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Fernández-Arjona MDM, Navarro JA, López-Gambero AJ, de Ceglia M, Rodríguez M, Rubio L, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Barrios V, Chowen JA, Argente J, Rivera P, Suárez J. Sex-based differences in growth-related IGF1 signaling in response to PAPP-A2 deficiency: comparative effects of rhGH, rhIGF1 and rhPAPP-A2 treatments. Biol Sex Differ 2024; 15:34. [PMID: 38589872 PMCID: PMC11000399 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-024-00603-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A2 (PAPP-A2) mutations resulting in low levels of bioactive insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) and progressive postnatal growth retardation have improved growth velocity and height following recombinant human (rh)IGF1 treatment. The present study aimed to evaluate whether Pappa2 deficiency and pharmacological manipulation of GH/IGF1 system are associated with sex-specific differences in growth-related signaling pathways. METHODS Plasma, hypothalamus, pituitary gland and liver of Pappa2ko/ko mice of both sexes, showing reduced skeletal growth, and liver of these mice treated with rhGH, rhIGF1 and rhPAPP-A2 from postnatal day (PND) 5 to PND35 were analyzed. RESULTS Reduced body and femur length of Pappa2ko/ko mice was associated with increases in: (1) components of IGF1 ternary complexes (IGF1, IGFBP5/Igfbp5, Igfbp3, Igfals) in plasma, hypothalamus and/or liver; and (2) key signaling regulators (phosphorylated PI3K, AKT, mTOR, GSK3β, ERK1/2 and AMPKα) in hypothalamus, pituitary gland and/or liver, with Pappa2ko/ko females having a more prominent effect. Compared to rhGH and rhIGF1, rhPAPP-A2 specifically induced: (1) increased body and femur length, and reduced plasma total IGF1 and IGFBP5 concentrations in Pappa2ko/ko females; and (2) increased Igf1 and Igf1r levels and decreased Ghr, Igfbp3 and Igfals levels in the liver of Pappa2ko/ko females. These changes were accompanied by lower phospho-STAT5, phospho-AKT and phospho-ERK2 levels and higher phospho-AMPK levels in the liver of Pappa2ko/ko females. CONCLUSIONS Sex-specific differences in IGF1 system and signaling pathways are associated with Pappa2 deficiency, pointing to rhPAPP-A2 as a promising drug to alleviate postnatal growth retardation underlying low IGF1 bioavailability in a female-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Mar Fernández-Arjona
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Avenida Carlos Haya 82, Málaga, 29010, Spain
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, 29010, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Navarro
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Avenida Carlos Haya 82, Málaga, 29010, Spain
- UGC Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, 29010, Spain
| | - Antonio Jesús López-Gambero
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Avenida Carlos Haya 82, Málaga, 29010, Spain
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, 33000, France
| | - Marialuisa de Ceglia
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Avenida Carlos Haya 82, Málaga, 29010, Spain
- UGC Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, 29010, Spain
| | - Miguel Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Avenida Carlos Haya 82, Málaga, 29010, Spain
- Departamento de Anatomía Humana, Medicina Legal e Historia de la Ciencia. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Bulevar Louis Pasteur 32, Málaga, 29071, Spain
| | - Leticia Rubio
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Avenida Carlos Haya 82, Málaga, 29010, Spain
- Departamento de Anatomía Humana, Medicina Legal e Historia de la Ciencia. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Bulevar Louis Pasteur 32, Málaga, 29071, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Avenida Carlos Haya 82, Málaga, 29010, Spain
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, 29010, Spain
| | - Vicente Barrios
- Departments of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Avenida Menéndez Pelayo 65, Madrid, 28009, Spain
- La Princesa Research Institute, Madrid, 28009, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Julie A Chowen
- Departments of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Avenida Menéndez Pelayo 65, Madrid, 28009, Spain
- La Princesa Research Institute, Madrid, 28009, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain
- IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM & CSIC, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Jesús Argente
- Departments of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Avenida Menéndez Pelayo 65, Madrid, 28009, Spain.
- La Princesa Research Institute, Madrid, 28009, Spain.
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, 28029, Spain.
- IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM & CSIC, Madrid, 28049, Spain.
| | - Patricia Rivera
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Avenida Carlos Haya 82, Málaga, 29010, Spain.
- UGC Salud Mental, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, 29010, Spain.
| | - Juan Suárez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Avenida Carlos Haya 82, Málaga, 29010, Spain.
- Departamento de Anatomía Humana, Medicina Legal e Historia de la Ciencia. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Bulevar Louis Pasteur 32, Málaga, 29071, Spain.
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2
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Güemes M, Martín-Rivada Á, Corredor B, Enes P, Canelles S, Barrios V, Argente J. Implication of Pappalysins and Stanniocalcins in the Bioavailability of IGF-I in Children With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. J Endocr Soc 2024; 8:bvae081. [PMID: 38712328 PMCID: PMC11071684 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvae081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Context Anomalies in the growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis, are common in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), even in those reaching a normal or near-normal final height. However, concentrations of the IGF bioavailability regulatory factors (pappalysins [PAPP-As] and stanniocalcins [STCs]) have not been reported in children with T1DM. Objective To determine serum concentrations of PAPP-As and STCs in children at diagnosis of T1DM and after insulin treatment and the correlation of these factors with other members of the GH/IGF axis, beta-cell insulin reserve, auxology, and nutritional status. Methods A single-center prospective observational study including 47 patients (59.5% male), with T1DM onset at median age of 9.2 years (interquartile range: 6.3, 11.9) was performed. Blood and anthropometric data were collected at diagnosis and after 6 and 12 months of treatment. Results At 6 and 12 months after T1DM diagnosis, there was improvement in the metabolic control (decrease in glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c] at 12 months -3.66 [95% CI: -4.81, -2.05], P = .001), as well as in body mass index SD and height SD (not statistically significant). STC2 increased (P < .001) and PAPP-A2 decreased (P < .001) at 6 and 12 months of treatment onset (P < .001), which was concurrent with increased total IGF-I and IGF-binding protein concentrations, with no significant modification in free IGF-I concentrations. HbA1c correlated with PAPP-A2 (r = +0.41; P < .05) and STC2 (r = -0.32; P < .05). Conclusion Implementation of insulin treatment after T1DM onset modifies various components of the circulating IGF system, including PAPP-A2 and STC2. How these modifications modulate linear growth remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Güemes
- Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Research Institute La Princesa, 28009 Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Martín-Rivada
- Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Research Institute La Princesa, 28009 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Corredor
- Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Research Institute La Princesa, 28009 Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Enes
- Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Research Institute La Princesa, 28009 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Canelles
- Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Research Institute La Princesa, 28009 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Barrios
- Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Research Institute La Princesa, 28009 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutriciόn (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Argente
- Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Research Institute La Princesa, 28009 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutriciόn (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA, Food Institute, CEIUAM+CSI, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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3
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Qie S, Xiong H, Liu Y, Yan C, Wang Y, Tian L, Wang C, Sang N. Stanniocalcin 2 governs cancer cell adaptation to nutrient insufficiency through alleviation of oxidative stress. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3904465. [PMID: 38464261 PMCID: PMC10925426 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3904465/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Solid tumours often endure nutrient insufficiency during progression. How tumour cells adapt to temporal and spatial nutrient insufficiency remains unclear. We previously identified STC2 as one of the most upregulated genes in cells exposed to nutrient insufficiency by transcriptome screening, indicating the potential of STC2 in cellular adaptation to nutrient insufficiency. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying STC2 induction by nutrient insufficiency and subsequent adaptation remain elusive. Here, we report that STC2 protein is dramatically increased and secreted into the culture media by Gln-/Glc-deprivation. STC2 promoter contains cis-elements that are activated by ATF4 and p65/RelA, two transcription factors activated by a variety of cellular stress. Biologically, STC2 induction and secretion promote cell survival but attenuate cell proliferation during nutrient insufficiency, thus switching the priority of cancer cells from proliferation to survival. Loss of STC2 impairs tumour growth by inducing both apoptosis and necrosis in mouse xenografts. Mechanistically, under nutrient insufficient conditions, cells have increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and lack of STC2 further elevates ROS levels that lead to increased apoptosis. RNA-Seq analyses reveal STC2 induction suppresses the expression of monoamine oxidase B (MAOB), a mitochondrial membrane enzyme that produces ROS. Moreover, a negative correlation between STC2 and MAOB levels is also identified in human tumour samples. Importantly, the administration of recombinant STC2 to the culture media effectively suppresses MAOB expression as well as apoptosis, suggesting STC2 functions in an autocrine/paracrine manner. Taken together, our findings indicate that nutrient insufficiency induces STC2 expression, which in turn governs the adaptation of cancer cells to nutrient insufficiency through the maintenance of redox homeostasis, highlighting the potential of STC2 as a therapeutic target for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Qie
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital
| | - Haijuan Xiong
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital
| | - Yaqi Liu
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital
| | - Chenhui Yan
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital
| | | | - Lifeng Tian
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University
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Poddar A, Ahmady F, Rao SR, Sharma R, Kannourakis G, Prithviraj P, Jayachandran A. The role of pregnancy associated plasma protein-A in triple negative breast cancer: a promising target for achieving clinical benefits. J Biomed Sci 2024; 31:23. [PMID: 38395880 PMCID: PMC10885503 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-01012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) plays an integral role in breast cancer (BC), especially triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). This subtype accounts for the most aggressive BC, possesses high tumor heterogeneity, is least responsive to standard treatments and has the poorest clinical outcomes. There is a critical need to address the lack of effective targeted therapeutic options available. PAPP-A is a protein that is highly elevated during pregnancy. Frequently, higher PAPP-A expression is detected in tumors than in healthy tissues. The increase in expression coincides with increased rates of aggressive cancers. In BC, PAPP-A has been demonstrated to play a role in tumor initiation, progression, metastasis including epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), as well as acting as a biomarker for predicting patient outcomes. In this review, we present the role of PAPP-A, with specific focus on TNBC. The structure and function of PAPP-A, belonging to the pappalysin subfamily, and its proteolytic activity are assessed. We highlight the link of BC and PAPP-A with respect to the IGFBP/IGF axis, EMT, the window of susceptibility and the impact of pregnancy. Importantly, the relevance of PAPP-A as a TNBC clinical marker is reviewed and its influence on immune-related pathways are explored. The relationship and mechanisms involving PAPP-A reveal the potential for more treatment options that can lead to successful immunotherapeutic targets and the ability to assist with better predicting clinical outcomes in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Poddar
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Victoria, Australia
- Federation University, Victoria, Australia
- RMIT University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Farah Ahmady
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Victoria, Australia
- Federation University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sushma R Rao
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Victoria, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Revati Sharma
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Victoria, Australia
- Federation University, Victoria, Australia
| | - George Kannourakis
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Victoria, Australia
- Federation University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Prashanth Prithviraj
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Victoria, Australia
- Federation University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aparna Jayachandran
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Victoria, Australia.
- Federation University, Victoria, Australia.
