1
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Foyer CH, Kunert K. The ascorbate-glutathione cycle coming of age. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:2682-2699. [PMID: 38243395 PMCID: PMC11066808 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Concepts regarding the operation of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle and the associated water/water cycle in the processing of metabolically generated hydrogen peroxide and other forms of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are well established in the literature. However, our knowledge of the functions of these cycles and their component enzymes continues to grow and evolve. Recent insights include participation in the intrinsic environmental and developmental signalling pathways that regulate plant growth, development, and defence. In addition to ROS processing, the enzymes of the two cycles not only support the functions of ascorbate and glutathione, they also have 'moonlighting' functions. They are subject to post-translational modifications and have an extensive interactome, particularly with other signalling proteins. In this assessment of current knowledge, we highlight the central position of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle in the network of cellular redox systems that underpin the energy-sensitive communication within the different cellular compartments and integrate plant signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine H Foyer
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, UK
| | - Karl Kunert
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, FABI, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 2001, South Africa
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2
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Pillay CS, Rohwer JM. Computational models as catalysts for investigating redoxin systems. Essays Biochem 2024; 68:27-39. [PMID: 38356400 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20230036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Thioredoxin, glutaredoxin and peroxiredoxin systems play central roles in redox regulation, signaling and metabolism in cells. In these systems, reducing equivalents from NAD(P)H are transferred by coupled thiol-disulfide exchange reactions to redoxins which then reduce a wide array of targets. However, the characterization of redoxin activity has been unclear, with redoxins regarded as enzymes in some studies and redox metabolites in others. Consequently, redoxin activities have been quantified by enzyme kinetic parameters in vitro, and redox potentials or redox ratios within cells. By analyzing all the reactions within these systems, computational models showed that many kinetic properties attributed to redoxins were due to system-level effects. Models of cellular redoxin networks have also been used to estimate intracellular hydrogen peroxide levels, analyze redox signaling and couple omic and kinetic data to understand the regulation of these networks in disease. Computational modeling has emerged as a powerful complementary tool to traditional redoxin enzyme kinetic and cellular assays that integrates data from a number of sources into a single quantitative framework to accelerate the analysis of redoxin systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ché S Pillay
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, South Africa
| | - Johann M Rohwer
- Laboratory for Molecular Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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3
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Geissel F, Lang L, Husemann B, Morgan B, Deponte M. Deciphering the mechanism of glutaredoxin-catalyzed roGFP2 redox sensing reveals a ternary complex with glutathione for protein disulfide reduction. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1733. [PMID: 38409212 PMCID: PMC10897161 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45808-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Glutaredoxins catalyze the reduction of disulfides and are key players in redox metabolism and regulation. While important insights were gained regarding the reduction of glutathione disulfide substrates, the mechanism of non-glutathione disulfide reduction remains highly debated. Here we determined the rate constants for the individual redox reactions between PfGrx, a model glutaredoxin from Plasmodium falciparum, and redox-sensitive green fluorescent protein 2 (roGFP2), a model substrate and versatile tool for intracellular redox measurements. We show that the PfGrx-catalyzed oxidation of roGFP2 occurs via a monothiol mechanism and is up to three orders of magnitude faster when roGFP2 and PfGrx are fused. The oxidation kinetics of roGFP2-PfGrx fusion constructs reflect at physiological GSSG concentrations the glutathionylation kinetics of the glutaredoxin moiety, thus allowing intracellular structure-function analysis. Reduction of the roGFP2 disulfide occurs via a monothiol mechanism and involves a ternary complex with GSH and PfGrx. Our study provides the mechanistic basis for understanding roGFP2 redox sensing and challenges previous mechanisms for protein disulfide reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Geissel
- Faculty of Chemistry, Comparative Biochemistry, RPTU Kaiserslautern, D-67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Lukas Lang
- Faculty of Chemistry, Comparative Biochemistry, RPTU Kaiserslautern, D-67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Britta Husemann
- Faculty of Chemistry, Comparative Biochemistry, RPTU Kaiserslautern, D-67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Bruce Morgan
- Institute of Biochemistry, Centre for Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Saarland University, D-66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Marcel Deponte
- Faculty of Chemistry, Comparative Biochemistry, RPTU Kaiserslautern, D-67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
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4
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Adhikari A, Park SW. Reduced GSH Acts as a Metabolic Cue of OPDA Signaling in Coregulating Photosynthesis and Defense Activation under Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3745. [PMID: 37960101 PMCID: PMC10648297 DOI: 10.3390/plants12213745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) is a primary precursor of jasmonates, able to trigger autonomous signaling cascades that activate and fine-tune plant defense responses, as well as growth and development. However, its mechanism of actions remains largely elusive. Here we describe a dual-function messenger of OPDA signaling, reduced glutathione (GSH), that cross-regulates photosynthesis machinery and stress protection/adaptation in concert, optimizing plant plasticity and survival potential. Under stress conditions, the rapid induction of OPDA production stimulates GSH accumulation in the chloroplasts, and in turn leads to protein S-glutathionylation in modulating the structure and function of redox-sensitive enzymes such as 2-cysteine (Cys) peroxiredoxin A (2CPA), a recycler in the water-water cycle. GSH exchanges thiol-disulfides with the resolving CysR175, while donating an electron (e-, H+) to the peroxidatic CysP53, of 2CPA, which revives its reductase activity and fosters peroxide detoxification in photosynthesis. The electron flow protects photosynthetic processes (decreased total non-photochemical quenching, NPQ(T)) and maintains its efficiency (increased photosystem II quantum yield, ΦII). On the other hand, GSH also prompts retrograde signaling from the chloroplasts to the nucleus in adjusting OPDA-responsive gene expressions such as Glutathione S-Transferase 6 (GST6) and GST8, and actuating defense responses against various ecological constraints such as salinity, excess oxidants and light, as well as mechanical wounding. We thus propose that OPDA regulates a unique metabolic switch that interfaces light and defense signaling, where it links cellular and environmental cues to a multitude of plant physiological, e.g., growth, development, recovery, and acclimation, processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sang-Wook Park
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA;
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5
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Orrico F, Laurance S, Lopez AC, Lefevre SD, Thomson L, Möller MN, Ostuni MA. Oxidative Stress in Healthy and Pathological Red Blood Cells. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1262. [PMID: 37627327 PMCID: PMC10452114 DOI: 10.3390/biom13081262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Red cell diseases encompass a group of inherited or acquired erythrocyte disorders that affect the structure, function, or production of red blood cells (RBCs). These disorders can lead to various clinical manifestations, including anemia, hemolysis, inflammation, and impaired oxygen-carrying capacity. Oxidative stress, characterized by an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the antioxidant defense mechanisms, plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of red cell diseases. In this review, we discuss the most relevant oxidant species involved in RBC damage, the enzymatic and low molecular weight antioxidant systems that protect RBCs against oxidative injury, and finally, the role of oxidative stress in different red cell diseases, including sickle cell disease, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, and pyruvate kinase deficiency, highlighting the underlying mechanisms leading to pathological RBC phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Orrico
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay; (F.O.); (A.C.L.); (M.N.M.)
- Laboratorio de Enzimología, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay;
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Sandrine Laurance
- Université Paris Cité and Université des Antilles, UMR_S1134, BIGR, Inserm, F-75014 Paris, France; (S.L.); (S.D.L.)
| | - Ana C. Lopez
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay; (F.O.); (A.C.L.); (M.N.M.)
- Laboratorio de Enzimología, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay;
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Sophie D. Lefevre
- Université Paris Cité and Université des Antilles, UMR_S1134, BIGR, Inserm, F-75014 Paris, France; (S.L.); (S.D.L.)
| | - Leonor Thomson
- Laboratorio de Enzimología, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay;
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Matias N. Möller
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay; (F.O.); (A.C.L.); (M.N.M.)
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Mariano A. Ostuni
- Université Paris Cité and Université des Antilles, UMR_S1134, BIGR, Inserm, F-75014 Paris, France; (S.L.); (S.D.L.)
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6
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Corteselli EM, Sharafi M, Hondal R, MacPherson M, White S, Lam YW, Gold C, Manuel AM, van der Vliet A, Schneebeli ST, Anathy V, Li J, Janssen-Heininger YMW. Structural and functional fine mapping of cysteines in mammalian glutaredoxin reveal their differential oxidation susceptibility. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4550. [PMID: 37507364 PMCID: PMC10382592 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39664-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein-S-glutathionylation is a post-translational modification involving the conjugation of glutathione to protein thiols, which can modulate the activity and structure of key cellular proteins. Glutaredoxins (GLRX) are oxidoreductases that regulate this process by performing deglutathionylation. However, GLRX has five cysteines that are potentially vulnerable to oxidative modification, which is associated with GLRX aggregation and loss of activity. To date, GLRX cysteines that are oxidatively modified and their relative susceptibilities remain unknown. We utilized molecular modeling approaches, activity assays using recombinant GLRX, coupled with site-directed mutagenesis of each cysteine both individually and in combination to address the oxidizibility of GLRX cysteines. These approaches reveal that C8 and C83 are targets for S-glutathionylation and oxidation by hydrogen peroxide in vitro. In silico modeling and experimental validation confirm a prominent role of C8 for dimer formation and aggregation. Lastly, combinatorial mutation of C8, C26, and C83 results in increased activity of GLRX and resistance to oxidative inactivation and aggregation. Results from these integrated computational and experimental studies provide insights into the relative oxidizability of GLRX's cysteines and have implications for the use of GLRX as a therapeutic in settings of dysregulated protein glutathionylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Corteselli
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Mona Sharafi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Robert Hondal
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Maximilian MacPherson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Sheryl White
- Neuroscience Cellular and Molecular Core, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Ying-Wai Lam
- Vermont Biomedical Research Network Proteomics Facility, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Clarissa Gold
- Vermont Biomedical Research Network Proteomics Facility, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Allison M Manuel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Albert van der Vliet
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Severin T Schneebeli
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy and Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Vikas Anathy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Jianing Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Yvonne M W Janssen-Heininger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
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7
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Medvedeva MV, Kleimenov SY, Samygina VR, Muronetz VI, Schmalhausen EV. S-nitrosylation and S-glutathionylation of GAPDH: Similarities, differences, and relationships. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2023; 1867:130418. [PMID: 37355052 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2023.130418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to compare the effect of reversible post-translational modifications, S-nitrosylation and S-glutathionylation, on the properties of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and to reveal the mechanism of the relationship between these modifications. Comparison of S-nitrosylated and S-glutathionylated GAPDH showed that both modifications inactivate the enzyme and change its spatial structure, decreasing the thermal stability of the protein and increasing its sensitivity to trypsin cleavage. Both modifications are reversible in the presence of dithiothreitol, however, in the presence of reduced glutathione and glutaredoxin 1, the reactivation of S-glutathionylated GAPDH is much slower (10% in 2 h) compared to S-nitrosylated GAPDH (60% in 10 min). This suggests that S-glutathionylation is a much less reversible modification compared to S-nitrosylation. Incubation of HEK 293 T cells in the presence of H2O2 or with the NO donor diethylamine NONOate results in accumulation of sulfenated GAPDH (by data of Western blotting) and S-glutathionylated GAPDH (by data of immunoprecipitation with anti-GSH antibodies). Besides GAPDH, a protein of 45 kDa was found to be sulfenated and S-glutathionylated in the cells treated with H2O2 or NO. This protein was identified as beta-actin. The results of this study confirm the previously proposed hypothesis based on in vitro investigations, according to which S-nitrosylation of the catalytic cysteine residue (Cys152) of GAPDH with subsequent formation of cysteine sulfenic acid at Cys152 may promote its S-glutathionylation in the presence of cellular GSH. Presumably, the mechanism may be valid in the case of beta-actin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Medvedeva
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - S Yu Kleimenov
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 33, bld. 2, Moscow 119071, Russia; Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 26, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - V R Samygina
- Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography of Federal Scientific Research Centre Crystallography and Photonics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 59, Moscow 119333, Russia
| | - V I Muronetz
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - E V Schmalhausen
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia.
