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Liu S, Sommese RF, Nedoma NL, Stevens LM, Dutra JK, Zhang L, Edmonds DJ, Wang Y, Garnsey M, Clasquin MF. Structural basis of lipid-droplet localization of 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 13. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5158. [PMID: 37620305 PMCID: PMC10449848 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40766-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydroxysteroid 17-beta-dehydrogenase 13 (HSD17B13) is a hepatic lipid droplet-associated enzyme that is upregulated in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Recently, there have been several reports that predicted loss of function variants in HSD17B13 protect against the progression of steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis with fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Here we report crystal structures of full length HSD17B13 in complex with its NAD+ cofactor, and with lipid/detergent molecules and small molecule inhibitors from two distinct series in the ligand binding pocket. These structures provide insights into a mechanism for lipid droplet-associated proteins anchoring to membranes as well as a basis for HSD17B13 variants disrupting function. Two series of inhibitors interact with the active site residues and the bound cofactor similarly, yet they occupy different paths leading to the active site. These structures provide ideas for structure-based design of inhibitors that may be used in the treatment of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenping Liu
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, 06340, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Jason K Dutra
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Liying Zhang
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David J Edmonds
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Medicinal Chemistry, Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yang Wang
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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2
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Lou D, Liu X, Tan J. An Overview of 7α- and 7β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases: Structure, Specificity and Practical Application. Protein Pept Lett 2021; 28:1206-1219. [PMID: 34397319 DOI: 10.2174/0929866528666210816114032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
7α-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 7β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase are key enzymes involved in bile acid metabolism. They catalyze the epimerization of a hydroxyl group through 7-keto bile acid intermediates. Basic research of the two enzymes has focused on exploring new enzymes and the structure-function relationship. The application research focused on the in vitro biosynthesis of bile acid drugs and the exploration and improvement of their catalytic ability based on molecular engineering. This article summarized the primary and advanced structural characteristics, specificities, biochemical properties, and applications of the two enzymes. The emphasis is also given to obtaining of novel 7α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 7β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase that are thermally stable and active in the presence of organic solvents, high substrate concentration, and extreme pH values. To achieve these goals, enzyme redesigning based on protein engineering and genomics may be the most useful approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deshuai Lou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China
| | - Xi Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China
| | - Jun Tan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China
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3
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Chuanxin Z, Shengzheng W, Lei D, Duoli X, Jin L, Fuzeng R, Aiping L, Ge Z. Progress in 11β-HSD1 inhibitors for the treatment of metabolic diseases: A comprehensive guide to their chemical structure diversity in drug development. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 191:112134. [PMID: 32088493 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) is a key metabolic enzyme that catalyzing the intracellular conversion of inactive glucocorticoids to physiologically active ones. Work over the past decade has demonstrated the aberrant overexpression of 11β-HSD1 contributed to the pathophysiological process of metabolic diseases like obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndromes. The inhibition of 11β-HSD1 represented an attractive therapeutic strategy for the treatment of metabolic diseases. Therefore, great efforts have been devoted to developing 11β-HSD1 inhibitors based on the diverse molecular scaffolds. This review focused on the structural features of the most important 11β-HSD1 inhibitors and categorized them into natural products derivatives and synthetic compounds. We also briefly discussed the optimization process, binding modes, structure-activity relationships (SAR) and biological evaluations of each inhibitor. Moreover, the challenges and directions for 11β-HSD1 inhibitors were discussed, which might provide some useful clues to guide the future discovery of novel 11β-HSD1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Chuanxin
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Wang Shengzheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Dang Lei
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xie Duoli
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liu Jin
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Institute for Research and Continuing Education (IRACE), Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ren Fuzeng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.
| | - Lu Aiping
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Zhang Ge
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
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4
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Metabolic and Epigenetic Action Mechanisms of Antidiabetic Medicinal Plants. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:3583067. [PMID: 31191707 PMCID: PMC6525884 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3583067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a predominant metabolic disease nowadays due to the off-beam lifestyle of diet and reduced physical activity. Complications of the illness include the gene-environment interactions and the downstream genetic and epigenetic consequences, e.g., cardiovascular diseases, tumor progression, retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria, and weight loss. This review sheds the light on the mechanistic insights of antidiabetic medicinal plants in targeting key organs and tissues involved in regulating blood glucose homeostasis including the pancreas, liver, muscles, adipose tissues, and glucose absorption in the intestine. Diabetes is also involved in modulating major epigenetic pathways such as DNA methylation and histone modification. In this respect, we will discuss the phytochemicals as current and future epigenetic drugs in the treatment of diabetes. In addition, several proteins are common targets for the treatment of diabetes. Some phytochemicals are expected to directly interact with these targets. We lastly uncover modeling studies that predict such plausible interactions. In conclusion, this review article presents the mechanistic insight of phytochemicals in the treatment of diabetes by combining both the cellular systems biology and molecular modeling.
