1
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Paoli-Lombardo R, Primas N, Vanelle P. DprE1 and Ddn as promising therapeutic targets in the development of novel anti-tuberculosis nitroaromatic drugs. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 274:116559. [PMID: 38850856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains the second deadliest infectious disease in humans and a public health threat due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR-TB) strains. Therefore, it is urgent to identify new anti-tuberculosis treatments and novel therapeutic targets to prevent the emergence of resistance. In recent years, the study of anti-tuberculosis properties of nitroaromatic compounds has led to the identification of two novel biological targets, the deazaflavin (F420)-dependent nitroreductase Ddn and the decaprenylphosphoryl-β-d-ribose 2'-epimerase DprE1. This review aims to show why Ddn and DprE1 are promising therapeutic targets and highlight nitroaromatic compounds interest in developing new anti-tuberculosis treatments active against MDR-TB and XDR-TB. Despite renewed interest in the development of new anti-tuberculosis nitroaromatic compounds, pharmaceutical companies often exclude nitro-containing molecules from their drug discovery programs because of their toxic and mutagenic potential. This exclusion results in missed opportunities to identify new nitroaromatic compounds and promising therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Paoli-Lombardo
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Laboratoire de Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, 13385, Marseille, France; AP-HM, Service Central de la Qualité et de l'Information Pharmaceutiques, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Primas
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Laboratoire de Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, 13385, Marseille, France; AP-HM, Service Central de la Qualité et de l'Information Pharmaceutiques, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Patrice Vanelle
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Laboratoire de Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, 13385, Marseille, France; AP-HM, Service Central de la Qualité et de l'Information Pharmaceutiques, 13005, Marseille, France.
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2
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Russo S, Luján AP, Fraaije MW, Poelarends GJ. Synthesis of Pharmaceutically Relevant Arylamines Enabled by a Nitroreductase from Bacillus tequilensis. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202300846. [PMID: 38502784 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Arylamines are essential building blocks for the manufacture of valuable pharmaceuticals, pigments and dyes. However, their current industrial production involves the use of chemocatalytic procedures with a significant environmental impact. As a result, flavin-dependent nitroreductases (NRs) have received increasing attention as sustainable catalysts for more ecofriendly synthesis of arylamines. In this study, we assessed a novel NR from Bacillus tequilensis, named BtNR, for the synthesis of pharmaceutically relevant arylamines, including valuable synthons used in the manufacture of blockbuster drugs such as vismodegib, sonidegib, linezolid and sildenafil. After optimizing the enzymatic reaction conditions, high conversion of nitroaromatics to arylamines (up to 97 %) and good product yields (up to 56 %) were achieved. Our results indicate that BtNR has a broad substrate scope, including bulky nitro benzenes, nitro pyrazoles and nitro pyridines. Hence, BtNR is an interesting biocatalyst for the synthesis of pharmaceutically relevant amine-functionalized aromatics, providing an attractive alternative to traditional chemical synthesis methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Russo
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Molecular Enzymology Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Prats Luján
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marco W Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit J Poelarends
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
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3
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Valiauga B, Bagdžiūnas G, Sharrock AV, Ackerley DF, Čėnas N. The Catalysis Mechanism of E. coli Nitroreductase A, a Candidate for Gene-Directed Prodrug Therapy: Potentiometric and Substrate Specificity Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4413. [PMID: 38673999 PMCID: PMC11049802 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
E. coli nitroreductase A (NfsA) is a candidate for gene-directed prodrug cancer therapy using bioreductively activated nitroaromatic compounds (ArNO2). In this work, we determined the standard redox potential of FMN of NfsA to be -215 ± 5 mV at pH 7.0. FMN semiquinone was not formed during 5-deazaflavin-sensitized NfsA photoreduction. This determines the two-electron character of the reduction of ArNO2 and quinones (Q). In parallel, we characterized the oxidant specificity of NfsA with an emphasis on its structure. Except for negative outliers nitracrine and SN-36506, the reactivity of ArNO2 increases with their electron affinity (single-electron reduction potential, E17) and is unaffected by their lipophilicity and Van der Waals volume up to 386 Å. The reactivity of quinoidal oxidants is not clearly dependent on E17, but 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinones were identified as positive outliers and a number of compounds with diverse structures as negative outliers. 2-Hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinones are characterized by the most positive reaction activation entropy and the negative outlier tetramethyl-1,4-benzoquinone by the most negative. Computer modelling data showed that the formation of H bonds with Arg15, Arg133, and Ser40, plays a major role in the binding of oxidants to reduced NfsA, while the role of the π-π interaction of their aromatic structures is less significant. Typically, the calculated hydride-transfer distances during ArNO2 reduction are smallwer than for Q. This explains the lower reactivity of quinones. Another factor that slows down the reduction is the presence of positively charged aliphatic substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjaminas Valiauga
- Institute of Biochemistry of Life Sciences Center of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (B.V.); (G.B.)
| | - Gintautas Bagdžiūnas
- Institute of Biochemistry of Life Sciences Center of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (B.V.); (G.B.)
| | - Abigail V. Sharrock
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Kelburn Parade, Wellington 6140, New Zealand; (A.V.S.); (D.F.A.)
| | - David F. Ackerley
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Kelburn Parade, Wellington 6140, New Zealand; (A.V.S.); (D.F.A.)
| | - Narimantas Čėnas
- Institute of Biochemistry of Life Sciences Center of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (B.V.); (G.B.)
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4
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Abdelsalam M, Zmyslia M, Schmidtkunz K, Vecchio A, Hilscher S, Ibrahim HS, Schutkowski M, Jung M, Jessen-Trefzer C, Sippl W. Design and synthesis of bioreductive prodrugs of class I histone deacetylase inhibitors and their biological evaluation in virally transfected acute myeloid leukemia cells. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024; 357:e2300536. [PMID: 37932028 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Although histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors show promise in treating various types of hematologic malignancies, they have some limitations, including poor pharmacokinetics and off-target side effects. Prodrug design has shown promise as an approach to improve pharmacokinetic properties and to improve target tissue specificity. In this work, several bioreductive prodrugs for class I HDACs were designed based on known selective HDAC inhibitors. The zinc-binding group of the HDAC inhibitors was masked with various nitroarylmethyl residues to make them substrates of nitroreductase (NTR). The developed prodrugs showed weak HDAC inhibitory activity compared to their parent inhibitors. The prodrugs were tested against wild-type and NTR-transfected THP1 cells. Cellular assays showed that both 2-nitroimidazole-based prodrugs 5 and 6 were best activated by the NTR and exhibited potent activity against NTR-THP1 cells. Compound 6 showed the highest cellular activity (GI50 = 77 nM) and exhibited moderate selectivity. Moreover, activation of prodrug 6 by NTR was confirmed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, which showed the release of the parent inhibitor after incubation with Escherichia coli NTR. Thus, compound 6 can be considered a novel prodrug selective for class I HDACs, which could be used as a good starting point for increasing selectivity and for further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abdelsalam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Martin-Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mariia Zmyslia
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Freiburg i. Br., Germany
| | - Karin Schmidtkunz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Freiburg i. Br., Germany
| | - Anita Vecchio
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Martin-Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hilscher
- Department of Enzymology, Institute of Biochemistry, Martin-Luther-University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Hany S Ibrahim
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Martin-Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mike Schutkowski
- Department of Enzymology, Institute of Biochemistry, Martin-Luther-University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Manfred Jung
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Freiburg i. Br., Germany
- CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg i. Br., Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Martin-Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
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5
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Hussein M, Sun Z, Hawkey J, Allobawi R, Judd LM, Carbone V, Sharma R, Thombare V, Baker M, Rao GG, Li J, Holt KE, Velkov T. High-level nitrofurantoin resistance in a clinical isolate of Klebsiella pneumoniae: a comparative genomics and metabolomics analysis. mSystems 2024; 9:e0097223. [PMID: 38078757 PMCID: PMC10805014 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00972-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Nitrofurantoin is a commonly used chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections caused by the problematic multidrug resistant Gram-negative pathogen Klebsiella pneumoniae. The present study aims to elucidate the mechanism of nitrofurantoin action and high-level resistance in K. pneumoniae using whole-genome sequencing (WGS), qPCR analysis, mutation structural modeling and untargeted metabolomic analysis. WGS profiling of evolved highly resistant mutants (nitrofurantoin minimum inhibitory concentrations > 256 mg/L) revealed modified expression of several genes related to membrane transport (porin ompK36 and efflux pump regulator oqxR) and nitroreductase activity (ribC and nfsB, involved in nitrofurantoin reduction). Untargeted metabolomics analysis of total metabolites extracted at 1 and 4 h post-nitrofurantoin treatment revealed that exposure to the drug caused a delayed effect on the metabolome which was most pronounced after 4 h. Pathway enrichment analysis illustrated that several complex interrelated metabolic pathways related to nitrofurantoin bacterial killing (aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, purine metabolism, central carbohydrate metabolism, and pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis) and the development of nitrofurantoin resistance (riboflavin metabolism) were significantly perturbed. This study highlights for the first time the key role of efflux pump regulator oqxR in nitrofurantoin resistance and reveals global metabolome perturbations in response to nitrofurantoin, in K. pneumoniae.IMPORTANCEA quest for novel antibiotics and revitalizing older ones (such as nitrofurantoin) for treatment of difficult-to-treat Gram-negative bacterial infections has become increasingly popular. The precise antibacterial activity of nitrofurantoin is still not fully understood. Furthermore, although the prevalence of nitrofurantoin resistance remains low currently, the drug's fast-growing consumption worldwide highlights the need to comprehend the emerging resistance mechanisms. Here, we used multidisciplinary techniques to discern the exact mechanism of nitrofurantoin action and high-level resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae, a common cause of urinary tract infections for which nitrofurantoin is the recommended treatment. We found that the expression of multiple genes related to membrane transport (including active efflux and passive diffusion of drug molecules) and nitroreductase activity was modified in nitrofurantoin-resistant strains, including oqxR, the transcriptional regulator of the oqxAB efflux pump. Furthermore, complex interconnected metabolic pathways that potentially govern the nitrofurantoin-killing mechanisms (e.g., aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis) and nitrofurantoin resistance (riboflavin metabolism) were significantly inhibited following nitrofurantoin treatment. Our study could help inform the improvement of nitrofuran derivatives, the development of new pharmacophores, or drug combinations to support the resurgence of nitrofurantoin in the management of multidrug resistant K. pneumouniae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maytham Hussein