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5
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Barrios V, Martín-Rivada Á, Guerra-Cantera S, Campillo-Calatayud A, Camarneiro RA, Graell M, Chowen JA, Argente J. Reduction in Pappalysin-2 Levels and Lower IGF-I Bioavailability in Female Adolescents With Anorexia Nervosa. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024; 109:e920-e931. [PMID: 38066647 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Anorexia nervosa (AN) can cause severe undernutrition associated with alterations in the IGF axis. Pappalysins (PAPP-A, PAPP-A2) and stanniocalcins (STC-1, STC-2) modulate IGF binding-protein (IGFBP) cleavage and IGF bioavailability, but their implications in AN are unknown. OBJECTIVE We determined serum levels of PAPP-As and STCs in relationship with classical IGF axis parameters in female adolescents with AN and their association with nutritional status and secondary amenorrhea. METHODS Parameters of the IGF axis were determined in fasting serum samples of 68 female adolescents with AN at diagnosis and 62 sex- and age-matched controls. Standardized body mass index (BMI) and bone mineral density (BMD) were calculated. RESULTS Patients with AN had lower concentrations of total and free IGF-I, total IGFBP-3, acid-labile subunit (ALS), insulin, PAPP-A2, STC-1, and STC-2 and higher levels of IGF-II and IGFBP-2. Their free/total IGF-I ratio was decreased and the intact/total IGFBP-3 and -4 ratios increased. BMI was directly related to total IGF-I and intact IGFBP-3 and inversely with IGFBP-2 and intact IGFBP-4. Weight loss was directly correlated with intact IGFBP-4 and negatively with intact IGFBP-3, ALS, STC-2, and PAPP-A2 concentrations. BMD was directly related to intact IGFBP-3 and inversely with intact IGFBP-4 and PAPP-A2 levels. Patients with amenorrhea had lower levels of total IGF-I and IGFBP-3 than those with menses. CONCLUSION The reduction of PAPP-A2 in patients with AN may be involved in a decline in IGFBP cleavage, which could underlie the decrease in IGF-I bioavailability that is influenced by nutritional status and amenorrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Barrios
- Departments of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Research Institute "La Princesa", E-28009 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutriciόn, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28009 Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Martín-Rivada
- Departments of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Research Institute "La Princesa", E-28009 Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Guerra-Cantera
- Departments of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Research Institute "La Princesa", E-28009 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Campillo-Calatayud
- Departments of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Research Institute "La Princesa", E-28009 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo A Camarneiro
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, E-28009 Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Graell
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, E-28009 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28009 Madrid, Spain
| | - Julie A Chowen
- Departments of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Research Institute "La Princesa", E-28009 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutriciόn, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28009 Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA, Food Institute, CEIUAM+CSI, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Argente
- Departments of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Research Institute "La Princesa", E-28009 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutriciόn, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28009 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28009 Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA, Food Institute, CEIUAM+CSI, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
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Hjortebjerg R, Høgdall C, Hansen KH, Høgdall E, Frystyk J. The IGF-PAPP-A-Stanniocalcin Axis in Serum and Ascites Associates with Prognosis in Patients with Ovarian Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2014. [PMID: 38396692 PMCID: PMC10888379 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) and PAPP-A2 modulate insulin-like growth factor (IGF) action and are inhibited by the stanniocalcins (STC1 and STC2). We previously demonstrated increased PAPP-A and IGF activity in ascites from women with ovarian carcinomas. In this prospective, longitudinal study of 107 women with ovarian cancer and ascites accumulation, we determined corresponding serum and ascites levels of IGF-1, IGF-2, PAPP-A, PAPP-A2, STC1, and STC2 and assessed their relationship with mortality. As compared to serum, we found highly increased ascites levels of PAPP-A (51-fold) and PAPP-A2 (4-fold). Elevated levels were also observed for IGF-1 (12%), STC1 (90%) and STC2 (68%). In contrast, IGF-2 was reduced by 29% in ascites. Patients were followed for a median of 38.4 months (range: 45 days to 8.9 years), during which 73 patients (68.2%) died. Overall survival was longer for patients with high serum IGF-1 (hazard ratio (HR) per doubling in protein concentration: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.40-0.90). However, patients with high ascites levels of IGF-1 showed a poorer prognosis (HR: 2.00 (1.26-3.27)). High serum and ascites IGF-2 levels were associated with increased risk of mortality (HR: 2.01 (1.22-3.30) and HR: 1.78 (1.24-2.54), respectively). Similarly, serum PAPP-A2 was associated with mortality (HR: 1.26 (1.08-1.48)). Our findings demonstrate the presence and activity of the IGF system in the local tumor ecosystem, which is likely a characteristic feature of malignant disease and plays a role in its peritoneal dissemination. The potential clinical implications are supported by our finding that serum levels of the proteins are associated with patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Hjortebjerg
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark;
| | - Claus Høgdall
- Department of Gynecology, Juliane Marie Center, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Kristian Horsman Hansen
- Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark;
- OPEN Lab, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Estrid Høgdall
- Department of Pathology, Herlev University Hospital, 2730 Herlev, Denmark;
| | - Jan Frystyk
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark;
- Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark;
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Cao Y, Jia Q, Xing Y, Ma C, Guan H, Tian W, Kang X, Tian Y, Liu X, Li H. STC2 Inhibits Hepatic Lipid Synthesis and Correlates with Intramuscular Fatty Acid Composition, Body Weight and Carcass Traits in Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:383. [PMID: 38338026 PMCID: PMC10854843 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Stanniocalcin 2 (STC2) is a secreted glycoprotein involved in multiple biological processes. To systemically study the biological role of STC2 in chickens, phylogenetic tree analysis and conservation analysis were conducted. Association analysis between variations in the STC2 gene and the economic traits of Gushi-Anka F2 was conducted. The tissue expression patterns of STC2 expression in different chicken tissues and liver at different stages were detected. The biological role of STC2 in chicken liver was investigated through overexpression and interfering methods in the LMH cell line. Correlation analyses between STC2 expression and lipid components were conducted. (1) The phylogenetic tree displayed that chicken STC2 is most closely related with Japanese quail and most distantly related with Xenopus tropicalis. STC2 has the same identical conserved motifs as other species. (2) rs9949205 (T > C) found in STC2 intron was highly significantly correlated with chicken body weight at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 weeks (p < 0.01). Extremely significant correlations of rs9949205 with semi-evisceration weight (SEW), evisceration weight (EW), breast muscle weight (BMW), leg muscle weight (LMW), liver weight and abdominal fat weight (AFW) were revealed (p < 0.01). Significant associations between rs9949205 and abdominal fat percentage, liver weight rate, breast muscle weight rate and leg muscle weight rate were also found (p < 0.05). Individuals with TT or TC genotypes had significantly lower abdominal fat percentage and liver weight rate compared to those with the CC genotype, while their body weight and other carcass traits were higher. (3) STC2 showed a high expression level in chicken liver tissue, which significantly increased with the progression of age (p < 0.05). STC2 was observed to inhibit the content of lipid droplets, triglycerides (TG) and cholesterol (TC), as well the expression level of genes related to lipid metabolism in LMH cells. (4) Correlation analysis showed that the STC2 gene was significantly correlated with 176 lipids in the breast muscle (p < 0.05) and mainly enriched in omega-3 and omega-6 unsaturated fatty acids. In conclusion, the STC2 gene in chicken might potentially play a crucial role in chicken growth and development, as well as liver lipid metabolism and muscle lipid deposition. This study provides a scientific foundation for further investigation into the regulatory mechanism of the STC2 gene on lipid metabolism and deposition in chicken liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhu Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.C.); (Q.J.); (Y.X.); (C.M.); (H.G.); (W.T.); (X.K.); (Y.T.); (X.L.)
| | - Qihui Jia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.C.); (Q.J.); (Y.X.); (C.M.); (H.G.); (W.T.); (X.K.); (Y.T.); (X.L.)
| | - Yuxin Xing
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.C.); (Q.J.); (Y.X.); (C.M.); (H.G.); (W.T.); (X.K.); (Y.T.); (X.L.)
| | - Chenglin Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.C.); (Q.J.); (Y.X.); (C.M.); (H.G.); (W.T.); (X.K.); (Y.T.); (X.L.)
| | - Hongbo Guan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.C.); (Q.J.); (Y.X.); (C.M.); (H.G.); (W.T.); (X.K.); (Y.T.); (X.L.)
| | - Weihua Tian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.C.); (Q.J.); (Y.X.); (C.M.); (H.G.); (W.T.); (X.K.); (Y.T.); (X.L.)
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Poultry Breeding of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xiangtao Kang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.C.); (Q.J.); (Y.X.); (C.M.); (H.G.); (W.T.); (X.K.); (Y.T.); (X.L.)
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Poultry Breeding of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yadong Tian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.C.); (Q.J.); (Y.X.); (C.M.); (H.G.); (W.T.); (X.K.); (Y.T.); (X.L.)
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Poultry Breeding of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xiaojun Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.C.); (Q.J.); (Y.X.); (C.M.); (H.G.); (W.T.); (X.K.); (Y.T.); (X.L.)
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Poultry Breeding of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Hong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.C.); (Q.J.); (Y.X.); (C.M.); (H.G.); (W.T.); (X.K.); (Y.T.); (X.L.)
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Poultry Breeding of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China
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8
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Nimptsch K, Aydin EE, Chavarria RFR, Janke J, Poy MN, Oxvig C, Steinbrecher A, Pischon T. Pregnancy associated plasma protein-A2 (PAPP-A2) and stanniocalcin-2 (STC2) but not PAPP-A are associated with circulating total IGF-1 in a human adult population. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1770. [PMID: 38245583 PMCID: PMC10799854 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52074-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The pappalysins pregnancy associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) and -A2 (PAPP-A2) act as proteinases of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) binding proteins, while stanniocalcin-2 (STC2) was identified as a pappalysin inhibitor. While there is some evidence from studies in children and adolescents, it is unclear whether these molecules are related to concentrations of IGF-1 and its binding proteins in adults. We investigated cross-sectionally the association of circulating PAPP-A, PAPP-A2 and STC2 with IGF-1 and its binding proteins (IGFBPs) in 394 adult pretest participants (20-69 years) of the German National Cohort Berlin North study center. Plasma PAPP-A, PAPP-A2, total and free IGF-1, IGFBP-1, IGFBP-2, IGFBP-3, IGFBP-5 and STC2 were measured by ELISAs. The associations of PAPP-A, PAPP-A2 and STC2 with IGF-1 or IGFBPs were investigated using multivariable linear regression analyses adjusting for age, sex, body mass index and pretest phase. We observed significant inverse associations of PAPP-A2 (difference in concentrations per 0.5 ng/mL higher PAPP-A2 levels) with total IGF-1 (- 4.3 ng/mL; 95% CI - 7.0; - 1.6), the IGF-1:IGFBP-3 molar ratio (- 0.34%; 95%-CI - 0.59; - 0.09), but not free IGF-1 and a positive association with IGFBP-2 (11.9 ng/mL; 95% CI 5.0; 18.8). PAPP-A was not related to total or free IGF-1, but positively associated with IGFBP-5. STC2 was inversely related to total IGF-1, IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-3 and positively to IGFBP-1. This first investigation of these associations in a general adult population supports the hypothesis that PAPP-A2 as well as STC2 play a role for IGF-1 and its binding proteins, especially for total IGF-1. The role of PAPP-A2 and STC2 for health and disease in adults warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Nimptsch
- Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Elif Ece Aydin
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rafael Francisco Rios Chavarria
- Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Janke
- Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
- Biobank Technology Platform, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- Core Facility Biobank, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthew N Poy
- John Hopkins University, All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - Claus Oxvig
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Astrid Steinbrecher
- Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Pischon
- Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Biobank Technology Platform, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- Core Facility Biobank, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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9
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Conover CA, Oxvig C. The Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A (PAPP-A) Story. Endocr Rev 2023; 44:1012-1028. [PMID: 37267421 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnad017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) was first identified in the early 1970s as a placental protein of unknown function, present at high concentrations in the circulation of pregnant women. In the mid-to-late 1990s, PAPP-A was discovered to be a metzincin metalloproteinase, expressed by many nonplacental cells, that regulates local insulin-like growth factor (IGF) activity through cleavage of high-affinity IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs), in particular IGFBP-4. With PAPP-A as a cell surface-associated enzyme, the reduced affinity of the cleavage fragments results in increased IGF available to bind and activate IGF receptors in the pericellular environment. This proteolytic regulation of IGF activity is important, since the IGFs promote proliferation, differentiation, migration, and survival in various normal and cancer cells. Thus, there has been a steady growth in investigation of PAPP-A structure and function outside of pregnancy. This review provides historical perspective on the discovery of PAPP-A and its structure and cellular function, highlights key studies of the first 50 years in PAPP-A research, and introduces new findings from recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A Conover
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Claus Oxvig
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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10
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Sridar J, Mafi A, Judge RA, Xu J, Kong KA, Wang JCK, Stoll VS, Koukos G, Simon RJ, Eaton D, Bratkowski M, Hao Q. Cryo-EM structure of human PAPP-A2 and mechanism of substrate recognition. Commun Chem 2023; 6:234. [PMID: 37898658 PMCID: PMC10613257 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-01032-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein A isoforms, PAPP-A and PAPP-A2, are metalloproteases that cleave insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) to modulate insulin-like growth factor signaling. The structures of homodimeric PAPP-A in complex with IGFBP5 anchor peptide, and inhibitor proteins STC2 and proMBP have been recently reported. Here, we present the single-particle cryo-EM structure of the monomeric, N-terminal LG, MP, and the M1 domains (with the exception of LNR1/2) of human PAPP-A2 to 3.13 Å resolution. Our structure together with functional studies provides insight into a previously reported patient mutation that inactivates PAPP-A2 in a distal region of the protein. Using a combinational approach, we suggest that PAPP-A2 recognizes IGFBP5 in a similar manner as PAPP-A and show that PAPP-A2 cleaves IGFBP5 less efficiently due to differences in the M2 domain. Overall, our studies characterize the cleavage mechanism of IGFBP5 by PAPP-A2 and shed light onto key differences with its paralog PAPP-A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janani Sridar
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | | | | | - Jun Xu
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Kailyn A Kong
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - John C K Wang
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | | | - Georgios Koukos
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Reyna J Simon
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Dan Eaton
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | | | - Qi Hao
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
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11
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Li S, Li H, Wang Z, Duan C. Stanniocalcin 1a regulates organismal calcium balance and survival by suppressing Trpv6 expression and inhibiting IGF signaling in zebrafish. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1276348. [PMID: 37964974 PMCID: PMC10640984 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1276348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Stanniocalcin 1 (Stc1) is well known for its role in regulating calcium uptake in fish by acting on ionocytes or NaR cells. A hallmark of NaR cells is the expression of Trpv6, a constitutively open calcium channel. Recent studies in zebrafish suggest that genetical deletion of Stc1a and Trpv6 individually both increases IGF signaling and NaR cell proliferation. While trpv6-/- fish suffered from calcium deficiency and died prematurely, stc1a-/- fish had elevated body calcium levels but also died prematurely. The relationship between Stc1a, Trpv6, and IGF signaling in regulating calcium homeostasis and organismal survival is unclear. Here we report that loss of Stc1a increases Trpv6 expression in NaR cells in an IGF signaling-dependent manner. Treatment with CdCl2, a Trpv6 inhibitor, reduced NaR cell number in stc1a -/- fish to the sibling levels. Genetic and biochemical analysis results suggest that Stc1a and Trpv6 regulate NaR cell proliferation via the same IGF pathway. Alizarin red staining detected abnormal calcium deposits in the yolk sac region and kidney stone-like structures in stc1a -/- fish. Double knockout or pharmacological inhibition of Trpv6 alleviated these phenotypes, suggesting that Stc1a inhibit epithelial Ca2+ uptake by regulating Trpv6 expression and activity. stc1a-/- mutant fish developed cardiac edema, body swelling, and died prematurely. Treatment of stc1a-/- fish with CdCl2 or double knockout of Trpv6 alleviated these phenotypes. These results provide evidence that Stc1a regulates calcium homeostasis and organismal survival by suppressing Trpv6 expression and inhibiting IGF signaling in ionocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Cunming Duan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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12
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Martín AI, Moreno-Rupérez Á, Nebot E, Granado M, Jaque D, Nieto-Bona MP, López-Calderón A, Priego T. Time-Dependent Changes in Muscle IGF1-IGFBP5-PAPP System after Sciatic Denervation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14112. [PMID: 37762414 PMCID: PMC10531309 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Denervation-induced muscle atrophy is a frequent cause of skeletal muscle diseases. However, the role of the most important muscle growth factor, insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), in this process is poorly understood. IGF-1 activity is controlled by six IGF-1 binding proteins (IGFBPs). In skeletal muscle, IGFBP-5 seems to have an important role in atrophic processes. Furthermore, pappalysins (PAPP-A) modulate muscle growth by increasing IGF-1 bioavailability through IGFBP cleavage. We aimed to study the time-dependent changes in the IGF1-IGFBP5-PAPP system and its regulators in gastrocnemius muscle after sciatic denervation. Gastrocnemius atrophy and overexpression of IGF-1 was observed from day 3 post-denervation. The proteolytic factors measured were elevated from day 1 post-denervation onwards. Expression of both IGFBP-5 and pappalysins were increased on days 1 and 3. Subsequently, on days 7 to 14 pappalysins returned to control levels while IGFBP-5 remained elevated. The ratio IGFBP-5/PAPP-A was correlated with the main proteolytic markers. All data suggest that the initial increase of pappalysins could facilitate the IGF-1 action on muscle growth, whereas their subsequent decrease could lead to further muscle wasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Martín
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal sn, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.I.M.); (Á.M.-R.); (E.N.); (A.L.-C.)