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5
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Bonjack-Shterengartz M, Avnir D. The near-symmetry of proteins. Proteins 2015; 83:722-34. [PMID: 25354765 DOI: 10.1002/prot.24706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The majority of protein oligomers form clusters which are nearly symmetric. Understanding of that imperfection, its origins, and perhaps also its advantages requires the conversion of the currently used vague qualitative descriptive language of the near-symmetry into an accurate quantitative measure that will allow to answer questions such as: "What is the degree of symmetry deviation of the protein?," "how do these deviations compare within a family of proteins?," and so on. We developed quantitative methods to answer this type of questions, which are capable of analyzing the whole protein, its backbone or selected portions of it, down to comparison of symmetry-related specific amino-acids, and which are capable of visualizing the various levels of symmetry deviations in the form of symmetry maps. We have applied these methods on an extensive list of homomers and heteromers and found that apparently all proteins never reach perfect symmetry. Strikingly, even homomeric protein clusters are never ideally symmetric. We also found that the main burden of symmetry distortion is on the amino-acids near the symmetry axis; that it is mainly the more hydrophilic amino-acids that take place in symmetry-distortive interactions; and more. The remarkable ability of heteromers to preserve near-symmetry, despite the different sequences, was also shown and analyzed. The comprehensive literature on the suggested advantages symmetric oligomerizations raises a yet-unsolved key question: If symmetry is so advantageous, why do proteins stop shy of perfect symmetry? Some tentative answers to be tested in further studies are suggested in a concluding outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maayan Bonjack-Shterengartz
- Institute of Chemistry and the Lise Meitner Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
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6
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Zhang D, Zhang R, Zhang J, Chen L, Zhao C, Dong W, Zhao Q, Wu Q, Zhu D. Engineering a hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase to improve its soluble expression for the asymmetric reduction of cortisone to 11β-hydrocortisone. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:8879-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5967-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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7
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Chapman K, Holmes M, Seckl J. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: intracellular gate-keepers of tissue glucocorticoid action. Physiol Rev 2013; 93:1139-206. [PMID: 23899562 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00020.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 562] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid action on target tissues is determined by the density of "nuclear" receptors and intracellular metabolism by the two isozymes of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) which catalyze interconversion of active cortisol and corticosterone with inert cortisone and 11-dehydrocorticosterone. 11β-HSD type 1, a predominant reductase in most intact cells, catalyzes the regeneration of active glucocorticoids, thus amplifying cellular action. 11β-HSD1 is widely expressed in liver, adipose tissue, muscle, pancreatic islets, adult brain, inflammatory cells, and gonads. 11β-HSD1 is selectively elevated in adipose tissue in obesity where it contributes to metabolic complications. Similarly, 11β-HSD1 is elevated in the ageing brain where it exacerbates glucocorticoid-associated cognitive decline. Deficiency or selective inhibition of 11β-HSD1 improves multiple metabolic syndrome parameters in rodent models and human clinical trials and similarly improves cognitive function with ageing. The efficacy of inhibitors in human therapy remains unclear. 11β-HSD2 is a high-affinity dehydrogenase that inactivates glucocorticoids. In the distal nephron, 11β-HSD2 ensures that only aldosterone is an agonist at mineralocorticoid receptors (MR). 11β-HSD2 inhibition or genetic deficiency causes apparent mineralocorticoid excess and hypertension due to inappropriate glucocorticoid activation of renal MR. The placenta and fetus also highly express 11β-HSD2 which, by inactivating glucocorticoids, prevents premature maturation of fetal tissues and consequent developmental "programming." The role of 11β-HSD2 as a marker of programming is being explored. The 11β-HSDs thus illuminate the emerging biology of intracrine control, afford important insights into human pathogenesis, and offer new tissue-restricted therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Chapman
- Endocrinology Unit, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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8
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Zhou HY, Hu GX, Lian QQ, Morris D, Ge RS. The metabolism of steroids, toxins and drugs by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1. Toxicology 2012; 292:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Favia AD, Masetti M, Recanatini M, Cavalli A. Substrate binding process and mechanistic functioning of type 1 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from enhanced sampling methods. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25375. [PMID: 21966510 PMCID: PMC3179505 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, type 1 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD-1) plays a key role in the regulation of the glucocorticoids balance by converting the inactive hormone cortisone into cortisol. Numerous functional aspects of 11β-HSD-1 have been understood thanks to the availability at the Worldwide Protein Data Bank of a number of X-ray structures of the enzyme either alone or in complex with inhibitors, and to several experimental data. However at present, a complete description of the dynamic behaviour of 11β-HSD-1 upon substrate binding is missing. To this aim we firstly docked cortisone into the catalytic site of 11β-HSD-1 (both wild type and Y177A mutant), and then we used steered molecular dynamics and metadynamics to simulate its undocking. This methodology helped shedding light at molecular level on the complex relationship between the enzyme and its natural substrate. In particular, the work highlights a) the reason behind the functional dimerisation of 11β-HSD-1, b) the key role of Y177 in the cortisone binding event, c) the fine tuning of the active site degree of solvation, and d) the role of the S228-P237 loop in ligand recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo D Favia
- Drug Discovery and Development Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy.
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10
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Yamaguchi H, Akitaya T, Yu T, Kidachi Y, Kamiie K, Noshita T, Umetsu H, Ryoyama K. Molecular docking and structural analysis of cofactor-protein interaction between NAD⁺ and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2. J Mol Model 2011; 18:1037-48. [PMID: 21667072 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-011-1140-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Molecular docking and structural analysis of the cofactor-protein interaction between NAD(+) and human (h) or mouse (m) 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11βHSD2) were performed with the molecular operating environment (MOE). 11βHSD1 (PDB code: 3HFG) was selected as a template for the 3D structure modeling of 11βHSD2. The MOE docking (MOE-dock) and the alpha sphere and excluded volume-based ligand-protein docking (ASE-dock) showed that both NAD(+)-h11βHSD2 and NAD(+)-m11βHSD2 models have a similar binding orientation to the template cofactor-protein model. Our present study also revealed that Asp91, Phe94, Tyr232 and Thr267 could be of importance in the interaction between NAD(+) and 11βHSD2. NADP(+) was incapable of entering into the cofactor-binding site of the 11βHSD2 models. The present study proposes the latest models for 11βHSD2 and its cofactor NAD(+), and to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a m11βHSD2 model with NAD(+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Yamaguchi
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tenpaku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan.