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute,Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zetao Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jane Hawkey
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rafah Allobawi
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute,Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louise M. Judd
- Doherty Applied Microbial Genomics (DAMG), 12 Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vincenzo Carbone
- AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Center, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Rajnikant Sharma
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Varsha Thombare
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute,Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark Baker
- Discipline of Biological 17 Sciences, Priority Research Center in Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Science and IT, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gauri G. Rao
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute,Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kathryn E. Holt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Tony Velkov
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute,Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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6
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Karan S, Cho MY, Lee H, Kim HM, Park HS, Han EH, Sessler JL, Hong KS. Hypoxia-Directed and Self-Immolative Theranostic Agent: Imaging and Treatment of Cancer and Bacterial Infections. J Med Chem 2023; 66:14175-14187. [PMID: 37823731 PMCID: PMC10614179 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The impact of bacteria on cancer progression and treatment is becoming increasingly recognized. Cancer-associated bacteria are linked to metastases, reduced efficacy, and survival challenges. In this study, we present a sensitive hypoxia-activated prodrug, NR-NO2, which comprises an antibiotic combined with a chemotherapeutic. This prodrug demonstrates rapid and robust fluorescence enhancement and exhibits potent antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as tumor cells. Upon activation, NR-NO2 produces a distinct "fluorescence-on" signal, enabling real-time drug release monitoring. By leveraging elevated nitroreductase in cancer cells, NR-NO2 gives rise to heightened bacterial cytotoxicity while sparing normal cells. In A549 solid tumor-bearing mice, NR-NO2 selectively accumulated at tumor sites, displaying fluorescence signals under hypoxia superior to those of a corresponding prodrug-like control. These findings highlight the potential of NR-NO2 as a promising cancer therapy prodrug that benefits from targeted release, antibacterial impact, and imaging-based guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanu Karan
- Research
Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea
Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Republic
of Korea
| | - Mi Young Cho
- Research
Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea
Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Republic
of Korea
| | - Hyunseung Lee
- Research
Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea
Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Republic
of Korea
| | - Hyun Min Kim
- Research
Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea
Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Republic
of Korea
| | - Hye Sun Park
- Research
Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea
Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Republic
of Korea
| | - Eun Hee Han
- Research
Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea
Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Republic
of Korea
| | - Jonathan L. Sessler
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Texas at
Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Kwan Soo Hong
- Research
Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea
Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Republic
of Korea
- Graduate
School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
- Department
of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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7
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Mahdizade Ari M, Dashtbin S, Ghasemi F, Shahroodian S, kiani P, Bafandeh E, Darbandi T, Ghanavati R, Darbandi A. Nitrofurantoin: properties and potential in treatment of urinary tract infection: a narrative review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1148603. [PMID: 37577377 PMCID: PMC10414118 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1148603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrofurantoin (NF), a wide-spectrum antibiotic accessible since 1953, is utilized widely to treat urinary tract infections as it usually stays active against drug-resistant uropathogen. The use of Nitrofurantoin has increased exponentially since new guidelines have repositioned it as first-line therapy for uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection (UTI). To, although fluoroquinolones are usually used to re-evaluate the first- and second-line therapies for treating uncomplicated UTI, their level of utilization is thought to be inappropriately excessive and will eventually have a detrimental impact; thus, we hypothesize that NF might be the best choice for this condition, because of its low frequency of utilization and its high susceptibility in common UTI pathogens. It can be concluded from this review that NF can be considered as the most effective drug in the treatment of acute urinary infection, but due to the long-term side effects of this drug, especially in elderly patients, it is essential to introduce some criteria for prescribing NF in cases of chronic UTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzie Mahdizade Ari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Dashtbin
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ghasemi
- Department of Pathobiology, Division of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soheila Shahroodian
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa kiani
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elnaz Bafandeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Talieh Darbandi
- Department of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Ghanavati
- School of Medicine, Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran
| | - Atieh Darbandi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Molecular Microbiology Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
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8
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Xu JJ, Ghosh MK, Lu L, Liu QQ, Sakiyama H, Ghorai TK, Afzal M, Alarifi A. Construction of two new Zn(II)-based coordination polymers as photocatalyst for degradation of antibiotic. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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9
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Day MA, Jarrom D, Rajah N, Searle PF, Hyde EI, White SA. Oxygen-insensitive nitroreductase E. coli NfsA, but not NfsB, is inhibited by fumarate. Proteins 2023; 91:585-592. [PMID: 36443029 PMCID: PMC10953011 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli NfsA and NfsB are founding members of two flavoprotein families that catalyze the oxygen-insensitive reduction of nitroaromatics and quinones by NAD(P)H. This reduction is required for the activity of nitrofuran antibiotics and the enzymes have also been proposed for use with nitroaromatic prodrugs in cancer gene therapy and biocatalysis, but the roles of the proteins in vivo in bacteria are not known. NfsA is NADPH-specific whereas NfsB can also use NADH. The crystal structures of E. coli NfsA and NfsB and several analogs have been determined previously. In our crystal trials, we unexpectedly observed NfsA bound to fumarate. We here present the X-ray structure of the E. coli NfsA-fumarate complex and show that fumarate acts as a weak inhibitor of NfsA but not of NfsB. The structural basis of this differential inhibition is conserved in the two protein families and occurs at fumarate concentrations found in vivo, so impacting the efficacy of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A. Day
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Institute for Cancer and Genomic SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - David Jarrom
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Navina Rajah
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Peter F. Searle
- Institute for Cancer and Genomic SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Eva I. Hyde
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Scott A. White
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
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10
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Sharrock AV, Mumm JS, Bagdžiūnas G, Čėnas N, Arcus VL, Ackerley DF. The Crystal Structure of Engineered Nitroreductase NTR 2.0 and Impact of F70A and F108Y Substitutions on Substrate Specificity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076633. [PMID: 37047605 PMCID: PMC10095097 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial nitroreductase enzymes that convert prodrugs to cytotoxins are valuable tools for creating transgenic targeted ablation models to study cellular function and cell-specific regeneration paradigms. We recently engineered a nitroreductase (“NTR 2.0”) for substantially enhanced reduction of the prodrug metronidazole, which permits faster cell ablation kinetics, cleaner interrogations of cell function, ablation of previously recalcitrant cell types, and extended ablation paradigms useful for modelling chronic diseases. To provide insight into the enhanced enzymatic mechanism of NTR 2.0, we have solved the X-ray crystal structure at 1.85 Angstroms resolution and compared it to the parental enzyme, NfsB from Vibrio vulnificus. We additionally present a survey of reductive activity with eight alternative nitroaromatic substrates, to provide access to alternative ablation prodrugs, and explore applications such as remediation of dinitrotoluene pollutants. The predicted binding modes of four key substrates were investigated using molecular modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail V. Sharrock
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Jeff S. Mumm
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Gintautas Bagdžiūnas
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Vilnius, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Narimantas Čėnas
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Vilnius, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vickery L. Arcus
- Te Aka Mātuatua-School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - David F. Ackerley
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
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11
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Lee SH, Park CS, Lee KK, Han TH, Ban HS, Lee CS. Hemicyanine-Based Near-Infrared Fluorescence Off-On Probes for Imaging Intracellular and In Vivo Nitroreductase Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076074. [PMID: 37047042 PMCID: PMC10094042 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitroreductase (NTR) has the ability to activate nitro group-containing prodrugs and decompose explosives; thus, the evaluation of NTR activity is specifically important in pharmaceutical and environmental areas. Numerous studies have verified effective fluorescent methods to detect and image NTR activity; however, near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence probes for biological applications are lacking. Thus, in this study, we synthesized novel NIR probes (NIR-HCy-NO2 1-3) by introducing a nitro group to the hemicyanine skeleton to obtain fluorescence images of NTR activity. Additionally, this study was also designed to propose a different water solubility and investigate the catalytic efficiency of NTR. NIR-HCy-NO2 inherently exhibited a low fluorescence background due to the interference of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) by the nitro group. The conversion from the nitro to amine group by NTR induced a change in the absorbance spectra and lead to the intense enhancement of the fluorescence spectra. When assessing the catalytic efficiency and the limit of detection (LOD), including NTR activity imaging, it was demonstrated that NIR-HCy-NO2 1 was superior to the other two probes. Moreover, we found that NIR-HCy-NO2 1 reacted with type I mitochondrial NTR in live cell imaging. Conclusively, NIR-HCy-NO2 demonstrated a great potential for application in various NTR-related fields, including NTR activity for cell imaging in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Hyeok Lee