| | - Álvaro Moreno-Rupérez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal sn, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.I.M.); (Á.M.-R.); (E.N.); (A.L.-C.)
| | - Elena Nebot
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal sn, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.I.M.); (Á.M.-R.); (E.N.); (A.L.-C.)
| | - Miriam Granado
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle Arzobispo Morcillo 2, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Daniel Jaque
- Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group (NanoBIG), Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Avenida Francisco Tomas y Valiente, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - M. Paz Nieto-Bona
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad CC Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Avenida de Atenas sn, 20922 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Asunción López-Calderón
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal sn, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.I.M.); (Á.M.-R.); (E.N.); (A.L.-C.)
| | - Teresa Priego
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Enfermería, Fisioterapia y Podología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal sn, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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13
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Chen Y, Jiang P, Geng Y. The role of breastfeeding in breast cancer prevention: a literature review. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1257804. [PMID: 37746260 PMCID: PMC10512942 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1257804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer stands as the most prevalent malignancy globally. Despite the array of treatment options, its mortality rate continues to rise annually. Thus, reevaluation of factors directly linked to breast cancer emergence is imperative, alongside the development of more effective preventive measures. Estrogen levels, profoundly tied to reproduction, play a pivotal role in breast cancer development. Speculation centers on the potential of breastfeeding to mitigate cancer risk in women. However, the precise mechanism remains elusive. Breastfeeding is a modifiable reproductive factor extensively studied. Studies highlight a direct connection between lack of breastfeeding and breast cancer emergence, potentially linked to DNA methyltransferase expression alteration, aberrant methylation levels, pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A, cellular microenvironment, and oncogenes. This study reviews recent mechanisms underlying breastfeeding's role in reducing breast cancer incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Chen
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Fourth People’s Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Pengli Jiang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yongqin Geng
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
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14
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Lionikas A, Hernandez Cordero AI, Kilikevicius A, Carroll AM, Bewick GS, Bunger L, Ratkevicius A, Heisler LK, Harboe M, Oxvig C. Stanniocalcin-2 inhibits skeletal muscle growth and is upregulated in functional overload-induced hypertrophy. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15793. [PMID: 37568262 PMCID: PMC10510475 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Stanniocalcin-2 (STC2) has recently been implicated in human muscle mass variability by genetic analysis. Biochemically, STC2 inhibits the proteolytic activity of the metalloproteinase PAPP-A, which promotes muscle growth by upregulating the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis. The aim was to examine if STC2 affects skeletal muscle mass and to assess how the IGF axis mediates muscle hypertrophy induced by functional overload. METHODS We compared muscle mass and muscle fiber morphology between Stc2-/- (n = 21) and wild-type (n = 15) mice. We then quantified IGF1, IGF2, IGF binding proteins -4 and -5 (IGFBP-4, IGFBP-5), PAPP-A and STC2 in plantaris muscles of wild-type mice subjected to 4-week unilateral overload (n = 14). RESULTS Stc2-/- mice showed up to 10% larger muscle mass compared with wild-type mice. This increase was mediated by greater cross-sectional area of muscle fibers. Overload increased plantaris mass and components of the IGF axis, including quantities of IGF1 (by 2.41-fold, p = 0.0117), IGF2 (1.70-fold, p = 0.0461), IGFBP-4 (1.48-fold, p = 0.0268), PAPP-A (1.30-fold, p = 0.0154) and STC2 (1.28-fold, p = 0.019). CONCLUSION Here we provide evidence that STC2 is an inhibitor of muscle growth upregulated, along with other components of the IGF axis, during overload-induced muscle hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arimantas Lionikas
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and NutritionUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | - Ana I. Hernandez Cordero
- Centre for Heart Lung InnovationUniversity of British Columbia, St. Paul's HospitalVancouverCanada
| | - Audrius Kilikevicius
- Department of Health Promotion and RehabilitationLithuanian Sports UniversityKaunasLithuania
| | - Andrew M. Carroll
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research LimitedPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - Guy S. Bewick
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and NutritionUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | - Lutz Bunger
- Animal Genetics Company (AnGeCo)EdinburghScotland
| | - Aivaras Ratkevicius
- Department of Health Promotion and RehabilitationLithuanian Sports UniversityKaunasLithuania
| | - Lora K. Heisler
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and NutritionUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | - Mette Harboe
- Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - Claus Oxvig
- Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
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15
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Oxvig C, Conover CA. The Stanniocalcin-PAPP-A-IGFBP-IGF Axis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:1624-1633. [PMID: 36718521 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The pappalysin metalloproteinases, PAPP-A and PAPP-A2, have emerged as highly specific proteolytic enzymes involved in the regulation of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling. The only known pappalysin substrates are a subset of the IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs), which bind IGF-I or IGF-II with high affinity to antagonize receptor binding. Thus, by cleaving IGFBPs, the pappalysins have the potential to increase IGF bioactivity and hence promote IGF signaling. This is relevant both in systemic and local IGF regulation, in normal and several pathophysiological conditions. Stanniocalcin-1 and -2 were recently found to be potent pappalysin inhibitors, thus comprising the missing components of a complete proteolytic system, the stanniocalcin-PAPP-A-IGFBP-IGF axis. Here, we provide the biological context necessary for understanding the properties of this molecular network, and we review biochemical data, animal experiments, clinical data, and genetic data supporting the physiological operation of this branch as an important part of the IGF system. However, although in vivo data clearly illustrate its power, it is a challenge to understand its subtle operation, for example, multiple equilibria and inhibitory kinetics may determine how, where, and when the IGF receptor is stimulated. In addition, literally all of the regulatory proteins have suspected or known activities that are not directly related to IGF signaling. How such activities may integrate with IGF signaling is also important to address in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Oxvig
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 C, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Cheryl A Conover
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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16
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Hjortebjerg R, Pedersen DA, Mengel-From J, Jørgensen LH, Christensen K, Frystyk J. Heritability and circulating concentrations of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A and stanniocalcin-2 in elderly monozygotic and dizygotic twins. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1193742. [PMID: 37334305 PMCID: PMC10272750 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1193742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) is an IGF-activating enzyme suggested to influence aging-related diseases. However, knowledge on serum PAPP-A concentration and regulation in elderly subjects is limited. Therefore, we measured serum PAPP-A in elderly same-sex monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins, as this allowed us to describe the age-relationship of PAPP-A, and to test the hypothesis that serum PAPP-A concentrations are genetically determined. As PAPP-A is functionally related to stanniocalcin-2 (STC2), an endogenous PAPP-A inhibitor, we included measurements on STC2 as well as IGF-I and IGF-II. Methods The twin cohort contained 596 subjects (250 MZ twins, 346 DZ twins), whereof 33% were males. The age ranged from 73.2 to 94.3 (mean 78.8) years. Serum was analyzed for PAPP-A, STC2, IGF-I, and IGF-II by commercial immunoassays. Results In the twin cohort, PAPP-A increased with age (r=0.19; P<0.05), whereas IGF-I decreased (r=-0.12; P<0.05). Neither STC2 nor IGF-II showed any age relationship. When analyzed according to sex, PAPP-A correlated positively with age in males (r=0.18; P<0.05) and females (r=0.25; P<0.01), whereas IGF-I correlated inversely in females only (r=-0.15; P<0.01). Males had higher levels of PAPP-A (29%), STC2 (18%) and IGF-I (19%), whereas serum IGF-II was 28% higher in females (all P<0.001). For all four proteins, within-pair correlations were significantly higher for MZ twins than for DZ twins, and they demonstrated substantial and significant heritability, which after adjustment for age and sex averaged 59% for PAPP-A, 66% for STC2, 58% for IGF-I, and 52% for IGF-II. Discussion This twin study confirms our hypothesis that the heritability of PAPP-A serum concentrations is substantial, and the same is true for STC2. As regards the age relationship, PAPP-A increases with age, whereas STC2 remains unchanged, thereby supporting the idea that the ability of STC2 to inhibit PAPP-A enzymatic activity decreases with increasing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Hjortebjerg
- Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Dorthe Almind Pedersen
- The Danish Twin Registry and Danish Aging Research Center, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jonas Mengel-From
- The Danish Twin Registry and Danish Aging Research Center, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Kaare Christensen
- The Danish Twin Registry and Danish Aging Research Center, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jan Frystyk
- Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Gude MF, Hjortebjerg R, Bjerre M, Charles MH, Witte DR, Sandbæk A, Frystyk J. The STC2-PAPP-A-IGFBP4-IGF1 axis and its associations to mortality and CVD in T2D. Endocr Connect 2023; 12:e220451. [PMID: 36607154 PMCID: PMC9986395 DOI: 10.1530/ec-22-0451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective Physiologically, pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) serves to liberate bound IGF1 by enzymatic cleavage of IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs), IGFBP4 in particular. Clinically, PAPP-A has been linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Stanniocalcin-2 (STC2) is a natural inhibitor of PAPP-A enzymatic activity, but its association with CVD is unsettled. Therefore, we examined associations between the STC2-PAPP-A-IGFBP4-IGF1 axis and all-cause mortality and CVD in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Design We followed 1284 participants with T2D from the ADDITION trial for 5 years. Methods Circulating concentrations of STC2, PAPP-A, total and intact IGFBP4 and IGF1 and -2 were measured at inclusion. End-points were all-cause mortality and a composite CVD event: death from CVD, myocardial infarction, stroke, revascularisation or amputation. Survival analysis was performed by Cox proportional hazards model. Results During follow-up, 179 subjects presented with an event. After multivariable adjustment, higher levels of STC2, PAPP-A, as well as intact and total IGFBP4, were associated with all-cause mortality; STC2: hazard ratio (HR) = 1.84 (1.09-3.12) (95% CI); P = 0.023, PAPP-A: HR = 2.81 (1.98-3.98); P < 0.001, intact IGFBP4: HR = 1.43 (1.11-1.85); P = 0.006 and total IGFBP4: HR = 3.06 (1.91-4.91); P < 0.001. Higher PAPP-A levels were also associated with CVD events: HR = 1.74 (1.16-2.62); P = 0.008, whereas lower IGF1 levels were associated with all-cause mortality: HR = 0.51 (0.34-0.76); P = 0.001. Conclusions This study supports that PAPP-A promotes CVD and increases mortality. However, STC2 is also associated with mortality. Given that STC2 inhibits the enzymatic effects of PAPP-A, we speculate that STC2 either serves to counteract harmful PAPP-A actions or possesses effects independently of the PAPP-A-IGF1 axis. Significance statement PAPP-A has pro-atherosclerotic effects and exerts these most likely through IGF1. IGF1 is regulated by the STC2-PAPP-A-IGFBP4-IGF1 axis, where STC2, an irreversible inhibitor of PAPP-A, has been shown to reduce the development of atherosclerotic lesions in mice. We examined the association of this axis to mortality and CVD in T2D. We demonstrated an association between PAPP-A and CVD. All components of the STC2-PAPP-A-IGFBP4-IGF1 axis were associated with mortality and it is novel that STC2 was associated with mortality in T2D. Our study supports that inhibition of PAPP-A may be a new approach to reducing mortality and CVD. Whether modification of STC2 could serve as potential intervention warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Faurholdt Gude
- Medical/Steno Aarhus Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rikke Hjortebjerg
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Centre Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mette Bjerre
- Medical/Steno Aarhus Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Morten Haaning Charles
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Centre Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Daniel R Witte
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Centre Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Annelli Sandbæk
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Centre Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan Frystyk
- Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital & Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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18
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Sun J, Zhang P, Wang D, Zhu S, Ma X, Du Z, Zhang J, Yang S, Huang H, Jiang R, Tian Y, Li W, Kang X, Yan F, Sun G, Li D. Integrative analyses of the mRNA expression profile reveal the involvement of STC1 in chicken folliculogenesis. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad295. [PMID: 37656166 PMCID: PMC10503649 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient ovarian follicle development, maturation, and ovulation are critical for egg production performance. Previous research has underscored the importance of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in regulating development and folliculogenesis in chicken ovarians. However, the molecular mechanism is not fully understood, especially in the late period of the laying cycle. In the present study, ovarian tissues from 80-week-old Hy-Line Brown layers (three with high and three with low rates of egg laying) were collected for transcriptome sequencing. A total of 306 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in this study, at a false discovery rate (FDR)-corrected P-value < 0.05 and a log2|fold change| (log2|FC|) ≥1.5. Among these DEGs, stanniocalcin 1 (STC1) was mainly related to cellular processes, single-organism processes, biological regulation, metabolic processes, developmental processes, and reproductive processes. Then, we further investigated the regulation of STC1 during chicken follicle development and found that STC1 inhibited the proliferation and stimulated the apoptosis of follicular granulosa cells (GCs), and decreased the expression of progesterone (P4) and estradiol (E2). Collectively, these results suggest that STC1 plays an important role in chicken follicle development by decreasing GC proliferation and steroidogenesis and stimulating GC apoptosis. This study contributes to the understanding of the reproductive biology of laying hens in the late period of the laying cycle and further lays a foundation for the improvement of egg production in poultry breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Pengwei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Dongxue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Shuaipeng Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xiangfei Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Zhenwei Du
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Jiechang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Shuangyuan Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Hetian Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Ruirui Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yadong Tian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Wenting Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiangtao Kang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Fengbin Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Guirong Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Donghua Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou 450046, China
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19
