1
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Dakic A, DiVito K, Fang S, Suprynowicz F, Gaur A, Li X, Palechor-Ceron N, Simic V, Choudhury S, Yu S, Simbulan-Rosenthal CM, Rosenthal D, Schlegel R, Liu X. ROCK inhibitor reduces Myc-induced apoptosis and mediates immortalization of human keratinocytes. Oncotarget 2018; 7:66740-66753. [PMID: 27556514 PMCID: PMC5341834 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Myc/Max/Mad network plays a critical role in cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis and c-Myc is overexpressed in many cancers, including HPV-positive cervical cancer cell lines. Despite the tolerance of cervical cancer keratinocytes to high Myc expression, we found that the solitary transduction of the Myc gene into primary cervical and foreskin keratinocytes induced rapid cell death. These findings suggested that the anti-apoptotic activity of E7 in cervical cancer cells might be responsible for negating the apoptotic activity of over-expressed Myc. Indeed, our earlier in vitro studies demonstrated that Myc and E7 synergize in the immortalization of keratinocytes. Since we previously postulated that E7 and the ROCK inhibitor, Y-27632, were members of the same functional pathway in cell immortalization, we tested whether Y-27632 would inhibit apoptosis induced by the over-expression of Myc. Our findings indicate that Y-27632 rapidly inhibited Myc-induced membrane blebbing and cellular apoptosis and, more generally, functioned as an inhibitor of extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of cell death. Most important, Y-27632 cooperated with Myc to immortalize keratinocytes efficiently, indicating that apoptosis is a major barrier to Myc-induced immortalization of keratinocytes. The anti-apoptotic activity of Y-27632 correlated with a reduction in p53 serine 15 phosphorylation and the consequent reduction in the expression of downstream target genes p21 and DAPK1, two genes involved in the induction of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Dakic
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA.,Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Kyle DiVito
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Shuang Fang
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA.,Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Frank Suprynowicz
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA.,Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Anirudh Gaur
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Nancy Palechor-Ceron
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA.,Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Vera Simic
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA.,Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Sujata Choudhury
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA.,Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Songtao Yu
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA.,Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Cynthia M Simbulan-Rosenthal
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Dean Rosenthal
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Richard Schlegel
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA.,Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Xuefeng Liu
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA.,Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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2
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Simbulan-Rosenthal CM, Dakshanamurthy S, Gaur A, Chen YS, Fang HB, Abdussamad M, Zhou H, Zapas J, Calvert V, Petricoin EF, Atkins MB, Byers SW, Rosenthal DS. The repurposed anthelmintic mebendazole in combination with trametinib suppresses refractory NRASQ61K melanoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:12576-12595. [PMID: 28157711 PMCID: PMC5355037 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Structure-based drug repositioning in addition to random chemical screening is now a viable route to rapid drug development. Proteochemometric computational methods coupled with kinase assays showed that mebendazole (MBZ) binds and inhibits kinases important in cancer, especially both BRAFWT and BRAFV600E. We find that MBZ synergizes with the MEK inhibitor trametinib to inhibit growth of BRAFWT-NRASQ61K melanoma cells in culture and in xenografts, and markedly decreased MEK and ERK phosphorylation. Reverse Phase Protein Array (RPPA) and immunoblot analyses show that both trametinib and MBZ inhibit the MAPK pathway, and cluster analysis revealed a protein cluster showing strong MBZ+trametinib - inhibited phosphorylation of MEK and ERK within 10 minutes, and its direct and indirect downstream targets related to stress response and translation, including ElK1 and RSKs within 30 minutes. Downstream ERK targets for cell cycle, including cMYC, were down-regulated, consistent with S- phase suppression by MBZ+trametinib, while apoptosis markers, including cleaved caspase-3, cleaved PARP and a sub-G1 population, were all increased with time. These data suggest that MBZ, a well-tolerated off-patent approved drug, should be considered as a therapeutic option in combination with trametinib, for patients with NRASQ61mut or other non-V600E BRAF mutant melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M Simbulan-Rosenthal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sivanesan Dakshanamurthy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Anirudh Gaur
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - You-Shin Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Hong-Bin Fang
- Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics, and Biomathematics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Hengbo Zhou
- MedStar Franklin Square Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John Zapas
- MedStar Franklin Square Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Valerie Calvert
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Emanuel F Petricoin