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Soon Park
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bio-nanomaterials, Bio Campus of Korea Polytechnics, Nonsan 32943, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Kwan Lee
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hee Han
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bioscience, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology School, University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Seung Ban
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bioscience, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology School, University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Soo Lee
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology School, University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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12
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Day MA, Christofferson AJ, Anderson JLR, Vass SO, Evans A, Searle PF, White SA, Hyde EI. Structure and Dynamics of Three Escherichia coli NfsB Nitro-Reductase Mutants Selected for Enhanced Activity with the Cancer Prodrug CB1954. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065987. [PMID: 36983061 PMCID: PMC10051150 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli NfsB has been studied extensively for its potential for cancer gene therapy by reducing the prodrug CB1954 to a cytotoxic derivative. We have previously made several mutants with enhanced activity for the prodrug and characterised their activity in vitro and in vivo. Here, we determine the X-ray structure of our most active triple and double mutants to date, T41Q/N71S/F124T and T41L/N71S. The two mutant proteins have lower redox potentials than wild-type NfsB, and the mutations have lowered activity with NADH so that, in contrast to the wild-type enzyme, the reduction of the enzyme by NADH, rather than the reaction with CB1954, has a slower maximum rate. The structure of the triple mutant shows the interaction between Q41 and T124, explaining the synergy between these two mutations. Based on these structures, we selected mutants with even higher activity. The most active one contains T41Q/N71S/F124T/M127V, in which the additional M127V mutation enlarges a small channel to the active site. Molecular dynamics simulations show that the mutations or reduction of the FMN cofactors of the protein has little effect on its dynamics and that the largest backbone fluctuations occur at residues that flank the active site, contributing towards its broad substrate range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Day
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | | | | | - Simon O Vass
- Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Adam Evans
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Peter F Searle
- Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Scott A White
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Eva I Hyde
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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13
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Batt SM, Toth S, Rodriguez B, Abrahams KA, Veerapen N, Chiodarelli G, Cox LR, Moynihan PJ, Lelievre J, Fütterer K, Besra GS. Assay development and inhibition of the Mt-DprE2 essential reductase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2023; 169:001288. [PMID: 36748627 PMCID: PMC9993113 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
DprE2 is an essential enzyme in the synthesis of decaprenylphosphoryl-β-d-arabinofuranose (DPA) and subsequently arabinogalactan, and is a significant new drug target for M. tuberculosis. Two compounds from the GSK-177 box set, GSK301A and GSK032A, were identified through Mt-DprE2-target overexpression studies. The Mt-DprE1-DprE2 complex was co-purified and a new in vitro DprE2 assay developed, based on the oxidation of the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide cofactor of DprE2 (NADH/NADPH). The Mt-DprE1-DprE2 complex showed interesting kinetics in both the DprE1 resazurin-based assay, where Mt-DprE2 was found to enhance Mt-DprE1 activity and reduce substrate inhibition; and also in the DprE2 assay, which similarly exhibited substrate inhibition and a difference in kinetics of the two potential cofactors, NADH and NADPH. Although, no inhibition was observed in the DprE2 assay by the two GSK set compounds, spontaneous mutant generation indicated a possible explanation in the form of a pro-drug activation pathway, involving fgd1 and fbiC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Batt
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Szilvi Toth
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Beatriz Rodriguez
- Diseases of the Developing World, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, 28760, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Katherine A Abrahams
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Natacha Veerapen
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | | | - Liam R Cox
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Patrick J Moynihan
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Joel Lelievre
- Diseases of the Developing World, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, 28760, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Klaus Fütterer
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Gurdyal S Besra
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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14
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Discovery and characterization of the flavonoids in Cortex Mori Radicis as naturally occurring inhibitors against intestinal nitroreductases. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 368:110222. [PMID: 36244406 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Gut bacterial nitroreductases are found to be heavily related with the intestinal toxicity of nitroaromatic compounds in food or medicine, which can be converted into mutagenic and enterotoxic nitroso or N-hydroxyl intermediates. Thus, inhibiting the gut microbe-encoded nitroreductases has become an attractive method to reduce the mutagen metabolites in colon and prevent intestinal diseases. In this study, the inhibitory effects of sixteen constituents in Cortex Mori Radicis on two kinds of gut bacterial nitroreductases (EcNfsA and EcNfsB) were evaluated with nitrofurazone (NFZ) as substrate and NADPH as electron donor. The results clearly demonstrated that four flavonoids including kuwanon G, kuwanon A, sanggenol A and kuwanon C showed dual inhibition on both EcNfsA and EcNfsB mediated NFZ reduction; morusin, morin, and sanggenone C were strong inhibitors towards EcNfsA; kuwanon H and kuwanon E exhibited effective inhibition on EcNfsB. Further inhibition kinetic analysis and molecular docking simulations displayed that all inhibitors above suppressed both EcNfsA and EcNfsB activities in competitive manners, except non-competitive inhibition of morin on EcNfsA and non-competitive inhibition of kuwanon C on EcNfsB, respectively. Taking together, these findings revealed that most flavonoids in Cortex Mori Radicis presented effective inhibition on gut microbial nitroreductases, suggesting that Cortex Mori Radicis might be a promising candidate for ameliorating nitroreductases mediated intestinal mutagenicity.
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15
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Buick JK, Rowan-Carroll A, Gagné R, Williams A, Chen R, Li HH, Fornace AJ, Chao C, Engelward BP, Frötschl R, Ellinger-Ziegelbauer H, Pettit SD, Aubrecht J, Yauk CL. Integrated Genotoxicity Testing of three anti-infective drugs using the TGx-DDI transcriptomic biomarker and high-throughput CometChip® assay in TK6 cells. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:991590. [PMID: 36211197 PMCID: PMC9540394 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.991590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Genotoxicity testing relies on the detection of gene mutations and chromosome damage and has been used in the genetic safety assessment of drugs and chemicals for decades. However, the results of standard genotoxicity tests are often difficult to interpret due to lack of mode of action information. The TGx-DDI transcriptomic biomarker provides mechanistic information on the DNA damage-inducing (DDI) capability of chemicals to aid in the interpretation of positive in vitro genotoxicity data. The CometChip® assay was developed to assess DNA strand breaks in a higher-throughput format. We paired the TGx-DDI biomarker with the CometChip® assay in TK6 cells to evaluate three model agents: nitrofurantoin (NIT), metronidazole (MTZ), and novobiocin (NOV). TGx-DDI was analyzed by two independent labs and technologies (nCounter® and TempO-Seq®). Although these anti-infective drugs are, or have been, used in human and/or veterinary medicine, the standard genotoxicity testing battery showed significant genetic safety findings. Specifically, NIT is a mutagen and causes chromosome damage, and MTZ and NOV cause chromosome damage in conventional in vitro tests. Herein, the TGx-DDI biomarker classified NIT and MTZ as non-DDI at all concentrations tested, suggesting that NIT’s mutagenic activity is bacterial specific and that the observed chromosome damage by MTZ might be a consequence of in vitro test conditions. In contrast, NOV was classified as DDI at the second highest concentration tested, which is in line with the fact that NOV is a bacterial DNA-gyrase inhibitor that also affects topoisomerase II at high concentrations. The lack of DNA damage for NIT and MTZ was confirmed by the CometChip® results, which were negative for all three drugs except at overtly cytotoxic concentrations. This case study demonstrates the utility of combining the TGx-DDI biomarker and CometChip® to resolve conflicting genotoxicity data and provides further validation to support the reproducibility of the biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie K. Buick
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Andrea Rowan-Carroll
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Rémi Gagné
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew Williams
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Renxiang Chen
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Heng-Hong Li
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Albert J. Fornace
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Christy Chao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Bevin P. Engelward
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Roland Frötschl
- Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Syril D. Pettit
- Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Jiri Aubrecht
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Carole L. Yauk
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Carole L. Yauk,
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16
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White SA, Christofferson AJ, Grainger AI, Day MA, Jarrom D, Graziano AE, Searle PF, Hyde EI. The 3D-structure, kinetics and dynamics of the E. coli nitroreductase NfsA with NADP + provide glimpses of its catalytic mechanism. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:2425-2440. [PMID: 35648111 PMCID: PMC9912195 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Nitroreductases activate nitroaromatic antibiotics and cancer prodrugs to cytotoxic hydroxylamines and reduce quinones to quinols. Using steady-state and stopped-flow kinetics, we show that the Escherichia coli nitroreductase NfsA is 20-50 fold more active with NADPH than with NADH and that product release may be rate-limiting. The crystal structure of NfsA with NADP+ shows that a mobile loop forms a phosphate-binding pocket. The nicotinamide ring and nicotinamide ribose are mobile, as confirmed in molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. We present a model of NADPH bound to NfsA. Only one NADP+ is seen bound to the NfsA dimers, and MD simulations show that binding of a second NADP(H) cofactor is unfavourable, suggesting that NfsA and other members of this protein superfamily may have a half-of-sites mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alastair I. Grainger
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of BirminghamUK,Present address:
School of Life and Health SciencesAston UniversityBirminghamB4 7ETUK
| | - Martin A. Day
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of BirminghamUK,Institute for Cancer and Genomic SciencesUniversity of BirminghamUK,Present address:
DurhamUK
| | - David Jarrom
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of BirminghamUK,Present address:
Health Technology WalesCardiffCF10 4PLUK
| | - Antonio E. Graziano
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of BirminghamUK,Present address:
Carlsberg Marstons Brewing CompanyNorthamptonNN1 1PZUK
| | - Peter F. Searle
- Institute for Cancer and Genomic SciencesUniversity of BirminghamUK
| | - Eva I. Hyde
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of BirminghamUK
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17
