also over-accumulate Zn(II) relative to wild-type, all consistent with CzcD functioning as a Zn(II) exporter. Importantly, we demonstrate that C. jejuni Zn(II)-tolerance at 32°C, a temperature at which the RNAT limits CzcD production, is increased by RNAT disruption. Finally we show that czcD inactivation attenuates larval killing in a Galleria infection model and that at 32°C disrupting RNAT secondary structure to allow CzcD production can enhance killing. We hypothesise that CzcD regulation by metals and temperature provides a mechanism for C. jejuni to overcome innate immune system-mediated Zn(II) toxicity in warm-blooded animal hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Barnawi
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Nader Masri
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Natasha Hussain
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Bushra Al-Lawati
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Evita Mayasari
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Indonesia
| | - Aleksandra Gulbicka
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian J. Jervis
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Manchester Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Min-Hsuan Huang
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer S. Cavet
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (JSC); (DL)
| | - Dennis Linton
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (JSC); (DL)
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32
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Andrei A, Öztürk Y, Khalfaoui-Hassani B, Rauch J, Marckmann D, Trasnea PI, Daldal F, Koch HG. Cu Homeostasis in Bacteria: The Ins and Outs. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:E242. [PMID: 32962054 PMCID: PMC7558416 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10090242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is an essential trace element for all living organisms and used as cofactor in key enzymes of important biological processes, such as aerobic respiration or superoxide dismutation. However, due to its toxicity, cells have developed elaborate mechanisms for Cu homeostasis, which balance Cu supply for cuproprotein biogenesis with the need to remove excess Cu. This review summarizes our current knowledge on bacterial Cu homeostasis with a focus on Gram-negative bacteria and describes the multiple strategies that bacteria use for uptake, storage and export of Cu. We furthermore describe general mechanistic principles that aid the bacterial response to toxic Cu concentrations and illustrate dedicated Cu relay systems that facilitate Cu delivery for cuproenzyme biogenesis. Progress in understanding how bacteria avoid Cu poisoning while maintaining a certain Cu quota for cell proliferation is of particular importance for microbial pathogens because Cu is utilized by the host immune system for attenuating pathogen survival in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Andrei
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, ZBMZ, Medizinische Fakultät, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg; Stefan Meier Str. 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (A.A.); (Y.O.); (J.R.); (D.M.)
- Fakultät für Biologie, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg; Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yavuz Öztürk
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, ZBMZ, Medizinische Fakultät, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg; Stefan Meier Str. 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (A.A.); (Y.O.); (J.R.); (D.M.)
| | | | - Juna Rauch
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, ZBMZ, Medizinische Fakultät, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg; Stefan Meier Str. 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (A.A.); (Y.O.); (J.R.); (D.M.)
| | - Dorian Marckmann
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, ZBMZ, Medizinische Fakultät, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg; Stefan Meier Str. 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (A.A.); (Y.O.); (J.R.); (D.M.)
| | | | - Fevzi Daldal
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Hans-Georg Koch
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, ZBMZ, Medizinische Fakultät, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg; Stefan Meier Str. 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (A.A.); (Y.O.); (J.R.); (D.M.)
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33
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Wellawa DH, Allan B, White AP, Köster W. Iron-Uptake Systems of Chicken-Associated Salmonella Serovars and Their Role in Colonizing the Avian Host. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1203. [PMID: 32784620 PMCID: PMC7465098 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential micronutrient for most bacteria. Salmonella enterica strains, representing human and animal pathogens, have adopted several mechanisms to sequester iron from the environment depending on availability and source. Chickens act as a major reservoir for Salmonella enterica strains which can lead to outbreaks of human salmonellosis. In this review article we summarize the current understanding of the contribution of iron-uptake systems to the virulence of non-typhoidal S. enterica strains in colonizing chickens. We aim to address the gap in knowledge in this field, to help understand and define the interactions between S. enterica and these important hosts, in comparison to mammalian models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh H. Wellawa
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Rd., Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (D.H.W.); (B.A.); (A.P.W.)
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Brenda Allan
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Rd., Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (D.H.W.); (B.A.); (A.P.W.)
| | - Aaron P. White
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Rd., Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (D.H.W.); (B.A.); (A.P.W.)