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Michael B Atkins
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Stephen W Byers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Dean S Rosenthal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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3
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Yan S, Wong KC. Elucidating high-dimensional cancer hallmark annotation via enriched ontology. J Biomed Inform 2017; 73:84-94. [PMID: 28723579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbi.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
MOTIVATION Cancer hallmark annotation is a promising technique that could discover novel knowledge about cancer from the biomedical literature. The automated annotation of cancer hallmarks could reveal relevant cancer transformation processes in the literature or extract the articles that correspond to the cancer hallmark of interest. It acts as a complementary approach that can retrieve knowledge from massive text information, advancing numerous focused studies in cancer research. Nonetheless, the high-dimensional nature of cancer hallmark annotation imposes a unique challenge. RESULTS To address the curse of dimensionality, we compared multiple cancer hallmark annotation methods on 1580 PubMed abstracts. Based on the insights, a novel approach, UDT-RF, which makes use of ontological features is proposed. It expands the feature space via the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) ontology graph and utilizes novel feature selections for elucidating the high-dimensional cancer hallmark annotation space. To demonstrate its effectiveness, state-of-the-art methods are compared and evaluated by a multitude of performance metrics, revealing the full performance spectrum on the full set of cancer hallmarks. Several case studies are conducted, demonstrating how the proposed approach could reveal novel insights into cancers. AVAILABILITY https://github.com/cskyan/chmannot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankai Yan
- Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Ka-Chun Wong
- Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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4
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Zeng J, Yang S, Wang X, Gao Y, Zhang M. Effects of siRNA-mediated suppression of HPV-11 L1 expression on the proliferation and apoptosis of vaginal epithelial cells. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:1561-1565. [PMID: 28413509 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection on the gynecological disease of vaginitis and to demonstrate how the small interfering RNA (siRNA) method may be used for HPV prevention in the clinic. Human vaginal epithelial cells were transfected with HPV-11 L1 expression vector and siRNA-HPV-11 L1 vectors and a control group was transfected with scrambled siRNA. Cell proliferation in each group was analyzed using the MTT assay and the expression of apoptosis-associated proteins was measured by western blot analysis. Compared with the control group, HPV-11 L1 mRNA and protein levels were significantly increased following transfection with the HPV-11 L1 expression vector in cells (P<0.05), but this result was significantly reversed by silencing of HPV-11 L1 (P<0.05). In addition, cell proliferation in the HPV-11 group was lower than that in the control group; however, cell proliferation was significantly increased in cells transfected with silenced L1 compared with that in the control group (P<0.05). Furthermore, silencing of HPV-11 L1 significantly decreased caspase-3 and caspase-9 expressions in cells, whereas the expression was increased in the HPV-11 L1 group (P<0.05). The present study suggested that siRNA-mediated silencing of HPV-11 L1 may have potential therapeutic applications for treating gynecological diseases associated with HPV-11 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zeng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Shumei Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Xiaorui Wang
- Department of Oral Medicine, The 323rd Hospital of The People's Liberation Army, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Yan Gao
- Nursing Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
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5
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Gaiffe E, Prétet JL, Launay S, Jacquin E, Saunier M, Hetzel G, Oudet P, Mougin C. Apoptotic HPV positive cancer cells exhibit transforming properties. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36766. [PMID: 22574222 PMCID: PMC3344932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that DNA can be transferred from dying engineered cells to neighboring cells through the phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies, which leads to cellular transformation. Here, we provide evidence of an uptake of apoptotic-derived cervical cancer cells by human mesenchymal cells. Interestingly, HeLa (HPV 18+) or Ca Ski (HPV16+) cells, harboring integrated high-risk HPV DNA but not C-33 A cells (HPV-), were able to transform the recipient cells. Human primary fibroblasts engulfed the apoptotic bodies effectively within 30 minutes after co-cultivation. This mechanism is active and involves the actin cytoskeleton. In situ hybridization of transformed fibroblasts revealed the presence of HPV DNA in the nucleus of a subset of phagocytosing cells. These cells expressed the HPV16/18 E6 gene, which contributes to the disruption of the p53/p21 pathway, and the cells exhibited a tumorigenic phenotype, including an increased proliferation rate, polyploidy and anchorage independence growth. Such horizontal transfer of viral oncogenes to surrounding cells that lack receptors for HPV could facilitate the persistence of the virus, the main risk factor for cervical cancer development. This process might contribute to HPV-associated disease progression in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Gaiffe
