1
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Witt RN, Nickel KS, Binns JR, Gray AM, Hintz AM, Kofron NF, Steigleder SF, Peterson FC, Veldkamp CT. NMR indicates the N-termini of PSGL1 and CCR7 bind competitively to the chemokine CCL21. Biochem Biophys Rep 2023; 35:101524. [PMID: 37554427 PMCID: PMC10404610 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2023.101524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are from a family of secreted cytokines that direct the trafficking of immune cells to coordinate immune responses. Chemokines are involved in numerous disease states, including responding to infections, autoimmune disorders, and cancer metastasis. Ther are chemokines, like CCL21, that signal for cellular migration through the activation of G protein-coupled receptors, like CCR7, through interaction with the receptor's extracellular N-terminus, loops, and core of the receptor. CCL21 is involved in routine immune surveillance but can also attract metastasizing cancer cells to lymph nodes. P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL1) has a role in cellular adhesion during chemotaxis and is a transmembrane signaling molecule. PSGL1 expression enhances chemotactic responses of T cells to CCL21. Here NMR studies indicate the binding sites on CCL21 for the N-termini or PSGL1 and CCR7 overlap, and binding of the N-termini of PSGL1 and CCR7 is competitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin N. Witt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, 800 West Main Street, Whitewater, WI, 53190, USA
| | - Kaileigh S. Nickel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, 800 West Main Street, Whitewater, WI, 53190, USA
| | - John R. Binns
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, 800 West Main Street, Whitewater, WI, 53190, USA
| | - Alexander M. Gray
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, 800 West Main Street, Whitewater, WI, 53190, USA
| | - Alyssa M. Hintz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, 800 West Main Street, Whitewater, WI, 53190, USA
| | - Noah F. Kofron
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, 800 West Main Street, Whitewater, WI, 53190, USA
| | - Steven F. Steigleder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, 800 West Main Street, Whitewater, WI, 53190, USA
| | - Francis C. Peterson
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Christopher T. Veldkamp
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, 800 West Main Street, Whitewater, WI, 53190, USA
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2
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Goth CK, Mehta AY, McQuillan AM, Baker KJ, Hanes MS, Park SS, Stavenhagen K, Hjortø GM, Heimburg-Molinaro J, Chaikof EL, Rosenkilde MM, Cummings RD. Chemokine binding to PSGL-1 is controlled by O-glycosylation and tyrosine sulfation. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:893-905.e7. [PMID: 37463583 PMCID: PMC10530560 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation influences cellular recognition and regulates protein interactions, but how glycosylation functions alongside other common posttranslational modifications (PTMs), like tyrosine sulfation (sTyr), is unclear. We produced a library of 53 chemoenzymatically synthesized glycosulfopeptides representing N-terminal domains of human and murine P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1), varying in sTyr and O-glycosylation (structure and site). Using these, we identified key roles of PSGL-1 O-glycosylation and sTyr in controlling interactions with specific chemokines. Results demonstrate that sTyr positively affects CCL19 and CCL21 binding to PSGL-1 N terminus, whereas O-glycan branching and sialylation reduced binding. For murine PSGL-1, interference between PTMs is greater, attributed to proximity between the two PTMs. Using fluorescence polarization, we found sTyr is a positive determinant for some chemokines. We showed that synthetic sulfopeptides are potent in decreasing chemotaxis of human dendritic cells toward CCL19 and CCL21. Our results provide new research avenues into the interplay of PTMs regulating leukocyte/chemokine interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer K Goth
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Akul Y Mehta
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Alyssa M McQuillan
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kelly J Baker
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Melinda S Hanes
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Simon S Park
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kathrin Stavenhagen
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Gertrud M Hjortø
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jamie Heimburg-Molinaro
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Elliot L Chaikof
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Stewart V, Ronald PC. Sulfotyrosine residues: interaction specificity determinants for extracellular protein-protein interactions. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102232. [PMID: 35798140 PMCID: PMC9372746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine sulfation, a post-translational modification, can determine and often enhance protein–protein interaction specificity. Sulfotyrosyl residues (sTyrs) are formed by the enzyme tyrosyl-protein sulfotransferase during protein maturation in the Golgi apparatus and most often occur singly or as a cluster within a six-residue span. With both negative charge and aromatic character, sTyr facilitates numerous atomic contacts as visualized in binding interface structural models, thus there is no discernible binding site consensus. Found exclusively in secreted proteins, in this review, we discuss the four broad sequence contexts in which sTyr has been observed: first, a solitary sTyr has been shown to be critical for diverse high-affinity interactions, such as between peptide hormones and their receptors, in both plants and animals. Second, sTyr clusters within structurally flexible anionic segments are essential for a variety of cellular processes, including coreceptor binding to the HIV-1 envelope spike protein during virus entry, chemokine interactions with receptors, and leukocyte rolling cell adhesion. Third, a subcategory of sTyr clusters is found in conserved acidic sequences termed hirudin-like motifs that enable proteins to interact with thrombin; consequently, many proven and potential therapeutic proteins derived from blood-consuming invertebrates depend on sTyrs for their activity. Finally, several proteins that interact with collagen or similar proteins contain one or more sTyrs within an acidic residue array. Refined methods to direct sTyr incorporation in peptides synthesized both in vitro and in vivo, together with continued advances in mass spectrometry and affinity detection, promise to accelerate discoveries of sTyr occurrence and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valley Stewart
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, USA.
| | - Pamela C Ronald
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, USA; Genome Center, University of California, Davis, USA.