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Wolfgang Köster
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Rd., Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; (D.H.W.); (B.A.); (A.P.W.)
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
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Giachino A, Waldron KJ. Copper tolerance in bacteria requires the activation of multiple accessory pathways. Mol Microbiol 2020; 114:377-390. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Giachino
- Biosciences Institute Faculty of Medical Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Kevin J. Waldron
- Biosciences Institute Faculty of Medical Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK
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35
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Tarrant E, P Riboldi G, McIlvin MR, Stevenson J, Barwinska-Sendra A, Stewart LJ, Saito MA, Waldron KJ. Copper stress in Staphylococcus aureus leads to adaptive changes in central carbon metabolism. Metallomics 2020; 11:183-200. [PMID: 30443649 PMCID: PMC6350627 DOI: 10.1039/c8mt00239h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Copper toxicity has been a long-term selection pressure on bacteria due to its presence in the environment and its use as an antimicrobial agent by grazing protozoa, by phagocytic cells of the immune system, and in man-made medical and commercial products. There is recent evidence that exposure to increased copper stress may have been a key driver in the evolution and spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, a globally important pathogen that causes significant mortality and morbidity worldwide. Yet it is unclear how S. aureus physiology is affected by copper stress or how it adapts in order to be able to grow in the presence of excess copper. Here, we have determined quantitatively how S. aureus alters its proteome during growth under copper stress conditions, comparing this adaptive response in two different types of growth regime. We found that the adaptive response involves induction of the conserved copper detoxification system as well as induction of enzymes of central carbon metabolism, with only limited induction of proteins involved in the oxidative stress response. Further, we identified a protein that binds copper inside S. aureus cells when stressed by copper excess. This copper-binding enzyme, a glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase essential for glycolysis, is inhibited by copper in vitro and inside S. aureus cells. Together, our data demonstrate that copper stress leads to the inhibition of glycolysis in S. aureus, and that the bacterium adapts to this stress by altering its central carbon utilisation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Tarrant
- Institute for Cell & Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
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Selamoglu N, Önder Ö, Öztürk Y, Khalfaoui-Hassani B, Blaby-Haas CE, Garcia BA, Koch HG, Daldal F. Comparative differential cuproproteomes of Rhodobacter capsulatus reveal novel copper homeostasis related proteins. Metallomics 2020; 12:572-591. [PMID: 32149296 PMCID: PMC7192791 DOI: 10.1039/c9mt00314b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is an essential, but toxic, micronutrient for living organisms and cells have developed sophisticated response mechanisms towards both the lack and the excess of Cu in their environments. In this study, we achieved a global view of Cu-responsive changes in the prokaryotic model organism Rhodobacter capsulatus using label-free quantitative differential proteomics. Semi-aerobically grown cells under heterotrophic conditions in minimal medium (∼0.3 μM Cu) were compared with cells supplemented with either 5 μM Cu or with 5 mM of the Cu-chelator bathocuproine sulfonate. Mass spectrometry based bottom-up proteomics of unfractionated cell lysates identified 2430 of the 3632 putative proteins encoded by the genome, producing a robust proteome dataset for R. capsulatus. Use of biological and technical replicates for each growth condition yielded high reproducibility and reliable quantification for 1926 of the identified proteins. Comparison of cells grown under Cu-excess or Cu-depleted conditions to those grown under minimal Cu-sufficient conditions revealed that 75 proteins exhibited statistically significant (p < 0.05) abundance changes, ranging from 2- to 300-fold. A subset of the highly Cu-responsive proteins was orthogonally probed using molecular genetics, validating that several of them were indeed involved in cellular Cu homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Selamoglu
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Yucel B, Robinson GK, Shepherd M. The copper‐responsive ScsC protein of
Salmonella
promotes intramacrophage survival and interacts with the arginine sensor ArtI. FEBS J 2020; 287:3827-3840. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Buke Yucel
- RAPID Group School of Biosciences University of Kent Canterbury UK
| | - Gary K. Robinson
- RAPID Group School of Biosciences University of Kent Canterbury UK
| | - Mark Shepherd
- RAPID Group School of Biosciences University of Kent Canterbury UK
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38