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Sviatenko LK, Gorb L, Leszczynski J. NTO Degradation by Nitroreductase: A DFT Study. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:5991-6006. [PMID: 35926135 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c04153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
NTO (5-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-3-one), an energetic material used in military applications, may be released to the environment during manufacturing, transportation, storage, training, and disposal. A detailed investigation of the possible mechanism for all steps of reduction of NTO by oxygen-insensitive nitroreductase, as one of the pathways for NTO environmental degradation, was performed by computational study at the PCM(Pauling)/M06-2X/6-311++G(d,p) level. Obtained results reveal an overall sequence for NTO transformation into ATO (5-amino-1,2,4-triazol-3-one) with the flavin mononucleotide (FMN) cofactor of nitroreductase. Reduction of the nitro group to the nitroso group and the nitroso group to the hydroxylamino group follow a similar mechanism that consists of the sequential electron and proton transfer from the flavin cofactor. The hydride transfer mechanism may contribute to reduction of the nitroso group by the anionic form of the reduced flavin cofactor. Reduction of 5-(hydroxylamino)-1,2,4-triazol-3-one by the neutral form of the reduced flavin is impossible, whereas reduction of the hydroxylamino group to the amino group occurs with the anionic form of the reduced cofactor by a mechanism involving an initial proton transfer from the hydroxonium ion followed by two electrons and one proton transfers from the flavin cofactor. Small activation energies and high exothermicity support the significant contribution of oxygen-insensitive nitroreductase and other enzymes, containing FMN as a cofactor, to NTO degradation in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liudmyla K Sviatenko
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanotoxicity, Department of Chemistry, Physics & Atmospheric Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, United States
| | - Leonid Gorb
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, NAS of Ukraine, 150 Zabolotny Str., Kyiv 03143, Ukraine
| | - Jerzy Leszczynski
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanotoxicity, Department of Chemistry, Physics & Atmospheric Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, United States
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18
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Inhibition of Escherichia coli nitroreductase by the constituents in Syzygium aromaticum. Chin J Nat Med 2022; 20:506-517. [DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(22)60163-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Yan Y, Yu Z, Zhong W, Hou X, Tao Q, Cao M, Wang L, Cai X, Rao Y, Huang SX. Characterization of Multifunctional and Non-stereoselective Oxidoreductase RubE7/IstO, Expanding the Functional Diversity of the Flavoenzyme Superfamily. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200189. [PMID: 35191152 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Flavin-dependent enzymes enable a broad range of redox transformations and generally act as monofunctional and stereoselective catalysts. Herein, we report the investigation of a multifunctional and non-stereoselective FMN-dependent oxidoreductase RubE7 from the rubrolone biosynthetic pathway. Our study outlines a single RubE7-catalysed sequential reduction of three spatially distinct bonds in a tropolone ring and a reversible double-bond reduction and dehydrogenation. The crystal structure of IstO (a RubE7 homologue) with 2.0 Å resolution reveals the location of the active site at the interface of two monomers, and the size of active site is large enough to permit both flipping and free rotation of the substrate, resulting in multiple nonselective reduction reactions. Molecular docking and site mutation studies demonstrate that His106 is oriented towards the substrate and is important for the reverse dehydrogenation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Zhiyin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Wei Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaodong Hou
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Qiaoqiao Tao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Minhang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Xiaofeng Cai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yijian Rao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Sheng-Xiong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
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20
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Mullowney MW, Maltseva NI, Endres M, Kim Y, Joachimiak A, Crofts TS. Functional and Structural Characterization of Diverse NfsB Chloramphenicol Reductase Enzymes from Human Pathogens. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0013922. [PMID: 35195438 PMCID: PMC8941942 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00139-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phylogenetically diverse bacteria can carry out chloramphenicol reduction, but only a single enzyme has been described that efficiently catalyzes this reaction, the NfsB nitroreductase from Haemophilus influenzae strain KW20. Here, we tested the hypothesis that some NfsB homologs function as housekeeping enzymes with the potential to become chloramphenicol resistance enzymes. We found that expression of H. influenzae and Neisseria spp. nfsB genes, but not Pasteurella multocida nfsB, allows Escherichia coli to resist chloramphenicol by nitroreduction. Mass spectrometric analysis confirmed that purified H. influenzae and N. meningitides NfsB enzymes reduce chloramphenicol to amino-chloramphenicol, while kinetics analyses supported the hypothesis that chloramphenicol reduction is a secondary activity. We combined these findings with atomic resolution structures of multiple chloramphenicol-reducing NfsB enzymes to identify potential key substrate-binding pocket residues. Our work expands the chloramphenicol reductase family and provides mechanistic insights into how a housekeeping enzyme might confer antibiotic resistance. IMPORTANCE The question of how new enzyme activities evolve is of great biological interest and, in the context of antibiotic resistance, of great medical importance. Here, we have tested the hypothesis that new antibiotic resistance mechanisms may evolve from promiscuous housekeeping enzymes that have antibiotic modification side activities. Previous work identified a Haemophilus influenzae nitroreductase housekeeping enzyme that has the ability to give Escherichia coli resistance to the antibiotic chloramphenicol by nitroreduction. Herein, we extend this work to enzymes from other Haemophilus and Neisseria strains to discover that expression of chloramphenicol reductases is sufficient to confer chloramphenicol resistance to Es. coli, confirming that chloramphenicol reductase activity is widespread across this nitroreductase family. By solving the high-resolution crystal structures of active chloramphenicol reductases, we identified residues important for this activity. Our work supports the hypothesis that housekeeping proteins possessing multiple activities can evolve into antibiotic resistance enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalia I. Maltseva
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Structure Biology Center, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael Endres
- Structure Biology Center, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, USA
| | - Youngchang Kim
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Structure Biology Center, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, USA
| | - Andrzej Joachimiak
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Structure Biology Center, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Terence S. Crofts
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
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21
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Musila JM, Rokita SE. Sequence Conservation Does Not Always Signify a Functional Imperative as Observed in the Nitroreductase Superfamily. Biochemistry 2022; 61:703-711. [PMID: 35319879 PMCID: PMC9018611 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Consensus sequences have the potential to help classify the structure and function of proteins and highlight key regions that may contribute to their biological properties. Often, the level of significance will track with the extent of sequence conservation, but this should not be considered universal. Arg and Lys dominate a position adjacent to the N1 and C2 carbonyl of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) bound in the proteins of the nitroreductase superfamily. Although this placement satisfies expectations for stabilizing the reduced form of FMN, the substitution of these residues in three subfamilies promoting distinct reactions demonstrates their importance to catalysis as only modest. Replacing Arg34 with Lys, Gln, or Glu enhances FMN binding to a flavin destructase (BluB) by twofold and diminishes FMN turnover by no more than 25%. Similarly, replacing Lys14 with Arg, Gln, or Glu in a nitroreductase (NfsB) does not perturb the binding of the substrate nitrofurazone. The catalytic efficiency does decrease by 21-fold for the K14Q variant, but no change in the midpoint potential of FMN was observed with any of the variants. Equivalent substitution at Arg38 in iodotyrosine deiodinase (IYD) affects catalysis even more modestly (<10-fold). While the Arg/Lys to Glu substitution inactivates NfsB and IYD, this change also stabilizes one-electron transfer in IYD contrary to predictions based on other classes of flavoproteins. Accordingly, functional correlations developed in certain structural superfamilies may not necessarily translate well to other superfamilies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Musila
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Steven E Rokita
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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22
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Zhou W, Li L, Qin R, Zhu J, Liu S, Mo S, Shi Z, Fang H, Ruan P, Cheng J, Fu G, Zheng N. Non-contact biomimetic mechanism for selective hydrogenation of nitroaromatics on heterogeneous metal nanocatalysts. Sci China Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-021-1198-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Paruch K, Biernasiuk A, Khylyuk D, Paduch R, Wujec M, Popiołek Ł. Synthesis, Biological Activity and Molecular Docking Studies of Novel Nicotinic Acid Derivatives. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052823. [PMID: 35269966 PMCID: PMC8911400 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In our research, we used nicotinic acid as a starting compound, which was subjected to a series of condensation reactions with appropriate aldehydes. As a result of these reactions, we were able to obtain a series of twelve acylhydrazones, two of which showed promising activity against Gram-positive bacteria (MIC = 1.95-15.62 µg/mL), especially against Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228 (MIC = 1.95 µg/mL). Moreover, the activity of compound 13 against the Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300 strain, i.e., the MRSA strain, was MIC = 7.81 µg/mL. Then, we subjected the entire series of acylhydrazones to a cyclization reaction in the acetic anhydride, thanks to which we were able to obtain twelve new 3-acetyl-2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-oxadiazoline derivatives. Obtained 1,3,4-oxadiazolines were also tested for antimicrobial activity. The results showed high activity of compound 25 with a 5-nitrofuran substituent, which was active against all tested strains. The most promising activity of this compound was found against Gram-positive bacteria, in particular against Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 (MIC = 7.81 µg/mL) and ATCC 43300 MRSA strains (MIC = 15.62 µg/mL). Importantly, the best performing compounds did not show cytotoxicity against normal cell lines. It seems practical to use some of these compounds or their derivatives in the future in the prevention and treatment of infections caused by some pathogenic or opportunistic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Paruch
- Chair and Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodźki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (D.K.); (M.W.); (Ł.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Biernasiuk
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodźki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Dmytro Khylyuk
- Chair and Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodźki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (D.K.); (M.W.); (Ł.P.)
| | - Roman Paduch
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 19 Akademicka Street, 20-033 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Monika Wujec
- Chair and Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodźki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (D.K.); (M.W.); (Ł.P.)
| | - Łukasz Popiołek
- Chair and Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodźki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (D.K.); (M.W.); (Ł.P.)