- Equipe d'Accueil 3181, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche 133, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Jean-Luc Prétet
- Equipe d'Accueil 3181, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche 133, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Sophie Launay
- Equipe d'Accueil 3181, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche 133, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Elise Jacquin
- Equipe d'Accueil 3181, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche 133, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Maëlle Saunier
- Equipe d'Accueil 3181, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche 133, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Geneviève Hetzel
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Pierre Oudet
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christiane Mougin
- Equipe d'Accueil 3181, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche 133, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Besançon, Besançon, France
- * E-mail:
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6
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Ray R, Simbulan-Rosenthal CM, Keyser BM, Benton B, Anderson D, Holmes W, Trabosh VA, Daher A, Rosenthal DS. Sulfur mustard induces apoptosis in lung epithelial cells via a caspase amplification loop. Toxicology 2010; 271:94-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2010.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Revised: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Dell'Oste V, Azzimonti B, Mondini M, De Andrea M, Borgogna C, Mesturini R, Accardi R, Tommasino M, Landolfo S, Dianzani U, Gariglio M. Altered expression of UVB-induced cytokines in human papillomavirus-immortalized epithelial cells. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:2461-2466. [PMID: 18796714 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83586-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Keratinocytes can be induced to produce cytokines by exogenous stimuli, such as UVB, and dysregulation of this production has been described in various skin diseases, including cancer. In this study, we compared the effect of UVB on the secretion of several cytokines involved in inflammation by human keratinocytes immortalized or not with human papillomavirus (HPV)16 or HPV38 at the mRNA and protein levels. We show that expression of the HPV E6/E7 oncoproteins influences not only the basal cytokine secretion profile of keratinocytes, but also its modulation upon UVB irradiation. In particular, UVB upregulates interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta in HPV-immortalized cells to a higher extent than in control keratinocytes. Moreover, expression of other pro-inflammatory molecules such as S100A8/9 and interferon (IFN)-kappa was downregulated in HPV-immortalized cells. These data support the functional similarity between HPV16 and 38, and suggest an active role of these viruses in modulation of the inflammatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Dell'Oste
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School of Novara, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Barbara Azzimonti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School of Novara, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Michele Mondini
- NoToPharm s.r.l., Bioindustry Park del Canavese, Via Ribes 5, 10010 Colleretto Giacosa (TO), Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School of Novara, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Marco De Andrea
- Department of Public Health and Microbiology, Medical School of Torino, Via Santena 9, 10126 Torino, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School of Novara, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Cinzia Borgogna
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School of Novara, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Riccardo Mesturini
- Department of Medical Sciences, Medical School of Novara, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Rosita Accardi
- International Agency for Research on Cancer-World Health Organization, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon, France
| | - Massimo Tommasino
- International Agency for Research on Cancer-World Health Organization, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon, France
| | - Santo Landolfo
- NoToPharm s.r.l., Bioindustry Park del Canavese, Via Ribes 5, 10010 Colleretto Giacosa (TO), Italy
- Department of Public Health and Microbiology, Medical School of Torino, Via Santena 9, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Umberto Dianzani
- International Agency for Research on Cancer-World Health Organization, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon, France
| | - Marisa Gariglio
- NoToPharm s.r.l., Bioindustry Park del Canavese, Via Ribes 5, 10010 Colleretto Giacosa (TO), Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School of Novara, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
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8