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Williams CL, Neu HM, Alamneh YA, Reddinger RM, Jacobs AC, Singh S, Abu-Taleb R, Michel SLJ, Zurawski DV, Merrell DS. Characterization of Acinetobacter baumannii Copper Resistance Reveals a Role in Virulence. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:16. [PMID: 32117089 PMCID: PMC7015863 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is often highly drug-resistant and causes severe infections in compromised patients. These infections can be life threatening due to limited treatment options. Copper is inherently antimicrobial and increasing evidence indicates that copper containing formulations may serve as non-traditional therapeutics against multidrug-resistant bacteria. We previously reported that A. baumannii is sensitive to high concentrations of copper. To understand A. baumannii copper resistance at the molecular level, herein we identified putative copper resistance components and characterized 21 strains bearing mutations in these genes. Eight of the strains displayed a copper sensitive phenotype (pcoA, pcoB, copB, copA/cueO, copR/cusR, copS/cusS, copC, copD); the putative functions of these proteins include copper transport, oxidation, sequestration, and regulation. Importantly, many of these mutant strains still showed increased sensitivity to copper while in a biofilm. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry revealed that many of these strains had defects in copper mobilization, as the mutant strains accumulated more intracellular copper than the wild-type strain. Given the crucial antimicrobial role of copper-mediated killing employed by the immune system, virulence of these mutant strains was investigated in Galleria mellonella; many of the mutant strains were attenuated. Finally, the cusR and copD strains were also investigated in the murine pneumonia model; both were found to be important for full virulence. Thus, copper possesses antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant A. baumannii, and copper sensitivity is further increased when copper homeostasis mechanisms are interrupted. Importantly, these proteins are crucial for full virulence of A. baumannii and may represent novel drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin L Williams
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Heather M Neu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Yonas A Alamneh
- Wound Infections Department, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Ryan M Reddinger
- Wound Infections Department, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Anna C Jacobs
- Wound Infections Department, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Shweta Singh
- Wound Infections Department, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Rania Abu-Taleb
- Wound Infections Department, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Sarah L J Michel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Daniel V Zurawski
- Wound Infections Department, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - D Scott Merrell
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, United States
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39
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Sun H, Wan Y, Du P, Bai L. The Epidemiology of Monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2019; 17:87-97. [PMID: 31532231 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2019.2676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica remains an important foodborne pathogen in all regions of the world, with Typhimurium as one of the most frequent serotypes causing foodborne disease. However, the past two decades have seen a rapid worldwide emergence of a new Salmonella serotype, namely monophasic variant of S. Typhimurium, whose antigenic formula is 1,4,[5],12:i:-. It has become one of the 2-5 most common Salmonella serotypes responsible for animal and human infections in different regions. The global epidemic of monophasic S. 1,4,[5],12:i:- has mainly been characterized by an increase in multidrug-resistant S. 1,4,[5],12:i:- isolated in Europe since 1997. The unexpected link to swine has escalated monophasic S. Typhimurium infections to the status of a global public health emergency. The large-scale application of whole genome sequencing (WGS) in the last 10 years has revealed the phylogenetic associations of the bacterium and its antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes. Local and global transmission reconstructed by WGS have shown that different clones have emerged following multiple independent events worldwide, and have elucidated the role of this zoonotic pathogen in the spread of AMR. This article discusses our current knowledge of the global ecology, epidemiology, transmission, bacterial adaptation, and evolution of this emerging Salmonella serotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China.,Chengdu Institute for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuping Wan
- Chengdu Institute for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu, China
| | - Pengcheng Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Bai
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
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40