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8
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Tuncay A, Crabtree DR, Muggeridge DJ, Husi H, Cobley JN. Performance benchmarking microplate-immunoassays for quantifying target-specific cysteine oxidation reveals their potential for understanding redox-regulation and oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 204:252-265. [PMID: 37192685 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The antibody-linked oxi-state assay (ALISA) for quantifying target-specific cysteine oxidation can benefit specialist and non-specialist users. Specialists can benefit from time-efficient analysis and high-throughput target and/or sample n-plex capacities. The simple and accessible "off-the-shelf" nature of ALISA brings the benefits of oxidative damage assays to non-specialists studying redox-regulation. Until performance benchmarking establishes confidence in the "unseen" microplate results, ALISA is unlikely to be widely adopted. Here, we implemented pre-set pass/fail criteria to benchmark ALISA by evaluating immunoassay performance in diverse contexts. ELISA-mode ALISA assays were accurate, reliable, and sensitive. For example, the average inter-assay CV for detecting 20%- and 40%-oxidised PRDX2 or GAPDH standards was 4.6% (range: 3.6-7.4%). ALISA displayed target-specificity. Immunodepleting the target decreased the signal by ∼75%. Single-antibody formatted ALISA failed to quantify the matrix-facing alpha subunit of the mitochondrial ATP synthase. However, RedoxiFluor quantified the alpha subunit displaying exceptional performance in the single-antibody format. ALISA discovered that (1) monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation amplified PRDX2-oxidation in THP-1 cells and (2) exercise increased GAPDH-specific oxidation in human erythrocytes. The "unseen" microplate data were "seen-to-be-believed" via orthogonal visually displayed immunoassays like the dimer method. Finally, we established target (n = 3) and sample (n = 100) n-plex capacities in ∼4 h with 50-70 min hands-on time. Our work showcases the potential of ALISA to advance our understanding of redox-regulation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Tuncay
- Division of Biomedical Science, Life Science Innovation Centre, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, IV2 5NA, Scotland, UK
| | - Daniel R Crabtree
- Division of Biomedical Science, Life Science Innovation Centre, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, IV2 5NA, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Holger Husi
- Division of Biomedical Science, Life Science Innovation Centre, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, IV2 5NA, Scotland, UK
| | - James N Cobley
- Division of Biomedical Science, Life Science Innovation Centre, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, IV2 5NA, Scotland, UK; Cysteine Redox Technology Group, Life Science Innovation Centre, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, IV2 5NA, Scotland, UK.
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9
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Sadowska-Bartosz I, Bartosz G. Peroxiredoxin 2: An Important Element of the Antioxidant Defense of the Erythrocyte. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12051012. [PMID: 37237878 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxiredoxin 2 (Prdx2) is the third most abundant erythrocyte protein. It was known previously as calpromotin since its binding to the membrane stimulates the calcium-dependent potassium channel. Prdx2 is present mostly in cytosol in the form of non-covalent dimers but may associate into doughnut-like decamers and other oligomers. Prdx2 reacts rapidly with hydrogen peroxide (k > 107 M-1 s-1). It is the main erythrocyte antioxidant that removes hydrogen peroxide formed endogenously by hemoglobin autoxidation. Prdx2 also reduces other peroxides including lipid, urate, amino acid, and protein hydroperoxides and peroxynitrite. Oxidized Prdx2 can be reduced at the expense of thioredoxin but also of other thiols, especially glutathione. Further reactions of Prdx2 with oxidants lead to hyperoxidation (formation of sulfinyl or sulfonyl derivatives of the peroxidative cysteine). The sulfinyl derivative can be reduced by sulfiredoxin. Circadian oscillations in the level of hyperoxidation of erythrocyte Prdx2 were reported. The protein can be subject to post-translational modifications; some of them, such as phosphorylation, nitration, and acetylation, increase its activity. Prdx2 can also act as a chaperone for hemoglobin and erythrocyte membrane proteins, especially during the maturation of erythrocyte precursors. The extent of Prdx2 oxidation is increased in various diseases and can be an index of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Sadowska-Bartosz
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 4 Zelwerowicza St., 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Bartosz
- Department of Bioenergetics, Food Analysis and Microbiology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszów, 4 Zelwerowicza St., 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
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10
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Netto LES, Machado LESF. Preferential redox regulation of cysteine‐based protein tyrosine phosphatases: structural and biochemical diversity. FEBS J 2022; 289:5480-5504. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.16466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luís Eduardo S. Netto
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva Instituto de Biociências Universidade de São Paulo Brazil
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11
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Gencheva R, Cheng Q, Arnér ESJ. Thioredoxin reductase selenoproteins from different organisms as potential drug targets for treatment of human diseases. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 190:320-338. [PMID: 35987423 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Human thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) is a selenoprotein with a central role in cellular redox homeostasis, utilizing a highly reactive and solvent-exposed selenocysteine (Sec) residue in its active site. Pharmacological modulation of TrxR can be obtained with several classes of small compounds showing different mechanisms of action, but most often dependent upon interactions with its Sec residue. The clinical implications of TrxR modulation as mediated by small compounds have been studied in diverse diseases, from rheumatoid arthritis and ischemia to cancer and parasitic infections. The possible involvement of TrxR in these diseases was in some cases serendipitously discovered, by finding that existing clinically used drugs are also TrxR inhibitors. Inhibiting isoforms of human TrxR is, however, not the only strategy for human disease treatment, as some pathogenic parasites also depend upon Sec-containing TrxR variants, including S. mansoni, B. malayi or O. volvulus. Inhibiting parasite TrxR has been shown to selectively kill parasites and can thus become a promising treatment strategy, especially in the context of quickly emerging resistance towards other drugs. Here we have summarized the basis for the targeting of selenoprotein TrxR variants with small molecules for therapeutic purposes in different human disease contexts. We discuss how Sec engagement appears to be an indispensable part of treatment efficacy and how some therapeutically promising compounds have been evaluated in preclinical or clinical studies. Several research questions remain before a wider application of selenoprotein TrxR inhibition as a first-line treatment strategy might be developed. These include further mechanistic studies of downstream effects that may mediate treatment efficacy, identification of isoform-specific enzyme inhibition patterns for some given therapeutic compounds, and the further elucidation of cell-specific effects in disease contexts such as in the tumor microenvironment or in host-parasite interactions, and which of these effects may be dependent upon the specific targeting of Sec in distinct TrxR isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radosveta Gencheva
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - Qing Cheng
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - Elias S J Arnér
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden; Department of Selenoprotein Research, National Tumor Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology, 1122, Budapest, Hungary.
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12
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Carvalho LAC, Queijo RG, Baccaro ALB, Siena ÁDD, Silva WA, Rodrigues T, Maria-Engler SS. Redox-Related Proteins in Melanoma Progression. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11030438. [PMID: 35326089 PMCID: PMC8944639 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the most aggressive type of skin cancer. Despite the available therapies, the minimum residual disease is still refractory. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) play a dual role in melanoma, where redox imbalance is involved from initiation to metastasis and resistance. Redox proteins modulate the disease by controlling ROS/RNS levels in immune response, proliferation, invasion, and relapse. Chemotherapeutics such as BRAF and MEK inhibitors promote oxidative stress, but high ROS/RNS amounts with a robust antioxidant system allow cells to be adaptive and cooperate to non-toxic levels. These proteins could act as biomarkers and possible targets. By understanding the complex mechanisms involved in adaptation and searching for new targets to make cells more susceptible to treatment, the disease might be overcome. Therefore, exploring the role of redox-sensitive proteins and the modulation of redox homeostasis may provide clues to new therapies. This study analyzes information obtained from a public cohort of melanoma patients about the expression of redox-generating and detoxifying proteins in melanoma during the disease stages, genetic alterations, and overall patient survival status. According to our analysis, 66% of the isoforms presented differential expression on melanoma progression: NOS2, SOD1, NOX4, PRX3, PXDN and GPX1 are increased during melanoma progression, while CAT, GPX3, TXNIP, and PRX2 are decreased. Besides, the stage of the disease could influence the result as well. The levels of PRX1, PRX5 and PRX6 can be increased or decreased depending on the stage. We showed that all analyzed isoforms presented some genetic alteration on the gene, most of them (78%) for increased mRNA expression. Interestingly, 34% of all melanoma patients showed genetic alterations on TRX1, most for decreased mRNA expression. Additionally, 15% of the isoforms showed a significant reduction in overall patient survival status for an altered group (PRX3, PRX5, TR2, and GR) and the unaltered group (NOX4). Although no such specific antioxidant therapy is approved for melanoma yet, inhibitors or mimetics of these redox-sensitive proteins have achieved very promising results. We foresee that forthcoming investigations on the modulation of these proteins will bring significant advances for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa A. C. Carvalho
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 580, São Paulo 05508-00, SP, Brazil; (L.A.C.C.); (R.G.Q.)
| | - Rodrigo G. Queijo
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 580, São Paulo 05508-00, SP, Brazil; (L.A.C.C.); (R.G.Q.)
| | - Alexandre L. B. Baccaro
- Centro de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa Oswaldo Cruz, Faculdade Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Brigadeiro Galvão, 535, Sao Paulo 01151-000, SP, Brazil;
| | - Ádamo D. D. Siena
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil; (Á.D.D.S.); (W.A.S.J.)
| | - Wilson A. Silva
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil; (Á.D.D.S.); (W.A.S.J.)
| | - Tiago Rodrigues
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Avenida dos Estados, 5001, Santo Andre 09210-580, SP, Brazil;
| | - Silvya Stuchi Maria-Engler
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 580, São Paulo 05508-00, SP, Brazil; (L.A.C.C.); (R.G.Q.)
- Correspondence:
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13
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Homocysteine-Thiolactone Modulates Gating of Mitochondrial Voltage-Dependent Anion Channel (VDAC) and Protects It from Induced Oxidative Stress. J Membr Biol 2022; 255:79-97. [PMID: 35103807 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-022-00215-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The gating of the Voltage-Dependent Anion Channel (VDAC) is linked to oxidative stress through increased generation of mitochondrial ROS with increasing mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). It has been already reported that H2O2 increases the single-channel conductance of VDAC on a bilayer lipid membrane. On the other hand, homocysteine (Hcy) has been reported to induce mitochondria-mediated cell death. It is argued that the thiol-form of homocysteine, HTL could be the plausible molecule responsible for the alteration in the function of proteins, such as VDAC. It is hypothesized that HTL interacts with VDAC that causes functional abnormalities. An investigation was undertaken to study the interaction of HTL with VDAC under H2O2 induced oxidative stress through biophysical and electrophysiological methods. Fluorescence spectroscopic studies indicate that HTL interacts with VDAC, but under induced oxidative stress the effect is prevented partially. Similarly, bilayer electrophysiology studies suggest that HTL shows a reduction in VDAC single-channel conductance, but the effects are partially prevented under an oxidative environment. Gly172 and His181 are predicted through bioinformatics tools to be the most plausible binding residues of HTL in Rat VDAC. The binding of HTL and H2O2 with VDAC appears to be cooperative as per our analysis of experimental data in the light of the Hill-Langmuir equation. The binding energies are estimated to be - 4.7 kcal mol-1 and - 2.8 kcal mol-1, respectively. The present in vitro studies suggest that when mitochondrial VDAC is under oxidative stress, the effects of amino acid metabolites like HTL are suppressed.