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4
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Murakami T, Ono A. Roles of Virion-Incorporated CD162 (PSGL-1), CD43, and CD44 in HIV-1 Infection of T Cells. Viruses 2021; 13:v13101935. [PMID: 34696365 PMCID: PMC8541244 DOI: 10.3390/v13101935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nascent HIV-1 particles incorporate the viral envelope glycoprotein and multiple host transmembrane proteins during assembly at the plasma membrane. At least some of these host transmembrane proteins on the surface of virions are reported as pro-viral factors that enhance virus attachment to target cells or facilitate trans-infection of CD4+ T cells via interactions with non-T cells. In addition to the pro-viral factors, anti-viral transmembrane proteins are incorporated into progeny virions. These virion-incorporated transmembrane proteins inhibit HIV-1 entry at the point of attachment and fusion. In infected polarized CD4+ T cells, HIV-1 Gag localizes to a rear-end protrusion known as the uropod. Regardless of cell polarization, Gag colocalizes with and promotes the virion incorporation of a subset of uropod-directed host transmembrane proteins, including CD162, CD43, and CD44. Until recently, the functions of these virion-incorporated proteins had not been clear. Here, we review the recent findings about the roles played by virion-incorporated CD162, CD43, and CD44 in HIV-1 spread to CD4+ T cells.
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5
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We review P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) as a selectin and chemokine-binding adhesion molecule. PSGL-1 is widely studied in neutrophils. Here, we focus on T cells, because PSGL-1 was recently described as a major immunomodulatory molecule during viral infection. PSGL-1 also plays a crucial role in T-cell homeostasis by binding to lymphoid chemokines, and can induce tolerance by enhancing the functions of regulatory T cells. RECENT FINDINGS PSGL-1 was originally described as a leukocyte ligand for P-selectin, but it is actually a ligand for all selectins (P-, L- and E-selectin), binds chemokines, activates integrins and profoundly affects T-cell biology. It has been shown recently that PSGL-1 can modulate T cells during viral infection by acting as a negative regulator for T-cell functions. Absence of PSGL-1 promotes effector CD4 and CD8 T-cell differentiation and prevents T-cell exhaustion. Consistent with this, tumor growth was significantly reduced in PSGL-1-deficient mice because of an enhanced number of effector T cells together with reduced levels of inhibitory receptors that induce T-cell exhaustion. SUMMARY PSGL-1 is the best-studied selectin ligand and has become a posterchild of versatility in leukocyte adhesion, inflammation and immunology. The direct involvement of PSGL-1 in T-cell biology suggests that it might be a drug target. Indeed, PSGL-1 has been tested in some clinical trials and recently, PSGL-1 blockers were proposed as a potential cotherapy in cancer immunotherapy.
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6
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PSGL-1: A New Player in the Immune Checkpoint Landscape. Trends Immunol 2017; 38:323-335. [PMID: 28262471 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) has long been studied as an adhesion molecule involved in immune cell trafficking and is recognized as a regulator of many facets of immune responses by myeloid cells. PSGL-1 also regulates T cell migration during homeostasis and inflammatory settings. However, recent findings indicate that PSGL-1 can also negatively regulate T cell function. Because T cell differentiation is finely tuned by multiple positive and negative regulatory signals that appropriately scale the magnitude of the immune response, PSGL-1 has emerged as an important checkpoint during this process. We summarize what is known regarding PSGL-1 structure and function and highlight how it may act as an immune checkpoint inhibitor in T cells.
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Ponnusamy K, Kohrs N, Ptasinska A, Assi SA, Herold T, Hiddemann W, Lausen J, Bonifer C, Henschler R, Wichmann C. RUNX1/ETO blocks selectin-mediated adhesion via epigenetic silencing of PSGL-1. Oncogenesis 2015; 4:e146. [PMID: 25867177 PMCID: PMC5399174 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2015.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RUNX1/ETO (RE), the t(8;21)-derived leukemic transcription factor associated with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) development, deregulates genes involved in differentiation, self-renewal and proliferation. In addition, these cells show differences in cellular adhesion behavior whose molecular basis is not well understood. Here, we demonstrate that RE epigenetically silences the gene encoding P-Selectin Glycoprotein Ligand-1 (PSGL-1) and downregulates PSGL-1 expression in human CD34+ and murine lin− hematopoietic progenitor cells. Levels of PSGL-1 inversely and dose-dependently correlate with RE oncogene levels. However, a DNA-binding defective mutant fails to downregulate PSGL-1. We show by ChIP experiments that the PSGL-1 promoter is a direct target of RE and binding is accompanied by high levels of the repressive chromatin mark histone H3K27me3. In t(8;21)+ Kasumi-1 cells, PSGL-1 expression is completely restored at both the mRNA and cell surface protein levels following RE downregulation with short hairpin RNA (shRNA) or RE inhibition with tetramerization-blocking peptides, and at the promoter H3K27me3 is replaced by the activating chromatin mark H3K9ac as well as by RNA polymerase II. Upregulation of PSGL-1 restores the binding of cells to P- and E-selectin and re-establishes myeloid-specific cellular adhesion while it fails to bind to lymphocyte-specific L-selectin. Overall, our data suggest that the RE oncoprotein epigenetically represses PSGL-1 via binding to its promoter region and thus affects the adhesive behavior of t(8;21)+ AML cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ponnusamy
- 1] Department of Transfusion Medicine, Cell Therapeutics and Hemostaseology, Ludwig-Maximilian University Hospital, Munich, Germany [2] Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - N Kohrs
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - A Ptasinska
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - S A Assi
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - T Herold
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Ludwig-Maximilian University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - W Hiddemann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Ludwig-Maximilian University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - J Lausen
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - C Bonifer
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - R Henschler
- 1] Department of Transfusion Medicine, Cell Therapeutics and Hemostaseology, Ludwig-Maximilian University Hospital, Munich, Germany [2] Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - C Wichmann
- 1] Department of Transfusion Medicine, Cell Therapeutics and Hemostaseology, Ludwig-Maximilian University Hospital, Munich, Germany [2] Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany
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8
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Abeynaike LD, Deane JA, Westhorpe CLV, Chow Z, Alikhan MA, Kitching AR, Issekutz A, Hickey MJ. Regulatory T cells dynamically regulate selectin ligand function during multiple challenge contact hypersensitivity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:4934-44. [PMID: 25274531 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play critical roles in restricting T cell-mediated inflammation. In the skin, this is dependent on expression of selectin ligands required for leukocyte rolling in dermal microvessels. However, whether there are differences in the molecules used by Tregs and proinflammatory T cells to undergo rolling in the skin remains unclear. In this study, we used spinning disk confocal microscopy in Foxp3-GFP mice to visualize rolling of endogenous Tregs in dermal postcapillary venules. Tregs underwent consistent but low-frequency rolling interactions under resting and inflamed conditions. At the early stage of the response, Treg adhesion was minimal. However, at the peak of inflammation, Tregs made up 40% of the adherent CD4(+) T cell population. In a multiple challenge model of contact hypersensitivity, rolling of Tregs and conventional CD4(+) T cells was mostly dependent on overlapping contributions of P- and E-selectin. However, after a second challenge, rolling of Tregs but not conventional CD4(+) T cells became P-selectin independent, and Tregs showed reduced capacity to bind P-selectin. Moreover, inhibition of E-selectin at this time point resulted in exacerbation of inflammation. These findings demonstrate that in this multiple challenge model of inflammation, Treg selectin binding capacity and the molecular basis of Treg rolling can be regulated dynamically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latasha D Abeynaike