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Trabosh VA, Daher A, Divito KA, Amin K, Simbulan-Rosenthal CM, Rosenthal DS. UVB upregulates the bax promoter in immortalized human keratinocytes via ROS induction of Id3. Exp Dermatol 2008; 18:387-95. [PMID: 19054058 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00801.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Id3 belongs to the inhibitor of differentiation family of helix-loop-helix transcription factors, important in proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. We showed that Id3, but not Id2 or Id1, mediates the UVB-sensitization of immortalized keratinocytes by inducing caspase 9-dependent apoptosis. In this study, quantitative PCR analysis revealed a time-dependent increase in Id3 mRNA induced by UVB, dependent on reactive oxygen species. UVB upregulated promoter activity of Id3, but not Id2, at early time points, as shown by reporter assays and also stabilized Id3 mRNA, increasing its half-life from 10 to approximately 60 min. We next examined downstream events related to UVB-induced Id3 upregulation and investigated the effects of UVB or ectopic expression of Id3 on bax promoter activity. Regulatory elements in the bax promoter that mediate transcriptional activation by UVB and Id3, in the absence of p53, were identified. Bax promoter deletion analysis revealed that transcriptional activation by UVB involves a 738-bp region upstream from the transcription start site of bax. Mimicking the effects of UVB, ectopic expression of Id3 also upregulated bax mRNA and activated this 738-bp fragment. Mutational analysis of the transcription binding sites further showed that point mutations of the E-box region found in the 738-bp fragment, but not in a 174-bp fragment, completely abolished Id3- and UVB-inducible bax promoter activity, thus confirming the importance of Id3 and UVB-mediated Id3 upregulation in activating the bax promoter. These results suggest a mechanism whereby reactive oxygen species upregulation of Id3 relieves repression of bax via E-box-binding factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Anne Trabosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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9
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Ray R, Keyser B, Benton B, Daher A, Simbulan-Rosenthal CM, Rosenthal DS. Sulfur Mustard Induces Apoptosis in Cultured Normal Human Airway Epithelial Cells: Evidence of a Dominant Caspase-8-mediated Pathway and Differential Cellular Responses. Drug Chem Toxicol 2008; 31:137-48. [DOI: 10.1080/01480540701688840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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10
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Struijk L, van der Meijden E, Kazem S, Ter Schegget J, de Gruijl FR, Steenbergen RDM, Feltkamp MCW. Specific betapapillomaviruses associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the skin inhibit UVB-induced apoptosis of primary human keratinocytes. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:2303-2314. [PMID: 18753241 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83317-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown an association between infections by specific betapapillomaviruses, such as human papillomavirus (HPV) types 5 and 8, and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The role of betapapillomaviruses in the development of cutaneous SCC is, however, still enigmatic. The ability to inhibit UVB-induced apoptosis, as demonstrated for HPV5 in vitro, may be important in this respect, as survival of DNA-damaged and mutated cells increases the risk of transformation. The aim of this study was to assess whether inhibition of UVB-induced apoptosis is a general property of betapapillomaviruses and to identify apoptotic factors that are potentially involved in this process. Primary human keratinocytes transduced with E6 and E7 of selected betapapillomaviruses (HPV5, HPV8, HPV15, HPV20, HPV24 and HPV38) were characterized and subjected to UVB irradiation. HPV8- and HPV20-expressing keratinocytes in particular showed fewer signs of apoptosis, as demonstrated by lower levels of active caspase 3, less enzymic caspase activity and less DNA fragmentation. The observed inhibition of UVB-induced apoptosis was mediated by E6 and coincided with reduced steady-state expression of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax. In conclusion, E6 of HPV8 and HPV20 reduces the apoptotic responses upon UVB irradiation when expressed in primary human keratinocytes. Infections with HPV8 and HPV20 may therefore augment the carcinogenic effect of UV radiation and potentially contribute to oncogenic transformation of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Struijk
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Els van der Meijden
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Siamaque Kazem
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Ter Schegget
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Frank R de Gruijl
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mariet C W Feltkamp
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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11
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Simbulan-Rosenthal CM, Ray R, Benton B, Soeda E, Daher A, Anderson D, Smith WJ, Rosenthal DS. Calmodulin mediates sulfur mustard toxicity in human keratinocytes. Toxicology 2006; 227:21-35. [PMID: 16935404 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2006.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2006] [Revised: 06/15/2006] [Accepted: 06/23/2006] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM) causes blisters in the skin through a series of cellular changes that we are beginning to identify. We earlier demonstrated that SM toxicity is the result of induction of both death receptor and mitochondrial pathways of apoptosis in human keratinocytes (KC). Because of its importance in apoptosis in the skin, we tested whether calmodulin (CaM) mediates the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway induced by SM. Of the three human CaM genes, the predominant form expressed in KC was CaM1. RT-PCR and immunoblot analysis revealed upregulation of CaM expression following SM treatment. To delineate the potential role of CaM1 in the regulation of SM-induced apoptosis, retroviral vectors expressing CaM1 RNA in the antisense (AS) orientation were used to transduce and derive stable CaM1 AS cells, which were then exposed to SM and subjected to immunoblot analysis for expression of apoptotic markers. Proteolytic activation of executioner caspases-3, -6, -7, and the upstream caspase-9, as well as caspase-mediated PARP cleavage were markedly inhibited by CaM1 AS expression. CaM1 AS depletion attenuated SM-induced, but not Fas-induced, proteolytic processing and activation of