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11
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Thomas MP, Potter BVL. Crystal structures of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 and their use in drug discovery. Future Med Chem 2011; 3:367-90. [PMID: 21446847 PMCID: PMC4037982 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.10.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortisol is synthesized by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, inhibitors of which may treat disease associated with excessive cortisol levels. The crystal structures of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 that have been released may aid drug discovery. The crystal structures have been analyzed in terms of the interactions between the protein and the ligands. Despite a variety of structurally different inhibitors the crystal structures of the proteins are quite similar. However, the differences are significant for drug discovery. The crystal structures can be of use in drug discovery, but care needs to be taken when selecting structures for use in virtual screening and ligand docking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Thomas
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Barry VL Potter
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
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12
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Cortisone-reductase deficiency associated with heterozygous mutations in 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:4111-6. [PMID: 21325058 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1014934108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In peripheral target tissues, levels of active glucocorticoid hormones are controlled by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1), a dimeric enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of cortisone to cortisol within the endoplasmic reticulum. Loss of this activity results in a disorder termed cortisone reductase deficiency (CRD), typified by increased cortisol clearance and androgen excess. To date, only mutations in H6PD, which encodes an enzyme supplying cofactor for the reaction, have been identified as the cause of disease. Here we examined the HSD11B1 gene in two cases presenting with biochemical features indicative of a milder form of CRD in whom the H6PD gene was normal. Novel heterozygous mutations (R137C or K187N) were found in the coding sequence of HSD11B1. The R137C mutation disrupts salt bridges at the subunit interface of the 11β-HSD1 dimer, whereas K187N affects a key active site residue. On expression of the mutants in bacterial and mammalian cells, activity was either abolished (K187N) or greatly reduced (R137C). Expression of either mutant in a bacterial system greatly reduced the yield of soluble protein, suggesting that both mutations interfere with subunit folding or dimer assembly. Simultaneous expression of mutant and WT 11β-HSD1 in bacterial or mammalian cells, to simulate the heterozygous condition, indicated a marked suppressive effect of the mutants on both the yield and activity of 11β-HSD1 dimers. Thus, these heterozygous mutations in the HSD11B1 gene have a dominant negative effect on the formation of functional dimers and explain the genetic cause of CRD in these patients.
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13
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Paderes GD, Dress K, Huang B, Elleraas J, Rejto PA, Pauly T. Structure-based and property-compliant library design of 11β-HSD1 adamantyl amide inhibitors. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 685:191-215. [PMID: 20981525 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-931-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Multiproperty lead optimization that satisfies multiple biological endpoints remains a challenge in the pursuit of viable drug candidates. Optimization of a given lead compound to one having a desired set of molecular attributes often involves a lengthy iterative process that utilizes existing information, tests hypotheses, and incorporates new data. Within the context of a data-rich corporate setting, computational tools and predictive models have provided the chemists a means for facilitating and streamlining this iterative design process. This chapter discloses an actual library design scenario for following up a lead compound that inhibits 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) enzyme. The application of computational tools and predictive models in the targeted library design of adamantyl amide 11β-HSD1 inhibitors is described. Specifically, the multiproperty profiling using our proprietary PGVL (Pfizer Global Virtual Library) Hub is discussed in conjunction with the structure-based component of the library design using our in-house docking tool AGDOCK. The docking simulations were based on a piecewise linear potential energy function in combination with an efficient evolutionary programming search engine. The library production protocols and results are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve D Paderes
- Cancer Crystallography & Computational Chemistry, La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
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14
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15
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Hepatic 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 involvement in alterations of glucose metabolism produced by acidotic stress in rat. J Physiol Biochem 2010; 65:329-37. [PMID: 20358345 DOI: 10.1007/bf03185927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSDs) enzymes regulate the activity of glucocorticoids in target organs. HSD1, one of the two existing isoforms, locates mainly in CNS, liver and adipose tissue. HSD1 is involved in the pathogenesis of diseases such as obesity, insulin resistance, arterial hypertension and the Metabolic Syndrome. The stress produced by HCl overload triggers metabolic acidosis and increases liver HSD1 activity associated with increased phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, a regulatory enzyme of gluconeogenesis that is activated by glucocorticoids, with increased glycaemia and glycogen breakdown. The aim of this study was to analyze whether the metabolic modifications triggered by HCl stress are due to increased liver HSD1 activity. Glycyrrhetinic acid, a potent HDS inhibitor, was administered subcutaneously (20 mg/ml) to stressed and unstressed four months old maleSprague Dawley rats to investigate changes in liver HSD1, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PECPK) and glycogen phosphorylase activities and plasma glucose levels. It was observed that all these parameters increased in stressed animals, but that treatment with glycyrrhetinic acid significantly reduced their levels. In conclusion, our results demonstrate the involvement of HSD1 in stress induced carbohydrate disturbances and could contribute to the impact of HSD1 inhibitors on carbohydrate metabolism and its relevance in the study of Metabolic Syndrome Disorder and non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
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16