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Benhalima L, Amri S, Bensouilah M, Ouzrout R. Antibacterial effect of copper sulfate against multi-drug resistant nosocomial pathogens isolated from clinical samples. Pak J Med Sci 2019; 35:1322-1328. [PMID: 31489000 PMCID: PMC6717487 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.35.5.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective: With the emergence of antibiotic resistance and the hospital acquired infection, the interest for antimicrobial agents has recently increased again in public health. Copper is recommended as a supplementary method of increasing biological safety in the hospital environment. The objective of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of copper sulfate salts on strains of bacterial pathogens isolated from different clinical pictures in different health establishment in Algeria. Methods: A total of 25 different bacterial isolates (16 Enterobacteriaceae, 5 Staphylococci, and 4 Pseudomonas) were tested for susceptibility to copper sulfate using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC-Cu) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC-Cu) determinations. All isolates were also tested for susceptibility to six antibiotics. Results: Antibiotic susceptibility studies revealed that 100% of isolates were resistant to one or more antibiotics. Fifty two percent of isolates were very susceptible to copper sulfate, with MICs ranging from 100 to 200 µg/ml. MBC-Cu = 1600 μg/ml showed the best bactericidal effect against the great majority of studied bacteria (52%). A good bactericidal activities of copper sulfate were recorded against Proteus vulgaris and Staphylococcus aureus (MBC/MIC=1). The Gram-negative bacteria isolates which were copper resistant also showed a high resistance to chloramphenicol (r=0.78) and Trimethoprime (r=0.61). Furthermore, the strains that were no-susceptible to three different antimicrobial classes (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus) were not resistant to copper sulfate. Conclusion: Copper sulfate salts has significant antibacterial activity against multi-drug resistant nosocomial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamia Benhalima
- Dr. Lamia Benhalima, Assistant Professor, Department of Biology, Universite 8 Mai 1945, Guelma, Algeria
| | - Sandra Amri
- Dr. Sandra Amri, Assistant Professor, Department of Biology, Universite 8 Mai 1945, Guelma, Algeria
| | - Mourad Bensouilah
- Prof. Mourad Bensouilah, Department of Marine Biology, Universite Badji-MokhtarAnnaba, Algeria
| | - Rachid Ouzrout
- Prof. Rachid Ouzrout, Department of Marine Biology, Universite Badji-MokhtarAnnaba, Algeria
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41
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Shi B, Wang T, Zeng Z, Zhou L, You W, Ke C. The role of copper and zinc accumulation in defense against bacterial pathogen in the fujian oyster (Crassostrea angulata). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 92:72-82. [PMID: 31129186 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cu and Zn are hyper-accumulated in oysters, and the accumulation of these metals increases host resistance to pathogens. However, the role of Cu/Zn in oyster immune defense remains unclear. In this study, Crassostrea angulata with different levels of Cu and Zn were obtained through metal exposure or selective breeding. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments showed that oysters accumulating more Cu/Zn exhibited stronger antibacterial abilities. Vibrio harveyi infection significantly promoted the metal redistribution in oysters: Cu and Zn concentrations decreased in the mantle, but increased in the plasma and hemocytes. This redistribution was accompanied by changes in the expression levels of Cu and Zn transporter genes (CTR1, ATP7A, ZIP1, and ZNT2), suggesting that the Cu/Zn burst observed in the hemocytes was likely due to the transfer of heavy metals from plasma (mediated by the metal importer proteins) or released from intracellular stores. The degree to which Cu/Zn concentration increased in the plasma and hemocytes was more dramatic in oysters with high levels of Cu/Zn accumulation. In vitro, Cu and Zn both inhibited the growth of V. harveyi, while Cu plus H2O2 was lethal to the bacteria. The strength of the growth-inhibition and lethal effects depended on the metal dose. In addition to these effects, increases in Cu concentration increased the activity levels of PO in the oyster plasma and hemocytes in vivo and in vitro. However, SOD activity was not affected by Cu or Zn accumulation. Thus, our results suggested that the Cu/Zn burst in the hemolymph was an important factor in the oyster immune reaction, creating a toxic internal environment for the pathogen, as well as catalyzing inorganic or enzymatic reactions to strengthen bacteriostasis. By determining the extent of Cu/Zn burst in the immune response, Cu/Zn accumulated levels could affect the resistance of oysters to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Tian Wang
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Zhen Zeng
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Medicinal Natural Products Resources, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, 361023, China
| | - Long Zhou
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Weiwei You
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China.
| | - Caihuan Ke
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China.