caspase-3. Whereas control KC exhibited a marked increase in apoptotic nuclear fragmentation after SM, CaM1 AS cells exhibited normal nuclear morphology up to 48h after SM, indicating that suppression of apoptosis in CaM1 AS cells increases survival and does not shift to a necrotic death. CaM has been shown to activate the phosphatase calcineurin, which can induce apoptosis by Bad dephosphorylation. Interestingly, whereas SM-treated CaM1-depleted KC expressed the phosphorylated non-apoptotic sequestered form of Bad, Bad was present in the hypophosphorylated apoptotic form in SM-exposed control KC. To determine if pharmacological CaM inhibitors could attenuate SM-induced apoptosis via Bad dephosphorylation, KC were pretreated with the CaM-specific antagonist W-13 or its less active structural analogue W-12. Following SM exposure, KC exhibited Bad dephosphorylation, which was inhibited in the presence of W-13, but not with W-12. Consequently, W-13 but not W-12 markedly suppressed SM-induced proteolytic processing and activation of caspase-3, as well as apoptotic nuclear fragmentation. Finally, while the CaM antagonist W-13 and the calcineurin inhibitor cyclosporin A attenuated SM-induced caspase-3 activation, inhibitors for CaM-dependent protein kinase II (KN62 and KN93) did not. These results indicate that CaM, calcineurin, and Bad also play a role in SM-induced apoptosis, and may therefore be targets for therapeutic intervention to reduce SM injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M Simbulan-Rosenthal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, 3900 Reservoir Road, Washington, DC 20007, United States
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12
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Simbulan-Rosenthal CM, Daher A, Trabosh V, Chen WC, Gerstel D, Soeda E, Rosenthal DS. Id3 induces a caspase-3- and -9-dependent apoptosis and mediates UVB sensitization of HPV16 E6/7 immortalized human keratinocytes. Oncogene 2006; 25:3649-60. [PMID: 16449966 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitor of differentiation/DNA binding (Id) proteins comprise a class of helix-loop-helix transcription factors involved in proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and carcinogenesis. We have shown that while Id2 is induced by UVB in primary keratinocytes, Id3 is upregulated only in immortalized cells. We have now determined that the consequences of ectopic expression of Id3 protein are strikingly different between immortalized and primary keratinocytes. Overexpression of Id3 induces a significant increase in apoptotic cells as revealed by Annexin V positivity as well as proteolytic processing of caspase-3 in immortalized, but not in primary keratinocytes. Id3-green fluorescent protein (GFP)-positive cells exhibited a fivefold increase in apoptotic nuclear fragmentation compared to Id3-GFP-negative cells. These apoptotic responses were accompanied by activation of caspase-3, as shown by immunocytochemical staining with antibodies to active caspase-3. Immunostaining with antibodies to the active form of caspase-9 as well as to the active form of Bax further revealed that induction of apoptosis in Id3-overexpressing keratinocytes occurred via a mitochondrial-caspase-9-mediated pathway. Coexpression of dominant-negative caspase-9 with Id3 significantly suppressed apoptotic nuclear fragmentation, indicating that caspase-9 activation is essential for Id3-induced cell death. This response was also markedly attenuated by coexpression with the Bax antagonist antiapoptotic protein Bcl2, confirming a role for Bax activation in this apoptotic response. Id3-induced Bax activation may result from increased expression of Bax protein. Furthermore, reduction of Id3 expression by small interfering RNAs abrogated the UVB-induced proteolytic activation of caspase-3 in these cells. These data together suggest that UVB-induced apoptosis of immortalized keratinocytes is at least in part due to Id3 upregulation in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Simbulan-Rosenthal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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13
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Daher A, Simbulan-Rosenthal CM, Rosenthal DS. Apoptosis induced by ultraviolet B in HPV-immortalized human keratinocytes requires caspase-9 and is death receptor independent. Exp Dermatol 2006; 15:23-34. [PMID: 16364028 DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6705.2005.00384.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet B (UVB) induces both apoptosis and skin cancer. We found that human keratinocytes (KC) immortalized by Human Papillomavirus (HPV)16 E6/E7 were sensitized to UVB-induced apoptosis, possibly representing a transient regression-prone precancerous stage equivalent to actinic keratosis. To further examine which caspases are apical and essential, we utilized retroviral constructs expressing dominant-negative caspase-9 (caspase-9-DN) or Fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD)-DN as well as caspase inhibitor peptides. Caspase-9-DN and zLEHD-fmk both suppressed caspase-9, -3, and -8 activity after UVB exposure, as well as proteolytic processing of procaspase-3 into its active form, DNA fragmentation factor 45 cleavage, and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation. By contrast, stable expression of FADD-DN in HPV-immortalized KC did not inhibit UVB-induced activation of caspases-9, -3, and -8 nor downstream apoptotic events, although inhibition of caspase-8 with zIETD-fmk attenuated apoptosis. This study indicates that caspase-9 activation is upstream of caspases-3 and -8 and that UVB-induced apoptosis in HPV-immortalized human KC is death receptor (DR) independent and requires both caspase-9 upstream and caspase-8 downstream for maximal apoptosis. These studies further indicate that cell type as well as transformation state determine the sensitivity and mode of cell death (DR vs. mitochondrial apoptotic pathways) in response to UVB and explain the high regression rates of premalignant lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Daher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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14