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Zhong Q, Chu H, Wang G, Zhang C, Li R, Guo F, Meng X, Lei X, Zhou Y, Ren R, Tao L, Li N, Gao N, Wei Y, Qiao J, Hang J. Structural insights into the covalent regulation of PAPP-A activity by proMBP and STC2. Cell Discov 2022; 8:137. [PMID: 36550107 PMCID: PMC9780223 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-022-00502-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Originally discovered in the circulation of pregnant women as a protein secreted by placental trophoblasts, the metalloprotease pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) is also widely expressed by many other tissues. It cleaves insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGFBPs) to increase the bioavailability of IGFs and plays essential roles in multiple growth-promoting processes. While the vast majority of the circulatory PAPP-A in pregnancy is proteolytically inactive due to covalent inhibition by proform of eosinophil major basic protein (proMBP), the activity of PAPP-A can also be covalently inhibited by another less characterized modulator, stanniocalcin-2 (STC2). However, the structural basis of PAPP-A proteolysis and the mechanistic differences between these two modulators are poorly understood. Here we present two cryo-EM structures of endogenous purified PAPP-A in complex with either proMBP or STC2. Both modulators form 2:2 heterotetramer with PAPP-A and establish extensive interactions with multiple domains of PAPP-A that are distal to the catalytic cleft. This exosite-binding property results in a steric hindrance to prevent the binding and cleavage of IGFBPs, while the IGFBP linker region-derived peptides harboring the cleavage sites are no longer sensitive to the modulator treatment. Functional investigation into proMBP-mediated PAPP-A regulation in selective intrauterine growth restriction (sIUGR) pregnancy elucidates that PAPP-A and proMBP collaboratively regulate extravillous trophoblast invasion and the consequent fetal growth. Collectively, our work reveals a novel covalent exosite-competitive inhibition mechanism of PAPP-A and its regulatory effect on placental function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihang Zhong
- grid.411642.40000 0004 0605 3760Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China ,grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XKey Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China ,Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproduction, Beijing, China ,grid.411642.40000 0004 0605 3760National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing, China
| | - Honglei Chu
- grid.411642.40000 0004 0605 3760Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China ,grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XKey Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China ,Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproduction, Beijing, China ,grid.411642.40000 0004 0605 3760National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing, China
| | - Guopeng Wang
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- grid.412474.00000 0001 0027 0586Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Li
- grid.411642.40000 0004 0605 3760Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China ,grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XKey Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China ,Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproduction, Beijing, China ,grid.411642.40000 0004 0605 3760National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing, China
| | - Fusheng Guo
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Peking University, Beijing, China ,grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinlu Meng
- grid.411642.40000 0004 0605 3760Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoguang Lei
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Peking University, Beijing, China ,grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China ,grid.510951.90000 0004 7775 6738Institute for Cancer Research, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong China
| | - Youli Zhou
- grid.10784.3a0000 0004 1937 0482School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong China
| | - Ruobing Ren
- grid.10784.3a0000 0004 1937 0482School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong China ,grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Tao
- grid.412636.40000 0004 1757 9485Department of Orthopedics, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning China
| | - Ningning Li
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Gao
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China ,grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Wei
- grid.411642.40000 0004 0605 3760Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China ,grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XKey Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China ,Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproduction, Beijing, China ,grid.411642.40000 0004 0605 3760National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Qiao
- grid.411642.40000 0004 0605 3760Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China ,grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XKey Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China ,Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproduction, Beijing, China ,grid.411642.40000 0004 0605 3760National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing, China ,grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Hang
- grid.411642.40000 0004 0605 3760Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China ,grid.419897.a0000 0004 0369 313XKey Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China ,Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproduction, Beijing, China ,grid.411642.40000 0004 0605 3760National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing, China
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20
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Structure of the proteolytic enzyme PAPP-A with the endogenous inhibitor stanniocalcin-2 reveals its inhibitory mechanism. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6084. [PMID: 36257932 PMCID: PMC9579167 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33698-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The metzincin metalloproteinase PAPP-A plays a key role in the regulation of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling by specific cleavage of inhibitory IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs). Using single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), we here report the structure of PAPP-A in complex with its endogenous inhibitor, stanniocalcin-2 (STC2), neither of which have been reported before. The highest resolution (3.1 Å) was obtained for the STC2 subunit and the N-terminal approximately 1000 residues of the PAPP-A subunit. The 500 kDa 2:2 PAPP-A·STC2 complex is a flexible multidomain ensemble with numerous interdomain contacts. In particular, a specific disulfide bond between the subunits of STC2 and PAPP-A prevents dissociation, and interactions between STC2 and a module located in the very C-terminal end of the PAPP-A subunit prevent binding of its main substrate, IGFBP-4. While devoid of activity towards IGFBP-4, the active site cleft of the catalytic domain is accessible in the inhibited PAPP-A·STC2 complex, as shown by its ability to hydrolyze a synthetic peptide derived from IGFBP-4. Relevant to multiple human pathologies, this unusual mechanism of proteolytic inhibition may support the development of specific pharmaceutical agents, by which IGF signaling can be indirectly modulated.
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21
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Martín-Rivada Á, Guerra-Cantera S, Campillo-Calatayud A, Andrés-Esteban EM, Sánchez Holgado M, Martos-Moreno GÁ, Pozo J, Güemes M, Soriano-Guillén L, Pellicer A, Oxvig C, Frystyk J, Chowen JA, Barrios V, Argente J. Pappalysins and Stanniocalcins and Their Relationship With the Peripheral IGF Axis in Newborns and During Development. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:2912-2924. [PMID: 35902207 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Pappalysins (PAPP-A, PAPP-A2) modulate body growth by increasing insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) bioavailability through cleavage of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) and are inhibited by stanniocalcins (STC1, STC2). Normative data on these novel factors, as well as on free IGF-I and uncleaved fractions of IGFBPs, are not well established. OBJECTIVE This work aimed to determine serum concentrations of PAPP-A, PAPP-A2, STC1, and STC2 in relationship with other growth hormone (GH)-IGF axis parameters during development. METHODS Full-term newborns (150; gestational age: 39.30 ± 1.10 weeks), 40 preterm newborns (30.87 ± 3.35 weeks), and 1071 healthy individuals (aged 1-30 years) were included in the study and divided according to their Tanner stages (males and females): I:163 males, 154 females; II:100 males, 75 females; III:83 males, 96 females; IV: 77 males, 86 females; and V:109 males,128 females. RESULTS Serum concentrations of PAPP-A, PAPP-A2, STC1, STC2, IGFBP-2, total IGFBP-4, and total IGFBP-5 were elevated at birth and declined throughout childhood. In postnatal life, PAPP-A2 concentrations decreased progressively in concomitance with the free/total IGF-I ratio; however, stanniocalcin concentrations remained stable. PAPP-A2 concentrations positively correlated with the free/total IGF-I ratio (r = +0.28; P < .001) and negatively with the intact/total IGFBP-3 ratio (r = -0.23; P < .001). PAPP-A concentrations inversely correlated with intact/total IGFBP-4 ratio (r = -0.21; P < .001), with PAPP-A concentrations being lower in females at all ages. Association studies indicate the importance of stanniocalcins and pappalysins in the control of this axis in an age-specific manner. CONCLUSION This study provides reference values of pappalysins and stanniocalcins, which modulate IGF-I activity by changing the concentrations of cleaved and uncleaved IGFBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Martín-Rivada
- Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Departments of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Research Institute "La Princesa," Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28009, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Guerra-Cantera
- Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Departments of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Research Institute "La Princesa," Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28009, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutriciόn (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28009, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Campillo-Calatayud
- Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Departments of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Research Institute "La Princesa," Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28009, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Gabriel Á Martos-Moreno
- Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Departments of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Research Institute "La Princesa," Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28009, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutriciόn (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28009, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Pozo
- Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Departments of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Research Institute "La Princesa," Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28009, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutriciόn (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28009, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Güemes
- Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Departments of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Research Institute "La Princesa," Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28009, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leandro Soriano-Guillén
- Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Instituto de Investigación Fundación Jiménez Díaz, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adelina Pellicer
- Department of Neonatology, Hospital Universitario La Paz, E-28046, Madrid, Spain
| | - Claus Oxvig
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan Frystyk
- Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital & Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Julie A Chowen
- Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Departments of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Research Institute "La Princesa," Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28009, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutriciόn (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28009, Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA, Food Institute, CEIUAM+CSI, Cantoblanco, E-28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Barrios
- Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Departments of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Research Institute "La Princesa," Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28009, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutriciόn (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28009, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Argente
- Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Departments of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Research Institute "La Princesa," Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28009, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutriciόn (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28009, Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA, Food Institute, CEIUAM+CSI, Cantoblanco, E-28049, Madrid, Spain
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22
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Judge RA, Sridar J, Tunyasunvunakool K, Jain R, Wang JCK, Ouch C, Xu J, Mafi A, Nile AH, Remarcik C, Smith CL, Ghosh C, Xu C, Stoll V, Jumper J, Singh AH, Eaton D, Hao Q. Structure of the PAPP-A BP5 complex reveals mechanism of substrate recognition. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5500. [PMID: 36127359 PMCID: PMC9489782 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33175-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling is highly conserved and tightly regulated by proteases including Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein A (PAPP-A). PAPP-A and its paralog PAPP-A2 are metalloproteases that mediate IGF bioavailability through cleavage of IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs). Here, we present single-particle cryo-EM structures of the catalytically inactive mutant PAPP-A (E483A) in complex with a peptide from its substrate IGFBP5 (PAPP-ABP5) and also in its substrate-free form, by leveraging the power of AlphaFold to generate a high quality predicted model as a starting template. We show that PAPP-A is a flexible trans-dimer that binds IGFBP5 via a 25-amino acid anchor peptide which extends into the metalloprotease active site. This unique IGFBP5 anchor peptide that mediates the specific PAPP-A-IGFBP5 interaction is not found in other PAPP-A substrates. Additionally, we illustrate the critical role of the PAPP-A central domain as it mediates both IGFBP5 recognition and trans-dimerization. We further demonstrate that PAPP-A trans-dimer formation and distal inter-domain interactions are both required for efficient proteolysis of IGFBP4, but dispensable for IGFBP5 cleavage. Together the structural and biochemical studies reveal the mechanism of PAPP-A substrate binding and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janani Sridar
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Rinku Jain
- AbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John C K Wang
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christna Ouch
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jun Xu
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Aaron H Nile
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Crystal Ghosh
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chen Xu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Vincent Stoll
- AbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Amoolya H Singh
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA, USA.,GRAIL, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Dan Eaton
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Qi Hao
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
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23
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Karabulut Uzunçakmak S, Naldan ME, Dirican E, Kerget F, Halıcı Z. Preliminary investigation of gene expression levels of PAPP-A, STC-2, and HIF-1α in SARS-Cov-2 infected patients. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:8693-8699. [PMID: 35796937 PMCID: PMC9261127 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07710-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Coronavirus-19 is still considered a pandemic that influences the world. Other molecular alterations should be clearer besides the increasing cytokine storm and pro-inflammatory molecules. Hypoxic conditions that induce HIF-1α lead to stimulate gene expression of STC-2 that targets PAPP-A expression. This study aimed to determine gene expression levels of PAPP-A, STC-2, and HIF-1α in COVID-19 infection. We also aimed to reveal the relationship of these genes with laboratory and clinical data of COVID-19 patients. Materials and Results We extracted RNA from peripheral blood samples of COVID-19(+) and COVID-19(−) individuals. The real-time PCR method was used to measure mRNA expression of PAPP-A, STC-2, and HIF-1α. Gene expression analysis was evaluated by the 2−ΔΔCt method. PAPP-A, STC-2, and HIF-1α mRNA expressions of severe patients were higher than healthy individuals (p = 0.0451, p = 0.4466, p < 0.0001, respectively). Correlation analysis of gene expression patterns of severe patients demonstrated a positive correlation between PAPP-A and STC-2 (p < 0.0001, r = 0.8638). Conclusion This is the first study that investigates the relation of PAPP-A, STC-2, and HIF-1α gene expression in patients with COVID-19 infection. Besides the routine laboratory findings, PAPP-A, STC-2, and HIF-1α mRNA expressions may be considered to patients’ prognosis as a sign of increased cytokines and pro-inflammatory molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muhammet Emin Naldan
- Department of Anesthesia, Bilecik Seyh Edibali University, 11230, Bilecik, Turkey
| | - Ebubekir Dirican
- Health Services Vocational School, Bayburt University, 69000, Bayburt, Turkey
| | - Ferhan Kerget
- Department of Infectious and Clinical Microbiology Diseases, Erzurum Regional Education and Research Hospital, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Zekai Halıcı
- Department of Pharmacology, Ataturk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
- Clinical Research, Development and Design Application and Research Center, Ataturk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
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24