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Yan Y, Yu Z, Zhong W, Hou X, Tao Q, Cao M, Wang L, Cai X, Rao Y, Huang S. Characterization of Multifunctional and Non‐stereoselective Oxidoreductase RubE7/IstO, Expanding the Functional Diversity of the Flavoenzyme Superfamily. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming 650201 China
| | - Zhiyin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming 650201 China
| | - Wei Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming 650201 China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Xiaodong Hou
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology Ministry of Education School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Qiaoqiao Tao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation School of Pharmacy Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Minhang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming 650201 China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming 650201 China
| | - Xiaofeng Cai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation School of Pharmacy Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430030 China
| | - Yijian Rao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology Ministry of Education School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Sheng‐Xiong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming 650201 China
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Xiong J, Wang Y, Jiang X, Liang X, Liang Q. Kinetically Orthogonal Probe for Simultaneous Measurement of H 2S and Nitroreductase: A Refined Method to Predict the Invasiveness of Tumor Cells. Anal Chem 2022; 94:1769-1777. [PMID: 35020347 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The concentrations of nitroreductase and H2S have been widely used to predict the invasiveness of tumors. However, the above two substrates always interfere with the measurement of each other as both substrates react with the typical nitroaromatic probe with the same process. Moreover, the above interferences may lead to the misjudgment of the tumor invasiveness. We used a strategy combining kinetical distinguishing and signal amplification to construct a kinetically orthogonal probe labeled KOP. The above strategy expanded the gap between the reactivity of KOP to H2S and nitroreductase with an acceptable reactivity and could determine the concentration of coexisting nitroreductase and H2S on a kinetic curve with a breakpoint. KOP could also indicate the correct invasiveness tendency in the cellular model with a complex H2S generation pathway, while the traditional kinetically nonorthogonal probe could not indicate invasiveness correctly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialiang Xiong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Beijing Key Lab of Microanalytical Methods & Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Beijing Key Lab of Microanalytical Methods & Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xue Jiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Beijing Key Lab of Microanalytical Methods & Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoping Liang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Qionglin Liang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Beijing Key Lab of Microanalytical Methods & Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
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Liu D, Wanniarachchi TN, Jiang G, Seabra G, Cao S, Bruner SD, Ding Y. Biochemical and structural characterization of Haemophilus influenzae nitroreductase in metabolizing nitroimidazoles. RSC Chem Biol 2022; 3:436-446. [PMID: 35441146 PMCID: PMC8985140 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00238d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitroheterocycle antibiotics, particularly 5-nitroimidazoles, are frequently used for treating anaerobic infections. The antimicrobial activities of these drugs heavily rely on the in vivo bioactivation, mainly mediated by widely distributed bacterial nitroreductases (NTRs). However, the bioactivation can also lead to severe toxicities and drug resistance. Mechanistic understanding of NTR-mediated 5-nitroimidazole metabolism can potentially aid addressing these issues. Here, we report the metabolism of structurally diverse nitroimidazole drug molecules by a NTR from a human pathogen Haemophilus influenzae (HiNfsB). Our detailed bioinformatic analysis uncovered that HiNfsB represents a group of unexplored oxygen-insensitive NTRs. Biochemical characterization of the recombinant enzyme revealed that HiNfsB effectively metabolizes ten clinically used nitroimidazoles. Furthermore, HiNfsB generated not only canonical nitroreduction metabolites but also stable, novel dimeric products from three nitroimidazoles, whose structures were proposed based on the results of high resolution MS and tandem MS analysis. X-ray structural analysis of the enzyme coupled with site-directed mutagenesis identified four active site residues important to its catalysis and broad substrate scope. Finally, transient expression of HiNfsB sensitized an E. coli mutant strain to 5-nitroimidazoles under anaerobic conditions. Together, these results advance our understanding of the metabolism of nitroimidazole antibiotics mediated by a new NTR group and reinforce the research on the natural antibiotic resistome for addressing the antibiotic resistance crisis. The nitroreductase of Haemophilus influenzae metabolizes clinically used nitroimidazoles, generates dimeric metabolites and anaerobically sensitizes an E. coli mutant to antibiotics. We further uncover its biochemical and structural details.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Dake Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | | | - Guangde Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Gustavo Seabra
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Shugeng Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, Hilo, Hawaii, 96720, USA
| | - Steven D. Bruner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
| | - Yousong Ding
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
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27
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Wickhorst PJ, Ihmels H, Lammert-Baumgartner MM, Müller M, Schönherr H. 9-Nitrobenzo[ b]quinolizinium as a fluorogenic probe for the detection of nitroreductase in vitro and in Escherichia coli. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj05230f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The non-fluorescent 9-nitrobenzo[b]quinolizinium is readily reduced by nitroreductase to fluorescent reaction products whose formation depends on the reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Jonas Wickhorst
- Department of Chemistry – Biology, University of Siegen, Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio-)Technology (Cμ), Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, Siegen 57068, Germany
| | - Heiko Ihmels
- Department of Chemistry – Biology, University of Siegen, Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio-)Technology (Cμ), Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, Siegen 57068, Germany
| | - Melanie Marianne Lammert-Baumgartner
- Department of Chemistry – Biology, University of Siegen, Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio-)Technology (Cμ), Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, Siegen 57068, Germany
| | - Mareike Müller
- Department of Chemistry – Biology, University of Siegen, Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio-)Technology (Cμ), Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, Siegen 57068, Germany
| | - Holger Schönherr
- Department of Chemistry – Biology, University of Siegen, Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio-)Technology (Cμ), Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, Siegen 57068, Germany
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28
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Wan Y, Mills E, Leung RC, Vieira A, Zhi X, Croucher NJ, Woodford N, Jauneikaite E, Ellington MJ, Sriskandan S. Alterations in chromosomal genes nfsA, nfsB, and ribE are associated with nitrofurantoin resistance in Escherichia coli from the United Kingdom. Microb Genom 2021; 7:000702. [PMID: 34860151 PMCID: PMC8767348 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance in enteric or urinary Escherichia coli is a risk factor for invasive E. coli infections. Due to widespread trimethoprim resistance amongst urinary E. coli and increased bacteraemia incidence, a national recommendation to prescribe nitrofurantoin for uncomplicated urinary tract infection was made in 2014. Nitrofurantoin resistance is reported in <6% urinary E. coli isolates in the UK, however, mechanisms underpinning nitrofurantoin resistance in these isolates remain unknown. This study aimed to identify the genetic basis of nitrofurantoin resistance in urinary E. coli isolates collected from north west London and then elucidate resistance-associated genetic alterations in available UK E. coli genomes. As a result, an algorithm was developed to predict nitrofurantoin susceptibility. Deleterious mutations and gene-inactivating insertion sequences in chromosomal nitroreductase genes nfsA and/or nfsB were identified in genomes of nine confirmed nitrofurantoin-resistant urinary E. coli isolates and additional 11 E. coli isolates that were highlighted by the prediction algorithm and subsequently validated to be nitrofurantoin-resistant. Eight categories of allelic changes in nfsA, nfsB, and the associated gene ribE were detected in 12412 E. coli genomes from the UK. Evolutionary analysis of these three genes revealed homoplasic mutations and explained the previously reported order of stepwise mutations. The mobile gene complex oqxAB, which is associated with reduced nitrofurantoin susceptibility, was identified in only one of the 12412 genomes. In conclusion, mutations and insertion sequences in nfsA and nfsB were leading causes of nitrofurantoin resistance in UK E. coli. As nitrofurantoin exposure increases in human populations, the prevalence of nitrofurantoin resistance in carriage E. coli isolates and those from urinary and bloodstream infections should be monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wan
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ewurabena Mills
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rhoda C.Y. Leung
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Present address: Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong S.A.R., PR China
| | - Ana Vieira
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Xiangyun Zhi
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Croucher
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Woodford
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Associated Infections Reference Unit, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Colindale, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elita Jauneikaite
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Ellington
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Associated Infections Reference Unit, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Colindale, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shiranee Sriskandan
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Shiranee Sriskandan,
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Flavin oxidation state impacts on nitrofuran antibiotic binding orientation in nitroreductases. Biochem J 2021; 478:3423-3428. [PMID: 34554213 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nitroreductases catalyse the NAD(P)H-dependent nitro reduction in nitrofuran antibiotics, which activates them into cytotoxic molecules leading to cell death. The design of new effective nitrofuran antibiotics relies on knowledge of the kinetic mechanism and nitrofuran binding mode of microbial nitroreductases NfsA and NfsB. This has been hampered by multiple co-crystallisation studies revealing ligand binding in non-electron transfer competent states. In a recent study by Day et al. (2021) the authors investigated the likely reaction mechanism and mode of nitrofurantoin binding to NfsA using potentiometry, global kinetics analysis, crystallography and molecular dynamics simulations. Their findings suggest nitrofurantoin reduction proceeds via a direct hydride transfer from reduced FMN, while the crystallographic binding orientation is an inhibitory complex. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest ligand binding orientations is dependent on the oxidation state of the FMN. This study highlights the importance of utilising computational studies alongside traditional crystallographic approaches, when multiple stable ligand binding orientations can occur.