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Ferguson BE, Oh DH. Proficient global nucleotide excision repair in human keratinocytes but not in fibroblasts deficient in p53. Cancer Res 2005; 65:8723-9. [PMID: 16204041 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-1457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor protein is important for many cellular responses to DNA damage in mammalian cells, but its role in regulating DNA repair in human keratinocytes is undefined. We compared the nucleotide excision repair (NER) response of human fibroblasts and keratinocytes deficient in p53. Fibroblasts expressing human papillomavirus 16 E6 oncoprotein had impaired repair of UV radiation-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers in association with reduced levels of p53 and XPC, which is involved in DNA damage recognition. In contrast, keratinocytes expressing E6 alone or concurrently with the E7 oncoprotein, while possessing reduced levels of p53 but normal levels of XPC, continued to repair pyrimidine dimers as efficiently as control cells with normal p53 levels. Despite preservation of DNA repair, E6 and E6/E7 keratinocytes were hypersensitive to UV radiation. E6 fibroblasts exhibited markedly reduced basal and induced levels of mRNA encoding DDB2, another protein implicated in early events in global NER. In contrast, E6 or E6/E7 keratinocytes possessed basal DDB2 mRNA levels that were not significantly altered relative to control cells, although little induction occurred following UV radiation. Intact global NER was also confirmed in SCC25 cells possessing inactivating mutations in p53 as well as in cells treated with pifithrin-alpha, a chemical inhibitor of p53 that decreased sensitivity of cells to UV radiation. Collectively, these results indicate that human keratinocytes, unlike fibroblasts, do not require p53 to maintain basal global NER activity, but p53 may still be important in mediating inducible responses following DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget E Ferguson
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94121, USA
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15
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Disbrow GL, Baege AC, Kierpiec KA, Yuan H, Centeno JA, Thibodeaux CA, Hartmann D, Schlegel R. Dihydroartemisinin Is Cytotoxic to Papillomavirus-Expressing Epithelial Cells In vitro and In vivo. Cancer Res 2005; 65:10854-61. [PMID: 16322232 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-1216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nearly all cervical cancers are etiologically attributable to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and pharmaceutical treatments targeting HPV-infected cells would be of great medical benefit. Because many neoplastic cells (including cervical cancer cells) overexpress the transferrin receptor to increase their iron uptake, we hypothesized that iron-dependent, antimalarial drugs such as artemisinin might prove useful in treating HPV-infected or transformed cells. We tested three different artemisinin compounds and found that dihydroartemisinin (DHA) and artesunate displayed strong cytotoxic effects on HPV-immortalized and transformed cervical cells in vitro with little effect on normal cervical epithelial cells. DHA-induced cell death involved activation of the mitochondrial caspase pathway with resultant apoptosis. Apoptosis was p53 independent and was not the consequence of drug-induced reductions in viral oncogene expression. Due to its selective cytotoxicity, hydrophobicity, and known ability to penetrate epithelial surfaces, we postulated that DHA might be useful for the topical treatment of mucosal papillomavirus lesions. To test this hypothesis, we applied DHA to the oral mucosa of dogs that had been challenged with the canine oral papillomavirus. Although applied only intermittently, DHA strongly inhibited viral-induced tumor formation. Interestingly, the DHA-treated, tumor-negative dogs developed antibodies against the viral L1 capsid protein, suggesting that DHA had inhibited tumor growth but not early rounds of papillomavirus replication. These findings indicate that DHA and other artemisinin derivatives may be useful for the topical treatment of epithelial papillomavirus lesions, including those that have progressed to the neoplastic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary L Disbrow
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, USA
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16
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Simbulan-Rosenthal CM, Trabosh V, Velarde A, Chou FP, Daher A, Tenzin F, Tokino T, Rosenthal DS. Id2 protein is selectively upregulated by UVB in primary, but not in immortalized human keratinocytes and inhibits differentiation. Oncogene 2005; 24:5443-58. [PMID: 16007217 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Solar ultraviolet B (UVB) acts as both an initiator and promoter in models of multistage skin carcinogenesis. We found that, whereas UVB induces apoptosis in human papillomavirus-16 E6/7-immortalized keratinocytes, it inhibits markers of differentiation in human foreskin keratinocytes (HFK). Potential mechanisms for this differential response were examined by DNA microarray, which revealed that UVB alters the expression of three of the four human inhibitor of differentiation/DNA binding (Id) proteins that comprise a class of helix-loop-helix family of transcription factors involved in proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and carcinogenesis. These results were verified by RT-PCR and immunoblot analysis of control and UVB-irradiated primary and immortalized keratinocytes. Whereas Id1 was downregulated in both cell types, Id2 expression was upregulated in primary HFK, but not immortalized cells. In contrast, Id3 expression was significantly increased only in immortalized cells. The differential expression pattern of Id2 in response to UVB was recapitulated in reporter constructs containing the 5' regulatory regions of this gene. Id2 promoter activity increased in response to UVB in HFK, but not in immortalized cells. To identify the regulatory elements in the Id2 promoter that mediate transcriptional activation by UVB in HFK, promoter deletion/mutation analysis was performed. Deletion analysis revealed that transactivation involves a 166 bp region immediately upstream to the Id2 transcriptional start site and is independent of c-Myc. The consensus E twenty-six (ETS) binding site at -120 appears to mediate UVB transcriptional activation of Id2 because point mutations at this site completely abrogated this response. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and electrophoretic mobility-shift assays verified that the Id2 promoter interacts with known Id2 promoter (ETS) binding factors Erg1/2 and Fli1, but not with c-Myc; and this interaction is enhanced after UVB exposure. Similar to the effects of UVB exposure, ectopic expression of Id2 protein in primary HFK resulted in inhibition of differentiation, as shown by decreased levels of the terminal differentiation marker keratin K1 and inhibition of involucrin crosslinking. Reduction of Id2 expression by small interfering RNAs attenuated the UVB-induced inhibition of differentiation in these cells. These results suggest that UVB-induced inhibition of differentiation of primary HFK is at least, in part, due to the upregulation of Id2, and that upregulation of Id2 by UVB might predispose keratinocytes to carcinogenesis by preventing their normal differentiation program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M Simbulan-Rosenthal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University, School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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17
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Hsu LC, Lee RM, White RL. The HPV16 E6/E7 oncogene sensitizes human ovarian surface epithelial cells to low-dose but not high-dose 5-FU and 5-FUdR. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 320:249-55. [PMID: 15207728 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.05.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the effect of HPV16 E6/E7 on drug sensitivity, primary human OSE cells were infected with HPV16 E6/E7 expressing retrovirus and then exposed to chemotherapeutic agents. Apoptosis induced by mitomycin C was dose-dependent in both primary OSE and E6E7/OSE cells. E6E7/OSE cells were more sensitive to mitomycin C than parental OSE cells. HPV16 E6/E7 also sensitized OSE cells to 5-FU and its derivative 5-FUdR, but only at low doses. This phenomenon was also observed in cervical cancer cells and was independent of thymidylate synthase, a target of thymine and thymidine analogues. We conclude that HPV16 E6/E7 specifically modulates the activity of 5-FU and 5-FUdR, and confers OSE cells hypersensitivity to low-dose but not high-dose 5-FU and 5-FUdR. Molecular analysis indicates that induction of p53 and p21, and suppression of pRB are associated with apoptosis induced by 5-FUdR and may partly explain the hypersensitivity of E6E7/OSE cells to low-dose 5-FUdR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lih-Ching Hsu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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18
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Zheng ZM, Tao M, Yamanegi K, Bodaghi S, Xiao W. Splicing of a cap-proximal human Papillomavirus 16 E6E7 intron promotes E7 expression, but can be restrained by distance of the intron from its RNA 5' cap. J Mol Biol 2004; 337:1091-108. [PMID: 15046980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2004.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2003] [Revised: 02/05/2004] [Accepted: 02/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) E6E7 pre-mRNA is bicistronic and has an intron in the E6 coding region with one 5' splice site and two alternative 3' splice sites, which produce E6(*)I and E6(*)II, respectively. If this intron remains unspliced, the resulting E6E7 mRNA expresses oncogenic E6. We found for the first time that the E6E7 pre-mRNA was efficiently spliced in vitro only when capped and that cellular cap-binding factors were involved in the splicing. The cap-dependent splicing of the E6E7 pre-mRNA was extremely efficient in cervical cancer-derived cells, producing mostly E6(*)I, but inefficient in cells transfected with a common retrovirus expression vector, pLXSN16E6E7, due to the large size of this vector's exon 1. Further studies showed that efficient splicing of the E6E7 pre-mRNA depends on the distance of the cap-proximal intron from the RNA 5' cap, with an optimal distance of less than 307nt in order to facilitate better association of U1 small nuclear RNA with the intron 5' splice site. The same was true for splicing of human beta-globin RNA. Splicing of the E6E7 RNA provided more E7 RNA templates and promoted E7 translation, whereas a lack of RNA splicing produced a low level of E7 translation. Together, our data indicate that the distance between the RNA 5' cap and cap-proximal intron is rate limiting for RNA splicing. HPV16 E6E7 pre-mRNA takes advantage of its small cap-proximal exon to confer efficient splicing for better E7 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Ming Zheng
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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19