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14
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Pillay CS, John N. Can thiol-based redox systems be utilized as parts for synthetic biology applications? Redox Rep 2021; 26:147-159. [PMID: 34378494 PMCID: PMC8366655 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2021.1966183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Synthetic biology has emerged from molecular biology and engineering approaches and aims to develop novel, biologically-inspired systems for industrial and basic research applications ranging from biocomputing to drug production. Surprisingly, redoxin (thioredoxin, glutaredoxin, peroxiredoxin) and other thiol-based redox systems have not been widely utilized in many of these synthetic biology applications. METHODS We reviewed thiol-based redox systems and the development of synthetic biology applications that have used thiol-dependent parts. RESULTS The development of circuits to facilitate cytoplasmic disulfide bonding, biocomputing and the treatment of intestinal bowel disease are amongst the applications that have used thiol-based parts. We propose that genetically encoded redox sensors, thiol-based biomaterials and intracellular hydrogen peroxide generators may also be valuable components for synthetic biology applications. DISCUSSION Thiol-based systems play multiple roles in cellular redox metabolism, antioxidant defense and signaling and could therefore offer a vast and diverse portfolio of components, parts and devices for synthetic biology applications. However, factors limiting the adoption of redoxin systems for synthetic biology applications include the orthogonality of thiol-based components, limitations in the methods to characterize thiol-based systems and an incomplete understanding of the design principles of these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ché S. Pillay
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Nolyn John
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
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15
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Luo T, Pueyo JM, Wahni K, Yvanoff C, Lazar T, Pyr Dit Ruys S, Vertommen D, Ezeriņa D, Messens J. Thiol-disulphide independent in-cell trapping for the identification of peroxiredoxin 2 interactors. Redox Biol 2021; 46:102066. [PMID: 34340028 PMCID: PMC8346688 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) acts as a signalling molecule by oxidising cysteine thiols in proteins. Recent evidence has established a role for cytosolic peroxiredoxins in transmitting H2O2-based oxidation to a multitude of target proteins. Moreover, it is becoming clear that peroxiredoxins fulfil their function in organised microdomains, where not all interactors are covalently bound. However, most studies aimed at identifying peroxiredoxin interactors were based on methods that only detect covalently linked partners. Here, we explore the applicability of two thiol-disulphide independent in-cell trapping methodological approaches in combination with mass spectrometry for the identification of interaction partners of peroxiredoxin 2 (Prdx2). The first is biotin-dependent proximity-labelling (BioID) with a biotin ligase A (BirA*)-fused Prdx2, which has never been applied on redox-active proteins. The second is crosslinker co-immunoprecipitation with an N-terminally His-tagged Prdx2. During the initial characterisation of the tagged Prdx2 constructs, we found that the His-tag, but not BirA*, compromises the peroxidase and signalling activities of Prdx2. Further, the Prdx2 interactors identified with each approach showed little overlap. We therefore concluded that BioID is a more reliable method than crosslinker co-immunoprecipitation. After a stringent mass spec data filtering, BioID identified 13 interactors under elevated H2O2 conditions, including subunit five of the COP9 signalosome complex (CSN5). The Prdx2:CSN5 interaction was further confirmed in a proximity ligation assay. Taken together, our results demonstrate that BioID can be used as a method for the identification of interactors of Prdxs, and that caution should be exercised when interpreting protein-protein interaction results using tagged Prdxs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Luo
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Brussels Center for Redox Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julia Malo Pueyo
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Brussels Center for Redox Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Khadija Wahni
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Brussels Center for Redox Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Yvanoff
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; International Joint Research Group VUB-EPFL NanoBiotechnology & NanoMedicine (NANO), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium and Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tamas Lazar
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Didier Vertommen
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Daria Ezeriņa
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Brussels Center for Redox Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Joris Messens
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Brussels Center for Redox Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium.
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16
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Vo TN, Malo Pueyo J, Wahni K, Ezeriņa D, Bolduc J, Messens J. Prdx1 Interacts with ASK1 upon Exposure to H 2O 2 and Independently of a Scaffolding Protein. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10071060. [PMID: 34209102 PMCID: PMC8300624 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10071060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a key redox signaling molecule that selectively oxidizes cysteines on proteins. It can accomplish this even in the presence of highly efficient and abundant H2O2 scavengers, peroxiredoxins (Prdxs), as it is the Prdxs themselves that transfer oxidative equivalents to specific protein thiols on target proteins via their redox-relay functionality. The first evidence of a mammalian cytosolic Prdx-mediated redox-relay—Prdx1 with the kinase ASK1—was presented a decade ago based on the outcome of a co-immunoprecipitation experiment. A second such redox-relay—Prdx2:STAT3—soon followed, for which further studies provided insights into its specificity, organization, and mechanism. The Prdx1:ASK1 redox-relay, however, has never undergone such a characterization. Here, we combine cellular and in vitro protein–protein interaction methods to investigate the Prdx1:ASK1 interaction more thoroughly. We show that, contrary to the Prdx2:STAT3 redox-relay, Prdx1 interacts with ASK1 at elevated H2O2 concentrations, and that this interaction can happen independently of a scaffolding protein. We also provide evidence of a Prdx2:ASK1 interaction, and demonstrate that it requires a facilitator that, however, is not annexin A2. Our results reveal that cytosolic Prdx redox-relays can be organized in different ways and yet again highlight the differentiated roles of Prdx1 and Prdx2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trung Nghia Vo
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut Voor Biotechnologie, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; (T.N.V.); (J.M.P.); (K.W.); (D.E.); (J.B.)
- Brussels Center for Redox Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julia Malo Pueyo
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut Voor Biotechnologie, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; (T.N.V.); (J.M.P.); (K.W.); (D.E.); (J.B.)
- Brussels Center for Redox Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Khadija Wahni
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut Voor Biotechnologie, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; (T.N.V.); (J.M.P.); (K.W.); (D.E.); (J.B.)
- Brussels Center for Redox Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Daria Ezeriņa
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut Voor Biotechnologie, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; (T.N.V.); (J.M.P.); (K.W.); (D.E.); (J.B.)
- Brussels Center for Redox Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jesalyn Bolduc
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut Voor Biotechnologie, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; (T.N.V.); (J.M.P.); (K.W.); (D.E.); (J.B.)
- Brussels Center for Redox Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joris Messens
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut Voor Biotechnologie, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; (T.N.V.); (J.M.P.); (K.W.); (D.E.); (J.B.)
- Brussels Center for Redox Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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17
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Glutathione peroxidase-1 regulates ASK1-dependent apoptosis via interaction with TRAF2 in RIPK3-negative cancer cells. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:1080-1091. [PMID: 34158609 PMCID: PMC8257591 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00642-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) is a selenocysteine-containing peroxidase enzyme that defends mammalian cells against oxidative stress, but the role of GPx signaling is poorly characterized. Here, we show that GPx type 1 (GPx1) plays a key regulatory role in the apoptosis signaling pathway. The absence of GPx1 augmented TNF-α-induced apoptosis in various RIPK3-negative cancer cells by markedly elevating the level of cytosolic H2O2, which is derived from mitochondria. At the molecular level, the absence of GPx1 led to the strengthened sequential activation of sustained JNK and caspase-8 expression. Two signaling mechanisms are involved in the GPx1-dependent regulation of the apoptosis pathway: (1) GPx1 regulates the level of cytosolic H2O2 that oxidizes the redox protein thioredoxin 1, blocking ASK1 activation, and (2) GPx1 interacts with TRAF2 and interferes with the formation of the active ASK1 complex. Inducible knockdown of GPx1 expression impaired the tumorigenic growth of MDA-MB-231 cells (>70% reduction, P = 0.0034) implanted in mice by promoting apoptosis in vivo. Overall, this study reveals the apoptosis-related signaling function of a GPx family enzyme highly conserved in aerobic organisms. An antioxidative enzyme that plays a critical role in regulating whether cells program their own death offers a promising new target for anti-cancer therapies. Glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPX1) is involved in cleaning up reactive metabolic byproducts such as hydrogen peroxide inside cells. Sang Won Kang and colleagues at Ewha Womans University in Seoul, South Korea, showed that this stress-response enzyme also suppresses the induction of normal programmed cell death mechanisms in a variety of cancer cells. The researchers detailed the molecular partners involved in GPX1-mediated signaling inside cancer cells, and demonstrated that genetically reducing GPX1 expression dramatically reduces tumor growth in a mouse model of breast cancer. Drugs with similar inhibitory effects on GPX1 activity might therefore also help shrink tumors in human cancer patients.