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - James A Deane
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Clare L V Westhorpe
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Zachary Chow
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Maliha A Alikhan
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - A Richard Kitching
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia; Department of Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia; Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Andrew Issekutz
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3K 6R8; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2; and Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Michael J Hickey
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia;
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9
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Lo CY, Antonopoulos A, Gupta R, Qu J, Dell A, Haslam SM, Neelamegham S. Competition between core-2 GlcNAc-transferase and ST6GalNAc-transferase regulates the synthesis of the leukocyte selectin ligand on human P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:13974-13987. [PMID: 23548905 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.463653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The binding of selectins to carbohydrate ligands expressed on leukocytes regulates immunity and inflammation. Among the human selectin ligands, the O-linked glycans at the N-terminus of the leukocyte cell-surface molecule P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1, CD162) are important because they bind all selectins (L-, E-, and P-selectin) with high affinity under hydrodynamic shear conditions. Analysis of glycan microheterogeneity at this site is complicated by the presence of 72 additional potential O-linked glycosylation sites on this mucinous protein. To overcome this limitation, truncated forms of PSGL-1, called "PSGL-1 peptide probes," were developed. Ultra-high sensitivity mass spectrometry analysis of glycans released from such probes along with glycoproteomic analysis demonstrate the presence of both the sialyl Lewis-X (sLe(X)) and the di-sialylated T-antigen (NeuAcα2,3Galβ1,3(NeuAcα2,6)GalNAc) at the PSGL-1 N-terminus. Overexpression of glycoprotein-specific ST6GalNAc-transferases (ST6GalNAc1, -2, or -4) in human promyelocytic HL-60 cells altered glycan structures and cell adhesion properties. In particular, ST6GalNAc2 overexpression abrogated cell surface HECA-452/CLA expression, reduced the number of rolling leukocytes on P- and L-selectin-bearing substrates by ~85%, and increased median rolling velocity of remaining cells by 80-150%. Cell rolling on E-selectin was unaltered although the number of adherent cells was reduced by 60%. ST6GalNAc2 partially co-localizes in the Golgi with the core-2 β(1,6)GlcNAc-transferase C2GnT-1. Overall, the data describe the glycan microheterogeneity at the PSGL-1 N-terminus. They suggest that a competition between ST6GalNAc2 and C2GnT-1 for the core-1/Galβ1,3GalNAc glycan may regulate leukocyte adhesion under fluid shear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Y Lo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260
| | - Aristotelis Antonopoulos
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Rohitesh Gupta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260
| | - Jun Qu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260; The New York State Center for Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260
| | - Anne Dell
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart M Haslam
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sriram Neelamegham
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260; The New York State Center for Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260.
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10
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Attachment of Chlamydia trachomatis L2 to host cells requires sulfation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:10059-64. [PMID: 22675117 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1120244109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is a pathogen responsible for a prevalent sexually transmitted disease. It is also the most common cause of infectious blindness in the developing world. We performed a loss-of-function genetic screen in human haploid cells to identify host factors important in C. trachomatis L2 infection. We identified and confirmed B3GAT3, B4GALT7, and SLC35B2, which encode glucuronosyltransferase I, galactosyltransferase I, and the 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate transporter 1, respectively, as important in facilitating Chlamydia infection. Knockout of any of these three genes inhibits Chlamydia attachment. In complementation studies, we found that the introduction of functional copies of these three genes into the null clones restored full susceptibility to Chlamydia infection. The degree of attachment of Chlamydia strongly correlates with the level of sulfation of the host cell, not simply with the amount of heparan sulfate. Thus, other, as-yet unidentified sulfated macromolecules must contribute to infection. These results demonstrate the utility of screens in haploid cells to study interactions of human cells with bacteria. Furthermore, the human null clones generated can be used to investigate the role of heparan sulfate and sulfation in other settings not limited to infectious disease.
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11
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Nishimura Y, Shimizu H. Cellular receptors for human enterovirus species a. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:105. [PMID: 22470371 PMCID: PMC3313065 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human enterovirus species A (HEV-A) is one of the four species of HEV in the genus Enterovirus in the family Picornaviridae. Among HEV-A, coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) and enterovirus 71 (EV71) are the major causative agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). Some other types of HEV-A are commonly associated with herpangina. Although HFMD and herpangina due to HEV-A are common febrile diseases among infants and children, EV71 can cause various neurological diseases, such as aseptic meningitis and fatal encephalitis. Recently, two human transmembrane proteins, P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) and scavenger receptor class B, member 2 (SCARB2), were identified as functional receptors for EV71 and CVA16. In in vitro infection experiments using the prototype HEV-A strains, PSGL-1 and SCARB2 could be responsible for the specific receptors for EV71 and CVA16. However, the involvement of both receptors in the in vitro and in vivo infections of clinical isolates of HEV-A has not been clarified yet. To elucidate a diverse array of the clinical outcome of HEV-A-associated diseases, the identification and characterization of HEV-A receptors may provide useful information in understanding the HEV-A pathogenesis at a molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yorihiro Nishimura
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Leukocyte ligands for endothelial selectins: specialized glycoconjugates that mediate rolling and signaling under flow. Blood 2011; 118:6743-51. [PMID: 22021370 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-07-343566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reversible interactions of glycoconjugates on leukocytes with P- and E-selectin on endothelial cells mediate tethering and rolling of leukocytes in inflamed vascular beds, the first step in their recruitment to sites of injury. Although selectin ligands on hematopoietic precursors have been identified, here we review evidence that PSGL-1, CD44, and ESL-1 on mature leukocytes are physiologic glycoprotein ligands for endothelial selectins. Each ligand has specialized adhesive functions during tethering and rolling. Furthermore, PSGL-1 and CD44 induce signals that activate the β2 integrin LFA-1 and promote slow rolling, whereas ESL-1 induces signals that activate the β2 integrin Mac-1 in adherent neutrophils. We also review evidence for glycolipids, CD43, L-selectin, and other glycoconjugates as potential physiologic ligands for endothelial selectins on neutrophils or lymphocytes. Although the physiologic characterization of these ligands has been obtained in mice, we also note reported similarities and differences with human selectin ligands.