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Golczak M, Kiser PD, Lodowski DT, Maeda A, Palczewski K. Importance of membrane structural integrity for RPE65 retinoid isomerization activity. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:9667-9682. [PMID: 20100834 PMCID: PMC2843217 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.063941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of visual chromophore in the vertebrate visual cycle involves the retinal pigment epithelium-specific protein RPE65, the key enzyme catalyzing the cleavage and isomerization of all-trans-retinyl fatty acid esters to 11-cis-retinol. Although RPE65 has no predicted membrane spanning domains, this protein predominantly associates with microsomal fractions isolated from bovine retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). We have re-examined the nature of RPE65 interactions with native microsomal membranes by using extraction and phase separation experiments. We observe that hydrophobic interactions are the dominant forces that promote RPE65 association with these membranes. These results are consistent with the crystallographic model of RPE65, which features a large lipophilic surface that surrounds the entrance to the catalytic site of this enzyme and likely interacts with the hydrophobic core of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Moreover, we report a critical role for phospholipid membranes in preserving the retinoid isomerization activity and physical properties of RPE65. Isomerase activity measured in bovine RPE was highly sensitive to phospholipase A(2) treatment, but the observed decline in 11-cis-retinol production did not directly reflect inhibition by products of lipid hydrolysis. Instead, a direct correlation between the kinetics of phospholipid hydrolysis and retinoid isomerization suggests that the lipid membrane structure is critical for RPE65 enzymatic activity. We also provide evidence that RPE65 operates in a multiprotein complex with retinol dehydrogenase 5 and retinal G protein-coupled receptor in RPE microsomes. Modifications in the phospholipid environment affecting interactions with these protein components may be responsible for the alterations in retinoid metabolism observed in phospholipid-depleted RPE microsomes. Thus, our results indicate that the enzymatic activity of native RPE65 strongly depends on its membrane binding and phospholipid environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Akiko Maeda
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
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17
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Odermatt A, Nashev LG. The glucocorticoid-activating enzyme 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 has broad substrate specificity: Physiological and toxicological considerations. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 119:1-13. [PMID: 20100573 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2009] [Revised: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The primary function of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) is to catalyze the conversion of inactive to active glucocorticoid hormones and to modulate local glucocorticoid-dependent gene expression. Thereby 11beta-HSD1 plays a key role in the regulation of metabolic functions and in the adaptation of the organism to energy requiring situations. Importantly, elevated 11beta-HSD1 activity has been associated with metabolic disorders, and recent investigations with rodent models of obesity and type 2 diabetes provided evidence for beneficial effects of 11beta-HSD1 inhibitors, making this enzyme a promising therapeutic target. Several earlier and recent studies, mainly performed in vitro, revealed a relatively broad substrate spectrum of 11beta-HSD1 and suggested that this enzyme has additional functions in the metabolism of some neurosteroids (7-oxy- and 11-oxyandrogens and -progestins) and 7-oxysterols, as well as in the detoxification of various xenobiotics that contain reactive carbonyl groups. While there are many studies on the effect of inhibitors on cortisone reduction and circulating glucocorticoid levels and on the transcriptional regulation of 11beta-HSD1 in obesity and diabetes, only few address the so-called alternative functions of this enzyme. We review recent progress on the biochemical characterization of 11beta-HSD1, with a focus on cofactor and substrate specificity and on possible alternative functions of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Odermatt
- Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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18
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Lawson AJ, Walker EA, White SA, Dafforn TR, Stewart PM, Ride JP. Mutations of key hydrophobic surface residues of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 increase solubility and monodispersity in a bacterial expression system. Protein Sci 2009; 18:1552-63. [PMID: 19507261 DOI: 10.1002/pro.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
11 beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11 beta-HSD1) is a key enzyme in the conversion of cortisone to the functional glucocorticoid hormone cortisol. This activation has been implicated in several human disorders, notably the metabolic syndrome where 11 beta-HSD1 has been identified as a novel target for potential therapeutic drugs. Recent crystal structures have revealed the presence of a pronounced hydrophobic surface patch lying on two helices at the C-terminus. The physiological significance of this region has been attributed to facilitating substrate access by allowing interactions with the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Here, we report that single mutations that alter the hydrophobicity of this patch (I275E, L266E, F278E, and L279E in the human enzyme and I275E, Y266E, F278E, and L279E in the guinea pig enzyme) result in greatly increased yields of soluble protein on expression in E. coli. Kinetic analyses of both reductase and dehydrogenase reactions indicate that the F278E mutant has unaltered K(m) values for steroids and an unaltered or increased k(cat). Analytical ultracentrifugation shows that this mutation also decreases aggregation of both the human and guinea pig enzymes, resulting in greater monodispersity. One of the mutants (guinea pig F278E) has proven easy to crystallize and has been shown to have a virtually identical structure to that previously reported for the wild-type enzyme. The human F278E enzyme is shown to be a suitable background for analyzing the effects of naturally occurring mutations (R137C, K187N) on enzyme activity and stability. Hence, the F278E mutants should be useful for many future biochemical and biophysical studies of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Lawson
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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19
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Balali-Mood K, Bond PJ, Sansom MSP. Interaction of Monotopic Membrane Enzymes with a Lipid Bilayer: A Coarse-Grained MD Simulation Study. Biochemistry 2009; 48:2135-45. [DOI: 10.1021/bi8017398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kia Balali-Mood
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K
| | - Peter J. Bond
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K
| | - Mark S. P. Sansom
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K
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20
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Distinctive molecular inhibition mechanisms for selective inhibitors of human 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:8922-31. [PMID: 18789704 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2008] [Revised: 08/20/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) catalyzes the NADPH dependent interconversion of inactive cortisone to active cortisol. Excess 11beta-HSD1 or cortisol leads to insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome in animal models and in humans. Inhibiting 11beta-HSD1 activity signifies a promising therapeutic strategy in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes and related diseases. Herein, we report two highly potent and selective small molecule inhibitors of human 11beta-HSD1. While compound 1, a sulfonamide, functions as a simple substrate competitive inhibitor, compound 2, a triazole, shows the kinetic profile of a mixed inhibitor. Co-crystal structures reveal that both compounds occupy the 11beta-HSD1 catalytic site, but present distinct molecular interactions with the protein. Strikingly, compound 2 interacts much closer to the cofactor NADP+ and likely modifies its binding. Together, the structural and kinetic analyses demonstrate two distinctive molecular inhibition mechanisms, providing valuable information for future inhibitor design.