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18
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Hu Y, Stilp AM, McHugh CP, Rao S, Jain D, Zheng X, Lane J, Méric de Bellefon S, Raffield LM, Chen MH, Yanek LR, Wheeler M, Yao Y, Ren C, Broome J, Moon JY, de Vries PS, Hobbs BD, Sun Q, Surendran P, Brody JA, Blackwell TW, Choquet H, Ryan K, Duggirala R, Heard-Costa N, Wang Z, Chami N, Preuss MH, Min N, Ekunwe L, Lange LA, Cushman M, Faraday N, Curran JE, Almasy L, Kundu K, Smith AV, Gabriel S, Rotter JI, Fornage M, Lloyd-Jones DM, Vasan RS, Smith NL, North KE, Boerwinkle E, Becker LC, Lewis JP, Abecasis GR, Hou L, O'Connell JR, Morrison AC, Beaty TH, Kaplan R, Correa A, Blangero J, Jorgenson E, Psaty BM, Kooperberg C, Walton RT, Kleinstiver BP, Tang H, Loos RJF, Soranzo N, Butterworth AS, Nickerson D, Rich SS, Mitchell BD, Johnson AD, Auer PL, Li Y, Mathias RA, Lettre G, Pankratz N, Laurie CC, Laurie CA, Bauer DE, Conomos MP, Reiner AP. Whole-genome sequencing association analysis of quantitative red blood cell phenotypes: The NHLBI TOPMed program. Am J Hum Genet 2021; 108:874-893. [PMID: 33887194 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Whole-genome sequencing (WGS), a powerful tool for detecting novel coding and non-coding disease-causing variants, has largely been applied to clinical diagnosis of inherited disorders. Here we leveraged WGS data in up to 62,653 ethnically diverse participants from the NHLBI Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) program and assessed statistical association of variants with seven red blood cell (RBC) quantitative traits. We discovered 14 single variant-RBC trait associations at 12 genomic loci, which have not been reported previously. Several of the RBC trait-variant associations (RPN1, ELL2, MIDN, HBB, HBA1, PIEZO1, and G6PD) were replicated in independent GWAS datasets imputed to the TOPMed reference panel. Most of these discovered variants are rare/low frequency, and several are observed disproportionately among non-European Ancestry (African, Hispanic/Latino, or East Asian) populations. We identified a 3 bp indel p.Lys2169del (g.88717175_88717177TCT[4]) (common only in the Ashkenazi Jewish population) of PIEZO1, a gene responsible for the Mendelian red cell disorder hereditary xerocytosis (MIM: 194380), associated with higher mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). In stepwise conditional analysis and in gene-based rare variant aggregated association analysis, we identified several of the variants in HBB, HBA1, TMPRSS6, and G6PD that represent the carrier state for known coding, promoter, or splice site loss-of-function variants that cause inherited RBC disorders. Finally, we applied base and nuclease editing to demonstrate that the sentinel variant rs112097551 (nearest gene RPN1) acts through a cis-regulatory element that exerts long-range control of the gene RUVBL1 which is essential for hematopoiesis. Together, these results demonstrate the utility of WGS in ethnically diverse population-based samples and gene editing for expanding knowledge of the genetic architecture of quantitative hematologic traits and suggest a continuum between complex trait and Mendelian red cell disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Hu
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Adrienne M Stilp
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Caitlin P McHugh
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Shuquan Rao
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Broad Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Deepti Jain
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Xiuwen Zheng
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - John Lane
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | - Laura M Raffield
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ming-Huei Chen
- Population Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01701, USA
| | - Lisa R Yanek
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Marsha Wheeler
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Yao Yao
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Broad Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Chunyan Ren
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Broad Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jai Broome
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Jee-Young Moon
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Paul S de Vries
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Brian D Hobbs
- Channing Division of Network Medicine and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Quan Sun
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Praveen Surendran
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK; British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK; Health Data Research UK Cambridge, Wellcome Genome Campus and University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK; Rutherford Fund Fellow, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Jennifer A Brody
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Thomas W Blackwell
- TOPMed Informatics Research Center, University of Michigan, Department of Biostatistics, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Hélène Choquet
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA 94601, USA
| | - Kathleen Ryan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Ravindranath Duggirala
- Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville, TX 78539, USA
| | - Nancy Heard-Costa
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01701, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Zhe Wang
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nathalie Chami
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Michael H Preuss
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nancy Min
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Lynette Ekunwe
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Leslie A Lange
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, School of Medicine University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Mary Cushman
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Nauder Faraday
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Joanne E Curran
- Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville, TX 78539, USA
| | - Laura Almasy
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Genetics University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kousik Kundu
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK; Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK
| | - Albert V Smith
- TOPMed Informatics Research Center, University of Michigan, Department of Biostatistics, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Jerome I Rotter
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Myriam Fornage
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Ramachandran S Vasan
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01701, USA; Departments of Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Nicholas L Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Research and Development, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Kari E North
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lewis C Becker
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Joshua P Lewis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Goncalo R Abecasis
- TOPMed Informatics Research Center, University of Michigan, Department of Biostatistics, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lifang Hou
- Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60208, USA
| | - Jeffrey R O'Connell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Alanna C Morrison
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Terri H Beaty
- School of Public Health, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Robert Kaplan
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Adolfo Correa
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - John Blangero
- Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville, TX 78539, USA
| | - Eric Jorgenson
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA 94601, USA
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Charles Kooperberg
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Russell T Walton
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Benjamin P Kleinstiver
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hua Tang
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nicole Soranzo
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK; Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK; Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK; National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Adam S Butterworth
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK; British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK; Health Data Research UK Cambridge, Wellcome Genome Campus and University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK; National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK; National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge and Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Debbie Nickerson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Stephen S Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Braxton D Mitchell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Andrew D Johnson
- Population Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's and Boston University's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01701, USA
| | - Paul L Auer
- Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53205, USA
| | - Yun Li
- Departments of Biostatistics, Genetics, Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Rasika A Mathias
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA 21205, USA
| | - Guillaume Lettre
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, QC H1T 1C8, Canada; Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H1T 1C8, Canada
| | - Nathan Pankratz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Cathy C Laurie
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Cecelia A Laurie
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Daniel E Bauer
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Broad Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Matthew P Conomos
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Alexander P Reiner
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
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19
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Role of protein S-Glutathionylation in cancer progression and development of resistance to anti-cancer drugs. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 704:108890. [PMID: 33894196 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.108890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The survival, functioning and proliferation of mammalian cells are highly dependent on the cellular response and adaptation to changes in their redox environment. Cancer cells often live in an altered redox environment due to aberrant neo-vasculature, metabolic reprogramming and dysregulated proliferation. Thus, redox adaptations are critical for their survival. Glutathione plays an essential role in maintaining redox homeostasis inside the cells by binding to redox-sensitive cysteine residues in proteins by a process called S-glutathionylation. S-Glutathionylation not only protects the labile cysteine residues from oxidation, but also serves as a sensor of redox status, and acts as a signal for stimulation of downstream processes and adaptive responses to ensure redox equilibrium. The present review aims to provide an updated overview of the role of the unique redox adaptations during carcinogenesis and cancer progression, focusing on their dependence on S-glutathionylation of specific redox-sensitive proteins involved in a wide range of processes including signalling, transcription, structural maintenance, mitochondrial functions, apoptosis and protein recycling. We also provide insights into the role of S-glutathionylation in the development of resistance to chemotherapy. Finally, we provide a strong rationale for the development of redox targeting drugs for treatment of refractory/resistant cancers.
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20
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Bolduc J, Koruza K, Luo T, Malo Pueyo J, Vo TN, Ezeriņa D, Messens J. Peroxiredoxins wear many hats: Factors that fashion their peroxide sensing personalities. Redox Biol 2021; 42:101959. [PMID: 33895094 PMCID: PMC8113037 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins (Prdxs) sense and assess peroxide levels, and signal through protein interactions. Understanding the role of the multiple structural and post-translational modification (PTM) layers that tunes the peroxiredoxin specificities is still a challenge. In this review, we give a tabulated overview on what is known about human and bacterial peroxiredoxins with a focus on structure, PTMs, and protein-protein interactions. Armed with numerous cellular and atomic level experimental techniques, we look at the future and ask ourselves what is still needed to give us a clearer view on the cellular operating power of Prdxs in both stress and non-stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesalyn Bolduc
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Brussels Center for Redox Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Katarina Koruza
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Brussels Center for Redox Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ting Luo
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Brussels Center for Redox Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julia Malo Pueyo
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Brussels Center for Redox Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Trung Nghia Vo
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Brussels Center for Redox Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Daria Ezeriņa
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Brussels Center for Redox Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joris Messens
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Brussels Center for Redox Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium.
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21
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Peskin AV, Winterbourn CC. The Enigma of 2-Cys Peroxiredoxins: What Are Their Roles? BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2021; 86:84-91. [PMID: 33705284 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297921010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
2-Cys peroxiredoxins are abundant thiol proteins that react efficiently with a wide range of peroxides. Unlike other enzymes, their exceptionally high reactivity does not rely on cofactors. The mechanism of oxidation and reduction of peroxiredoxins places them in a good position to act as antioxidants as well as key players in redox signaling. Understanding of the intimate details of peroxiredoxin functioning is important for translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Peskin
- Centre for Free Radical Research, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, Otago, 8140, New Zealand.
| | - Christine C Winterbourn
- Centre for Free Radical Research, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, Otago, 8140, New Zealand
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22
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Peskin AV, Meotti FC, Kean KM, Göbl C, Peixoto AS, Pace PE, Horne CR, Heath SG, Crowther JM, Dobson RCJ, Karplus PA, Winterbourn CC. Modifying the resolving cysteine affects the structure and hydrogen peroxide reactivity of peroxiredoxin 2. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100494. [PMID: 33667550 PMCID: PMC8049995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxiredoxin 2 (Prdx2) is a thiol peroxidase with an active site Cys (C52) that reacts rapidly with H2O2 and other peroxides. The sulfenic acid product condenses with the resolving Cys (C172) to form a disulfide which is recycled by thioredoxin or GSH via mixed disulfide intermediates or undergoes hyperoxidation to the sulfinic acid. C172 lies near the C terminus, outside the active site. It is not established whether structural changes in this region, such as mixed disulfide formation, affect H2O2 reactivity. To investigate, we designed mutants to cause minimal (C172S) or substantial (C172D and C172W) structural disruption. Stopped flow kinetics and mass spectrometry showed that mutation to Ser had minimal effect on rates of oxidation and hyperoxidation, whereas Asp and Trp decreased both by ∼100-fold. To relate to structural changes, we solved the crystal structures of reduced WT and C172S Prdx2. The WT structure is highly similar to that of the published hyperoxidized form. C172S is closely related but more flexible and as demonstrated by size exclusion chromatography and analytical ultracentrifugation, a weaker decamer. Size exclusion chromatography and analytical ultracentrifugation showed that the C172D and C172W mutants are also weaker decamers than WT, and small-angle X-ray scattering analysis indicated greater flexibility with partially unstructured regions consistent with C-terminal unfolding. We propose that these structural changes around C172 negatively impact the active site geometry to decrease reactivity with H2O2. This is relevant for Prdx turnover as intermediate mixed disulfides with C172 would also be disruptive and could potentially react with peroxides before resolution is complete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Peskin
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Flavia C Meotti
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Kelsey M Kean
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Christoph Göbl
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Albert Souza Peixoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paul E Pace
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Christopher R Horne
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Sarah G Heath
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Jennifer M Crowther
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Renwick C J Dobson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - P Andrew Karplus
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA.
| | - Christine C Winterbourn
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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23
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Panday S, Kar S, Kavdia M. How does ascorbate improve endothelial dysfunction? - A computational analysis. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 165:111-126. [PMID: 33497797 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Low levels of ascorbate (Asc) are observed in cardiovascular and neurovascular diseases. Asc has therapeutic potential for the treatment of endothelial dysfunction, which is characterized by a reduction in nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and increased oxidative stress in the vasculature. However, the potential mechanisms remain poorly understood for the Asc mitigation of endothelial dysfunction. In this study, we developed an endothelial cell based computational model integrating endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) biochemical pathway with downstream reactions and interactions of oxidative stress, tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) synthesis and biopterin ratio ([BH4]/[TBP]), Asc and glutathione (GSH). We quantitatively analyzed three Asc mediated mechanisms that are reported to improve/maintain endothelial cell function. The mechanisms include the reduction of •BH3 to BH4, direct scavenging of superoxide (O2•-) and peroxynitrite (ONOO-) and increasing eNOS activity. The model predicted that Asc at 0.1-100 μM concentrations improved endothelial cell NO production, total biopterin and biopterin ratio in a dose dependent manner and the extent of cellular oxidative stress. Asc increased BH4 availability and restored eNOS coupling under oxidative stress conditions. Asc at concentrations of 1-10 mM reduced O2•- and ONOO- levels and could act as an antioxidant. We predicted that glutathione peroxidase and peroxiredoxin in combination with GSH and Asc can restore eNOS coupling and NO production under oxidative stress conditions. Asc supplementation may be used as an effective therapeutic strategy when BH4 levels are depleted. This study provides detailed understanding of the mechanism responsible and the optimal cellular Asc levels for improvement in endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheetal Panday
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, 48202, MI, USA
| | - Saptarshi Kar
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Kuwait
| | - Mahendra Kavdia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, 48202, MI, USA.