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42
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Subedi P, Paxman JJ, Wang G, Ukuwela AA, Xiao Z, Heras B. The Scs disulfide reductase system cooperates with the metallochaperone CueP in Salmonella copper resistance. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:15876-15888. [PMID: 31444272 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The human pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S Typhimurium) contains a complex disulfide bond (Dsb) catalytic machinery. This machinery encompasses multiple Dsb thiol-disulfide oxidoreductases that mediate oxidative protein folding and a less-characterized suppressor of copper sensitivity (scs) gene cluster, associated with increased tolerance to copper. To better understand the function of the Salmonella Scs system, here we characterized two of its key components, the membrane protein ScsB and the periplasmic protein ScsC. Our results revealed that these two proteins form a redox pair in which the electron transfer from the periplasmic domain of ScsB (n-ScsB) to ScsC is thermodynamically driven. We also demonstrate that the Scs reducing pathway remains separate from the Dsb oxidizing pathways and thereby avoids futile redox cycles. Additionally, we provide new insight into the molecular mechanism underlying Scs-mediated copper tolerance in Salmonella We show that both ScsB and ScsC can bind toxic copper(I) with femtomolar affinities and transfer it to the periplasmic copper metallochaperone CueP. Our results indicate that the Salmonella Scs machinery has evolved a dual mode of action, capable of transferring reducing power to the oxidizing periplasm and protecting against copper stress by cooperating with the cue regulon, a major copper resistance mechanism in Salmonella. Overall, these findings expand our understanding of the functional diversity of Dsb-like systems, ranging from those mediating oxidative folding of proteins required for infection to those contributing to defense mechanisms against oxidative stress and copper toxicity, critical traits for niche adaptation and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod Subedi
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Kingsbury Drive, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Jason J Paxman
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Kingsbury Drive, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Geqing Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Kingsbury Drive, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Ashwinie A Ukuwela
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Zhiguang Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.,Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Begoña Heras
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Kingsbury Drive, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
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43
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Branchu P, Charity OJ, Bawn M, Thilliez G, Dallman TJ, Petrovska L, Kingsley RA. SGI-4 in Monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium ST34 Is a Novel ICE That Enhances Resistance to Copper. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1118. [PMID: 31178839 PMCID: PMC6543542 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A multi drug resistant Salmonella enterica 4,[5],12:i- of sequence type 34 (monophasic S. Typhimurium ST34) is a current pandemic clone associated with livestock, particularly pigs, and numerous outbreaks in the human population. A large genomic island, termed SGI-4, is present in the monophasic Typhimurium ST34 clade and absent from other S. Typhimurium strains. SGI-4 consists of 87 open reading frames including sil and pco genes previously implicated in resistance to copper (Cu) and silver, and multiple genes predicted to be involved in mobilization and transfer by conjugation. SGI-4 was excised from the chromosome, circularized, and transferred to recipient strains of S. Typhimurium at a frequency influenced by stress induced by mitomycin C, and oxygen tension. The presence of SGI-4 was associated with increased resistance to Cu, particularly but not exclusively under anaerobic conditions. The presence of silCBA genes, predicted to encode an RND family efflux pump that transports Cu from the periplasm to the external milieu, was sufficient to impart the observed enhanced resistance to Cu, above that commonly associated with S. Typhimurium isolates. The presence of these genes resulted in the absence of Cu-dependent induction of pco genes encoding multiple proteins linked to Cu resistance, also present on SGI-4, suggesting that the system effectively limits the Cu availability in the periplasm, but did not affect SodCI-dependent macrophage survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matt Bawn
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Timothy J. Dallman
- Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Robert A. Kingsley
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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44
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Sheldon JR, Skaar EP. Metals as phagocyte antimicrobial effectors. Curr Opin Immunol 2019; 60:1-9. [PMID: 31063946 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal ions are essential to bacterial pathogens and their hosts alike but are harmful in excess. In an effort to curtail the replication of intracellular bacteria, host phagocytes exploit both the essentiality and toxicity of transition metals. In the paradigmatic description of nutritional immunity, iron and manganese are withheld from phagosomes to starve microbial invaders of these nutrients. Conversely, the destructive properties of copper and zinc appear to be harnessed by phagocytes, where these metals are delivered in excess to phagosomes to intoxicate internalized bacteria. Here, we briefly summarize key players in metal withholding from intracellular pathogens, before focusing on recent findings supporting the function of copper and zinc as phagocyte antimicrobial effectors. The mechanisms of copper and zinc toxicity are explored, along with strategies employed by intracellular bacterial pathogens to avoid killing by these metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Sheldon
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Eric P Skaar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States.