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Jepsen MR, Østergaard JA, Conover CA, Wogensen L, Birn H, Krag SP, Fenton RA, Oxvig C. Increased activity of the metalloproteinase PAPP-A promotes diabetes-induced glomerular hypertrophy. Metabolism 2022; 132:155218. [PMID: 35588861 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a serious complication of diabetes and a common cause of end stage renal failure. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-signaling has been implicated in DN, but is mechanistically poorly understood. Here, we assessed the activity of the metalloproteinase PAPP-A, an activator of IGF activity, and its possible interaction with the endogenous PAPP-A inhibitors stanniocalcin (STC)-1 and -2 in the mammalian kidney under normal and hyperglycemic conditions. METHODS AND RESULTS Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that PAPP-A, its proteolytic substrate IGF binding protein-4, STC1 and STC2 are present in the human kidney. Endogenous inhibited complexes of PAPP-A (PAPP-A:STC1 and PAPP-A:STC2) were demonstrated in media conditioned by human mesangial cells (HMCs), suggesting that PAPP-A activity is regulated by the STCs in kidney tissue. A method for the selective detection of active PAPP-A in tissue was developed and a significant increase in glomerular active PAPP-A in human diabetic kidney relative to normal was observed. In DN patients, the estimated glomerular filtration rate correlated with PAPP-A activity. In diabetic mice, glomerular growth was reduced when PAPP-A activity was antagonized by adeno-associated virus-mediated overexpression of STC2. CONCLUSION We propose that PAPP-A activity in renal tissue is precisely balanced by STC1 and STC2. An imbalance in this equilibrium causing increased PAPP-A enzymatic activity potentially contributes to the development of DN, and thus, therapeutic targeting of PAPP-A activity may represent a novel strategy for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malene R Jepsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jakob A Østergaard
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | | | - Lise Wogensen
- Dean's Office, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Henrik Birn
- Department of Renal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Søren P Krag
- Department of Histopathology, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Robert A Fenton
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Claus Oxvig
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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25
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Effect of the Porcine STC-1 Gene on Autophagy and Mitochondrial Function as Induced by Serum Starvation. Biochem Genet 2022; 60:2533-2551. [PMID: 35589876 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-022-10233-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Stanniocalcin-1 (STC-1) is a glycoprotein hormone involved in calcium/phosphorus metabolism and direct inhibition of bone and muscle growth. The aim of this study was to investigate the STC-1 gene with respect to the regulatory mechanisms of porcine growth metabolic pathways involving autophagy. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of autophagy and mitochondrial function-related proteins, and flow cytometry was used to detect mitochondrial function-related. Changes in the autophagosome and mitochondrial were observed by electron microscopy. The expression of the autophagy-related proteins was detected by confocal microscopy. The results showed that Pink1, Parkin and LC3B expression was increased; SQSTM1/P62 expression was reduced. Electron microscopy revealed that the cells in the serum starvation group all produced autophagosomes. The fluorescence intensity of GFP-LC3B and GFP-Parkin increased. The Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, Pink1 and Parkin protein levels were profoundly reduced in the STC-KO. In addition, the increase in Mfn2, OPA1, DRP1 and LC3B proteins was attenuated; the increase in the apoptosis rate and amount of active oxygen was attenuated; the decrease in membrane potential; the decrease in ATP was reversed; the fluorescence intensity of GFP-LC3B and GFP-Parkin was increased. These results indicate that autophagy can be caused by serum starvation. Knocking out the porcine STC-1 gene had an obvious antiapoptotic effect on cells, the inhibition of serum starvation-induced autophagy. This is the first study to show that the porcine STC-1 gene confers self-protection in the absence of nutrients. To provide a theoretical basis for studying the effect of STC-1 on pig growth and development.
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26
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Birzniece V, Lam T, McLean M, Reddy N, Shahidipour H, Hayden A, Gurney H, Stone G, Hjortebjerg R, Frystyk J. Insulin-like growth factor role in determining the anti-cancer effect of metformin: RCT in prostate cancer patients. Endocr Connect 2022; 11:EC-21-0375. [PMID: 35324467 PMCID: PMC9066575 DOI: 10.1530/ec-21-0375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), a principal therapy in patients with prostate cancer, is associated with the development of obesity, insulin resistance, and hyperinsulinemia. Recent evidence indicates that metformin may slow cancer progression and improves survival in prostate cancer patients, but the mechanism is not well understood. Circulating insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are bound to high-affinity binding proteins, which not only modulate the bioavailability and signalling of IGFs but also have independent actions on cell growth and survival. The aim of this study was to investigate whether metformin modulates IGFs, IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs), and the pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) - stanniocalcin 2 (STC2) axis. DESIGN AND METHODS In a blinded, randomised, cross-over design, 15 patients with prostate cancer on stable ADT received metformin and placebo treatment for 6 weeks each. Glucose metabolism along with circulating IGFs and IGFBPs was assessed. RESULTS Metformin significantly reduced the homeostasis model assessment as an index of insulin resistance (HOMA IR) and hepatic insulin resistance. Metformin also reduced circulating IGF-2 (P < 0.05) and IGFBP-3 (P < 0.01) but increased IGF bioactivity (P < 0.05). At baseline, IGF-2 correlated significantly with the hepatic insulin resistance (r2= 0.28, P < 0.05). PAPP-A remained unchanged but STC2 declined significantly (P < 0.05) following metformin administration. During metformin treatment, change in HOMA IR correlated with the change in STC2 (r2= 0.35, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Metformin administration alters many components of the circulating IGF system, either directly or indirectly via improved insulin sensitivity. Reduction in IGF-2 and STC2 may provide a novel mechanism for a potential metformin-induced antineoplastic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vita Birzniece
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
- Correspondence should be addressed to V Birzniece:
| | - Teresa Lam
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Westmead Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark McLean
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Navneeta Reddy
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Haleh Shahidipour
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amy Hayden
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia
- Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre, Westmead Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Howard Gurney
- Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre, Westmead Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Glenn Stone
- School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematics, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rikke Hjortebjerg
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital & Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital & Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jan Frystyk
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital & Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Gómez-Cuadrado L, Bullock E, Mabruk Z, Zhao H, Souleimanova M, Noer PR, Turnbull AK, Oxvig C, Bertos N, Byron A, Dixon JM, Park M, Haider S, Natrajan R, Sims AH, Brunton VG. Characterisation of the Stromal Microenvironment in Lobular Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14040904. [PMID: 35205651 PMCID: PMC8870100 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14040904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) is the second most common histological subtype of breast cancer, and it exhibits a number of clinico-pathological characteristics distinct from the more common invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). We set out to identify alterations in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of ILC. We used laser-capture microdissection to separate tumor epithelium from stroma in 23 ER + ILC primary tumors. Gene expression analysis identified 45 genes involved in regulation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) that were enriched in the non-immune stroma of ILC, but not in non-immune stroma from ER+ IDC or normal breast. Of these, 10 were expressed in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and were increased in ILC compared to IDC in bulk gene expression datasets, with PAPPA and TIMP2 being associated with better survival in ILC but not IDC. PAPPA, a gene involved in IGF-1 signaling, was the most enriched in the stroma compared to the tumor epithelial compartment in ILC. Analysis of PAPPA- and IGF1-associated genes identified a paracrine signaling pathway, and active PAPP-A was shown to be secreted from primary CAFs. This is the first study to demonstrate molecular differences in the TME between ILC and IDC identifying differences in matrix organization and growth factor signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gómez-Cuadrado
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK; (L.G.-C.); (E.B.); (Z.M.); (A.K.T.); (A.B.)
| | - Esme Bullock
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK; (L.G.-C.); (E.B.); (Z.M.); (A.K.T.); (A.B.)
| | - Zeanap Mabruk
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK; (L.G.-C.); (E.B.); (Z.M.); (A.K.T.); (A.B.)
| | - Hong Zhao
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada; (H.Z.); (M.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Margarita Souleimanova
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada; (H.Z.); (M.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Pernille Rimmer Noer
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; (P.R.N.); (C.O.)
| | - Arran K. Turnbull
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK; (L.G.-C.); (E.B.); (Z.M.); (A.K.T.); (A.B.)
| | - Claus Oxvig
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; (P.R.N.); (C.O.)
| | - Nicholas Bertos
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada;
| | - Adam Byron
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK; (L.G.-C.); (E.B.); (Z.M.); (A.K.T.); (A.B.)
| | - J. Michael Dixon
- Edinburgh Breast Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK;
| | - Morag Park
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada; (H.Z.); (M.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Syed Haider
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK; (S.H.); (R.N.)
| | - Rachael Natrajan
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK; (S.H.); (R.N.)
| | - Andrew H. Sims
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK; (L.G.-C.); (E.B.); (Z.M.); (A.K.T.); (A.B.)
| | - Valerie G. Brunton
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK; (L.G.-C.); (E.B.); (Z.M.); (A.K.T.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence:
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28
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Bale LK, Schafer MJ, Atkinson EJ, Le Brasseur NK, Haak AJ, Oxvig C, Conover CA. Pregnancy‐associated plasma protein‐A (PAPP‐A) is a key component of an interactive cellular mechanism promoting pulmonary fibrosis. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:2220-2229. [PMID: 35098542 PMCID: PMC9050837 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive lung disease with few effective treatment options. We found a highly significant correlation between pregnancy-associated plasma protein (PAPP)-A expression in IPF lung tissue and disease severity as measured by various pulmonary and physical function tests. PAPP-A is a metalloproteinase that enhances local insulin-like growth factor (IGF) activity. We used primary cultures of normal adult human lung fibroblasts (NHLF) to test the hypothesis that PAPP-A plays an important role in the development of pulmonary fibrosis. Treatment of NHLF with pro-fibrotic transforming growth factor (TGF)-β stimulated marked increases in IGF-I mRNA expression (>20-fold) and measurable IGF-I levels in 72-h conditioned medium (CM). TGF-β treatment also increased PAPP-A levels in CM fourfold (p = 0.004) and proteolytic activity ~2-fold. There was an indirect effect of TGF-β to stimulate signaling through the PI3K/Akt pathway, which was significantly inhibited by both IGF-I-inactivating and PAPP-A inhibitory antibodies. Induction of senescence in NHLF increased PAPP-A levels in CM 10-fold (p = 0.006) with attendant increased proteolytic activity. Thus, PAPP-A is a novel component of the senescent lung fibroblast secretome. In addition, NHLF secreted extracellular vehicles (EVs) with surface-bound active PAPP-A that were increased fivefold with senescence. Regulation of PAPP-A and IGF signaling by TGF-β and cell senescence suggests an interactive cellular mechanism underlying the resistance to apoptosis and the progression of fibrosis in IPF. Furthermore, PAPP-A-associated EVs may be a means of pro-fibrotic, pro-senescent communication with other cells in the lung and, thus, a potential therapeutic target for IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie K. Bale
- Division of Endocrinology Metabolism and Nutrition, Endocrine Research Unit Rochester Minnesota USA
| | - Marissa J. Schafer
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering Rochester Minnesota USA
| | | | | | - Andrew J. Haak
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering Rochester Minnesota USA
| | - Claus Oxvig
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics University of Aarhus Aarhus Denmark
| | - Cheryl A. Conover
- Division of Endocrinology Metabolism and Nutrition, Endocrine Research Unit Rochester Minnesota USA
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Li X, Liu L, Whitehead C, Li J, Thierry B, Le TD, Winter M. OUP accepted manuscript. Brief Funct Genomics 2022; 21:296-309. [PMID: 35484822 PMCID: PMC9328024 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elac006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-specific disease that can have serious effects on the health of both mothers and their offspring. Predicting which women will develop preeclampsia in early pregnancy with high accuracy will allow for improved management. The clinical symptoms of preeclampsia are well recognized, however, the precise molecular mechanisms leading to the disorder are poorly understood. This is compounded by the heterogeneous nature of preeclampsia onset, timing and severity. Indeed a multitude of poorly defined causes including genetic components implicates etiologic factors, such as immune maladaptation, placental ischemia and increased oxidative stress. Large datasets generated by microarray and next-generation sequencing have enabled the comprehensive study of preeclampsia at the molecular level. However, computational approaches to simultaneously analyze the preeclampsia transcriptomic and network data and identify clinically relevant information are currently limited. In this paper, we proposed a control theory method to identify potential preeclampsia-associated genes based on both transcriptomic and network data. First, we built a preeclampsia gene regulatory network and analyzed its controllability. We then defined two types of critical preeclampsia-associated genes that play important roles in the constructed preeclampsia-specific network. Benchmarking against differential expression, betweenness centrality and hub analysis we demonstrated that the proposed method may offer novel insights compared with other standard approaches. Next, we investigated subtype specific genes for early and late onset preeclampsia. This control theory approach could contribute to a further understanding of the molecular mechanisms contributing to preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Li
- UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, 5095, SA, Australia
| | - Lin Liu
- UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, 5095, SA, Australia
| | - Clare Whitehead
- Pregnancy Research Centre, Dept of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Royal Women’s Hospital, Melbourne, 3052, VIC, Australia
| | - Jiuyong Li
- UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, 5095, SA, Australia
| | - Benjamin Thierry
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, 5095, SA, Australia
| | - Thuc D Le
- Corresponding authors: Thuc D. Le, UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, 5095, SA, Australia. E-mail: ; M. Winter, Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, 5095, SA, Australia. E-mail:
| | - Marnie Winter
- Corresponding authors: Thuc D. Le, UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, 5095, SA, Australia. E-mail: ; M. Winter, Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, 5095, SA, Australia. E-mail:
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Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein (PAPP)-A2 in Physiology and Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123576. [PMID: 34944082 PMCID: PMC8700087 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis plays fundamental roles during development, maturation, and aging. Members of this axis, composed of various ligands, receptors, and binding proteins, are regulated in a tissue- and time-specific manner that requires precise control that is not completely understood. Some of the most recent advances in understanding the implications of this axis in human growth are derived from the identifications of new mutations in the gene encoding the pregnancy-associated plasma protein PAPP-A2 protease that liberates IGFs from their carrier proteins in a selective manner to allow binding to the IGF receptor 1. The identification of three nonrelated families with mutations in the PAPP-A2 gene has shed light on how this protease affects human physiology. This review summarizes our understanding of the implications of PAPP-A2 in growth physiology, obtained from studies in genetically modified animal models and the PAPP-A2 deficient patients known to date.