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13
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Nishimura Y, Wakita T, Shimizu H. Tyrosine sulfation of the amino terminus of PSGL-1 is critical for enterovirus 71 infection. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1001174. [PMID: 21079683 PMCID: PMC2973824 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the major causative agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease, a common febrile disease in children; however, EV71 has been also associated with various neurological diseases including fatal cases in large EV71 outbreaks particularly in the Asia Pacific region. Recently we identified human P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) as a cellular receptor for entry and replication of EV71 in leukocytes. PSGL-1 is a sialomucin expressed on the surface of leukocytes, serves as a high affinity counterreceptor for selectins, and mediates leukocyte rolling on the endothelium. The PSGL-1–P-selectin interaction requires sulfation of at least one of three clustered tyrosines and an adjacent O-glycan expressing sialyl Lewis x in an N-terminal region of PSGL-1. To elucidate the molecular basis of the PSGL-1–EV71 interaction, we generated a series of PSGL-1 mutants and identified the post-translational modifications that are critical for binding of PSGL-1 to EV71. We expressed the PSGL-1 mutants in 293T cells and the transfected cells were assayed for their abilities to bind to EV71 by flow cytometry. We found that O-glycosylation on T57, which is critical for PSGL-1–selectin interaction, is not necessary for PSGL-1 binding to EV71. On the other hand, site-directed mutagenesis at one or more potential tyrosine sulfation sites in the N-terminal region of PSGL-1 significantly impaired PSGL-1 binding to EV71. Furthermore, an inhibitor of sulfation, sodium chlorate, blocked the PSGL-1–EV71 interaction and inhibited PSGL-1-mediated viral replication of EV71 in Jurkat T cells in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, the results presented in this study reveal that tyrosine sulfation, but not O-glycosylation, in the N-terminal region of PSGL-1 may facilitate virus entry and replication of EV71 in leukocytes. Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a major causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease and a diverse array of neurological diseases, including fatal encephalitis, in children. EV71 has increasingly caused large outbreaks of hand, foot, and mouth disease particularly in the Asia-Pacific region. Recently, we identified human P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) as a functional receptor for EV71. PSGL-1 on immune cells is a key molecule involved in early inflammatory events and the PSGL-1–selectin interaction is regulated by post-translational modifications of PSGL-1. Here, we found that a post-translational modification, tyrosine sulfation, at the N-terminal region of PSGL-1 is critical for its binding to EV71 and subsequent viral replication in lymphocytes. Important roles for tyrosine sulfation in protein-protein interactions have been widely accepted; however, involvement of tyrosine sulfation of the receptor in the virus-receptor interaction has been reported only for HIV-1. Therefore, this is the second and unique example of the involvement of tyrosine sulfation in specific virus-receptor interactions. Our results shed new light on biological roles for tyrosine-sulfated proteins in cell tropism and the pathogenesis of EV71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yorihiro Nishimura
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaji Wakita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Shimizu
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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14
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Kanan Y, Hoffhines A, Rauhauser A, Murray A, Al-Ubaidi MR. Protein tyrosine-O-sulfation in the retina. Exp Eye Res 2009; 89:559-67. [PMID: 19523945 PMCID: PMC2940935 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2009.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2009] [Revised: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine-O-sulfation, a post-translational modification, is catalyzed by two independent tyrosylprotein sulfotransferases (TPSTs). As an initial step towards understanding the role of TPSTs in retinal function, this study was undertaken to determine the extent to which tyrosine-O-sulfation of proteins is utilized in the retina. A previously characterized anti-sulfotyrosine antibody was used to determine the presence and localization of tyrosine-O-sulfated proteins (TOSPs) in the retina. Using Western blot, RT-PCR and immunohistochemical analyses, we detected TOSPs in the retinas from diverse species, including frog, fish, mouse and human. Some of the variability in the observed sizes of retinal TOSPs in the mouse, at least, may result from differential patterns of glycosylation; however, there seem to be species-specific sulfated retinal proteins as well. TOSPs were detected in most of the retinal layers as well as in the retinal pigment epithelium from human and mouse. Several retinal TOSPs were detected in the inter-photoreceptor matrix, which is consistent with the secreted nature of some sulfated proteins. Transcripts for both TPST-1 and TPST-2 were expressed in both the human and mouse retinas. These data show that retinal protein tyrosine-O-sulfation is highly conserved which suggest a functional significance of these proteins to retinal function and structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Muayyad R. Al-Ubaidi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
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15