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24
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CC-type glutaredoxin, OsGrx_C7 plays a crucial role in enhancing protection against salt stress in rice. J Biotechnol 2021; 329:192-203. [PMID: 33610657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Soil salinity is one of the critical issue worldwide that adversely affect soil fertility. Salt stress significantly limits crop yield and grain quality; therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a strategy to improve salt stress tolerance. In present study, we reported that rice glutaredoxin (OsGrx_C7) plays a positive response in salt induced stress. Gene expression analysis, silencing, and overexpression of OsGrx_C7 gene were used to discover the role of OsGrx_C7 in response to salt stress. Gene expression analysis suggested that OsGrx_C7 expression was induced under salt stress and ubiquitously expressed in rice including root and shoot. The silencing of osgrx_c7 gene leads to increased sensitivity to salt stress, indicating its importance in salt stress tolerance. A gain-of-function approach showed that OsGrx_C7 may act as an important determinant in salt stress, compared with WT, and revealed higher biomass accumulation, improved root and plant growth under salt stress. Under salt stress condition, OsGrx_C7 overexpressing rice plants showed lower level of lipid peroxidation and Na+/K+ ratio, while proline accumulation, soluble sugar content and GSH/GSSG ratio was higher compared to WT. Furthermore, expression analysis suggested that OsGrx_C7 acted as positive regulator of salt tolerance by reinforcing the expression of transporters (OsHKT2;1, OsHKT1;5 and OsSOS1) engaged in Na+ homeostasis in overexpressing plants. Overall our study revealed that OsGrx_C7 emerged as a key mediator in response to salt stress in rice and could be used for engineering tolerance against salt stress in rice and other crops.
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25
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Peskin AV, Meotti FC, de Souza LF, Anderson RF, Winterbourn CC, Salvador A. Intra-dimer cooperativity between the active site cysteines during the oxidation of peroxiredoxin 2. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 158:115-125. [PMID: 32702382 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxin 2 (Prdx2) and other typical 2-Cys Prdxs function as homodimers in which hydrogen peroxide oxidizes each active site cysteine to a sulfenic acid which then condenses with the resolving cysteine on the alternate chain. Previous kinetic studies have considered both sites as equally reactive. Here we have studied Prdx2 using a combination of non-reducing SDS-PAGE to separate reduced monomers and dimers with one and two disulfide bonds, and stopped flow analysis of tryptophan fluorescence, to investigate whether there is cooperativity between the sites. We have observed positive cooperativity when H2O2 is added as a bolus and oxidation of the second site occurs while the first site is present as a sulfenic acid. Modelling of this reaction showed that the second site reacts 2.2 ± 0.1 times faster. In contrast, when H2O2 was generated slowly and the first active site condensed to a disulfide before the second site reacted, no cooperativity was evident. Conversion of the sulfenic acid to the disulfide showed negative cooperativity, with modelling of the exponential rise in tryptophan fluorescence yielding a rate constant of 0.75 ± 0.08 s-1 when the alternate active site was present as a sulfenic acid and 2.29 ± 0.08-fold lower when it was a disulfide. No difference in the rate of hyperoxidation at the two sites was detected. Our findings imply that oxidation of one active site affects the conformation of the second site and influences which intermediate forms of the protein are favored under different cellular conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Peskin
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Flávia C Meotti
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz F de Souza
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Robert F Anderson
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Christine C Winterbourn
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Armindo Salvador
- CNC - Centre for Neuroscience Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; CQC, Department of Chemistry, And University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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26
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Zhao T, Zhang-Akiyama QM. Deficiency of Grx1 leads to high sensitivity of HeLaS3 cells to oxidative stress via excessive accumulation of intracellular oxidants including ROS. Free Radic Res 2020; 54:585-605. [PMID: 32892658 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2020.1819994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is often initiated by excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, resulting in macromolecular damage, which is implicated in many disease states. Glutaredoxin 1 (Grx1) is an antioxidant enzyme that plays an important role in redox signaling and redox homeostasis. In the present study, we generated HeLaS3 cell lines deficient in Grx1 by the CRISPR/CAS9 system to clarify how Grx1 affects the physiological activities of HeLaS3 cells to respond to oxidative stress. First, the survival assay revealed that Grx1-deficient HeLaS3 cells were more sensitive to γ-ray irradiation, heat shock and H2O2 exposure than HeLaS3 wild-type cells. Next, the intracellular redox state was investigated using a fluorescent probe (2'-7'dichlorofluorescin diacetate), and the oxidized state of total proteins and a peroxidase Prx2 were measured by Western blot analysis. Exposure to γ-ray irradiation, heat shock and H2O2 significantly induced more accumulation of intracellular oxidants including ROS and higher levels of oxidized proteins in Grx1-deficient HeLaS3 cells. Furthermore, MitoSox Red staining demonstrated that Grx1 deficiency causes a higher level of oxidants production in mitochondria. Moreover, Grx1-deficient HeLaS3 cells had a higher cytochrome c level and higher apoptosis rate (Annexin-V/FITC and EthD-III staining assay) upon oxidative stress. These results suggested that Grx1 deficiency lead to mitochondrial redox homeostasis disruption and apoptotic cell death upon oxidative stress. In addition, the results of proliferation assay and MitoTracker staining assay (multinuclear cell formation rate) suggested that oxidative stress exposure inhibits cell proliferation maybe by affecting cytoplasmic division in Grx1-deficient HeLaS3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyi Zhao
- Laboratory of Stress Response Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Qiu-Mei Zhang-Akiyama
- Laboratory of Stress Response Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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27
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Talwar D, Messens J, Dick TP. A role for annexin A2 in scaffolding the peroxiredoxin 2-STAT3 redox relay complex. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4512. [PMID: 32908147 PMCID: PMC7481202 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18324-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is recognized to act as a signaling molecule. Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) have the ability to transfer H2O2-derived oxidizing equivalents to redox-regulated target proteins, thus facilitating the transmission of H2O2 signals. It has remained unclear how Prxs and their target proteins are brought together to allow for target-specific protein thiol oxidation. Addressing the specific case of Prx2-dependent STAT3 oxidation, we here show that the association of the two proteins occurs prior to Prx oxidation and depends on a scaffolding protein, the membrane chaperone annexin A2. Deletion or depletion of annexin A2 interrupts the transfer of oxidizing equivalents from Prx2 to STAT3, which is observed to take place on membranes. These findings support the notion that the Prx2-STAT3 redox relay is part of a highly organized membrane signaling domain. Peroxiredoxin 2 (Prx2) was previously shown to transfer H2O2-derived oxidative equivalents to STAT3, generating disulfide-linked dimers and tetramers. Here the authors show that the interaction between Prx2 and STAT3 at the plasma membrane is mediated by the membrane chaperone annexin A2; suggesting that the redox relay complex is part of a membrane signaling domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Talwar
- Division of Redox Regulation, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joris Messens
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.,Brussels Center for Redox Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium.,Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tobias P Dick
- Division of Redox Regulation, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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28
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Finelli MJ. Redox Post-translational Modifications of Protein Thiols in Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Conditions-Focus on S-Nitrosation. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:254. [PMID: 33088270 PMCID: PMC7497228 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species (RONS) are by-products of aerobic metabolism. RONS trigger a signaling cascade that can be transduced through oxidation-reduction (redox)-based post-translational modifications (redox PTMs) of protein thiols. This redox signaling is essential for normal cellular physiology and coordinately regulates the function of redox-sensitive proteins. It plays a particularly important role in the brain, which is a major producer of RONS. Aberrant redox PTMs of protein thiols can impair protein function and are associated with several diseases. This mini review article aims to evaluate the role of redox PTMs of protein thiols, in particular S-nitrosation, in brain aging, and in neurodegenerative diseases. It also discusses the potential of using redox-based therapeutic approaches for neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattéa J Finelli
- School of Medicine, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Daiber A, Chlopicki S. Revisiting pharmacology of oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular disease: Evidence for redox-based therapies. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 157:15-37. [PMID: 32131026 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
According to the latest Global Burden of Disease Study data, non-communicable diseases in general and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in particular are the leading cause of premature death and reduced quality of life. Demographic shifts, unhealthy lifestyles and a higher burden of adverse environmental factors provide an explanation for these findings. The expected growing prevalence of CVD requires enhanced research efforts for identification and characterisation of novel therapeutic targets and strategies. Cardiovascular risk factors including classical (e.g. hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolaemia) and non-classical (e.g. environmental stress) factors induce the development of endothelial dysfunction, which is closely associated with oxidant stress and vascular inflammation and results in CVD, particularly in older adults. Most classically successful therapies for CVD display vasoprotective, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, but were originally designed with other therapeutic aims. So far, only a few 'redox drugs' are in clinical use and many antioxidant strategies have not met expectations. With the present review, we summarise the actual knowledge on CVD pathomechanisms, with special emphasis on endothelial dysfunction, adverse redox signalling and oxidative stress, highlighting the preclinical and clinical evidence. In addition, we provide a brief overview of established CVD therapies and their relation to endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Finally, we discuss novel strategies for redox-based CVD therapies trying to explain why, despite a clear link between endothelial dysfunction and adverse redox signalling and oxidative stress, redox- and oxidative stress-based therapies have not yet provided a breakthrough in the treatment of endothelial dysfunction and CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Daiber
- The Center for Cardiology, Department of Cardiology 1, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany; The Partner Site Rhine-Main, German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Stefan Chlopicki
- The Jagiellonian University, Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348, Krakow, Poland; Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegorzecka 16, 31-531, Krakow, Poland.