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21
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Forneris F, Mattevi A. Enzymes without borders: mobilizing substrates, delivering products. Science 2008; 321:213-6. [PMID: 18621661 DOI: 10.1126/science.1151118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Many cellular reactions involve both hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules that reside within the chemically distinct environments defined by the phospholipid-based membranes and the aqueous lumens of cytoplasm and organelles. Enzymes performing this type of reaction are required to access a lipophilic substrate located in the membranes and to catalyze its reaction with a polar, water-soluble compound. Here, we explore the different binding strategies and chemical tricks that enzymes have developed to overcome this problem. These reactions can be catalyzed by integral membrane proteins that channel a hydrophilic molecule into their active site, as well as by water-soluble enzymes that are able to capture a lipophilic substrate from the phospholipid bilayer. Many chemical and biological aspects of this type of enzymology remain to be investigated and will require the integration of protein chemistry with membrane biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Forneris
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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22
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Johansson L, Fotsch C, Bartberger MD, Castro VM, Chen M, Emery M, Gustafsson S, Hale C, Hickman D, Homan E, Jordan SR, Komorowski R, Li A, McRae K, Moniz G, Matsumoto G, Orihuela C, Palm G, Veniant M, Wang M, Williams M, Zhang J. 2-Amino-1,3-thiazol-4(5H)-ones as Potent and Selective 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 Inhibitors: Enzyme−Ligand Co-Crystal Structure and Demonstration of Pharmacodynamic Effects in C57Bl/6 Mice. J Med Chem 2008; 51:2933-43. [DOI: 10.1021/jm701551j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Johansson
- Biovitrum AB, SE-112 76 Stockholm, Sweden, and Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Christopher Fotsch
- Biovitrum AB, SE-112 76 Stockholm, Sweden, and Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Michael D. Bartberger
- Biovitrum AB, SE-112 76 Stockholm, Sweden, and Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Victor M. Castro
- Biovitrum AB, SE-112 76 Stockholm, Sweden, and Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Michelle Chen
- Biovitrum AB, SE-112 76 Stockholm, Sweden, and Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Maurice Emery
- Biovitrum AB, SE-112 76 Stockholm, Sweden, and Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Sonja Gustafsson
- Biovitrum AB, SE-112 76 Stockholm, Sweden, and Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Clarence Hale
- Biovitrum AB, SE-112 76 Stockholm, Sweden, and Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Dean Hickman
- Biovitrum AB, SE-112 76 Stockholm, Sweden, and Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Evert Homan
- Biovitrum AB, SE-112 76 Stockholm, Sweden, and Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Steven R. Jordan
- Biovitrum AB, SE-112 76 Stockholm, Sweden, and Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Renee Komorowski
- Biovitrum AB, SE-112 76 Stockholm, Sweden, and Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Aiwen Li
- Biovitrum AB, SE-112 76 Stockholm, Sweden, and Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Kenneth McRae
- Biovitrum AB, SE-112 76 Stockholm, Sweden, and Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - George Moniz
- Biovitrum AB, SE-112 76 Stockholm, Sweden, and Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Guy Matsumoto
- Biovitrum AB, SE-112 76 Stockholm, Sweden, and Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Carlos Orihuela
- Biovitrum AB, SE-112 76 Stockholm, Sweden, and Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Gunnar Palm
- Biovitrum AB, SE-112 76 Stockholm, Sweden, and Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Murielle Veniant
- Biovitrum AB, SE-112 76 Stockholm, Sweden, and Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Minghan Wang
- Biovitrum AB, SE-112 76 Stockholm, Sweden, and Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Meredith Williams
- Biovitrum AB, SE-112 76 Stockholm, Sweden, and Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Jiandong Zhang
- Biovitrum AB, SE-112 76 Stockholm, Sweden, and Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
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23
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Cooper WC, Jin Y, Penning TM. Elucidation of a complete kinetic mechanism for a mammalian hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) and identification of all enzyme forms on the reaction coordinate: the example of rat liver 3alpha-HSD (AKR1C9). J Biol Chem 2007; 282:33484-33493. [PMID: 17848571 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m703414200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDs) are essential for the biosynthesis and mechanism of action of all steroid hormones. We report the complete kinetic mechanism of a mammalian HSD using rat 3alpha-HSD of the aldo-keto reductase superfamily (AKR1C9) with the substrate pairs androstane-3,17-dione and NADPH (reduction) and androsterone and NADP(+) (oxidation). Steady-state, transient state kinetics, and kinetic isotope effects reconciled the ordered bi-bi mechanism, which contained 9 enzyme forms and permitted the estimation of 16 kinetic constants. In both reactions, loose association of the NADP(H) was followed by two conformational changes, which increased cofactor affinity by >86-fold. For androstane-3,17-dione reduction, the release of NADP(+) controlled k(cat), whereas the chemical event also contributed to this term. k(cat) was insensitive to [(2)H]NADPH, whereas (D)k(cat)/K(m) and the (D)k(lim) (ratio of the maximum rates of single turnover) were 1.06 and 2.06, respectively. Under multiple turnover conditions partial burst kinetics were observed. For androsterone oxidation, the rate of NADPH release dominated k(cat), whereas the rates of the chemical event and the release of androstane-3,17-dione were 50-fold greater. Under multiple turnover conditions full burst kinetics were observed. Although the internal equilibrium constant favored oxidation, the overall K(eq) favored reduction. The kinetic Haldane and free energy diagram confirmed that K(eq) was governed by ligand binding terms that favored the reduction reactants. Thus, HSDs in the aldo-keto reductase superfamily thermodynamically favor ketosteroid reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Cooper
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6084
| | - Yi Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6084
| | - Trevor M Penning
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104-6084.