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Carlow DA, Gossens K, Naus S, Veerman KM, Seo W, Ziltener HJ. PSGL-1 function in immunity and steady state homeostasis. Immunol Rev 2009; 230:75-96. [PMID: 19594630 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2009.00797.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The substantial importance of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL-1) in leukocyte trafficking has continued to emerge beyond its initial identification as a selectin ligand. PSGL-1 seemed to be a relatively simple molecule with an extracellular mucin domain extended as a flexible rod, teleologically consistent with its primary role in tethering leukocytes to endothelial selectins. The rolling interaction between leukocyte and endothelium mediated by this selectin-PSGL-1 interaction requires branched O-glycan extensions on specific PSGL-1 amino acid residues. In some cells, such as neutrophils, the glycosyltransferases involved in formation of the O-glycans are constitutively expressed, while in other cells, such as T cells, they are expressed only after appropriate activation. Thus, PSGL-1 supports leukocyte recruitment in both innate and adaptive arms of the immune response. A complex array of amino acids within the selectins engage multiple sugar residues of the branched O-glycans on PSGL-1 and provide the molecular interactions responsible for the velcro-like catch bonds that support leukocyte rolling. Such binding of PSGL-1 can also induce signaling events that influence cell phenotype and function. Scrutiny of PSGL-1 has revealed a better understanding of how it performs as a selectin ligand and yielded unexpected insights that extend its scope from supporting leukocyte rolling in inflammatory settings to homeostasis including stem cell homing to the thymus and mature T-cell homing to secondary lymphoid organs. PSGL-1 has been found to bind homeostatic chemokines CCL19 and CCL21 and to support the chemotactic response to these chemokines. Surprisingly, the O-glycan modifications of PSGL-1 that support rolling mediated by selectins in inflammatory conditions interfere with PSGL-1 binding to homeostatic chemokines and thereby limit responsiveness to the chemotactic cues used in steady state T-cell traffic. The multi-level influence of PSGL-1 on cell traffic in both inflammatory and steady state settings is therefore substantially determined by the orchestrated addition of O-glycans. However, central as specific O-glycosylation is to PSGL-1 function, in vivo regulation of PSGL-1 glycosylation in T cells remains poorly understood. It is our purpose herein to review what is known, and not known, of PSGL-1 glycosylation and to update understanding of PSGL-1 functional scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A Carlow
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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16
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Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus secretes several virulence factors modulating immune responses. Staphylococcal superantigen-like (SSL) proteins are a family of 14 exotoxins with homology to superantigens, but with generally unknown function. Recently, we showed that SSL5 binds to P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 dependently of sialyl Lewis X and inhibits P-selectin-dependent neutrophil rolling. Here, we show that SSL5 potently and specifically inhibits leukocyte activation by anaphylatoxins and all classes of chemokines. SSL5 inhibited calcium mobilization, actin polymerization, and chemotaxis induced by chemokines and anaphylatoxins but not by other chemoattractants. Antibody competition experiments showed that SSL5 targets several chemokine and anaphylatoxin receptors. In addition, transfection studies showed that SSL5 binds glycosylated N-termini of all G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) but only inhibits stimuli of protein nature that require the receptor N-terminus for activation. Furthermore, SSL5 increased binding of chemokines to cells independent of chemokine receptors through their common glycosaminoglycan-binding site. Importance of glycans was shown for both GPCR and chemokine binding. Thus, SSL5 is an important immunomodulatory protein of S aureus that targets several crucial, initial stages of leukocyte extravasation. It is therefore a potential new antiinflammatory compound for diseases associated with chemoattractants and their receptors and disorders characterized by excessive recruitment of leukocytes.
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17
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Woodside DG, Vanderslice P. Cell adhesion antagonists: therapeutic potential in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. BioDrugs 2008; 22:85-100. [PMID: 18345706 DOI: 10.2165/00063030-200822020-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma are inflammatory diseases of the lung where a hallmark feature is excessive leukocyte infiltration that leads to tissue injury. Cell adhesion molecules (e.g. selectins and integrins) play a key role in cell trafficking, and in the lung they regulate leukocyte extravasation, migration within the interstitium, cellular activation, and tissue retention. All selectin family members (including L-selectin, P-selectin, and E-selectin) and many of the beta1 and beta2 integrins appear to be important therapeutic targets, as numerous animal studies have demonstrated essential roles for these cell adhesion molecules in lung inflammation. Not surprisingly, these families of adhesion molecules have been under intense investigation by the pharmaceutical industry for the development of novel therapeutics. Integrins are validated drug targets, as drugs that antagonize integrin alphaIIbbeta3 (e.g. abciximab), integrin alphaLbeta2 (efalizumab), and integrin alpha4beta1 (natalizumab) are currently US FDA-approved for acute coronary syndromes, psoriasis, and multiple sclerosis, respectively. However, none has been approved for indications related to asthma or COPD. Here, we provide an overview of roles played by selectins and integrins in lung inflammation. We also describe recent clinical results (both failures and successes) in developing adhesion molecule antagonists, with specific emphasis on those targets that may have potential benefit in asthma and COPD. Early clinical trials using selectin and integrin antagonists have met with limited success. However, recent positive phase II clinical trials with a small-molecule selectin antagonist (bimosiamose) and a small-molecule integrin alpha4beta1 antagonist (valategrast [R411]), have generated enthusiastic anticipation that novel strategies to treat asthma and COPD may be forthcoming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren G Woodside
- Department of Drug Discovery, Biological Sciences, Encysive Pharmaceuticals Inc., Houston, Texas, USA.