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45
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Osman D, Martini MA, Foster AW, Chen J, Scott AJP, Morton RJ, Steed JW, Lurie-Luke E, Huggins TG, Lawrence AD, Deery E, Warren MJ, Chivers PT, Robinson NJ. Bacterial sensors define intracellular free energies for correct enzyme metalation. Nat Chem Biol 2019; 15:241-249. [PMID: 30692683 PMCID: PMC6420079 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-018-0211-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
There is a challenge for metalloenzymes to acquire their correct metals because some inorganic elements form more stable complexes with proteins than do others. These preferences can be overcome provided some metals are more available than others. However, while the total amount of cellular metal can be readily measured, the available levels of each metal have been more difficult to define. Metal-sensing transcriptional regulators are tuned to the intracellular availabilities of their cognate ions. Here we have determined the standard free energy for metal complex formation to which each sensor, in a set of bacterial metal sensors, is attuned: The less competitive the metal, the less favorable the free energy and hence greater availability to which the cognate allosteric mechanism is tuned. Comparing these free energies with values derived from the metal affinities of a metalloprotein reveals the mechanism of correct metalation exemplified here by a cobalt-chelatase for vitamin B12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deenah Osman
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK.,Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | | | - Andrew W Foster
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK.,Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Junjun Chen
- Procter and Gamble, Mason Business Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Richard J Morton
- Department of Mathematics, Physics and Electrical Engineering, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Evelyne Deery
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK
| | - Martin J Warren
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK
| | - Peter T Chivers
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK. .,Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, UK.
| | - Nigel J Robinson
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK. .,Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, UK.
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46
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Douglas LM, Konopka JB. Plasma membrane architecture protects Candida albicans from killing by copper. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1007911. [PMID: 30633741 PMCID: PMC6345494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to resist copper toxicity is important for microbial pathogens to survive attack by innate immune cells. A sur7Δ mutant of the fungal pathogen Candida albicans exhibits decreased virulence that correlates with increased sensitivity to copper, as well as defects in other stress responses and morphogenesis. Previous studies indicated that copper kills sur7Δ cells by a mechanism distinct from the known resistance pathways involving the Crp1 copper exporter or the Cup1 metallothionein. Since Sur7 resides in punctate plasma membrane domains known as MCC/eisosomes, we examined overexpression of SUR7 and found that it rescued the copper sensitivity of a mutant that fails to form MCC/eisosomes (pil1Δ lsp1Δ), indicating that these domains act to facilitate Sur7 function. Genetic screening identified new copper-sensitive mutants, the strongest of which were similar to sur7Δ in having altered plasma membranes due to defects in membrane trafficking, cortical actin, and morphogenesis (rvs161Δ, rvs167Δ, and arp2Δ arp3Δ). Consistent with the mutants having altered plasma membrane organization, they were all more readily permeabilized by copper, which is known to bind phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine and cause membrane damage. Although these phospholipids are normally localized to the intracellular leaflet of the plasma membrane, their exposure on the surface of the copper-sensitive mutants was indicated by increased susceptibility to membrane damaging agents that bind to these phospholipids. Increased copper sensitivity was also detected for a drs2Δ mutant, which lacks a phospholipid flippase that is involved in maintaining phospholipid asymmetry. Copper binds phosphatidylserine with very high affinity, and deleting CHO1 to prevent phosphatidylserine synthesis rescued the copper sensitivity of sur7Δ cells, confirming a major role for phosphatidylserine in copper sensitivity. These results highlight how proper plasma membrane architecture protects fungal pathogens from copper and attack by the immune system, thereby opening up new avenues for therapeutic intervention. The transition metal copper is used by the innate immune system to attack microbial pathogens. To better understand how the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans resists this type of stress, we screened for mutants that were more susceptible to killing by copper. Interestingly, we identified a new class of copper-sensitive mutants whose plasma membranes are more readily permeabilized by copper. The common characteristic of these new copper-sensitive mutants is that they have an altered cell surface, which weakened their resistance to copper. These results help to explain the toxic effects of copper and suggest novel therapeutic strategies for fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lois M. Douglas