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24
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Sahni-Arya B, Flynn MJ, Bergeron L, Salyan MEK, Pedicord DL, Golla R, Ma Z, Wang H, Seethala R, Wu SC, Li JJ, Nayeem A, Gates C, Hamann LG, Gordon DA, Blat Y. Cofactor-specific modulation of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 inhibitor potency. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2007; 1774:1184-91. [PMID: 17707701 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2007.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2007] [Revised: 07/05/2007] [Accepted: 07/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 regulates the tissue availability of cortisol by interconverting cortisone and cortisol. It is capable of functioning as both a reductase and a dehydrogenase depending upon the surrounding milieu. In this work, we have studied the reaction mechanism of a soluble form of human 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 and its mode of inhibition by potent and selective inhibitors belonging to three different structural classes. We found that catalysis follows an ordered addition with NADP(H) binding preceding the binding of the steroid. While all three inhibitors tested bound to the steroid binding pocket, they differed in their interactions with the cofactor NADP(H). Compound A, a pyridyl amide bound more efficiently to the NADPH-bound form of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1. Compound B, an adamantyl triazole, was unaffected by NADP(H) binding and the sulfonamide, Compound C, showed preferential binding to the NADP+ -bound form of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1. These differences were found to augment significant selectivity towards inhibition of the reductase reaction versus the dehydrogenase reaction. This selectivity may translate to differences in the in vivo effects of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Sahni-Arya
- Department of Chemical Enzymology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Rd., Pennington, NJ 08534, USA
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25
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Castro A, Zhu JX, Alton GR, Rejto P, Ermolieff J. Assay optimization and kinetic profile of the human and the rabbit isoforms of 11β-HSD1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 357:561-6. [PMID: 17434447 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2007] [Accepted: 04/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Assay conditions for the 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase have been optimized by adding phospholipids in the media buffer to increase and stabilize the enzymatic activity. The presence of phospholipids greatly facilitates the study of the binding of cortisone and NADPH at the enzyme catalytic site. Kinetic analyses conducted with the human and rabbit enzyme isoforms suggest that both enzymes behave according to an ordered sequential bi-bi mechanism where the NADPH is the first to bind at the active site followed by cortisone. The equilibrium dissociation constant, K(i)a as well as the apparent Michaelis-Menten constants K(m)a, K(m)b, k(cat)a, and k(cat)b for NADPH and cortisone, have been determined to be 147.5 microM, 14.4 microM, 43.8 nM, 0.21 min(-1), and 0.27 min(-1), respectively, for the human enzyme and 41.1 microM, 3.1 microM, 161.7 nM, 0.49 min(-1), and 0.52min(-1), respectively, for the rabbit enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Castro
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, La Jolla Laboratories, 10628 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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26
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Vicker N, Su X, Ganeshapillai D, Smith A, Purohit A, Reed MJ, Potter BVL. Novel non-steroidal inhibitors of human 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 104:123-9. [PMID: 17482805 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2007.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
11beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) regulates glucocorticoid action at the pre-receptor stage by converting cortisone to cortisol. 11beta-HSD1 is selectively expressed in many tissues including the liver and adipose tissue where metabolic events are important. Metabolic syndrome relates to a number of metabolic abnormalities and currently has a prevalence of >20% in adult Americans. 11beta-HSD1 inhibitors are being investigated by many major pharmaceutical companies for type 2 diabetes and other abnormalities associated with metabolic syndrome. In this area of intense interest a number of structural types of 11beta-HSD1 inhibitor have been identified. It is important to have an array of structural types as the physicochemical properties of the compounds will determine tissue distribution, HPA effects, and ultimately clinical utility. Here we report the discovery and synthesis of three structurally different series of novel 11beta-HSD1 inhibitors that inhibit human 11beta-HSD1 in the low micromolar range. Docking studies with 1-3 into the crystal structure of human 11beta-HSD1 reveal how the molecules may interact with the enzyme and cofactor and give further scope for structure based drug design in the optimisation of these series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel Vicker
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology and Sterix Ltd., University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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27
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Kim KW, Wang Z, Busby J, Tsuruda T, Chen M, Hale C, Castro VM, Svensson S, Nybo R, Xiong F, Wang M. The selectivity of tyrosine 280 of human 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in inhibitor binding. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:995-9. [PMID: 17306259 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Revised: 01/11/2007] [Accepted: 01/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
11beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 is a homodimer where the carboxyl terminus of one subunit covers the active site of the dimer partner. Based on the crystal structure with CHAPS, the carboxyl terminal tyrosine 280 (Y280) has been postulated to interact with the substrate/inhibitor at the binding pocket of the dimer partner. However, the co-crystal structure with carbenoxolone argues against this role. To clarify and reconcile these findings, here we report our mutagenesis data and demonstrate that Y280 is not involved in substrate binding but rather plays a selective role in inhibitor binding. The involvement of Y280 in inhibitor binding depends on the inhibitor chemical structure. While Y280 is not involved in the binding of carbenoxolone, it is critical for the binding of glycyrrhetinic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Won Kim
- Department of Metabolic Disorders, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Mail Stop 29-1-A, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
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28
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Wu X, Lukacik P, Kavanagh KL, Oppermann U. SDR-type human hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases involved in steroid hormone activation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2007; 265-266:71-6. [PMID: 17234335 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2006.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases catalyze the NAD(P)(H)-dependent oxidoreduction of hydroxyl and oxo-functions at distinct positions of steroid hormones. This reversible reaction constitutes an important pre-receptor control mechanism for nuclear receptor ligands of the androgen, estrogen and glucocorticoid classes, since the conversion "switches" between receptor ligands and their inactive metabolites. The major reversible activities found in mammals acting on steroid hormones comprise 3alpha-, 11beta- and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases, and for each group several distinct isozymes have been described. The enzymes differ in their expression pattern, nucleotide cofactor preference, steroid substrate specificity and subcellular localization, and thus constitute a complex system ensuring cell-specific adaptation and regulation of steroid hormone levels. Several isoforms constitute promising drug targets, of particular importance in cancer, metabolic diseases, neurodegeneration and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiu Wu