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18
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Kerr SC, Fieger CB, Snapp KR, Rosen SD. Endoglycan, a member of the CD34 family of sialomucins, is a ligand for the vascular selectins. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:1480-90. [PMID: 18606703 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.2.1480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The interactions of the selectin family of adhesion molecules with their ligands are essential for the initial rolling stage of leukocyte trafficking. Under inflammatory conditions, the vascular selectins, E- and P-selectin, are expressed on activated vessels and interact with carbohydrate-based ligands on the leukocyte surface. While several ligands have been characterized on human T cells, monocytes and neutrophils, there is limited information concerning ligands on B cells. Endoglycan (EG) together with CD34 and podocalyxin comprise the CD34 family of sialomucins. We found that EG, previously implicated as an L-selectin ligand on endothelial cells, was present on human B cells, T cells and peripheral blood monocytes. Upon activation of B cells, EG increased with a concurrent decrease in PSGL-1. Expression of EG on T cells remained constant under the same conditions. We further found that native EG from several sources (a B cell line, a monocyte line and human tonsils) was reactive with HECA-452, a mAb that recognizes sialyl Lewis X and related structures. Moreover, immunopurified EG from these sources was able to bind to P-selectin and where tested E-selectin. This interaction was divalent cation-dependent and required sialylation of EG. Finally, an EG construct supported slow rolling of E- and P-selectin bearing cells in a sialic acid and fucose dependent manner, and the introduction of intact EG into a B cell line facilitated rolling interactions on a P-selectin substratum. These in vitro findings indicate that EG can function as a ligand for the vascular selectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheena C Kerr
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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19
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Tougan T, Onda H, Okuzaki D, Kobayashi S, Hashimoto H, Nojima H. Focused microarray analysis of peripheral mononuclear blood cells from Churg-Strauss syndrome patients. DNA Res 2008; 15:103-14. [PMID: 18263571 PMCID: PMC2650626 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsm035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA diagnostics are useful but are hampered by difficult ethical issues. Moreover, it cannot provide enough information on the environmental factors that are important for pathogenesis of certain diseases. However, this is not a problem for RNA diagnostics, which evaluate the expression of the gene in question. We here report a novel RNA diagnostics tool that can be employed with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). To establish this tool, we identified 290 genes that are highly expressed in normal PBMCs but not in TIG-1, a normal human fibroblast cell. These genes were entitled PREP after predominantly expressed in PBMC and included 50 uncharacterized genes. We then conducted PREP gene-focused microarray analysis on PBMCs from seven cases of Churg-Strauss syndrome (CSS), which is a small-vessel necrotizing vasculitis. We found that PREP135 (coactosin-like protein), PREP77 (prosaposin), PREP191 (cathepsin D), PREP234 (c-fgr), and PREP136 (lysozyme) were very highly up-regulated in all seven CSS patients. Another 28 genes were also up-regulated, albeit more moderately, and three were down-regulated in all CSS patients. The nature of these up- and down-regulated genes suggest that the immune systems of the patients are activated in response to invading microorganisms. These observations indicate that focused microarray analysis of PBMCs may be a practical, useful, and low-cost bedside diagnostics tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Tougan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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20
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Raes G, Ghassabeh GH, Brys L, Mpofu N, Verschueren H, Vanhecke D, De Baetselier P. The metastatic T-cell hybridoma antigen/P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 is required for hematogenous metastasis of lymphomas. Int J Cancer 2007; 121:2646-52. [PMID: 17721882 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Using variants of the murine BW5147 lymphoma cell-line, we have previously identified 3 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that discriminate between metastatic and nonmetastatic BW5147-derived T-cell hybridomas and lymphomas, as well as BW5147-unrelated T-lymphomas. These MAbs were reported to recognize an identical membrane-associated sialoglycoprotein, termed "metastatic T-cell hybridoma antigen" (MTH-Ag). Here, we document that the expression pattern of the MTH-Ag on metastatic and nonmetastatic BW5147 variants correlates with that of the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL-1), a sialomucin involved in leukocyte recruitment to sites of inflammation. Moreover, the MAbs against the MTH-Ag recognize PSGL-1 when it is transfected in MTH-Ag-negative BW5147 variants, suggesting that the MTH-Ag is PSGL-1. Overexpression of MTH-Ag/PSGL-1 in MTH-Ag-negative BW5147 variants did not affect their in vivo malignancy. Yet, down-regulation of MTH-Ag/PSGL-1 expression on metastatic, MTH-Ag-positive BW5147 variants, using an RNA interference (RNAi) approach, resulted, in a dose-dependent manner, in a significant reduction of liver and spleen colonization and a delay in mortality of the recipient mice upon intravenous inoculation. Collectively, these results demonstrate that, although MTH-Ag/PSGL-1 overexpression alone may not be sufficient for successful dissemination and organ colonization, MTH-Ag/PSGL-1 plays a critical role in hematogenous metastasis of lymphoid cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert Raes
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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21
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Veerman KM, Williams MJ, Uchimura K, Singer MS, Merzaban JS, Naus S, Carlow DA, Owen P, Rivera-Nieves J, Rosen SD, Ziltener HJ. Interaction of the selectin ligand PSGL-1 with chemokines CCL21 and CCL19 facilitates efficient homing of T cells to secondary lymphoid organs. Nat Immunol 2007; 8:532-9. [PMID: 17401367 DOI: 10.1038/ni1456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2006] [Accepted: 03/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL-1) is central to the trafficking of immune effector cells to areas of inflammation through direct interactions with P-selectin, E-selectin and L-selectin. Here we show that PSGL-1 was also required for efficient homing of resting T cells to secondary lymphoid organs but functioned independently of selectin binding. PSGL-1 mediated an enhanced chemotactic T cell response to the secondary lymphoid organ chemokines CCL21 and CCL19 but not to CXCL12 or to inflammatory chemokines. Our data show involvement of PSGL-1 in facilitating the entry of T cells into secondary lymphoid organs, thereby demonstrating the bifunctional nature of this molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystle M Veerman
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
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22
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Simka M. Delayed healing of chronic leg ulcers can result from impaired trafficking of bone marrow-derived precursors of keratinocytes to the skin. Med Hypotheses 2007; 69:637-41. [PMID: 17337127 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2006.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2006] [Accepted: 12/15/2006] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, it is hypothesized that in chronic wounds the process of homing of bone marrow-derived precursors of keratinocytes is disturbed, and that the interaction between cutaneous T-cell attracting chemokine (CTACK/CCL27) and soluble P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) can be the cause of this impairment. Several studies have revealed that bone marrow-derived cells (BMDC) trans-differentiate into various cellular lineages, and probably they participate also in healing of wounded skin. Recent studies have demonstrated that BMDC can engraft into the epidermis, and probably they do not engraft into epidermis as keratinocyte stem cells, but rather as transient amplifying cells. So, bone marrow-derived keratinocytes build provisional epidermal layer, and later they are replaced by keratinocytes migrating from surrounding skin. Probably after injury BMDC are recruited by pro-inflammatory cytokines, like granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor. Further homing to the skin is mediated by CTACK/CCL27. This chemokine is exclusively secreted by keratinocytes. In chronic wounds the recruitment of BMDC seems to be impaired. Inhibition of CTACK/CCL27 by as yet not determined factor could be the cause of delayed healing. PSGL-1 appears to be a good candidate for such inhibiting factor. PSGL-1 is expressed by several populations of leukocytes, and can be released from surface of activated neutrophils. It was demonstrated that soluble PSGL-1 binds CTACK/CCL27, and inhibits chemotaxis mediated by this chemokine. Because there are many activated neutrophils in the wound, it should be expected that wound exudate contains large amount of soluble PSGL-1. Thus, CTACK/CCL27 in the wound would be inhibited, and homing of bone marrow-derived precursors of keratinocytes would be disturbed. If this interaction were found to be the main cause of wound chronicity, above-mentioned molecules could be the potential targets for pharmaceutical agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Simka
- Department of Angiology, ul. Wodzislawska 78, 43-200 Pszczyna, Poland.