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30
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Hu B, Song N, Cao Y, Li M, Liu X, Zhou Z, Shi L, Yu Z. Noncanonical Amino Acids for Hypoxia-Responsive Peptide Self-Assembly and Fluorescence. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:13854-13864. [PMID: 34410694 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Design of endogenous stimuli-responsive amino acids allows for precisely modulating proteins or peptides under a biological microenvironment and thereby regulating their performance. Herein we report a noncanonical amino acid 2-nitroimidazol-1-yl alanine and explore its functions in creation of the nitroreductase (NTR)-responsive peptide-based supramolecular probes for efficient hypoxia imaging. On the basis of the reduction potential of the nitroimidazole unit, the amino acid was synthesized via the Mitsunobu reaction between 2-nitroimidazole and a serine derivate. We elucidated the relationship between the NTR-responsiveness of the amino acid and the structural feature of peptides involving a series of peptides. This eventually facilitates development of aromatic peptides undergoing NTR-responsive self-assembly by rationally optimizing the sequences. Due to the intrinsic role of 2-nitroimidazole in the fluorescence quench, we created a morphology-transformable supramolecular probe for imaging hypoxic tumor cells based on NTR reduction. We found that the resulting supramolecular probes penetrated into solid tumors, thus allowing for efficient fluorescence imaging of tumor cells in hypoxic regions. Our findings demonstrate development of a readily synthesized and versatile amino acid with exemplified properties in creating fluorescent peptide nanostructures responsive to a biological microenvironment, thus providing a powerful toolkit for synthetic biology and development of novel biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Na Song
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yawei Cao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Mingming Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhifei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Linqi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhilin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
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31
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Čėnas N, Nemeikaitė-Čėnienė A, Kosychova L. Single- and Two-Electron Reduction of Nitroaromatic Compounds by Flavoenzymes: Mechanisms and Implications for Cytotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168534. [PMID: 34445240 PMCID: PMC8395237 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitroaromatic compounds (ArNO2) maintain their importance in relation to industrial processes, environmental pollution, and pharmaceutical application. The manifestation of toxicity/therapeutic action of nitroaromatics may involve their single- or two-electron reduction performed by various flavoenzymes and/or their physiological redox partners, metalloproteins. The pivotal and still incompletely resolved questions in this area are the identification and characterization of the specific enzymes that are involved in the bioreduction of ArNO2 and the establishment of their contribution to cytotoxic/therapeutic action of nitroaromatics. This review addresses the following topics: (i) the intrinsic redox properties of ArNO2, in particular, the energetics of their single- and two-electron reduction in aqueous medium; (ii) the mechanisms and structure-activity relationships of reduction in ArNO2 by flavoenzymes of different groups, dehydrogenases-electrontransferases (NADPH:cytochrome P-450 reductase, ferredoxin:NADP(H) oxidoreductase and their analogs), mammalian NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase, bacterial nitroreductases, and disulfide reductases of different origin (glutathione, trypanothione, and thioredoxin reductases, lipoamide dehydrogenase), and (iii) the relationships between the enzymatic reactivity of compounds and their activity in mammalian cells, bacteria, and parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narimantas Čėnas
- Institute of Biochemistry of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +370-5-223-4392
| | - Aušra Nemeikaitė-Čėnienė
- State Research Institute Center for Innovative Medicine, Santariškių St. 5, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Lidija Kosychova
- Institute of Biochemistry of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania;
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32
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Liu F, Zhang H, Li K, Xie Y, Li Z. A Novel NIR Fluorescent Probe for Highly Selective Detection of Nitroreductase and Hypoxic-Tumor-Cell Imaging. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154425. [PMID: 34361578 PMCID: PMC8347683 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitroreductase as a potential biomarker for aggressive tumors has received extensive attention. In this work, a novel NIR fluorescent probe for nitroreductase detection was synthesized. The probe Py-SiRh-NTR displayed excellent sensitivity and selectivity. Most importantly, the confocal fluorescence imaging demonstrated that HepG-2 cells treated with Py-SiRh-NTR under hypoxic conditions showed obvious enhanced fluorescence, which means that the NTR was overexpressed under hypoxic conditions. Moreover, the probe showed great promise that could help us to study related anticancer mechanisms research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (F.L.); (Y.X.)
- Laboratory of Thyroid and Parathyroid Disease, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (H.Z.); (K.L.)
| | - Kun Li
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (H.Z.); (K.L.)
| | - Yongmei Xie
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (F.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Zhihui Li
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (F.L.); (Y.X.)
- Laboratory of Thyroid and Parathyroid Disease, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence:
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33
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The structures of E. coli NfsA bound to the antibiotic nitrofurantoin; to 1,4-benzoquinone and to FMN. Biochem J 2021; 478:2601-2617. [PMID: 34142705 PMCID: PMC8286842 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
NfsA is a dimeric flavoprotein that catalyses the reduction in nitroaromatics and quinones by NADPH. This reduction is required for the activity of nitrofuran antibiotics. The crystal structure of free Escherichia coli NfsA and several homologues have been determined previously, but there is no structure of the enzyme with ligands. We present here crystal structures of oxidised E. coli NfsA in the presence of several ligands, including the antibiotic nitrofurantoin. Nitrofurantoin binds with the furan ring, rather than the nitro group that is reduced, near the N5 of the FMN. Molecular dynamics simulations show that this orientation is only favourable in the oxidised enzyme, while potentiometry suggests that little semiquinone is formed in the free protein. This suggests that the reduction occurs by direct hydride transfer from FMNH− to nitrofurantoin bound in the reverse orientation to that in the crystal structure. We present a model of nitrofurantoin bound to reduced NfsA in a viable hydride transfer orientation. The substrate 1,4-benzoquinone and the product hydroquinone are positioned close to the FMN N5 in the respective crystal structures with NfsA, suitable for reaction, but are mobile within the active site. The structure with a second FMN, bound as a ligand, shows that a mobile loop in the free protein forms a phosphate-binding pocket. NfsA is specific for NADPH and a similar conformational change, forming a phosphate-binding pocket, is likely to also occur with the natural cofactor.
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- Vuong Van Hung Le
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- * E-mail: (VVHL); (JR)
| | - Jasna Rakonjac
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- * E-mail: (VVHL); (JR)
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35
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Han H, Zheng Y, Zhou T, Liu P, Li X. Cu(II) nonspecifically binding chromate reductase NfoR promotes Cr(VI) reduction. Environ Microbiol 2020; 23:415-430. [PMID: 33201569 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cu(II)-enhanced microbial Cr(VI) reduction is common in the environment, yet its mechanism is unknown. The specific activity of chromate reductase, NfoR, from Staphylococcus aureus sp. LZ-01 was augmented 1.5-fold by Cu(II). Isothermal titration calorimetry and spectral data show that Cu(II) binds to NfoR nonspecifically. Further, Cu(II) stimulates the nitrobenzene reduction of NfoR, indicating that Cu(II) promotes electron transfer. The crystal structure of NfoR in complex with CuSO4 (1.46 Å) was determined. The overall structure of NfoR-Cu(II) complex is a dimer that covalently binds with FMN and Cu(II)-binding pocket is located at the interface of the NfoR dimer. Structural superposition revealed that NfoR resembles the structure of class II chromate reductase. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that Leu46 and Phe123 were involved in NADH binding, whereas Trp70 and Ser45 were the key residues for nitrobenzene binding. Furthermore, His100 and Asp171 were preferential affinity sites for Cu(II) and that Cys163 is an active site for FMN binding. Attenuation reductase activity in C163S can be partially restored to 54% wild type by increasing Cu(II) concentration. Partial restoration indicates dual-channel electron transfer of NfoR via Cu(II) and FMN. We propose a catalytic mechanism for Cu(II)-enhanced NfoR activity in which Cu(I) is formed transiently. Together, the current results provide an insight on Cu (II)-induced enhancement and benefit of Cr(VI) bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huawen Han
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuanzhang Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tuoyu Zhou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pu Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangkai Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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36
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Mi Z, Liu L, Zhao Y, Guan J. Selective colorimetric and fluorescence detection of nitroreductase enzymes in living cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:932-938. [PMID: 32682972 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Rhodamine dyes bearing aromatic nitro group has been synthesized for nitroreductase enzyme chemosensing applications. The probe is showing very selective turn-on fluorescent response towards nitroreductase enzymes and in hypoxic conditions. The sensor displays a remarkable fluorescent enhancement at 557 nm (λex = 500 nm) without the interference of other biologically relevant species under hypoxic conditions in a physiological medium. The nitro group in the sensor is reduced by the nitroreductase enzyme to the amino group, resulting in the hydrolysis of the probe and subsequent release of highly fluorescent rhodamine 6G dye is observed. This rhodamine based fluorescent probe has been utilized for the imaging of nitroreductase enzymes as well as hypoxia in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Mi
- College of Life Science, Shanxi Datong University, Shanxi, Datong 037009, China
| | - Lizhen Liu
- College of Chemistry and Engineering, Shanxi Datong University, Shanxi, Datong 037009, China.
| | - Yan Zhao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Liaoning Shihua University, Fushun 113001, Liaoning, China
| | - Jianjun Guan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Liaoning Shihua University, Fushun 113001, Liaoning, China.