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Caricchio R, McPhie L, Cohen PL. Ultraviolet B radiation-induced cell death: critical role of ultraviolet dose in inflammation and lupus autoantigen redistribution. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 171:5778-86. [PMID: 14634086 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.11.5778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear self-Ags targeted in systemic lupus erythematosus translocate to the cell membrane of UV-irradiated apoptotic keratinocytes and may represent an important source of self-immunization. It is hard to understand how the noninflammatory milieu accompanying most apoptosis might provoke an immunogenic response leading to autoantibodies. We have found that the precise amount of keratinocyte UV exposure is crucial in determining the rate of apoptosis, the amount of inflammatory cytokine production, and the degree of autoantigen translocation. Low doses of UVB (</=15 mJ/cm(2)) promptly induced a normal, caspase-dependent apoptosis, while intermediate doses of UV-B (35 mJ/cm(2)) caused apoptosis with altered morphology, slower DNA fragmentation, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase degradation accompanied by increased Bcl-2. High doses of UVB (80 mJ/cm(2)) induced instead necrosis. We observed IL-1 production upon intermediate and high UVB doses. Nuclear Ag redistribution was also markedly UV dose dependent: at low doses, Sm, Ku, and DNA translocated to the surfaces of early apoptotic cells. At intermediate doses, these Ags concentrated on the cell membrane when the nucleus was still visible. At high doses, these autoantigens diffused into the cytoplasm and were released into the supernatant. Taken together, the results show that low-dose UVB induces prompt noninflammatory apoptosis. In contrast, intermediate and high doses of UVB induce proinflammatory apoptosis and necrosis, where the production of inflammatory cytokines is accompanied by exposure and release of autoantigens. The key importance of the UV dose on the fate of apoptotic keratinocytes and on their potential immunogenicity should help clarify the role of UVB in inducing systemic lupus erythematosus autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Caricchio
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Fazekas Z, Gao D, Saladi RN, Lu Y, Lebwohl M, Wei H. Protective Effects of Lycopene Against Ultraviolet B-Induced Photodamage. Nutr Cancer 2003; 47:181-7. [PMID: 15087271 DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc4702_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Lycopene, an acyclic hydrocarbon carotenoid found in tomatoes and their products, is a well-established potent antioxidant, and its anticancer properties have been shown in cultured cells and animal models. We investigated the protective effects of two concentrations of topical lycopene against acute ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced photodamage. Application of lycopene dose dependently inhibited UVB-induced ornithine decarboxylase (P < 0.05) and myeloperoxidase (P < 0.05) and significantly reduced bifold skin thickness (P < 0.05). Immunohistochemical staining revealed increased active caspase-3 of apoptotic pathway in the UVB-exposed group compared with the unexposed control. Application of topical lycopene prevented the cleavage of caspase-3. UVB irradiation completely diminished proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and the untreated skin maintained positively stained cells throughout the basal epidermis. Topical application of lycopene significantly reversed UVB-induced PCNA inhibition, and normal PCNA staining was restored in the lycopene-treated skin. Our results suggest that topical lycopene is able to exert its protective effects against acute UVB-induced photodamage. Furthermore, it may act as a preventative agent via inhibition of epidermal ornithine decarboxylase activity, reducing inflammatory responses, maintaining normal cell proliferation, and possibly preventing DNA damage as indicated by blocking the necessitating step of apoptosis following UVB injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Fazekas
- Department of Dermatology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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21
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Weller R, Schwentker A, Billiar TR, Vodovotz Y. Autologous nitric oxide protects mouse and human keratinocytes from ultraviolet B radiation-induced apoptosis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2003; 284:C1140-8. [PMID: 12676653 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00462.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) can either prevent or promote apoptosis, depending on cell type. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that NO suppresses ultraviolet B radiation (UVB)-induced keratinocyte apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo. Irradiation with UVB or addition of the NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) increased apoptosis in the human keratinocyte cell line CCD 1106 KERTr, and apoptosis was greater when the two agents were given in combination. Addition of the chemical NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine (SNAP) immediately after UVB completely abrogated the rise in apoptosis induced by l-NAME. An adenoviral vector expressing human inducible NOS (AdiNOS) also reduced keratinocyte death after UVB. Caspase-3 activity, an indicator of apoptosis, doubled in keratinocytes incubated with l-NAME compared with the inactive isomer, d-NAME, and was reduced by SNAP. Apoptosis was also increased on addition of 1,H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), an inhibitor of soluble guanylate cyclase. Mice null for endothelial NOS (eNOS) exhibited significantly higher apoptosis than wild-type mice both in the dermis and epidermis, whereas mice null for inducible NOS (iNOS) exhibited more apoptosis than wild-type mice only in the dermis. These results demonstrate an antiapoptotic role for NO in keratinocytes, mediated by cGMP, and indicate an antiapoptotic role for both eNOS and iNOS in skin damage induced by UVB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Weller
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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