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23
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Pendu R, Terraube V, Christophe OD, Gahmberg CG, de Groot PG, Lenting PJ, Denis CV. P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 and beta2-integrins cooperate in the adhesion of leukocytes to von Willebrand factor. Blood 2006; 108:3746-52. [PMID: 16926295 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-03-010322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Von Willebrand factor (VWF) is an essential component of hemostasis. However, animal studies using VWF-deficient mice suggest that VWF may also contribute to inflammation. In the present study, we demonstrate that VWF was able to interact with polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and monocytes under static and flow conditions. Adhesion under flow was dominated by short-lasting contact with resting PMNs, whereas adhesion of phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)-stimulated PMNs was characterized by firm adhesion. Transient binding of PMNs to VWF appeared to be mediated by P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1). Moreover, recombinant PSGL-1 protein and cell surface-expressed PSGL-1 directly interacted with VWF. As for stable adhesion by PMA-stimulated PMNs, we observed that static adhesion and adhesion under flow were strongly inhibited (greater than 75%) by neutrophil-inhibitory factor, an inhibitor of beta2-integrin function. In addition, the isolated I-domain of alphaMbeta2 bound to VWF, and cell lines expressing alphaLbeta2 or alphaXbeta2 adhered efficiently to VWF. Taken together, our data showed that VWF can function as an adhesive surface for various leukocyte subsets (monocytes, PMNs). Analogous to VWF-platelet interaction, VWF provided binding sites for leukocyte receptors involved in rolling (PSGL-1) and stable (beta2-integrins) adhesion. VWF is unique in its intrinsic capacity to combine the rolling and the stable adhesion step in the interaction with leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Pendu
- INSERM U. 770, 80 rue du Général Leclerc, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre Cedex, France
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24
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Matsumoto M, Atarashi K, Umemoto E, Furukawa Y, Shigeta A, Miyasaka M, Hirata T. CD43 functions as a ligand for E-Selectin on activated T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 175:8042-50. [PMID: 16339541 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.12.8042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
E-selectin, an inducible cell adhesion molecule expressed on endothelial cells, mediates the rolling on endothelium of leukocytes expressing E-selectin ligands, such as neutrophils and activated T cells. Although previous studies using mice lacking P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) have indicated that PSGL-1 on Th1 cells functions as an E-selectin ligand, the molecular nature of E-selectin ligands other than PSGL-1 remains unknown. In this study, we show that a 130-kDa glycoprotein was precipitated by an E-selectin-IgG chimera from mouse Th1 cells. This protein was cleaved by O-sialoglycoprotein endopeptidase and required sialic acid for E-selectin binding. The mAb 1B11, which recognizes the 130-kDa glycoform of CD43, recognized the 130-kDa band in the E-selectin-IgG precipitate. In addition, immunoprecipitation of the E-selectin-IgG precipitate with 1B11 depleted the 130-kDa protein, further confirming its identity as CD43. CD43 was also precipitated with E-selectin-IgG from cultured human T cells. E-selectin-dependent cell rolling on CD43 was observed under flow conditions using a CD43-IgG chimera generated in Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing alpha-1,3-fucosyltransferase VII and a core 2 beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase. These results suggest that CD43, when modified by a specific set of glycosyltranferases, can function as an E-selectin ligand and therefore potentially mediate activated T cell migration into inflamed sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Immunodynamics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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25
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Mougous JD, Senaratne RH, Petzold CJ, Jain M, Lee DH, Schelle MW, Leavell MD, Cox JS, Leary JA, Riley LW, Bertozzi CR. A sulfated metabolite produced by stf3 negatively regulates the virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:4258-63. [PMID: 16537518 PMCID: PMC1449680 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0510861103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfated molecules have been shown to modulate isotypic interactions between cells of metazoans and heterotypic interactions between bacterial pathogens or symbionts and their eukaryotic host cells. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, produces sulfated molecules that have eluded functional characterization for decades. We demonstrate here that a previously uncharacterized sulfated molecule, termed S881, is localized to the outer envelope of M. tuberculosis and negatively regulates the virulence of the organism in two mouse infection models. Furthermore, we show that the biosynthesis of S881 relies on the universal sulfate donor 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate and a previously uncharacterized sulfotransferase, stf3. These findings extend the known functions of sulfated molecules as general modulators of cell-cell interactions to include those between a bacterium and a human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D. Mougous
- Departments of *Molecular and Cell Biology and
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720; and
| | | | | | - Madhulika Jain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, G. W. Hooper Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94107
| | - Dong H. Lee
- Chemistry
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720; and
| | | | | | - Jeffery S. Cox
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, G. W. Hooper Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94107
| | | | | | - Carolyn R. Bertozzi
- Departments of *Molecular and Cell Biology and
- Chemistry
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720; and
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26
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Tan FK, Zhou X, Mayes MD, Gourh P, Guo X, Marcum C, Jin L, Arnett FC. Signatures of differentially regulated interferon gene expression and vasculotrophism in the peripheral blood cells of systemic sclerosis patients. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2006; 45:694-702. [PMID: 16418202 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kei244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To obtain a global view of the immunological alterations occurring in early systemic sclerosis (SSc) by transcriptional profiling of peripheral blood cells (PBCs). METHODS Oligonucleotide microarrays were used to compare PBC gene expression profiles in 18 SSc cases (<2 yr duration) and 18 controls matched for race, gender and ethnicity. SSc cases had no prior or current exposure to cytotoxic drugs. PAXgene tubes were used to stabilize RNA during phlebotomy. Changes in gene expression were independently validated by real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS SSc PBCs demonstrated differential expression of 18 interferon-inducible genes. Six of these genes were identical to the interferon signature genes in lupus peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Notably, SSc PBCs also had increased expression of allograft inflammatory factor (AIF1) and several selectins and integrins involved in cellular adhesion to the endothelium. Global analysis of 284 known biological pathways revealed that 13 were differentially regulated in SSc PBCs, including two pathways (IL2RB and GATA3) that lead to T(H)2 polarization. CONCLUSIONS Transcriptional profiling reliably discriminates between PBCs from SSc and normal donors despite the fact that they represent a heterogeneous cell population. Multiple biological pathways were differentially regulated in SSc PBCs, but a common thread across these pathways was alterations in protein tyrosine kinase 2beta and mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling. Although the SSc PBC gene expression profile demonstrated some parallels with the lupus interferon gene signature, there was also increased expression of transcripts encoding proteins that target PBCs to the endothelium, which might be relevant to the vasculopathy of SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- F K Tan