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, United Kingdom
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29
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Charette BD, Macdonald RG, Wetzel S, Berkowitz DB, Waldmann H. Protein Structure Similarity Clustering: Dynamic Treatment of PDB Structures Facilitates Clustering. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:7766-70. [PMID: 17075950 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200602125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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30
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Charette BD, MacDonald RG, Wetzel S, Berkowitz DB, Waldmann H. Protein Structure Similarity Clustering: Dynamic Treatment of PDB Structures Facilitates Clustering. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200602125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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31
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Thieringer R, Hermanowski-Vosatka A. Inhibition of 11beta-HSD1 as a novel treatment for the metabolic syndrome: do glucocorticoids play a role? Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2006; 3:911-24. [PMID: 16181035 DOI: 10.1586/14779072.3.5.911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome (syndrome X) is a cluster of risk factors and a common cause of cardiovascular disease in humans. Although the underlying mechanism for metabolic syndrome is still poorly understood, recent clinical data and studies with transgenic animals implicate elevated intracellular glucocorticoid tone in the etiology of metabolic syndrome. Development of selective inhibitors of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta-HSD)-1 and their use in rodent animal disease models encompassing several aspects of metabolic syndrome indicate the possibility of therapeutic intervention. This review will focus on recent advances in our understanding of the role of 11beta-HSD1 in metabolic disorders and other disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Thieringer
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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32
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Matsunaga T, Shintani S, Hara A. Multiplicity of mammalian reductases for xenobiotic carbonyl compounds. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2006; 21:1-18. [PMID: 16547389 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.21.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A variety of carbonyl compounds are present in foods, environmental pollutants, and drugs. These xenobiotic carbonyl compounds are metabolized into the corresponding alcohols by many mammalian NAD(P)H-dependent reductases, which belong to the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) and aldo-keto reductase superfamilies. Recent genomic analysis, cDNA isolation and characterization of the recombinant enzymes suggested that, in humans, the six members of each of the two superfamilies, i.e., total of 12 enzymes, are involved in the reductive metabolism of xenobiotic carbonyl compounds. They comprise three types of carbonyl reductase, dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR family) member 4, 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, L-xylulose reductase, two types of aflatoxin B1 aldehyde reductase, 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and three types of 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Accumulating data on the human enzymes provide new insights into their roles in cellular and molecular reactions including xenobiotic metabolism. On the other hand, mice and rats lack the gene for a protein corresponding to human 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3, but instead possess additional five or six genes encoding proteins that are structurally related to human hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. Characterization of the additional enzymes suggested their involvement in species-specific biological events and species differences in the metabolism of xenobiotic carbonyl compounds.
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33
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Miguet L, Zhang Z, Barbier M, Grigorov MG. Comparison of a homology model and the crystallographic structure of human 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11βHSD1) in a structure-based identification of inhibitors. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2006; 20:67-81. [PMID: 16783599 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-006-9037-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2005] [Accepted: 01/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Human 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11betaHSD1) catalyzes the interconversion of cortisone into active cortisol. 11betaHSD1 inhibition is a tempting target for the treatment of a host of human disorders that might benefit from blockade of glucocorticoid action, such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes type 2. Here, we report an in silico screening study aimed at identifying new selective inhibitors of human 11betaHSD1 enzyme. In the first step, homology modeling was employed to build the 3D structure of 11betaHSD1. Further, molecular docking was used to validate the predicted model by showing that it was able to discriminate between known 11betaHSD1 inhibitors or substrates and non-inhibitors. The homology model was found to reproduce closely the crystal structure that became publicly available in the final stages of this work. Finally, we carried out structure-based virtual screening experiments on both the homology model and the crystallographic structure with a database of 114,000 natural molecules. Among these, 15 molecules were consistently selected as inhibitors based on both the model and crystal structures of the enzyme, implying a good quality for the homology model. Among these putative 11betaHSD1 inhibitors, two were flavonone derivatives that have already been shown to be potent inhibitors of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Miguet
- BioAnalytical Science, Nestlé Research Center, Nestec Ltd, CH-1000, Lausanne 26, Switzerland
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34
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Odermatt A, Atanasov AG, Balazs Z, Schweizer RAS, Nashev LG, Schuster D, Langer T. Why is 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 facing the endoplasmic reticulum lumen? Physiological relevance of the membrane topology of 11beta-HSD1. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2006; 248:15-23. [PMID: 16412558 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2005.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
11Beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) is essential for the local activation of glucocorticoid receptors (GR). Unlike unliganded cytoplasmic GR, 11beta-HSD1 is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-membrane protein with lumenal orientation. Cortisone might gain direct access to 11beta-HSD1 by free diffusion across membranes, indirectly via intracellular binding proteins or, alternatively, by insertion into membranes. Membranous cortisol, formed by 11beta-HSD1 at the ER-lumenal side, might then activate cytoplasmic GR or bind to ER-lumenal secretory proteins. Compartmentalization of 11beta-HSD1 is important for its regulation by hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH), which regenerates cofactor NADPH in the ER lumen and stimulates oxoreductase activity. ER-lumenal orientation of 11beta-HSD1 is also essential for the metabolism of the alternative substrate 7-ketocholesterol (7KC), a major cholesterol oxidation product found in atherosclerotic plaques and taken up from processed cholesterol-rich food. An 11beta-HSD1 mutant adopting cytoplasmic orientation efficiently catalyzed the oxoreduction of cortisone but not 7KC, indicating access to cortisone from both sides of the ER-membrane but to 7KC only from the lumenal side. These aspects may be relevant for understanding the physiological role of 11beta-HSD1 and for developing therapeutic interventions to control glucocorticoid reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Odermatt
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Clinical Research, University of Berne, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Berne, Switzerland.