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37
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Boddu RS, Perumal O, K D. Microbial nitroreductases: A versatile tool for biomedical and environmental applications. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2020; 68:1518-1530. [PMID: 33156534 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nitroreductases, enzymes found mostly in bacteria and also in few eukaryotes, use nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) as a cofactor for their activity and metabolize an enormous list of a diverse nitro group-containing compounds. Nitroreductases that are capable of metabolizing nitroaromatic and nitro heterocyclic compounds have drawn great attention in recent years owing to their biotechnological, biomedical, environmental, and human impact. These enzymes attracted medicinal chemists and pharmacologists because of their prodrug selectivity for activation/reduction of nitro compounds that wipe out pathogens/cancer cells, leaving the host/normal cells unharmed. It is applied in diverse fields of study like prodrug activation in treating cancer and leishmaniasis, designing fluorescent probes for hypoxia detection, cell imaging, ablation of specific cell types, biodegradation of nitro-pollutants, and interpretation of mutagenicity of nitro compounds. Keeping in view the immense prospects of these enzymes and a large number of research contributions in this area, the present review encompasses the enzymatic reaction mechanism, their role in antibiotic resistance, hypoxia sensing, cell imaging, cancer therapy, reduction of recalcitrant nitro chemicals, enzyme variants, and their specificity to substrates, reaction products, and their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Sree Boddu
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, India
| | - Onkara Perumal
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, India
| | - Divakar K
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Sriperumbudur, India
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38
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Aboelnaga A, Amer N, Zakaria N. Polyaniline/Aza-Bicyclo Composites Containing P, S, and Si Atoms: Synthesis, Characterization, Molecular Orbital Calculations, Electrical Conductivity, and Biocidal Activities against Some Biofouling-Causing Organisms. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2020.1833053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Aboelnaga
- Faculty of Women for Arts, Science and Education, Chemistry Department, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nesreen Amer
- Petroleum Biotechnology Lab, Processes Design and Development Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nada Zakaria
- Faculty of Women for Arts, Science and Education, Chemistry Department, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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39
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Stevens M, Howe C, Ray AM, Washburn A, Chitre S, Sivinski J, Park Y, Hoang QQ, Chapman E, Johnson SM. Analogs of nitrofuran antibiotics are potent GroEL/ES inhibitor pro-drugs. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115710. [PMID: 33007545 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In two previous studies, we identified compound 1 as a moderate GroEL/ES inhibitor with weak to moderate antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria including Bacillus subtilis, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Acinetobacter baumannii, and SM101 Escherichia coli (which has a compromised lipopolysaccharide biosynthetic pathway making bacteria more permeable to drugs). Extending from those studies, we developed two series of analogs with key substructures resembling those of known antibacterials, nitroxoline (hydroxyquinoline moiety) and nifuroxazide/nitrofurantoin (bis-cyclic-N-acylhydrazone scaffolds). Through biochemical and cell-based assays, we identified potent GroEL/ES inhibitors that selectively blocked E. faecium, S. aureus, and E. coli proliferation with low cytotoxicity to human colon and intestine cells in vitro. Initially, only the hydroxyquinoline-bearing analogs were found to be potent inhibitors in our GroEL/ES-mediated substrate refolding assays; however, subsequent testing in the presence of an E. coli nitroreductase (NfsB) in situ indicated that metabolites of the nitrofuran-bearing analogs were potent GroEL/ES inhibitor pro-drugs. Consequently, this study has identified a new target of nitrofuran-containing drugs, and is the first reported instance of such a unique class of GroEL/ES chaperonin inhibitors. The intriguing results presented herein provide impetus for expanded studies to validate inhibitor mechanisms and optimize this antibacterial class using the respective GroEL/ES chaperonin systems and nitroreductases from E. coli and the ESKAPE bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mckayla Stevens
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 635 Barnhill Dr., Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Chris Howe
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 635 Barnhill Dr., Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Anne-Marie Ray
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 635 Barnhill Dr., Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Alex Washburn
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 635 Barnhill Dr., Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Siddhi Chitre
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 635 Barnhill Dr., Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Jared Sivinski
- The University of Arizona, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 1703 E. Mabel St., PO Box 210207, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Yangshin Park
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 635 Barnhill Dr., Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States; Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine. 320 W. 15th Street, Suite 414, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States; Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine. 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Quyen Q Hoang
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 635 Barnhill Dr., Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States; Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine. 320 W. 15th Street, Suite 414, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States; Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine. 635 Barnhill Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Eli Chapman
- The University of Arizona, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 1703 E. Mabel St., PO Box 210207, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Steven M Johnson
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 635 Barnhill Dr., Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States.
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Herrlinger E, Hau M, Redhaber DM, Greve G, Willmann D, Steimle S, Müller M, Lübbert M, Miething CC, Schüle R, Jung M. Nitroreductase-Mediated Release of Inhibitors of Lysine-Specific Demethylase 1 (LSD1) from Prodrugs in Transfected Acute Myeloid Leukaemia Cells. Chembiochem 2020; 21:2329-2347. [PMID: 32227662 PMCID: PMC7497180 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) has evolved as a promising therapeutic target for cancer treatment, especially in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). To approach the challenge of site-specific LSD1 inhibition, we developed an enzyme-prodrug system with the bacterial nitroreductase NfsB (NTR) that was expressed in the virally transfected AML cell line THP1-NTR+ . The cellular activity of the NTR was proven with a new luminescent NTR probe. We synthesised a diverse set of nitroaromatic prodrugs that by design do not affect LSD1 and are reduced by the NTR to release an active LSD1 inhibitor. The emerging side products were differentially analysed using negative controls, thereby revealing cytotoxic effects. The 2-nitroimidazolyl prodrug of a potent LSD1 inhibitor emerged as one of the best prodrug candidates with a pronounced selectivity window between wild-type and transfected THP1 cells. Our prodrugs are selectively activated and release the LSD1 inhibitor locally, proving their suitability for future targeting approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva‐Maria Herrlinger
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of FreiburgInstitute of Pharmaceutical SciencesAlbertstrasse 2579104FreiburgGermany
| | - Mirjam Hau
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of FreiburgInstitute of Pharmaceutical SciencesAlbertstrasse 2579104FreiburgGermany
- CIBSS – Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling StudiesUniversity of FreiburgSchänzlestrasse 1879104FreiburgGermany
| | - Desiree Melanie Redhaber
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell TransplantationUniversity of Freiburg Medical CenterHugstetter Strasse 5579106FreiburgGermany
| | - Gabriele Greve
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell TransplantationUniversity of Freiburg Medical CenterHugstetter Strasse 5579106FreiburgGermany
| | - Dominica Willmann
- Department of Urology and Center for Clinical ResearchUniversity of Freiburg Medical CenterBreisacher Strasse 6679106FreiburgGermany
| | - Simon Steimle
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of FreiburgInstitute of Pharmaceutical SciencesAlbertstrasse 2579104FreiburgGermany
| | - Michael Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of FreiburgInstitute of Pharmaceutical SciencesAlbertstrasse 2579104FreiburgGermany
| | - Michael Lübbert
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell TransplantationUniversity of Freiburg Medical CenterHugstetter Strasse 5579106FreiburgGermany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)FreiburgGermany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)
| | - Christoph Cornelius Miething
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell TransplantationUniversity of Freiburg Medical CenterHugstetter Strasse 5579106FreiburgGermany
| | - Roland Schüle
- CIBSS – Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling StudiesUniversity of FreiburgSchänzlestrasse 1879104FreiburgGermany
- Department of Urology and Center for Clinical ResearchUniversity of Freiburg Medical CenterBreisacher Strasse 6679106FreiburgGermany
| | - Manfred Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of FreiburgInstitute of Pharmaceutical SciencesAlbertstrasse 2579104FreiburgGermany
- CIBSS – Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling StudiesUniversity of FreiburgSchänzlestrasse 1879104FreiburgGermany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)FreiburgGermany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)
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41
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Rather IA, Wagay SA, Ali R. Emergence of anion-π interactions: The land of opportunity in supramolecular chemistry and beyond. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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42
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Schiff bases of 4-Phenyl-2-Aminothiazoles as hits to new antischistosomals: Synthesis, in vitro, in vivo and in silico studies. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 150:105371. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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43
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Zhu M, Liu RR, Zhai HL, Meng YJ, Han L, Ren CL. The binding mechanism of nitroreductase fluorescent probe: Active pocket deformation and intramolecular hydrogen bonds. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 150:509-518. [PMID: 32057851 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nitroreductase (NTR), a member of the flavoenzyme family, could react with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide by reducing nitro to amino at hypoxic tumor, which can be monitored by some fluorescent probes in vivo. Here, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation techniques were used to explore the molecular mechanisms between NTR and probes. The results showed that formation of hydrogen bond in 1F5V-13 between A@His215 and B@Ser41 with 74.53% occupancy might be the main reason for the decrease of probe fluorescence emission in experiment. Moreover, Probe 16 was rotated by nearly 60 degrees with respect to the position of other probes in protein binding pocket, deforming the protein active pocket, changing the hydrogen bond formation, which leads to the fluorescence performance of 16 with electron donor and electron acceptor groups was superior to other probes in experiment. The deformation of protein active pocket and the formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonds revealed the difference in performance of NTR fluorescent probe at molecular level, which provide theoretical guidance for latter design of fluorescent probes with better performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhu
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Rui Rui Liu
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Hong Lin Zhai
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.