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Anschau V, Ferrer-Sueta G, Aleixo-Silva RL, Bannitz Fernandes R, Tairum CA, Tonoli CCC, Murakami MT, de Oliveira MA, Netto LES. Reduction of sulfenic acids by ascorbate in proteins, connecting thiol-dependent to alternative redox pathways. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 156:207-216. [PMID: 32615144 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sulfenic acids are the primary product of thiol oxidation by hydrogen peroxide and other oxidants. Several aspects of sulfenic acid formation through thiol oxidation were established recently. In contrast, the reduction of sulfenic acids is still scarcely investigated. Here, we characterized the kinetics of the reduction of sulfenic acids by ascorbate in several proteins. Initially, we described the crystal structure of our model protein (Tsa2-C170S). There are other Tsa2 structures in distinct redox states in public databases and all of them are decamers, with the peroxidatic cysteine very accessible to reductants, convenient features to investigate kinetics. We determined that the reaction between Tsa2-C170S-Cys-SOH and ascorbate proceeded with a rate constant of 1.40 ± 0.08 × 103 M-1 s-1 through a competition assay developed here, employing 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol (DCPIP). A series of peroxiredoxin enzymes (Prx6 sub family) were also analyzed by this competition assay and we observed that the reduction of sulfenic acids by ascorbate was in the 0.4-2.2 × 103 M-1 s-1 range. We also evaluated the same reaction on glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and papain, as the reduction of their sulfenic acids by ascorbate were reported previously. Once again, the rate constants are in the 0.4-2.2 × 103 M-1 s-1 range. We also analyzed the reduction of Tsa2-C170S-SOH by ascorbate by a second, independent method, following hydrogen peroxide reduction through a specific electrode (ISO-HPO-2, World Precision Instruments) and employing a bi-substrate, steady state approach. The kcat/KMAsc was 7.4 ± 0.07 × 103 M-1 s-1, which was in the same order of magnitude as the value obtained by the DCPIP competition assay. In conclusion, our data indicates that reduction of sulfenic acid in various proteins proceed at moderate rate and probably this reaction is more relevant in biological systems where ascorbate concentrations are high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valesca Anschau
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gerardo Ferrer-Sueta
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo, 11400, Uruguay; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de La República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Rogerio Luis Aleixo-Silva
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Bannitz Fernandes
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Tairum
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Celisa Caldana Costa Tonoli
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory, National Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Mario Tyago Murakami
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory, National Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Luis Eduardo Soares Netto
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Chen X, Zhao Y, Luo W, Chen S, Lin F, Zhang X, Fan S, Shen X, Wang Y, Liang G. Celastrol induces ROS-mediated apoptosis via directly targeting peroxiredoxin-2 in gastric cancer cells. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:10290-10308. [PMID: 32929349 PMCID: PMC7481428 DOI: 10.7150/thno.46728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Oxidative stress from elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been reported to induce cell apoptosis and may provide a means to target cancer cells. Celastrol is a natural bioactive compound that was recently shown to increase ROS levels and cause apoptosis in cancer cells. However, the underlying mechanism for this cytotoxic action remains unclear and direct molecular targets of Celastrol have not been identified. Methods: Proteome microarray, surface plasmon resonance, isothermal titration calorimetry and molecular simulation were used to identify the molecular target of Celastrol. Binding and activity assays were used to validate the interaction of Celastrol with target protein in cell-free and gastric cancer cell lysates. We then assessed target transcript levels in in biopsy specimens obtained from patients with gastric cancer. Gastric cancer growth-limiting and cytotoxic activity of Celastrol was evaluated in BALB/c nu/nu mice. Results: Our data show that Celastrol directly binds to an antioxidant enzyme, peroxiredoxin-2 (Prdx2), which then inhibits its enzyme activity at both molecular and cellular level. Inhibition of Prdx2 by Celastrol increased cellular ROS levels and led to ROS-dependent endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis in gastric cancer cells. Functional tests demonstrated that Celastrol limits gastric cancer cells, at least in part, through targeting Prdx2. Celastrol treatment of mice implanted with gastric cancer cells also inhibited tumor growth, associated with Prdx2 inhibition and increased ROS. Analysis of human gastric cancer also showed increased Prdx2 levels and correlation with survival. Conclusion: Our studies have uncovered a potential Celastrol-interacting protein Prdx2 and a ROS-dependent mechanism of its action. The findings also highlight Prdx2 as a potential target for the treatment of gastric cancer.
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Ahuie GK, Gagnon H, Pace PE, Peskin AV, Wagner RJ, Naylor S, Klarskov K. Investigating protein thiol chemistry associated with dehydroascorbate, homocysteine and glutathione using mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8774. [PMID: 32119756 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Oxidative stress is an imbalance between reactive free radical oxygen species and antioxidant defenses. Its consequences can lead to numerous pathologies. Regulating oxidative stress is the complex interplay between antioxidant recycling and thiol-containing regulatory proteins. Understanding these regulatory mechanisms is important for preventing onset of oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to investigae S-thiol protein chemistry associated with oxidized vitamin C (dehydroascorbate, DHA), homocysteine (HcySH) and glutathione (GSH) using mass spectrometry. METHODS Glutaredoxin-1 (Grx-1) was incubated with DHA, with and without GSH and HcySH. Disulfide formation was followed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) of intact proteins and by LC/ESI-MS/MS of peptides from protein tryptic digestions. The mechanism of DHA-mediated S-thiolation was investigated using two synthetic peptides: AcFHACAAK and AcFHACE. Three proteins, i.e. human hemoglobin (HHb), recombinant peroxiredoxin 2 (Prdx2) and Grx-1, were S-homocysteinylated followed by S-transthiolyation with GSH and investigated by ESI-MS and ESI-MS/MS. RESULTS ESI-MS analysis reveals that DHA mediates disulfide formation and S-thiolation by HcySH as well as GSH of Grx-1. LC/ESI-MS/MS analysis allows identification of Grx-1 S-thiolated cysteine adducts. The mechanism by which DHA mediates S-thiolation of heptapeptide AcFHACAAK is shown to be via initial formation of a thiohemiketal adduct. In addition, ESI-MS of intact proteins shows that GSH can S-transthiolate S-homocysteinylated Grx-1_ HHb and Prdx2. The GS-S-protein adducts over time dominate the ESI-MS spectrum profile. CONCLUSIONS Mass spectrometry is a unique analytical technique for probing complex reaction mechanisms associated with oxidative stress. Using model proteins, ESI-MS reveals the mechanism of DHA-facilitated S-thiolation, which consists of thiohemiketal formation, disulfide formation or S-thiolation. Furthermore, protein S-thiolation by HcySH can be reversed by reversible GSH thiol exchange. The use of mass spectrometry with in vitro models of protein S-thiolation in oxidative stress may provide significant insight into possible mechanisms of action occurring in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Kouakou Ahuie
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Hugo Gagnon
- PhenoSwitch Bioscience, 975 Rue Léon-Trépanier, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1G 5J6, Canada
| | - Paul E Pace
- Centre for Free Radical Research, University of Otago Christchurch, 2 Riccarton Avenue, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Alexander V Peskin
- Centre for Free Radical Research, University of Otago Christchurch, 2 Riccarton Avenue, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Richard J Wagner
- Département de Médecine Nucléaire et Radiobiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Stephen Naylor
- ReNeuroGen LLC, 2160 San Fernando Drive, Elm Grove, WI, 53122, USA
| | - Klaus Klarskov
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada
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Zimmermann J, Oestreicher J, Hess S, Herrmann JM, Deponte M, Morgan B. One cysteine is enough: A monothiol Grx can functionally replace all cytosolic Trx and dithiol Grx. Redox Biol 2020; 36:101598. [PMID: 32521506 PMCID: PMC7286987 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutaredoxins are small proteins of the thioredoxin superfamily that are present throughout life. Most glutaredoxins fall into two major subfamilies. Class I glutaredoxins are glutathione-dependent thiol-disulfide oxidoreductases whilst class II glutaredoxins coordinate Fe–S clusters. Class I glutaredoxins are typically dithiol enzymes with two active-site cysteine residues, however, some enzymatically active monothiol glutaredoxins are also known. Whilst both monothiol and dithiol class I glutaredoxins mediate protein deglutathionylation, it is widely claimed that only dithiol glutaredoxins are competent to reduce protein disulfide bonds. In this study, using a combination of yeast ‘viability rescue’, growth, and redox-sensitive GFP-based assays, we show that two different monothiol class I glutaredoxins can each facilitate the reduction of protein disulfide bonds in ribonucleotide reductase, methionine sulfoxide reductase and roGFP2. Our observations thus challenge the generalization of the dithiol mechanism for glutaredoxin catalysis and raise the question of why most class I glutaredoxins have two active-site cysteine residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannik Zimmermann
- Institute of Biochemistry, Zentrum für Human- und Molekularbiologie (ZHMB), Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Julian Oestreicher
- Institute of Biochemistry, Zentrum für Human- und Molekularbiologie (ZHMB), Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Steffen Hess
- Cell Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | | | - Marcel Deponte
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| | - Bruce Morgan
- Institute of Biochemistry, Zentrum für Human- und Molekularbiologie (ZHMB), Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
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Rhee SG, Woo HA. Multiple functions of 2-Cys peroxiredoxins, I and II, and their regulations via post-translational modifications. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 152:107-115. [PMID: 32151745 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are an unusual family of thiol-specific peroxidases that possess a binding site for H2O2 and rely on a conserved cysteine residue for rapid reaction with H2O2. Among 6 mammalian isoforms (Prx I to VI), Prx I and Prx II are mainly found in the cytosol and nucleus. Prx I and Prx II function as antioxidant enzymes and protein chaperone under oxidative distress conditions. Under oxidative eustress conditions, Prx I and Prx II regulate the levels of H2O2 at specific area of the cells as well as sense and transduce H2O2 signaling to target proteins. Prx I and Prx II are known to be covalently modified on multiple sites: Prx I is hyperoxidized on Cys52; phosphorylated on Ser32, Thr90, and Tyr194; acetylated on Lys7, Lys16, Lys27, Lys35, and Lys197; glutathionylated on Cys52, Cys83, and Cys173; and nitrosylated on Cys52 and Cys83, whereas Prx II is hyperoxidized on Cys51; phosphorylated on Thr89, Ser112, and Thr182; acetylated on Ala2 and Lys196; glutathionylated on Cys51 and Cys172; and nitrosylated on Cys51 and Cys172. In this review, we describe how these post-translational modifications affect various functions of Prx I and Prx II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Goo Rhee
- Yonsei Biomedical Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 120-749, South Korea; The Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Hyun Ae Woo
- College of Pharmacy and College of Natural Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 120-750, South Korea
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35
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Ultra-Sensitive Hydrogen Peroxide Sensor Based on Peroxiredoxin and Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10103508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based sensor for ultra-sensitive detection of H2O2 was developed by utilizing the unique enzymatic properties of peroxiredoxin (Prx) to H2O2. Cyan and yellow fluorescent protein (CFP and YFP) were fused to Prx and mutant thioredoxin (mTrx), respectively. In the presence of H2O2, Prx was oxidized into covalent homodimer through disulfide bonds, which were further reduced by mTrx to form a stable mixed disulfide bond intermediate between CFP-Prx and mTrx-YFP, inducing FRET. A linear quantification range of 10–320 nM was obtained according to the applied protein concentrations and the detection limit (LOD) was determined to be as low as 4 nM. By the assistance of glucose oxidase to transform glucose into H2O2, the CFP-Prx/mTrx-YFP system (CPmTY) was further exploited for the detection of glucose in real sample with good performance, suggesting this CPmTY protein sensor is highly practical.
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36
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Samet JM, Chen H, Pennington ER, Bromberg PA. Non-redox cycling mechanisms of oxidative stress induced by PM metals. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 151:26-37. [PMID: 31877355 PMCID: PMC7803379 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Metallic compounds contribute to the oxidative stress of ambient particulate matter (PM) exposure. The toxicity of redox inert ions of cadmium, mercury, lead and zinc, as well as redox-active ions of vanadium and chromium is underlain by dysregulation of mitochondrial function and loss of signaling quiescence. Central to the initiation of these effects is the interaction of metal ions with cysteinyl thiols on glutathione and key regulatory proteins, which leads to impaired mitochondrial electron transport and persistent pan-activation of signal transduction pathways. The mitochondrial and signaling effects are linked by the production of H2O2, generated from mitochondrial superoxide anion or through the activation of NADPH oxidase, which extends the range and amplifies the magnitude of the oxidative effects of the metals. This oxidative burden can be further potentiated by inhibitory effects of the metals on the enzymes of the glutathione and thioredoxin systems. Along with the better-known Fenton-based mechanisms, the non-redox cycling mechanisms of oxidative stress induced by metals constitute significant pathways for cellular injury induced by PM inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Samet
- Environmental Public Health Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Hao Chen
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | | | - Philip A Bromberg
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Quantitative assessment of the determinant structural differences between redox-active and inactive glutaredoxins. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1725. [PMID: 32265442 PMCID: PMC7138851 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15441-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Class I glutaredoxins are enzymatically active, glutathione-dependent oxidoreductases, whilst class II glutaredoxins are typically enzymatically inactive, Fe-S cluster-binding proteins. Enzymatically active glutaredoxins harbor both a glutathione-scaffold site for reacting with glutathionylated disulfide substrates and a glutathione-activator site for reacting with reduced glutathione. Here, using yeast ScGrx7 as a model protein, we comprehensively identified and characterized key residues from four distinct protein regions, as well as the covalently bound glutathione moiety, and quantified their contribution to both interaction sites. Additionally, we developed a redox-sensitive GFP2-based assay, which allowed the real-time assessment of glutaredoxin structure-function relationships inside living cells. Finally, we employed this assay to rapidly screen multiple glutaredoxin mutants, ultimately enabling us to convert enzymatically active and inactive glutaredoxins into each other. In summary, we have gained a comprehensive understanding of the mechanistic underpinnings of glutaredoxin catalysis and have elucidated the determinant structural differences between the two main classes of glutaredoxins. Glutaredoxins play a central role in numerous biological processes including cellular redox homeostasis and Fe-S cluster biogenesis. Here the authors establish the molecular basis for glutaredoxin redox catalysis through comprehensive biochemical and structural analyses.