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Kim KW, Wang Z, Busby J, Tsuruda T, Chen M, Hale C, Castro VM, Svensson S, Nybo R, Xiong F, Wang M. The role of tyrosine 177 in human 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in substrate and inhibitor binding: an unlikely hydrogen bond donor for the substrate. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2006; 1764:824-30. [PMID: 16580270 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2006.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2005] [Revised: 01/27/2006] [Accepted: 02/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic motif (YSASK) at the active site of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) is conserved across different species. The crystal structures of the human, guinea pig and mouse enzymes have been resolved to help identify the non-conserved residues at the active site. A tyrosine residue (Y177) upstream of the catalytic motif in human 11beta-HSD1 represents the largest difference at the active sites between the human and the rodent enzyme where the corresponding residue is glutamine. Although Y177 was postulated as a potential hydrogen bond donor in substrate binding in crystal structure-based modeling, no experimental evidence is available to support this notion. Here, we report that Y177 is not a hydrogen bond donor in substrate binding because removal of the hydroxyl group from its side chain by mutagenesis (Y177F) did not significantly change the Km value for cortisone. However, removal of the hydrophobic side chain by changing tyrosine to alanine (Y177A) or substitution with a hydrophilic side chain by changing tyrosine to glutamine (Y177Q) increased Km values for cortisone. These data suggest that Y177 is involved in substrate binding through its hydrophobic side chain but not by hydrogen bonding. In addition, the three mutations had little effect on the binding of the rodent substrate 11-dehydrocorticosterone, suggesting that Y177 does not confer substrate specificity. However, the same mutations reduced the affinity of the licorice derived 11beta-HSD1 inhibitor glycyrrhetinic acid by about 6- to 10-fold. Interestingly, the affinity of carbenoxolone, the hemisuccinate ester of glycyrrhetinic acid with a similar potency against the wildtype enzyme, was not drastically affected by the same mutations at Y177. These data suggest that Y177 has a unique role in inhibitor binding. Molecular modeling with glycyrrhetinic acid led to findings consistent with the experimental data and provided potential interaction mechanisms. Our data suggest that Y177 plays an important role in both substrate and inhibitor binding but it is unlikely a hydrogen bond donor for the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Won Kim
- Department of Metabolic Disorders, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Mail Stop 29-1-A, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
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11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 Inhibitors. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(06)41007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Piccirella S, Czegle I, Lizák B, Margittai E, Senesi S, Papp E, Csala M, Fulceri R, Csermely P, Mandl J, Benedetti A, Bánhegyi G. Uncoupled redox systems in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. Pyridine nucleotides stay reduced in an oxidative environment. J Biol Chem 2005; 281:4671-7. [PMID: 16373343 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m509406200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The redox state of the intraluminal pyridine nucleotide pool was investigated in rat liver microsomal vesicles. The vesicles showed cortisone reductase activity in the absence of added reductants, which was dependent on the integrity of the membrane. The intraluminal pyridine nucleotide pool could be oxidized by the addition of cortisone or metyrapone but not of glutathione. On the other hand, intraluminal pyridine nucleotides were slightly reduced by cortisol or glucose 6-phosphate, although glutathione was completely ineffective. Redox state of microsomal protein thiols/disulfides was not altered either by manipulations affecting the redox state of pyridine nucleotides or by the addition of NAD(P)+ or NAD(P)H. The uncoupling of the thiol/disulfide and NAD(P)+/NAD(P)H redox couples was not because of their subcompartmentation, because enzymes responsible for the intraluminal oxidoreduction of pyridine nucleotides were distributed equally in smooth and rough microsomal subfractions. Instead, the phenomenon can be explained by the negligible representation of glutathione reductase in the endoplasmic reticulum lumen. The results demonstrated the separate existence of two redox systems in the endoplasmic reticulum lumen, which explains the contemporary functioning of oxidative folding and of powerful reductive reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Piccirella
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology, and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Agarwal AK, Auchus RJ. Minireview: cellular redox state regulates hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity and intracellular hormone potency. Endocrinology 2005; 146:2531-8. [PMID: 15774561 DOI: 10.1210/en.2005-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDs) interconvert potent and relatively inactive forms of individual steroid hormones using nicotinamide cofactors NADPH/NADP(+) and NADH/NAD(+) [nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate), reduced/oxidized forms]. Although reactions with purified enzymes in vitro may be driven in either direction depending on the assay conditions, HSD enzymes appear to function in one direction or the other in intact cells. At least for some of these enzymes, however, the apparent unidirectional metabolism actually reflects bidirectional catalysis that reaches a pseudoequilibrium state with a strong directional preference. This directional preference, in turn, derives from intracellular concentration gradients for the nicotinamide cofactors and the relative affinities of each HSD for these cofactors. Because the concentrations of free cofactor exceed those of steroids by many orders of magnitude, the activities of these enzymes are predominantly driven by cofactor abundance, which is linked to intermediary metabolism. Consequently, the amount of active steroids in cells containing HSDs may be modulated by cofactor abundance and, hence, intracellular redox state. We will review the evidence linking cofactor handling and HSD activity, speculate on additional ways that intracellular metabolism can alter HSD activity and, thus, hormone potency, and discuss fruitful avenues of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Agarwal
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-8857, USA
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