1
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Cook R, Froehlich JE, Yang Y, Korkmaz I, Kramer DM, Benning C. Chloroplast phosphatases LPPγ and LPPε1 facilitate conversion of extraplastidic phospholipids to galactolipids. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:1506-1520. [PMID: 38401529 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Galactolipids comprise the majority of chloroplast membranes in plants, and their biosynthesis requires dephosphorylation of phosphatidic acid at the chloroplast envelope membranes. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the lipid phosphate phosphatases LPPγ, LPPε1, and LPPε2 have been previously implicated in chloroplast lipid assembly, with LPPγ being essential, as null mutants were reported to exhibit embryo lethality. Here, we show that lppγ mutants are in fact viable and that LPPγ, LPPε1, and LPPε2 do not appear to have central roles in the plastid pathway of membrane lipid biosynthesis. Redundant LPPγ and LPPε1 activity at the outer envelope membrane is important for plant development, and the respective lppγ lppε1 double mutant exhibits reduced flux through the ER pathway of galactolipid synthesis. While LPPε2 is imported and associated with interior chloroplast membranes, its role remains elusive and does not include basal nor phosphate limitation-induced biosynthesis of glycolipids. The specific physiological roles of LPPγ, LPPε1, and LPPε2 are yet to be uncovered, as does the identity of the phosphatidic acid phosphatase required for plastid galactolipid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Cook
- DOE-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - John E Froehlich
- DOE-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- DOE-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Ilayda Korkmaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - David M Kramer
- DOE-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Christoph Benning
- DOE-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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2
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Kobayashi K, Jimbo H, Nakamura Y, Wada H. Biosynthesis of phosphatidylglycerol in photosynthetic organisms. Prog Lipid Res 2024; 93:101266. [PMID: 38040200 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) is a unique phospholipid class with its indispensable role in photosynthesis and growth in land plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. PG is the only major phospholipid in the thylakoid membrane of cyanobacteria and plant chloroplasts and a main lipid component in photosynthetic protein-cofactor complexes such as photosystem I and photosystem II. In plants and algae, PG is also essential as a substrate for the biosynthesis of cardiolipin, which is a unique lipid present only in mitochondrial membranes and crucial for the functions of mitochondria. PG biosynthesis pathways in plants include three membranous organelles, plastids, mitochondria, and the endoplasmic reticulum in a complex manner. While the molecular biology underlying the role of PG in photosynthetic functions is well established, many enzymes responsible for the PG biosynthesis are only recently cloned and functionally characterized in the model plant species including Arabidopsis thaliana and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and cyanobacteria such as Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. The characterization of those enzymes helps understand not only the metabolic flow for PG production but also the crosstalk of biosynthesis pathways between PG and other lipids. This review aims to summarize recent advances in the understanding of the PG biosynthesis pathway and functions of involved enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Kobayashi
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai, Japan.
| | - Haruhiko Jimbo
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakamura
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Wada
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Zhang B, Deng C, Wang S, Deng Q, Chu Y, Bai Z, Huang A, Zhang Q, He Q. The RNA landscape of Dunaliella salina in response to short-term salt stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1278954. [PMID: 38111875 PMCID: PMC10726701 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1278954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Using the halotolerant green microalgae Dunaliella salina as a model organism has special merits, such as a wide range of salt tolerance, unicellular organism, and simple life cycle and growth conditions. These unique characteristics make it suitable for salt stress study. In order to provide an overview of the response of Dunaliella salina to salt stress and hopefully to reveal evolutionarily conserved mechanisms of photosynthetic organisms in response to salt stress, the transcriptomes and the genome of the algae were sequenced by the second and the third-generation sequencing technologies, then the transcriptomes under salt stress were compared to the transcriptomes under non-salt stress with the newly sequenced genome as the reference genome. The major cellular biological processes that being regulated in response to salt stress, include transcription, protein synthesis, protein degradation, protein folding, protein modification, protein transport, cellular component organization, cell redox homeostasis, DNA repair, glycerol synthesis, energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, and ion homeostasis. This study gives a comprehensive overview of how Dunaliella salina responses to salt stress at transcriptomic level, especially characterized by the nearly ubiquitous up-regulation of the genes involving in protein folding, DNA repair, and cell redox homeostasis, which may confer the algae important mechanisms to survive under salt stress. The three fundamental biological processes, which face huge challenges under salt stress, are ignored by most scientists and are worth further deep study to provide useful information for breeding economic important plants competent in tolerating salt stress, other than only depending on the commonly acknowledged osmotic balance and ion homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Zhang