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Houston Medical School, 6431 Fannin, MSB 5.270, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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27
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Kikuchi J, Ozaki H, Nonomura C, Shinohara H, Iguchi S, Nojiri H, Hamada H, Kiuchi A, Nakamura M. Transfection of antisense core 2 beta1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-1 cDNA suppresses selectin ligand expression and tissue infiltration of B-cell precursor leukemia cells. Leukemia 2005; 19:1934-40. [PMID: 16179912 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
B-cell precursor (BCP) leukemia cells infiltrate into peripheral organs and the disease often relapses. Inhibition of tissue infiltration may improve the treatment outcome of BCP-leukemia patients. Selectin ligand has been suggested to play an important role in the infiltration of leukemia cells. However, the regulation mechanisms and involvement in tissue infiltration of selectin ligand expression in BCP-leukemia cells are not fully understood. In this study, we report that BCP-leukemia cells express selectin ligand on O-sialoglycoproteins. Core 2 beta1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-1 (C2GnT-1) is mainly expressed in BCP-leukemia cells. Transfection of the antisense C2GnT-1 cDNA resulted in a significant reduction of either selectin ligand expression or selectin-dependent cell adhesion in BCP-leukemia cell line KM3 cells. Migration ability into mouse peripheral organs was reduced significantly in the antisense transfectant. These findings suggest that C2GnT-1 regulates selectin ligand expression. Downregulation of the selectin ligand expression level inhibits tissue infiltration of BCP-leukemia cells. C2GnT-1 may be a candidate of therapeutic target for the inhibition of infiltration of leukemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kikuchi
- Cell Regulation Analysis Team, Research Center for Glycoscience, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
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28
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Kasinathan C, Ramaprasad P, Sundaram P. Identification and characterization of tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase from human saliva. Int J Biol Sci 2005; 1:141-5. [PMID: 16244708 PMCID: PMC1262495 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.1.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2005] [Accepted: 10/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase (TPST), the enzyme responsible for the sulfation of tyrosine residues, has been identified and characterized in submandibular salivary glands previously (William et al. Arch Biochem Biophys 338: 90-96). Tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase catalyses the sulfation of a variety of secretory and membrane proteins and is believed to be present only in the cell. In the present study, this enzyme was identified for the first time in human saliva. Analysis of human saliva and parotid saliva for the presence of tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase revealed tyrosine sulfating activity displayed by both whole saliva and parotid saliva at pH optimum of 6.8. In contrast to tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase isolated from submandibular salivary glands, salivary enzyme does not require the presence of Triton X-100, NaF and 5'AMP for maximal activity. Similar to the submandibular TPST, the enzyme from saliva also required MnCl2 for its activity. Maximum TPST activity was observed at 20mM MnCl2. The enzyme from saliva was immunoprecipitated and purified by immunoaffinity column using anti-TPST antibody. Affinity purified salivary TPST showed a single band of 50-54 kDa. This study is the first report characterizing a tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase in a secretory fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kasinathan
- Oral Biology, NJ Dental School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103-2400, USA.
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29
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Gierer P, Ibrahim S, Mittlmeier T, Koczan D, Moeller S, Landes J, Gradl G, Vollmar B. Gene expression profile and synovial microcirculation at early stages of collagen-induced arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2005; 7:R868-76. [PMID: 15987489 PMCID: PMC1175036 DOI: 10.1186/ar1754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2005] [Accepted: 04/13/2005] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of the initial mechanisms that lead to arthritic disease could facilitate development of improved therapeutic strategies. We characterized the synovial microcirculation of knee joints in susceptible mouse strains undergoing intradermal immunization with bovine collagen II in complete Freund's adjuvant to induce arthritis (i.e. collagen-induced arthritis [CIA]). Susceptible DBA1/J and collagen II T-cell receptor transgenic mice were compared with CIA-resistant FVB/NJ mice. Before onset of clinical symptoms of arthritis, in vivo fluorescence microscopy of knee joints revealed marked leucocyte activation and interaction with the endothelial lining of synovial microvessels. This initial inflammatory cell response correlated with the gene expression profile at this disease stage. The majority of the 655 differentially expressed genes belonged to classes of genes that are involved in cell movement and structure, cell cycle and signal transduction, as well as transcription, protein synthesis and metabolism. However, 24 adhesion molecules and chemokine/cytokine genes were identified, some of which are known to contribute to arthritis (e.g. CD44 and neutrophil cytosolic factor 1) and some of which are novel in this respect (e.g. CC chemokine ligand-27 and IL-13 receptor α1). Online in vivo data on synovial tissue microcirculation, together with gene expression profiling, emphasize the potential role played by early inflammatory events in the development of arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Gierer
- Department of Experimental Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Trauma & Reconstructive Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Saleh Ibrahim
- Institute of Immunology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Thomas Mittlmeier
- Department of Experimental Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Dirk Koczan
- Institute of Immunology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Steffen Moeller
- Institute of Immunology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jürgen Landes
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Innenstadt, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Georg Gradl
- Department of Experimental Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Trauma & Reconstructive Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Brigitte Vollmar
- Department of Experimental Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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