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Matsui R, Ferran B, Oh A, Croteau D, Shao D, Han J, Pimentel DR, Bachschmid MM. Redox Regulation via Glutaredoxin-1 and Protein S-Glutathionylation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 32:677-700. [PMID: 31813265 PMCID: PMC7047114 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Over the past several years, oxidative post-translational modifications of protein cysteines have been recognized for their critical roles in physiology and pathophysiology. Cells have harnessed thiol modifications involving both oxidative and reductive steps for signaling and protein processing. One of these stages requires oxidation of cysteine to sulfenic acid, followed by two reduction reactions. First, glutathione (reduced glutathione [GSH]) forms a S-glutathionylated protein, and second, enzymatic or chemical reduction removes the modification. Under physiological conditions, these steps confer redox signaling and protect cysteines from irreversible oxidation. However, oxidative stress can overwhelm protein S-glutathionylation and irreversibly modify cysteine residues, disrupting redox signaling. Critical Issues: Glutaredoxins mainly catalyze the removal of protein-bound GSH and help maintain protein thiols in a highly reduced state without exerting direct antioxidant properties. Conversely, glutathione S-transferase (GST), peroxiredoxins, and occasionally glutaredoxins can also catalyze protein S-glutathionylation, thus promoting a dynamic redox environment. Recent Advances: The latest studies of glutaredoxin-1 (Glrx) transgenic or knockout mice demonstrate important distinct roles of Glrx in a variety of pathologies. Endogenous Glrx is essential to maintain normal hepatic lipid homeostasis and prevent fatty liver disease. Further, in vivo deletion of Glrx protects lungs from inflammation and bacterial pneumonia-induced damage, attenuates angiotensin II-induced cardiovascular hypertrophy, and improves ischemic limb vascularization. Meanwhile, exogenous Glrx administration can reverse pathological lung fibrosis. Future Directions: Although S-glutathionylation modifies many proteins, these studies suggest that S-glutathionylation and Glrx regulate specific pathways in vivo, and they implicate Glrx as a potential novel therapeutic target to treat diverse disease conditions. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 32, 677-700.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Matsui
- Vascular Biology Section, Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Beatriz Ferran
- Vascular Biology Section, Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Albin Oh
- Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dominique Croteau
- Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Di Shao
- Helens Clinical Research Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingyan Han
- Vascular Biology Section, Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David Richard Pimentel
- Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Markus Michael Bachschmid
- Vascular Biology Section, Department of Medicine, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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The Role of Hydrogen Peroxide and Peroxiredoxins throughout the Cell Cycle. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9040280. [PMID: 32224940 PMCID: PMC7222192 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9040280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an oxidizing agent that induces cellular damage at inappropriate concentrations and gives rise to an arrest during cell cycle progression, causing cell death. Recent evidence indicates that H2O2 also acts as a promoter for cell cycle progression by oxidizing specific thiol proteins. The intracellular concentration of H2O2 is regulated tightly, enabling its use as a cellular signaling molecule while minimizing its potential to cause cellular damage. Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) have peroxidase activity toward H2O2, organic hydroperoxides, and peroxynitrite for protecting cells from oxidative stress. They are suggested to work as signaling mediators, allowing the local accumulation of H2O2 by inactivating their peroxidase activity uniquely compared with other antioxidant proteins such as catalase and glutathione peroxidase. Given that Prxs are highly sensitive to oxidation by H2O2, they act as sensors and transducers of H2O2 signaling via transferring their oxidation state to effector proteins. The concentrations of intracellular H2O2 increase as the cell cycle progresses from G1 to mitosis. Here, we summarize the roles of Prxs with regard to the regulation of cell cycle-dependent kinase activity and anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome in terms of changes in H2O2 levels. Protection of the cell from unwanted progression of the cell cycle is suggested to be a role of Prx. We discuss the possible roles of Prxs to control H2O2 levels.
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40
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Barinova KV, Serebryakova MV, Eldarov MA, Kulikova AA, Mitkevich VA, Muronetz VI, Schmalhausen EV. S-glutathionylation of human glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and possible role of Cys152-Cys156 disulfide bridge in the active site of the protein. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1864:129560. [PMID: 32061786 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously showed that glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is S-glutathionylated in the presence of H2O2 and GSH. S-glutathionylation was shown to result in the formation of a disulfide bridge in the active site of the protein. In the present work, the possible biological significance of the disulfide bridge was investigated. METHODS Human recombinant GAPDH with the mutation C156S (hGAPDH_C156S) was obtained to prevent the formation of the disulfide bridge. Properties of S-glutathionylated hGAPDH_C156S were studied in comparison with those of the wild-type protein hGAPDH. RESULTS S-glutathionylation of hGAPDH and hGAPDH_C156S results in the reversible inactivation of the proteins. In both cases, the modification results in corresponding mixed disulfides between the catalytic Cys152 and GSH. In the case of hGAPDH, the mixed disulfide breaks down yielding Cys152-Cys156 disulfide bridge in the active site. In hGAPDH_C156S, the mixed disulfide is stable. Differential scanning calorimetry method showed that S-glutathionylation leads to destabilization of hGAPDH molecule, but does not affect significantly hGAPDH_C156S. Reactivation of S-glutathionylated hGAPDH in the presence of GSH and glutaredoxin 1 is approximately two-fold more efficient compared to that of hGAPDH_C156S. CONCLUSIONS S-glutathionylation induces the formation of Cys152-Cys156 disulfide bond in the active site of hGAPDH, which results in structural changes of the protein molecule. Cys156 is important for reactivation of S-glutathionylated GAPDH by glutaredoxin 1. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The described mechanism may be important for interaction between GAPDH and other proteins and ligands, involved in cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Barinova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia
| | - M V Serebryakova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia
| | - M A Eldarov
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prosp. 33-2, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - A A Kulikova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - V A Mitkevich
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 32, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - V I Muronetz
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia; Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia
| | - E V Schmalhausen
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia.
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Peskin AV, Pace PE, Winterbourn CC. Enhanced hyperoxidation of peroxiredoxin 2 and peroxiredoxin 3 in the presence of bicarbonate/CO 2. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 145:1-7. [PMID: 31521665 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide undergoes an equilibrium reaction with bicarbonate/CO2 to produce peroxymonocarbonate (HCO4-). Peroxymonocarbonate is more reactive with thiols than H2O2 but it makes up only a small fraction of the H2O2 in physiological bicarbonate buffers so the increase in rate of oxidation of low molecular weight thiols is modest. However, for some thiol proteins such as protein tyrosine phosphatases, the rate enhancement is very much greater. We have investigated the effect of bicarbonate/CO2 on the oxidation of peroxiredoxins (Prdxs) 2 and 3. Using an assay in which reduced Prdx2 inhibits oxidation of horseradish peroxidase by H2O2, we saw no difference between phosphate and bicarbonate buffers (pH 7.4). However, hyperoxidation of both Prdxs in bicarbonate was considerably enhanced. Hyperoxidation involves the reaction of the sulfenic acid formed at the active site with a second H2O2, and prevents its condensation to a disulfide. Using LC/MS analysis, we determined that the presence of 25 mM bicarbonate/CO2 increased the ratio of hyperoxidation compared with condensation 6-fold for Prdx2 and 11-fold for Prdx3. These results imply that Prdx hyperoxidation will occur more readily under physiological conditions than appreciated from in vitro experiments, which seldom use bicarbonate buffers. They also raise the possibility that variations in bicarbonate concentration could provide a mechanism for regulating the cellular level of active Prdxs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Peskin
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, 8011, New Zealand
| | - Paul E Pace
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, 8011, New Zealand
| | - Christine C Winterbourn
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, 8011, New Zealand.