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - James B. Konopka
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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47
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The role of metal ions in the virulence and viability of bacterial pathogens. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:77-87. [PMID: 30626704 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Metal ions fulfil a plethora of essential roles within bacterial pathogens. In addition to acting as necessary cofactors for cellular proteins, making them indispensable for both protein structure and function, they also fulfil roles in signalling and regulation of virulence. Consequently, the maintenance of cellular metal ion homeostasis is crucial for bacterial viability and pathogenicity. It is therefore unsurprising that components of the immune response target and exploit both the essentiality of metal ions and their potential toxicity toward invading bacteria. This review provides a brief overview of the transition metal ions iron, manganese, copper and zinc during infection. These essential metal ions are discussed in the context of host modulation of bioavailability, bacterial acquisition and efflux, metal-regulated virulence factor expression and the molecular mechanisms that contribute to loss of viability and/or virulence during host-imposed metal stress.
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48
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The Role of Copper Homeostasis at the Host-Pathogen Axis: From Bacteria to Fungi. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20010175. [PMID: 30621285 PMCID: PMC6337107 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper is an essential trace element participating in many vital biological processes, however it becomes a toxic agent when in excess. Thus, precise and tight regulation of copper homeostasis processes, including transport, delivery, storage, detoxification, and efflux machineries, is important, ensuring that only the amount needed to sustain basic biological functions and simultaneously prevent copper toxicity in the cell is maintained. Numerous exciting studies have revealed that copper plays an indispensable role at the microbial pathogen-host axis for entities ranging from pathogenic bacteria to deadly fungal species. Analyses of copper homeostases in bacteria and fungi extensively demonstrate that copper is utilized by the host immune system as an anti-microbial agent. The expression of copper efflux and detoxification from microbial pathogens is induced to counteract the host's copper bombardment, which in turn disrupts these machineries, resulting in the attenuation of microbial survival in host tissue. We hereby review the latest work in copper homeostases in pathogenic bacteria and fungi and focus on the maintenance of a copper balance at the pathogen-host interaction axis.
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49
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Stewart LJ, Thaqi D, Kobe B, McEwan AG, Waldron KJ, Djoko KY. Handling of nutrient copper in the bacterial envelope. Metallomics 2019; 11:50-63. [DOI: 10.1039/c8mt00218e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The insertion of copper into bacterial cuproenzymesin vivodoes not always require a copper-binding metallochaperone – why?
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa J. Stewart
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences
- Newcastle University
- Newcastle upon Tyne
- UK
| | - Denis Thaqi
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre
- The University of Queensland
- St Lucia
- Australia
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre
- The University of Queensland
- St Lucia
- Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience
| | - Alastair G. McEwan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre
- The University of Queensland
- St Lucia
- Australia
| | - Kevin J. Waldron
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences
- Newcastle University
- Newcastle upon Tyne
- UK
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50
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Abstract
Metals and metalloids have been used alongside antibiotics in livestock production for a long time. The potential and acute negative impact on the environment and human health of these livestock feed supplements has prompted lawmakers to ban or discourage the use of some or all of these supplements. This article provides an overview of current use in the European Union and the United States, detected metal resistance determinants, and the proteins and mechanisms responsible for conferring copper and zinc resistance in bacteria. A detailed description of the most common copper and zinc metal resistance determinants is given to illustrate not only the potential danger of coselecting antibiotic resistance genes but also the potential to generate bacterial strains with an increased potential to be pathogenic to humans. For example, the presence of a 20-gene copper pathogenicity island is highlighted since bacteria containing this gene cluster could be readily isolated from copper-fed pigs, and many pathogenic strains, including Escherichia coli O104:H4, contain this potential virulence factor, suggesting a potential link between copper supplements in livestock and the evolution of pathogens.
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