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Hjortebjerg R, Bojsen-Møller KN, Søeby M, Oxvig C, Madsbad S, Frystyk J. Metabolic improvement after gastric bypass correlates with changes in IGF-regulatory proteins stanniocalcin-2 and IGFBP-4. Metabolism 2021; 124:154886. [PMID: 34506805 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) is an enzyme that increases IGF-activity through cleavage of IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs), primarily IGFBP-4, whereby bound IGF-I becomes released as a free molecule. The enzymatic activity of PAPP-A is irreversibly suppressed by the glycoprotein stanniocalcin-2 (STC2). Pre-clinical and clinical studies suggest that the STC2 - PAPP-A - IGFBP-4 axis is important in controlling local IGF-action. STC2, PAPP-A and IGFBP-4 are expressed in adipose tissue, and as bariatric surgery markedly reduces the amount of fat, we found it relevant to study the impact of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) on circulating concentrations of this IGF-regulatory network. METHODS Analysis of fasting blood samples from 20 obese subjects, hereof 10 with preoperative type 2 diabetes, investigated before RYGB, and 1 week, 3 months and 12 months post-surgery. Members of the IGF-system were analyzed by immunoassays, bioactive IGF by cell-based IGF-I receptor activation assay. We compared changes in IGF-system components with changes in fasting plasma insulin and glucose, and HbA1c. RESULTS PAPP-A remained unchanged, but STC2 decreased following RYGB (p < 0.05). The PAPP-A substrate IGFBP-4 declined (p < 0.01), whereas levels of PAPP-A specific IGFBP-4 fragments increased (p < 0.05), indicating an increased PAPP-A enzymatic activity post-RYGB. Further, the reduction in intact IGFBP-4 correlated with increased levels of bioactive IGF (p < 0.05). In multivariable regression analyses, an improved glucose metabolism correlated with reductions in STC2 and IGFBP-4, and with increases in bioactive IGF and IGF-I (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION After 12 months, RYGB caused reduced serum concentrations of intact IGFBP-4 and STC2, whereas serum PAPP-A remained at pre-operative levels. However, concentrations of PAPP-A generated IGFBP-4 fragments increased, pointing to an overall increased PAPP-A enzymatic activity following RYGB. Notably, reductions in intact IGFBP-4 and STC2 associated with improvements in glucose metabolism. Therefore, we propose that STC2 and IGFBP-4 are involved in the metabolic improvement that follows RYGB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Hjortebjerg
- Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital & Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital & Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark; Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Mette Søeby
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Claus Oxvig
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Sten Madsbad
- Department of Endocrinology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Jan Frystyk
- Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital & Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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32
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Li Y, Li D, Cheng X. The association between expression of lncRNAs in patients with GDM. Endocr Connect 2021; 10:1080-1090. [PMID: 34289446 PMCID: PMC8428044 DOI: 10.1530/ec-21-0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is common worldwide and seriously threatens maternal and infant health. The expression of non-coding (ncRNA) is tissue-specific and highly stable in eukaryotic cells and the circulatory system, which can act as an early molecular marker of GDM. METHODS The differential expression of lncRNA and mRNA in the peripheral blood of patients with GDM (experimental group) and healthy pregnant women (control group) was analysed via lncRNA gene chip. Employing biological function clustering and KEGG signalling pathway analysis, we selected the mRNAs and lncRNAs closely related to the insulin signalling pathway of GDM to analyse the possible regulatory mechanism in the pathogenesis of GDM. The sequencing results were further verified via quantitative PCR (Q-PCR). RESULTS LncRNA microarray analysis revealed 7498 genes (3592 upregulated, 3906 downregulated) differentially expressed in the GDM group and healthy pregnant women control group, including 1098 differentially expressed lncRNAs (609 upregulated, 489 downregulated). According to the regulatory pathway of the lncRNA mRNA network, 6 lncRNAs and 4 mRNAs were found to play a significant role in insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS The lncRNAs ERMP1, TSPAN32 and MRPL38 form a co-expression network with TPH1, which is mainly involved in the tryptophan metabolism pathway and in the development of GDM. Moreover, lncRNA RPL13P5 forms a co-expression network with the TSC2 gene via the PI3K-AKT and insulin signalling pathways, which are involved in the process of insulin resistance in GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Li
- Department of EndocrinologyInner Mongolia People’s Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Department of EndocrinologyInner Mongolia People’s Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xingbo Cheng
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Correspondence should be addressed to C Xingbo:
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Elucidating mechano-pathology of osteoarthritis: transcriptome-wide differences in mechanically stressed aged human cartilage explants. Arthritis Res Ther 2021; 23:215. [PMID: 34399844 PMCID: PMC8365911 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-021-02595-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Failing of intrinsic chondrocyte repair after mechanical stress is known as one of the most important initiators of osteoarthritis. Nonetheless, insight into these early mechano-pathophysiological processes in age-related human articular cartilage is still lacking. Such insights are needed to advance clinical development. To highlight important molecular processes of osteoarthritis mechano-pathology, the transcriptome-wide changes following injurious mechanical stress on human aged osteochondral explants were characterized. Methods Following mechanical stress at a strain of 65% (65%MS) on human osteochondral explants (n65%MS = 14 versus ncontrol = 14), RNA sequencing was performed. Differential expression analysis between control and 65%MS was performed to determine mechanical stress-specific changes. Enrichment for pathways and protein-protein interactions was analyzed with Enrichr and STRING. Results We identified 156 genes significantly differentially expressed between control and 65%MS human osteochondral explants. Of note, IGFBP5 (FC = 6.01; FDR = 7.81 × 10−3) and MMP13 (FC = 5.19; FDR = 4.84 × 10−2) were the highest upregulated genes, while IGFBP6 (FC = 0.19; FDR = 3.07 × 10−4) was the most downregulated gene. Protein-protein interactions were significantly higher than expected by chance (P = 1.44 × 10−15 with connections between 116 out of 156 genes). Pathway analysis showed, among others, enrichment for cellular senescence, insulin-like growth factor (IGF) I and II binding, and focal adhesion. Conclusions Our results faithfully represent transcriptomic wide consequences of mechanical stress in human aged articular cartilage with MMP13, IGF binding proteins, and cellular senescence as the most notable results. Acquired knowledge on the as such identified initial, osteoarthritis-related, detrimental responses of chondrocytes may eventually contribute to the development of effective disease-modifying osteoarthritis treatments. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13075-021-02595-8.
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Roberts Kingman GA, Lee D, Jones FC, Desmet D, Bell MA, Kingsley DM. Longer or shorter spines: Reciprocal trait evolution in stickleback via triallelic regulatory changes in Stanniocalcin2a. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2100694118. [PMID: 34321354 PMCID: PMC8346906 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2100694118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrates have repeatedly modified skeletal structures to adapt to their environments. The threespine stickleback is an excellent system for studying skeletal modifications, as different wild populations have either increased or decreased the lengths of their prominent dorsal and pelvic spines in different freshwater environments. Here we identify a regulatory locus that has a major morphological effect on the length of stickleback dorsal and pelvic spines, which we term Maser (major spine enhancer). Maser maps in a closely linked supergene complex that controls multiple armor, feeding, and behavioral traits on chromosome IV. Natural alleles in Maser are differentiated between marine and freshwater sticklebacks; however, alleles found among freshwater populations are also differentiated, with distinct alleles found in short- and long-spined freshwater populations. The distinct freshwater alleles either increase or decrease expression of the bone growth inhibitor gene Stanniocalcin2a in developing spines, providing a simple genetic mechanism for either increasing or decreasing spine lengths in natural populations. Genomic surveys suggest many recurrently differentiated loci in sticklebacks are similarly specialized into three or more distinct alleles, providing multiple ancient standing variants in particular genes that may contribute to a range of phenotypes in different environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Lee
- Stanford University School of Humanities and Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Felicity C Jones
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Danielle Desmet
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Michael A Bell
- University of California Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - David M Kingsley
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305;
- HHMI, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
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Spradlin RA, Vassilakos G, Matheny MK, Jones NC, Goldman JL, Lei H, Barton ER. Deletion of muscle Igf1 exacerbates disuse atrophy weakness in mice. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 131:881-894. [PMID: 34292789 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00090.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle atrophy occurs as a result of prolonged periods of reduced mechanical stimulation associated with injury or disease. The growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 (GH/IGF-1) axis and load sensing pathways can both aid in recovery from disuse through their shared downstream signaling, but their relative contributions to these processes are not fully understood. The goal of this study was to determine whether reduced muscle IGF-1 altered the response to disuse and reloading. Adult male mice with inducible muscle-specific IGF-1 deletion (MID) induced 1 wk before suspension and age-matched controls (CON) were subjected to hindlimb suspension and reloading. Analysis of muscle force, morphology, gene expression, signaling, and tissue weights was performed in nonsuspended (NS) mice, and those suspended for 7 days or reloaded following suspension for 3, 7, and 14 days. MID mice displayed diminished IGF-1 protein levels and muscle atrophy before suspension. Muscles from suspended CON mice displayed a similar extent of atrophy and depletion of IGF-1, yet combined loss of load and IGF-1 was not additive with respect to muscle mass. In contrast, soleus force generation capacity was diminished to the greatest extent when both suspension and IGF-1 deletion occurred. Recovery of mass, force, and gene expression patterns following suspension were similar in CON and MID mice, even though IGF-1 levels increased only in muscles from CON mice. Diminished strength in disuse atrophy is exacerbated with the loss of muscle IGF-1 production, whereas recovery of mass and strength upon reloading can occur even IGF-1 is low.NEW & NOTEWORTHY A mouse model with skeletal muscle-specific inducible deletion of Igf1 was used to address the importance of this growth factor for the consequences of disuse atrophy. Rapid and equivalent loss of IGF-I and mass occurred with deletion or disuse. Decrements in strength were most severe with combined loss of load and IGF-1. Return of mass and strength upon reloading was independent of IGF-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray A Spradlin
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Georgios Vassilakos
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Michael K Matheny
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Nathan C Jones
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Jessica L Goldman
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Hanqin Lei
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Elisabeth R Barton
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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Upners EN, Busch AS, Almstrup K, Petersen JH, Assens M, Main KM, Jensen RB, Juul A. Does height and IGF-I determine pubertal timing in girls? Pediatr Res 2021; 90:176-183. [PMID: 33142306 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-01215-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pubertal timing is closely linked to growth regulated by the growth hormone/insulin-like factor (GH/IGF) axis that includes IGF-regulating factors such as pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A/A2 (PAPP-A/PAPP-A2) and stanniocalcin 2 (STC2). We investigated the association between height, IGF-I concentration, and PAPPA, PAPPA2, and STC2 genotypes on the timing of female pubertal milestones. METHODS Height, IGF-I, and genotypes were analyzed in 1382 Danish girls from the general population, 67 patients with tall stature (height ≥2 SD), and 124 patients with short stature (height ≤-2 SD). The main outcomes were breast stage and menarche. RESULTS Thelarche occurred significantly earlier in patients with tall stature (mean age 9.37 years [95% confidence interval (CI) 8.87-9.87]) and later in patients with short stature (11.07 years [95% CI 10.7-11.43]) compared with girls within the normal range (9.96 years [95% CI 9.85-10.07]) (p = 0.02 and p < 0.01, respectively). Girls with higher IGF-I levels experienced thelarche and menarche earlier compared with the rest of the cohort (p < 0.01). Genotypes were not associated with age at thelarche nor menarche, but the PAPPA2 minor allele carriers were shorter compared with major allele carriers, p = 0.03. CONCLUSIONS Height and IGF-I, but not PAPP-A, PAPP-A2, and STC2 genotypes, were negatively associated with age at thelarche and menarche. IMPACT Girls with tall and short stature enter puberty earlier and later compared with girls with normal height. Girls with higher insulin-growth factor-I in childhood enter puberty earlier. Pubertal timing is influenced by longitudinal growth and IGF-I levels earlier in childhood. Childhood growth and the levels of IGF-I in childhood may be biomarkers of pubertal timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmie N Upners
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Alexander S Busch
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.,International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Almstrup
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.,International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen H Petersen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.,International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Assens
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.,International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katharina M Main
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.,International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rikke B Jensen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.,International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Juul
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.,International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Jeon Y, Shin JE, Kwon M, Cho E, Cavalli V, Cho Y. In Vivo Gene Delivery of STC2 Promotes Axon Regeneration in Sciatic Nerves. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:750-760. [PMID: 33011858 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02155-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neurons are vulnerable to injury, and failure to activate self-protective systems after injury leads to neuronal death. However, sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglions (DRGs) mostly survive and regenerate their axons. To understand the mechanisms of the neuronal injury response, we analyzed the injury-responsive transcriptome and found that Stc2 is immediately upregulated after axotomy. Stc2 is required for axon regeneration in vivo and in vitro, indicating that Stc2 is a neuronal factor regulating axonal injury response. The application of the secreted stanniocalcin 2 to injured DRG neurons promotes regeneration. Stc2 thus represents a potential secretory protein with a feedback function regulating regeneration. Finally, the in vivo gene delivery of STC2 increases regenerative growth after injury in peripheral nerves in mice. These results suggest that Stc2 is an injury-responsive gene required for axon regeneration and a potential target for developing therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yewon Jeon
- Department of Life Sciences, Lab of Axon Regeneration & Degeneration, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Eun Shin
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, 49201, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjae Kwon
- Department of Life Sciences, Lab of Axon Regeneration & Degeneration, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhye Cho
- Department of Life Sciences, Lab of Axon Regeneration & Degeneration, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Valeria Cavalli
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Yongcheol Cho
- Department of Life Sciences, Lab of Axon Regeneration & Degeneration, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Faienza MF, Chiarito M, Brunetti G, D'Amato G. Growth plate gene involment and isolated short stature. Endocrine 2021; 71:28-34. [PMID: 32504378 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-020-02362-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Short stature is a common clinical presentation, thus it is widely accepted that it is a polygenic trait. However, genome wide association and next generation sequencing studies have recently challenged this view, suggesting that many of the children classified as idiopathic short stature could instead have monogenic defects. Linear growth is determined primarily by chondrogenesis at the growth plate. This process results from chondrocyte proliferation, hypertrophy, and extracellular matrix secretion, and it is perfectly coordinated by complex networks of local paracrine and endocrine factors. Alterations in genes which control growth plate development can explain a large number of cases of isolated short stature, allowing an etiological diagnosis. METHODS/RESULTS We reviewed recent data on the genetic alterations in fundamental cellular processes, paracrine signaling, and cartilage matrix formation associated with impaired growth plate chondrogenesis. In particular we focused on growth plate gene involvement in nonsyndromic short stature. CONCLUSIONS The identification of genetic basis of growth failure will have a significant impact on the care of children affected with short stature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Felicia Faienza
- Paediatric Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy.