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Elko EA, Cunniff B, Seward DJ, Chia SB, Aboushousha R, van de Wetering C, van der Velden J, Manuel A, Shukla A, Heintz NH, Anathy V, van der Vliet A, Janssen-Heininger YMW. Peroxiredoxins and Beyond; Redox Systems Regulating Lung Physiology and Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 31:1070-1091. [PMID: 30799628 PMCID: PMC6767868 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Significance: The lung is a unique organ, as it is constantly exposed to air, and thus it requires a robust antioxidant defense system to prevent the potential damage from exposure to an array of environmental insults, including oxidants. The peroxiredoxin (PRDX) family plays an important role in scavenging peroxides and is critical to the cellular antioxidant defense system. Recent Advances: Exciting discoveries have been made to highlight the key features of PRDXs that regulate the redox tone. PRDXs do not act in isolation as they require the thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase/NADPH, sulfiredoxin (SRXN1) redox system, and in some cases glutaredoxin/glutathione, for their reduction. Furthermore, the chaperone function of PRDXs, controlled by the oxidation state, demonstrates the versatility in redox regulation and control of cellular biology exerted by this class of proteins. Critical Issues: Despite the long-known observations that redox perturbations accompany a number of pulmonary diseases, surprisingly little is known about the role of PRDXs in the etiology of these diseases. In this perspective, we review the studies that have been conducted thus far to address the roles of PRDXs in lung disease, or experimental models used to study these diseases. Intriguing findings, such as the secretion of PRDXs and the formation of autoantibodies, raise a number of questions about the pathways that regulate secretion, redox status, and immune response to PRDXs. Future Directions: Further understanding of the mechanisms by which individual PRDXs control lung inflammation, injury, repair, chronic remodeling, and cancer, and the importance of PRDX oxidation state, configuration, and client proteins that govern these processes is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan A Elko
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Brian Cunniff
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - David J Seward
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Shi Biao Chia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Reem Aboushousha
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Cheryl van de Wetering
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Jos van der Velden
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Allison Manuel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Arti Shukla
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Nicholas H Heintz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Vikas Anathy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Albert van der Vliet
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Yvonne M W Janssen-Heininger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
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43
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Chia SB, Elko EA, Aboushousha R, Manuel AM, van de Wetering C, Druso JE, van der Velden J, Seward DJ, Anathy V, Irvin CG, Lam YW, van der Vliet A, Janssen-Heininger YMW. Dysregulation of the glutaredoxin/ S-glutathionylation redox axis in lung diseases. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 318:C304-C327. [PMID: 31693398 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00410.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione is a major redox buffer, reaching millimolar concentrations within cells and high micromolar concentrations in airways. While glutathione has been traditionally known as an antioxidant defense mechanism that protects the lung tissue from oxidative stress, glutathione more recently has become recognized for its ability to become covalently conjugated to reactive cysteines within proteins, a modification known as S-glutathionylation (or S-glutathiolation or protein mixed disulfide). S-glutathionylation has the potential to change the structure and function of the target protein, owing to its size (the addition of three amino acids) and charge (glutamic acid). S-glutathionylation also protects proteins from irreversible oxidation, allowing them to be enzymatically regenerated. Numerous enzymes have been identified to catalyze the glutathionylation/deglutathionylation reactions, including glutathione S-transferases and glutaredoxins. Although protein S-glutathionylation has been implicated in numerous biological processes, S-glutathionylated proteomes have largely remained unknown. In this paper, we focus on the pathways that regulate GSH homeostasis, S-glutathionylated proteins, and glutaredoxins, and we review methods required toward identification of glutathionylated proteomes. Finally, we present the latest findings on the role of glutathionylation/glutaredoxins in various lung diseases: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi B Chia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Evan A Elko
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Reem Aboushousha
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Allison M Manuel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Cheryl van de Wetering
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Joseph E Druso
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Jos van der Velden
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - David J Seward
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Vikas Anathy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Charles G Irvin
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Ying-Wai Lam
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Albert van der Vliet
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
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44
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Zeida A, Trujillo M, Ferrer-Sueta G, Denicola A, Estrin DA, Radi R. Catalysis of Peroxide Reduction by Fast Reacting Protein Thiols. Chem Rev 2019; 119:10829-10855. [PMID: 31498605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Life on Earth evolved in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, and other peroxides also emerged before and with the rise of aerobic metabolism. They were considered only as toxic byproducts for many years. Nowadays, peroxides are also regarded as metabolic products that play essential physiological cellular roles. Organisms have developed efficient mechanisms to metabolize peroxides, mostly based on two kinds of redox chemistry, catalases/peroxidases that depend on the heme prosthetic group to afford peroxide reduction and thiol-based peroxidases that support their redox activities on specialized fast reacting cysteine/selenocysteine (Cys/Sec) residues. Among the last group, glutathione peroxidases (GPxs) and peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are the most widespread and abundant families, and they are the leitmotif of this review. After presenting the properties and roles of different peroxides in biology, we discuss the chemical mechanisms of peroxide reduction by low molecular weight thiols, Prxs, GPxs, and other thiol-based peroxidases. Special attention is paid to the catalytic properties of Prxs and also to the importance and comparative outlook of the properties of Sec and its role in GPxs. To finish, we describe and discuss the current views on the activities of thiol-based peroxidases in peroxide-mediated redox signaling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Darío A Estrin
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química-Física and INQUIMAE-CONICET , Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires , 2160 Buenos Aires , Argentina
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45
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A key metabolic integrator, coenzyme A, modulates the activity of peroxiredoxin 5 via covalent modification. Mol Cell Biochem 2019; 461:91-102. [PMID: 31375973 PMCID: PMC6790197 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-019-03593-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins (Prdxs) are antioxidant enzymes that catalyse the breakdown of peroxides and regulate redox activity in the cell. Peroxiredoxin 5 (Prdx5) is a unique member of Prdxs, which displays a wider subcellular distribution and substrate specificity and exhibits a different catalytic mechanism when compared to other members of the family. Here, the role of a key metabolic integrator coenzyme A (CoA) in modulating the activity of Prdx5 was investigated. We report for the first time a novel mode of Prdx5 regulation mediated via covalent and reversible attachment of CoA (CoAlation) in cellular response to oxidative and metabolic stress. The site of CoAlation in endogenous Prdx5 was mapped by mass spectrometry to peroxidatic cysteine 48. By employing an in vitro CoAlation assay, we showed that Prdx5 peroxidase activity is inhibited by covalent interaction with CoA in a dithiothreitol-sensitive manner. Collectively, these results reveal that human Prdx5 is a substrate for CoAlation in vitro and in vivo, and provide new insight into metabolic control of redox status in mammalian cells.
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46
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Reductive Reprogramming: A Not-So-Radical Hypothesis of Neurodegeneration Linking Redox Perturbations to Neuroinflammation and Excitotoxicity. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 39:577-590. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00672-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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47
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Signals Getting Crossed in the Entanglement of Redox and Phosphorylation Pathways: Phosphorylation of Peroxiredoxin Proteins Sparks Cell Signaling. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8020029. [PMID: 30678096 PMCID: PMC6406269 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species have cell signaling properties and are involved in a multitude of processes beyond redox homeostasis. The peroxiredoxin (Prdx) proteins are highly sensitive intracellular peroxidases that can coordinate cell signaling via direct reactive species scavenging or by acting as a redox sensor that enables control of binding partner activity. Oxidation of the peroxidatic cysteine residue of Prdx proteins are the classical post-translational modification that has been recognized to modulate downstream signaling cascades, but increasing evidence supports that dynamic changes to phosphorylation of Prdx proteins is also an important determinant in redox signaling. Phosphorylation of Prdx proteins affects three-dimensional structure and function to coordinate cell proliferation, wound healing, cell fate and lipid signaling. The advent of large proteomic datasets has shown that there are many opportunities to understand further how phosphorylation of Prdx proteins fit into intracellular signaling cascades in normal or malignant cells and that more research is necessary. This review summarizes the Prdx family of proteins and details how post-translational modification by kinases and phosphatases controls intracellular signaling.
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48
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de Lucca L, Jantsch LB, Vendrame SA, Stein CDS, Klein VCG, Soares KB, Gallarreta FMP, Moresco RN, Gonçalves TDLG. Longitudinal Study of Delta-Aminolevulinate Dehydratase Activity and Oxidative Profile in Healthy Pregnant Women. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9010018. [PMID: 30634529 PMCID: PMC6359676 DOI: 10.3390/biom9010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy is characterized by changes in various organs, triggering changes in the use of energy substrates and increased oxygen consumption. In addition, gestation is an oxidative event that can be assessed by the relationship between free radicals and antioxidants produced by the body. Excessive production of free radicals has detrimental effects such as damage to enzymes, carbohydrates, and DNA. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the oxidative status and antioxidant responses throughout pregnancy through a longitudinal study. Reactive oxygen species were analyzed by means of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and nitric oxide, the antioxidant system through vitamin C, sulfhydryl groups, total antioxidant capacity, and ferric reducing ability of plasma as well as enzymes such as catalase and delta-aminolevulinate-dehydratase in pregnant women in the three gestational trimesters (n = 30). According to the results, the markers of oxidative damage showed significant differences in the different gestational trimesters where they were increased in the second trimester when compared to the first trimester. The antioxidant defenses responded differently in each gestational trimester, suggesting a response pattern to try to combat the damage caused by free radicals, in order to stabilize the increase of oxidative stress caused in the second gestational trimester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leidiane de Lucca
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical and Toxicology Analysis, Center of Healthy Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Letícia Bigolin Jantsch
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical and Toxicology Analysis, Center of Healthy Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Silmara Ana Vendrame
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical and Toxicology Analysis, Center of Healthy Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Carolina Dos Santos Stein
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical and Toxicology Analysis, Center of Healthy Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil.
| | | | - Karina Biaggio Soares
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil.
| | | | - Rafael Noal Moresco
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical and Toxicology Analysis, Center of Healthy Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Thissiane de Lima Gonçalves Gonçalves
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical and Toxicology Analysis, Center of Healthy Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil.
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49
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Svistunova DM, Simon JN, Rembeza E, Crabtree M, Yue WW, Oliver PL, Finelli MJ. Oxidation resistance 1 regulates post-translational modifications of peroxiredoxin 2 in the cerebellum. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 130:151-162. [PMID: 30389497 PMCID: PMC6339520 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.10.447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protein aggregation, oxidative and nitrosative stress are etiological factors common to all major neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, identifying proteins that function at the crossroads of these essential pathways may provide novel targets for therapy. Oxidation resistance 1 (Oxr1) is a protein proven to be neuroprotective against oxidative stress, although the molecular mechanisms involved remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that Oxr1 interacts with the multifunctional protein, peroxiredoxin 2 (Prdx2), a potent antioxidant enzyme highly expressed in the brain that can also act as a molecular chaperone. Using a combination of in vitro assays and two animal models, we discovered that expression levels of Oxr1 regulate the degree of oligomerization of Prdx2 and also its post-translational modifications (PTMs), specifically suggesting that Oxr1 acts as a functional switch between the antioxidant and chaperone functions of Prdx2. Furthermore, we showed in the Oxr1 knockout mouse that Prdx2 is aberrantly modified by overoxidation and S-nitrosylation in the cerebellum at the presymptomatic stage; this in-turn affected the oligomerization of Prdx2, potentially impeding its normal functions and contributing to the specific cerebellar neurodegeneration in this mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria M Svistunova
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Jillian N Simon
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Elzbieta Rembeza
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Mark Crabtree
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Wyatt W Yue
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Peter L Oliver
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK; MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK.
| | - Mattéa J Finelli
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK.
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50
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De Armas MI, Esteves R, Viera N, Reyes AM, Mastrogiovanni M, Alegria TGP, Netto LES, Tórtora V, Radi R, Trujillo M. Rapid peroxynitrite reduction by human peroxiredoxin 3: Implications for the fate of oxidants in mitochondria. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 130:369-378. [PMID: 30391677 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.10.451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are main sites of peroxynitrite formation. While at low concentrations mitochondrial peroxynitrite has been associated with redox signaling actions, increased levels can disrupt mitochondrial homeostasis and lead to pathology. Peroxiredoxin 3 is exclusively located in mitochondria, where it has been previously shown to play a major role in hydrogen peroxide reduction. In turn, reduction of peroxynitrite by peroxiredoxin 3 has been inferred from its protective actions against tyrosine nitration and neurotoxicity in animal models, but was not experimentally addressed so far. Herein, we demonstrate the human peroxiredoxin 3 reduces peroxynitrite with a rate constant of 1 × 107 M-1 s-1 at pH 7.8 and 25 °C. Reaction with hydroperoxides caused biphasic changes in the intrinsic fluorescence of peroxiredoxin 3: the first phase corresponded to the peroxidatic cysteine oxidation to sulfenic acid. Peroxynitrite in excess led to peroxiredoxin 3 hyperoxidation and tyrosine nitration, oxidative post-translational modifications that had been previously identified in vivo. A significant fraction of the oxidant is expected to react with CO2 and generate secondary radicals, which participate in further oxidation and nitration reactions, particularly under metabolic conditions of active oxidative decarboxylations or increased hydroperoxide formation. Our results indicate that both peroxiredoxin 3 and 5 should be regarded as main targets for peroxynitrite in mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Inés De Armas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Uruguay; Center For Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Romina Esteves
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Uruguay; Center For Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Nicolás Viera
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Uruguay; Center For Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Aníbal M Reyes
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Uruguay; Center For Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Mauricio Mastrogiovanni
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Uruguay; Center For Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Thiago G P Alegria
- Departamento de Genética e Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis E S Netto
- Departamento de Genética e Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Verónica Tórtora
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Uruguay; Center For Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Rafael Radi
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Uruguay; Center For Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Madia Trujillo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Uruguay; Center For Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Uruguay.
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