| | - Ya Jie Meng
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Lu Han
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Cui Ling Ren
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
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44
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Jiao Y, Zhang L, Gao X, Si W, Duan C. A Cofactor-Substrate-Based Supramolecular Fluorescent Probe for the Ultrafast Detection of Nitroreductase under Hypoxic Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:6021-6027. [PMID: 31845434 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201915040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Identifying the location and expression levels of enzymes under hypoxic conditions in cancer cells is vital in early-stage cancer diagnosis and monitoring. By encapsulating a fluorescent substrate, L-NO2 , within the NADH mimic-containing metal-organic capsule Zn-MPB, we developed a cofactor-substrate-based supramolecular luminescent probe for ultrafast detection of hypoxia-related enzymes in solution in vitro and in vivo. The host-guest structure fuses the coenzyme and substrate into one supramolecular probe to avoid control by NADH, switching the catalytic process of nitroreductase from a double-substrate mechanism to a single-substrate one. This probe promotes enzyme efficiency by altering the substrate catalytic process and enhances the electron transfer efficiency through an intra-molecular pathway with increased activity. The enzyme content and fluorescence intensity showed a linear relationship and equilibrium was obtained in seconds, showing potential for early tumor diagnosis, biomimetic catalysis, and prodrug activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian City, 116024, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian City, 116024, China
| | - Xu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian City, 116024, China
| | - Wen Si
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian City, 116024, China
| | - Chunying Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian City, 116024, China
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45
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Jiao Y, Zhang L, Gao X, Si W, Duan C. A Cofactor‐Substrate‐Based Supramolecular Fluorescent Probe for the Ultrafast Detection of Nitroreductase under Hypoxic Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201915040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsDalian University of Technology Dalian City 116024 China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsDalian University of Technology Dalian City 116024 China
| | - Xu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsDalian University of Technology Dalian City 116024 China
| | - Wen Si
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsDalian University of Technology Dalian City 116024 China
| | - Chunying Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsDalian University of Technology Dalian City 116024 China
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46
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Christofferson AJ. Asymmetric ligand binding in homodimeric Enterobacter cloacae nitroreductase yields the Michaelis complex for nitroaromatic substrates. J Mol Model 2020; 26:28. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-020-4288-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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47
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Sulzbach M, Kunjapur AM. The Pathway Less Traveled: Engineering Biosynthesis of Nonstandard Functional Groups. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 38:532-545. [PMID: 31954529 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2019.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The field of metabolic engineering has achieved biochemical routes for conversion of renewable inputs to structurally diverse chemicals, but these products contain a limited number of chemical functional groups. In this review, we provide an overview of the progression of uncommon or 'nonstandard' functional groups from the elucidation of their biosynthetic machinery to the pathway optimization framework of metabolic engineering. We highlight exemplary efforts from primarily the last 5 years for biosynthesis of aldehyde, ester, terminal alkyne, terminal alkene, fluoro, epoxide, nitro, nitroso, nitrile, and hydrazine functional groups. These representative nonstandard functional groups vary in development stage and showcase the pipeline of chemical diversity that could soon appear within customized, biologically produced molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Sulzbach
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Aditya M Kunjapur
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA.
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48
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Black WB, Zhang L, Mak WS, Maxel S, Cui Y, King E, Fong B, Sanchez Martinez A, Siegel JB, Li H. Engineering a nicotinamide mononucleotide redox cofactor system for biocatalysis. Nat Chem Biol 2020; 16:87-94. [PMID: 31768035 PMCID: PMC7546441 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-019-0402-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Biological production of chemicals often requires the use of cellular cofactors, such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+). These cofactors are expensive to use in vitro and difficult to control in vivo. We demonstrate the development of a noncanonical redox cofactor system based on nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN+). The key enzyme in the system is a computationally designed glucose dehydrogenase with a 107-fold cofactor specificity switch toward NMN+ over NADP+ based on apparent enzymatic activity. We demonstrate that this system can be used to support diverse redox chemistries in vitro with high total turnover number (~39,000), to channel reducing power in Escherichia coli whole cells specifically from glucose to a pharmaceutical intermediate, levodione, and to sustain the high metabolic flux required for the central carbon metabolism to support growth. Overall, this work demonstrates efficient use of a noncanonical cofactor in biocatalysis and metabolic pathway design.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Black
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Linyue Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Wai Shun Mak
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Maxel
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Youtian Cui
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Edward King
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Bonnie Fong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Alicia Sanchez Martinez
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Justin B Siegel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
- Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Han Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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49
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Reductive Activity and Mechanism of Hypoxia- Targeted AGT Inhibitors: An Experimental and Theoretical Investigation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246308. [PMID: 31847200 PMCID: PMC6941096 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT) is the main cause of tumor cell resistance to DNA-alkylating agents, so it is valuable to design tumor-targeted AGT inhibitors with hypoxia activation. Based on the existing benchmark inhibitor O6-benzylguanine (O6-BG), four derivatives with hypoxia-reduced potential and their corresponding reduction products were synthesized. A reductase system consisting of glucose/glucose oxidase, xanthine/xanthine oxidase, and catalase were constructed, and the reduction products of the hypoxia-activated prodrugs under normoxic and hypoxic conditions were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS). The results showed that the reduction products produced under hypoxic conditions were significantly higher than that under normoxic condition. The amount of the reduction product yielded from ANBP (2-nitro-6-(3-amino) benzyloxypurine) under hypoxic conditions was the highest, followed by AMNBP (2-nitro-6-(3-aminomethyl)benzyloxypurine), 2-NBP (2-nitro-6-benzyloxypurine), and 3-NBG (O6-(3-nitro)benzylguanine). It should be noted that although the levels of the reduction products of 2-NBP and 3-NBG were lower than those of ANBP and AMNBP, their maximal hypoxic/normoxic ratios were higher than those of the other two prodrugs. Meanwhile, we also investigated the single electron reduction mechanism of the hypoxia-activated prodrugs using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. As a result, the reduction of the nitro group to the nitroso was proven to be a rate-limiting step. Moreover, the 2-nitro group of purine ring was more ready to be reduced than the 3-nitro group of benzyl. The energy barriers of the rate-limiting steps were 34–37 kcal/mol. The interactions between these prodrugs and nitroreductase were explored via molecular docking study, and ANBP was observed to have the highest affinity to nitroreductase, followed by AMNBP, 2-NBP, and 3-NBG. Interestingly, the theoretical results were generally in a good agreement with the experimental results. Finally, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were performed to predict the AGT-inhibitory activity of the four prodrugs and their reduction products. In summary, simultaneous consideration of reduction potential and hypoxic selectivity is necessary to ensure that such prodrugs have good hypoxic tumor targeting. This study provides insights into the hypoxia-activated mechanism of nitro-substituted prodrugs as AGT inhibitors, which may contribute to reasonable design and development of novel tumor-targeted AGT inhibitors.
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Yan Y, Chen J, Galván AE, Garbinski LD, Zhu YG, Rosen BP, Yoshinaga M. Reduction of Organoarsenical Herbicides and Antimicrobial Growth Promoters by the Legume Symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:13648-13656. [PMID: 31682413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Massive amounts of methyl [e.g., methylarsenate, MAs(V)] and aromatic arsenicals [e.g., roxarsone (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenylarsonate, Rox(V)] have been utilized as herbicides for weed control and growth promotors for poultry and swine, respectively. The majority of these organoarsenicals degrade into more toxic inorganic species. Here, we demonstrate that the legume symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti both reduces MAs(V) to MAs(III) and catalyzes sequential two-step reduction of nitro and arsenate groups in Rox(V), producing the highly toxic trivalent amino aromatic derivative 4-hydroxy-3-aminophenylarsenite (HAPA(III)). The existence of this process suggests that S. meliloti possesses the ability to transform pentavalent methyl and aromatic arsenicals into antibiotics to provide a competitive advantage over other microbes, which would be a critical process for the synthetic aromatic arsenicals to function as antimicrobial growth promoters. The activated trivalent aromatic arsenicals are degraded into less-toxic inorganic species by an MAs(III)-demethylating aerobe, suggesting that environmental aromatic arsenicals also undergo a multiple-step degradation pathway, in analogy with the previously reported demethylation pathway of the methylarsenate herbicide. We further show that an FAD-NADPH-dependent nitroreductase encoded by mdaB gene catalyzes nitroreduction of roxarsone both in vivo and in vitro. Our results demonstrate that environmental organoarsenicals trigger competition between members of microbial communities, resulting in gradual degradation of organoarsenicals and contamination by inorganic arsenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering , Huaqiao University , Xiamen 361021 , Fujian , China
- Department of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine , Florida International University , Miami 33199 , Florida , United States
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine , Florida International University , Miami 33199 , Florida , United States
| | - Adriana E Galván
- Department of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine , Florida International University , Miami 33199 , Florida , United States
| | - Luis D Garbinski
- Department of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine , Florida International University , Miami 33199 , Florida , United States
| | - Yong-Guan Zhu
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xiamen 361021 , Fujian , China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environ-mental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , Hebei , China
| | - Barry P Rosen
- Department of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine , Florida International University , Miami 33199 , Florida , United States
| | - Masafumi Yoshinaga
- Department of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine , Florida International University , Miami 33199 , Florida , United States
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