| | - Mariangela Chiarito
- Paediatric Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Giacomina Brunetti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari "A. Moro", Bari, Italy
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Guerra-Cantera S, Frago LM, Collado-Pérez R, Canelles S, Ros P, Freire-Regatillo A, Jiménez-Hernaiz M, Barrios V, Argente J, Chowen JA. Sex Differences in Metabolic Recuperation After Weight Loss in High Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:796661. [PMID: 34975768 PMCID: PMC8716724 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.796661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary intervention is a common tactic employed to curtail the current obesity epidemic. Changes in nutritional status alter metabolic hormones such as insulin or leptin, as well as the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system, but little is known about restoration of these parameters after weight loss in obese subjects and if this differs between the sexes, especially regarding the IGF system. Here male and female mice received a high fat diet (HFD) or chow for 8 weeks, then half of the HFD mice were changed to chow (HFDCH) for 4 weeks. Both sexes gained weight (p < 0.001) and increased their energy intake (p < 0.001) and basal glycemia (p < 0.5) on the HFD, with these parameters normalizing after switching to chow but at different rates in males and females. In both sexes HFD decreased hypothalamic NPY and AgRP (p < 0.001) and increased POMC (p < 0.001) mRNA levels, with all normalizing in HFDCH mice, whereas the HFD-induced decrease in ObR did not normalize (p < 0.05). All HFD mice had abnormal glucose tolerance tests (p < 0.001), with males clearly more affected, that normalized when returned to chow. HFD increased insulin levels and HOMA index (p < 0.01) in both sexes, but only HFDCH males normalized this parameter. Returning to chow normalized the HFD-induced increase in circulating leptin (p < 0.001), total IGF1 (p < 0.001), IGF2 (p < 0.001, only in females) and IGFBP3 (p < 0.001), whereas free IGF1 levels remained elevated (p < 0.01). In males IGFBP2 decreased with HFD and normalized with chow (p < 0.001), with no changes in females. Although returning to a healthy diet improved of most metabolic parameters analyzed, fIGF1 levels remained elevated and hypothalamic ObR decreased in both sexes. Moreover, there was sex differences in both the response to HFD and the switch to chow including circulating levels of IGF2 and IGFBP2, factors previously reported to be involved in glucose metabolism. Indeed, glucose metabolism was also differentially modified in males and females, suggesting that these observations could be related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Guerra-Cantera
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura M. Frago
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Collado-Pérez
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Canelles
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Purificación Ros
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandra Freire-Regatillo
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jiménez-Hernaiz
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Barrios
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Argente
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Julie A. Chowen, ; Jesús Argente,
| | - Julie A. Chowen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Julie A. Chowen, ; Jesús Argente,
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Chronic Venous Disease Patients Showed Altered Expression of IGF-1/PAPP-A/STC-2 Axis in the Vein Wall. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:6782659. [PMID: 33381575 PMCID: PMC7755481 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6782659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic venous disease (CVeD) has a remarkable prevalence, with an estimated annual incidence of 2%. It has been demonstrated how the loss of homeostatic mechanisms in the vein wall can take part in the physiopathology of CVeD. In this regard, it has been described how different axis, such as IGF-1/PAPP-A/STC-2 axis, may play an essential role in tissue homeostasis. The aim of this research is to study both genetic and protein expressions of the IGF-1/PAPP-A/STC-2 axis in CVeD patients. It is a cross-sectional study in which genetic (RT-qPCR) and protein (immunohistochemistry) expression analysis techniques were accomplished in saphenous veins from CVeD patients (n = 35) in comparison to individuals without vascular pathology (HV). Results show a significant increase in both genetic and protein expressions of PAPP-A and IGF-1, and a decrement STC-2 expression at the same time in CVeD patients. Our study is a pioneer for demonstrating that the expression of the different components of the IGF-1/PAPP-A/STC-2 axis is altered in CVeD patients. This fact can be a part of the loss of homeostatic mechanisms of the venous tissue. Further research should be destined to deepen into alterations of this axis, as well as to evaluate the usage of these components as therapeutic targets for CVeD.
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Fujimoto M, Andrew M, Dauber A. Disorders caused by genetic defects associated with GH-dependent genes: PAPPA2 defects. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518:110967. [PMID: 32739295 PMCID: PMC7609568 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) and its mediator, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), have long been recognized as central to human growth physiology. IGF-1 is known to complex with IGF binding proteins as well as with the acid labile subunit (ALS) in order to prolong its half-life in circulation. Factors regulating the bioavailability of IGF-1 (i.e. the balance between free and bound IGF-1) were less well understood. Recently, pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A2 (PAPP-A2) was discovered as a protease which specifically cleaves IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-3 and -5. PAPP-A2 deficient patients present with characteristic findings including growth failure, elevated total IGF-1 and -2, IGFBPs, and ALS, but decreased percentage of free to total IGF-1. Additionally, patients with PAPP-A2 deficiency have impairments in glucose metabolism and bone mineral density (BMD). Treatment with recombinant human IGF-1 (rhIGF-1) improved height SD scores, growth velocity, body composition, and dysglycemia. Mouse models recapitulate many of the human findings of PAPP-A2 deficiency. This review summarizes the function of PAPP-A2 and its contribution to the GH-IGF axis through an examination of PAPP-A2 deficient patients and mouse models, thereby emphasizing the importance of the regulation of IGF-1 bioavailability in human growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanobu Fujimoto
- Division of Pediatrics and Perinatology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8504, Japan
| | - Melissa Andrew
- Division of Endocrinology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, 20010, USA
| | - Andrew Dauber
- Division of Endocrinology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, 20010, USA; Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, 20052, USA.
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Forbes BE, Blyth AJ, Wit JM. Disorders of IGFs and IGF-1R signaling pathways. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518:111035. [PMID: 32941924 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system comprises two ligands, IGF-I and IGF-II, that regulate multiple physiological processes, including mammalian development, metabolism and growth, through the type 1 IGF receptor (IGF-1R). The growth hormone (GH)-IGF-I axis is the major regulator of longitudinal growth. IGF-II is expressed in many tissues, notably the placenta, to regulate human pre- and post-natal growth and development. This review provides a brief introduction to the IGF system and summarizes findings from reports arising from recent larger genomic sequencing studies of human genetic mutations in IGF1 and IGF2 and genes of proteins regulating IGF action, namely the IGF-1R, IGF-1R signaling pathway components and the IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs). A perspective on the effect of homozygous mutations on structure and function of the IGFs and IGF-1R is also given and this is related to the effects on growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briony E Forbes
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Australia.
| | - Andrew J Blyth
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Australia
| | - Jan M Wit
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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Guerra-Cantera S, Frago LM, Jiménez-Hernaiz M, Ros P, Freire-Regatillo A, Barrios V, Argente J, Chowen JA. Impact of Long-Term HFD Intake on the Peripheral and Central IGF System in Male and Female Mice. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10110462. [PMID: 33202914 PMCID: PMC7698111 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10110462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system is responsible for growth, but also affects metabolism and brain function throughout life. New IGF family members (i.e., pappalysins and stanniocalcins) control the availability/activity of IGFs and are implicated in growth. However, how diet and obesity modify this system has been poorly studied. We explored how intake of a high-fat diet (HFD) or commercial control diet (CCD) affects the IGF system in the circulation, visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and hypothalamus. Male and female C57/BL6J mice received HFD (60% fat, 5.1 kcal/g), CCD (10% fat, 3.7 kcal/g) or chow (3.1 % fat, 3.4 kcal/g) for 8 weeks. After 7 weeks of HFD intake, males had decreased glucose tolerance (p < 0.01) and at sacrifice increased plasma insulin (p < 0.05) and leptin (p < 0.01). Circulating free IGF1 (p < 0.001), total IGF1 (p < 0.001), IGF2 (p < 0.05) and IGFBP3 (p < 0.01) were higher after HFD in both sexes, with CCD increasing IGFBP2 in males (p < 0.001). In VAT, HFD reduced mRNA levels of IGF2 (p < 0.05), PAPP-A (p < 0.001) and stanniocalcin (STC)-1 (p < 0.001) in males. HFD increased hypothalamic IGF1 (p < 0.01), IGF2 (p < 0.05) and IGFBP5 (p < 0.01) mRNA levels, with these changes more apparent in females. Our results show that diet-induced changes in the IGF system are tissue-, sex- and diet-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Guerra-Cantera
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, E-28009 Madrid, Spain; (S.G.-C.); (L.M.F.); (M.J.-H.); (A.F.-R.); (V.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura M. Frago
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, E-28009 Madrid, Spain; (S.G.-C.); (L.M.F.); (M.J.-H.); (A.F.-R.); (V.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jiménez-Hernaiz
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, E-28009 Madrid, Spain; (S.G.-C.); (L.M.F.); (M.J.-H.); (A.F.-R.); (V.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Purificación Ros
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, E-28222 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandra Freire-Regatillo
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, E-28009 Madrid, Spain; (S.G.-C.); (L.M.F.); (M.J.-H.); (A.F.-R.); (V.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Barrios
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, E-28009 Madrid, Spain; (S.G.-C.); (L.M.F.); (M.J.-H.); (A.F.-R.); (V.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Argente
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, E-28009 Madrid, Spain; (S.G.-C.); (L.M.F.); (M.J.-H.); (A.F.-R.); (V.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Carretera de Cantoblanco 8, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.A.); (J.A.C.)
| | - Julie A. Chowen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, E-28009 Madrid, Spain; (S.G.-C.); (L.M.F.); (M.J.-H.); (A.F.-R.); (V.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Carretera de Cantoblanco 8, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.A.); (J.A.C.)
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Hjortebjerg R, Rasmussen LM, Gude MF, Irmukhamedov A, Riber LP, Frystyk J, De Mey JGR. Local IGF Bioactivity Associates with High PAPP-A Activity in the Pericardial Cavity of Cardiovascular Disease Patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5900391. [PMID: 32875328 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) has been suggested as a proatherogenic enzyme by its ability to locally increase insulin-like growth factor (IGF) activity through proteolytic cleavage of IGF binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4). Recently, stanniocalcin-2 (STC2) was discovered as an inhibitor of PAPP-A. This study aimed to investigate IGFBP-4, PAPP-A, and STC2 as local regulators of IGF bioactivity in the cardiac microenvironment by comparing levels in the pericardial fluid with those in the circulation of patients with cardiovascular disease. METHODS Plasma and pericardial fluid were obtained from 39 patients undergoing elective cardiothoracic surgery, hereof 15 patients with type 2 diabetes. Concentrations of IGF-I, intact and fragmented IGFBP-4, PAPP-A, and STC2 were determined by immunoassays and IGF bioactivity by a cell-based assay. RESULTS In pericardial fluid, the concentrations of total IGF-I, intact IGFBP-4, and STC2 were 72 ± 10%, 91 ± 5%, and 40 ± 24% lower than in plasma, while PAPP-A was 15 times more concentrated. The levels of the 2 IGFBP-4 fragments generated by PAPP-A and reflecting PAPP-A activity were elevated by more than 25%. IGF bioactivity was 62 ± 81% higher in the pericardial fluid than plasma. Moreover, pericardial fluid levels of both IGFBP-4 fragments correlated with the concentration of PAPP-A and with the bioactivity of IGF. All protein levels were similar in pericardial fluid from nondiabetic and diabetic subjects. CONCLUSIONS PAPP-A increases IGF bioactivity by cleavage of IGFBP-4 in the pericardial cavity of cardiovascular disease patients. This study provides evidence for a distinct local activity of the IGF system, which may promote cardiac dysfunction and coronary atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Hjortebjerg
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology (KMEB), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Lars Melholt Rasmussen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Centre for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mette Faurholdt Gude
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Akhmadjon Irmukhamedov
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lars P Riber
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jan Frystyk
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology (KMEB), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Jo G R De Mey
- Centre for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Ohde D, Walz M, Walz C, Noce A, Brenmoehl J, Langhammer M, Hoeflich A. Sex-Specific Control of Muscle Mass: Elevated IGFBP Proteolysis and Reductions of IGF-1 Levels Are Associated with Substantial Loss of Carcass Weight in Male DU6PxIGFBP-2 Transgenic Mice. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102174. [PMID: 32993096 PMCID: PMC7600981 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In farmed animals, carcass weight represents an important economic trait. Since we had demonstrated that IGFBP-2 represents a potent inhibitor of muscle accretion in inbred mice, we wanted to quantify the inhibitory effects of IGFBP-2 under conditions of elevated protein mass in growth selected non-inbred mice (DU6P). Therefore, we crossed male DU6P mice with female IGFBP-2 transgenic mice. Male IGFBP-2 transgenic offspring (DU6P/IGFBP-2) were characterized by more than 20% reductions of carcass mass compared to male non-transgenic littermates. The carcass mass in males was also significantly lower (p < 0.001) than in transgenic female DU6P/IGFBP-2 mice, which showed a reduction of less than 10% (p < 0.05) compared to non-transgenic female DU6P/IGFBP-2 mice. Although transgene expression was elevated in the muscle of both sexes (p < 0.001), serum levels were normal in female, but significantly reduced in male transgenic DU6P/IGFBP-2 mice (p < 0.001). In this group, also IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-4 were significantly reduced in the circulation (p < 0.01). Particularly in male transgenic mice, we were able to identify proteolytic activity against recombinant IGFBP-2 included in diluted serum. IGFBP-proteolysis in males correlated with massive reductions of IGF-1 in serum samples and the presence of elevated levels of IGFBP-2 fragments. From our data, we conclude that elevated tissue expression of IGFBP-2 is an essential effector of muscle accretion and may block more than 20% of carcass mass. However, in the circulation, intact IGFBP-2 contained no reliable biomarker content. Notably, for the estimation of breeding values in meat-producing animal species, monitoring of IGFBP-2 expression in muscle appears to be supported by the present study in a model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ohde
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz-Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (D.O.); (M.W.); (C.W.); (A.N.); (J.B.)
| | - Michael Walz
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz-Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (D.O.); (M.W.); (C.W.); (A.N.); (J.B.)
| | - Christina Walz
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz-Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (D.O.); (M.W.); (C.W.); (A.N.); (J.B.)
| | - Antonia Noce
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz-Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (D.O.); (M.W.); (C.W.); (A.N.); (J.B.)
| | - Julia Brenmoehl
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz-Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (D.O.); (M.W.); (C.W.); (A.N.); (J.B.)
| | - Martina Langhammer
- Institute of Genetics and Biometry, Leibniz-Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany;
| | - Andreas Hoeflich
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz-Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (D.O.); (M.W.); (C.W.); (A.N.); (J.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-38208-68744
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Jenkins EC, Brown SO, Germain D. The Multi-Faced Role of PAPP-A in Post-Partum Breast Cancer: IGF-Signaling is Only the Beginning. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2020; 25:181-189. [PMID: 32901383 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-020-09456-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling and control of local bioavailability of free IGF by the IGF binding proteins (IGFBP) are important regulators of both mammary development and breast cancer. A recent genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified small nucleotide polymorphisms that reduce the expression of IGFBP-5 as a risk factor of developing breast cancer. This observation suggests that genetic alterations leading to a decreased level of IGFBP-5 may also contribute to breast cancer. In the current review, we focus on Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein A (PAPP-A), a protease involved in the degradation of IGFBP-5. PAPP-A is overexpressed in the majority of breast cancers but its role in cancer has only begun to be explored. More specifically, this review aims at highlighting the role of post-partum involution in the oncogenic function of PAPP-A. Notably, we summarize recent studies indicating that PAPP-A plays a role not only in the degradation of IGFBP-5 but also in the deposition of collagen and activation of the collagen receptor discoidin 2 (DDR2) during post-partum involution. Finally, considering the immunosuppressive microenvironment of post-partum involution, we also discuss the unexpected finding made in Ewing Sarcoma that PAPP-A plays a role in immune evasion. While the immunosuppressive role of PAPP-A in breast cancer remains to be determined, collectively these studies highlight the multifaced role of PAPP-A in cancer that extends well beyond its effect on IGF-signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund Charles Jenkins
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/ Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Samantha O Brown
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/ Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Doris Germain
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/ Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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Mamsen LS, Zafeiri A, Bøtkjær JA, Hardlei JR, Ernst E, Oxvig C, Fowler PA, Andersen CY. Expression of the Insulin-like Growth Factor System in First- and Second-Trimester Human Embryonic and Fetal Gonads. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5878074. [PMID: 32726409 PMCID: PMC8932519 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling is crucial for sex differentiation and development of Leydig and Sertoli cells in fetal mice testes. No such information is available for human embryonic and fetal testes and ovaries. OBJECTIVE To investigate presence and activity of the IGF signaling system during human embryonic and fetal ovarian and testicular development. DESIGN Human embryonic and fetal gonads were obtained following legal terminations of pregnancies. Gene expression was assessed by microarray and qPCR transcript analyses. Proteins of the IGF system components were detected with immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence analyses. Specimens were included from 2010 to 2017. SETTING University Hospital. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS Ovaries and testes from a total of 124 human embryos and fetuses aged 5 to 17 postconception weeks were obtained from healthy women aged 16 to 47 years resident in Denmark or Scotland. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Gene expression analysis using microarray was performed in 46 specimens and qPCR analysis in 56 specimens, both sexes included. Protein analysis included 22 specimens (11 ovaries, 11 testes). RESULTS IGF system members were detected in embryonic and fetal testes and ovaries, both at gene transcript and protein level. A higher expression of IGF regulators was detected in testes than ovaries, with a preferred localization to Leydig cells. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that the IGF system is active during very early gestation, when it may have a regulatory role in Leydig cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linn Salto Mamsen
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, The Juliane Marie Centre for Women, Children and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen University, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Linn Salto Mamsen MSc, PhD, Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Section 5712, University Hospital of Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. E-mail:
| | - Aikaterini Zafeiri
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill Aberdeen, Scotland
| | - Jane Alrø Bøtkjær
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, The Juliane Marie Centre for Women, Children and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen University, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonna Rasmussen Hardlei
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, The Juliane Marie Centre for Women, Children and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen University, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik Ernst
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Regional Hospital Horsens, Horsens, Denmark
| | - Claus Oxvig
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Paul A Fowler
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill Aberdeen, Scotland
| | - Claus Yding Andersen
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, The Juliane Marie Centre for Women, Children and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen University, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Frystyk J, Teran E, Gude MF, Bjerre M, Hjortebjerg R. Pregnancy-associated plasma proteins and Stanniocalcin-2 - Novel players controlling IGF-I physiology. Growth Horm IGF Res 2020; 53-54:101330. [PMID: 32693362 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2020.101330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
IGF-I was originally discovered as a GH-dependent growth factor stimulating longitudinal growth. Currently, however, it has become evident that the biological activities of IGF-I extend well beyond those of a simple growth factor and impact such processes as insulin sensitivity, aging, cancer and cardiovascular disease. The vast majority of IGF-I is tightly bound to IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs), which renders IGF-I unable to stimulate the IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) in vivo. This binding means that liberation of IGF-I from the IGFBPs is an important step controlling IGF-I action. In this context, IGFBP-cleaving enzymes appear to play a key role. Enzymatic cleavage of the IGFBPs markedly lowers their ligand affinity, and as a consequence, IGF-I becomes liberated and hence available for stimulation of the IGF-IR. Two of the best-characterized IGFBP-cleaving enzymes are pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) and its paralog PAPP-A2. The two enzymes (often referred to as pappalysins) regulate the liberation of IGF-I in a highly controlled manner. PAPP-A is believed to act predominantly in tissues, serving to liberate IGF-I at the cell surface in close proximity to the IGF-IR. In keeping with this notion, mice lacking PAPP-A exhibit reduced body size, despite having normal circulating IGF-I concentrations. In contrast, human findings indicate that altered PAPP-A2 activity changes circulating IGF-I concentrations, although PAPP-A2 is also present in high concentrations in tissues. Thus, PAPP-A2 appears to impact circulating, as well as tissue, IGF-I activity. The enzymatic activity of PAPP-A and PAPP-A2 was recently discovered to be regulated by the protein Stanniocalcin-2 (STC2). By binding to the enzymatic sites of PAPP-A and PAPP-A2, STC2 inhibits their activity. To date, the majority of findings demonstrating the ability of pappalysins and STC2 to regulate IGF-I action are from preclinical studies. However, clinical studies are now beginning to emerge. In this review, we will summarize our data on STC2, PAPP-A and PAPP-A2 in humans. These results indicate that pappalysins and STC2 constitute an important IGF-I activity-regulating system that warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Frystyk
- Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital & Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Enrique Teran
- Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Mette Faurholdt Gude
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mette Bjerre
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rikke Hjortebjerg
- Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital & Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center Odense (SDCO), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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49
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Root AW. Genetic Regulation of Adult Stature in Humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:dgaa210. [PMID: 32300792 PMCID: PMC7229986 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Allen W Root
- Adjunct Professor of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; Professor of Pediatrics Emeritus, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida
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50
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Kashyap S, Zeidler JD, Chini CCS, Chini EN. Implications of the PAPP-A-IGFBP-IGF-1 pathway in the pathogenesis and treatment of polycystic kidney disease. Cell Signal 2020; 73:109698. [PMID: 32569826 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is one of the most common genetic diseases implicated in the development of end stage renal disease (ESRD). Although FDA has recently approved a drug against ADPKD, there is still a great need for development of alternative management strategies for ADPKD. Understanding the different mechanisms that lead to cystogenesis and cyst expansion in ADPKD is imperative to develop new therapies against ADPKD. Recently, we demonstrated that caloric restriction can prevent the development of cystic disease in animal models of ADPKD and through these studies identified a new role for pregnancy associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A), a component of the insulin-like growth factors (IGF) pathway, in the pathogenesis of this disease. The PAPP-A-IGF pathway plays an important role in regulation of cell growth, differentiation, and transformation and dysregulation of this pathway has been implicated in many diseases. Several indirect studies support the involvement of IGF-1 in the pathogenesis of ADPKD. However, it was only recently that we described a direct role for a component of this pathway in pathogenesis of ADPKD, opening a new avenue for the therapeutic approaches for this cystic disease. The present literature review will critically discuss the evidence that supports the role of components of IGF pathway in the pathogenesis of ADPKD and discuss the pharmacological implications of PAPP-A-IGF axis in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonu Kashyap
- Signal Transduction and Molecular Nutrition Laboratory, Kogod Aging Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Julianna D Zeidler
- Signal Transduction and Molecular Nutrition Laboratory, Kogod Aging Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Claudia C S Chini
- Signal Transduction and Molecular Nutrition Laboratory, Kogod Aging Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Eduardo Nunes Chini
- Signal Transduction and Molecular Nutrition Laboratory, Kogod Aging Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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