- The Research Institute of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Caiyun Deng
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- The Research Institute of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qianyi Deng
- The Research Institute of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongfan Chu
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ziwei Bai
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Axiu Huang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Qinglian Zhang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Qinghua He
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
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4
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Nguyen VC, Nakamura Y. Distinctly localized lipid phosphate phosphatases mediate endoplasmic reticulum glycerolipid metabolism in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:1548-1571. [PMID: 36718530 PMCID: PMC10118277 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Inter-organelle communication is an integral subcellular process in cellular homeostasis. In plants, cellular membrane lipids are synthesized in the plastids and endoplasmic reticulum (ER). However, the crosstalk between these organelles in lipid biosynthesis remains largely unknown. Here, we show that a pair of lipid phosphate phosphatases (LPPs) with differential subcellular localizations is required for ER glycerolipid metabolism in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). LPPα2 and LPPε1, which function as phosphatidic acid phosphatases and thus catalyze the core reaction in glycerolipid metabolism, were differentially localized at ER and chloroplast outer envelopes despite their similar tissue expression pattern. No mutant phenotype was observed in single knockout mutants; however, genetic suppression of these LPPs affected pollen growth and ER phospholipid biosynthesis in mature siliques and seeds with compromised triacylglycerol biosynthesis. Although chloroplast-localized, LPPε1 was localized close to the ER and ER-localized LPPα2. This proximal localization is functionally relevant, because overexpression of chloroplastic LPPε1 enhanced ER phospholipid and triacylglycerol biosynthesis similar to the effect of LPPα2 overexpression in mature siliques and seeds. Thus, ER glycerolipid metabolism requires a chloroplast-localized enzyme in Arabidopsis, representing the importance of inter-organelle communication in membrane lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van C Nguyen
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. 2 Academia Rd., Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Chung Hsing University, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Yuki Nakamura
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. 2 Academia Rd., Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Chung Hsing University, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
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Cao Y, Li Q, Zhang L. The core triacylglycerol toolbox in woody oil plants reveals targets for oil production bioengineering. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1170723. [PMID: 37077641 PMCID: PMC10106636 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1170723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Woody oil plants are the most productive oil-bearing species that produce seeds with high levels of valuable triacylglycerols (TAGs). TAGs and their derivatives are the raw materials for many macromolecular bio-based products, such as nylon precursors, and biomass-based diesel. Here, we identified 280 genes encoding seven distinct classes of enzymes (i.e., G3PAT, LPAAT, PAP, DGAT, PDCT, PDAT, and CPT) involved in TAGs-biosynthesis. Several multigene families are expanded by large-scale duplication events, such as G3PATs, and PAPs. RNA-seq was used to survey the expression profiles of these TAG pathway-related genes in different tissues or development, indicating functional redundancy for some duplicated genes originated from the large-scale duplication events, and neo-functionalization or sub-functionalization for some of them. Sixty-two genes showed strong, preferential expression during the period of rapid seed lipid synthesis, suggesting that their might represented the core TAG-toolbox. We also revealed for the first time that there is no PDCT pathway in Vernicia fordii and Xanthoceras sorbifolium. The identification of key genes involved in lipid biosynthesis will be the foundation to plan strategies to develop woody oil plant varieties with enhanced processing properties and high oil content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Cao
- School of Health and Nursing, Wuchang University of Technology, Wuhan, China
- Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
- *Correspondence: Yunpeng Cao, ; Lin Zhang,
| | - Qiang Li
- School of Health and Nursing, Wuchang University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Yunpeng Cao, ; Lin Zhang,
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Advances in Plant Lipid Metabolism Responses to Phosphate Scarcity. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11172238. [PMID: 36079619 PMCID: PMC9460063 DOI: 10.3390/plants11172238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Low phosphate (Pi) availability in soils severely limits crop growth and production. Plants have evolved to have numerous physiological and molecular adaptive mechanisms to cope with Pi starvation. The release of Pi from membrane phospholipids is considered to improve plant phosphorus (P) utilization efficiency in response to Pi starvation and accompanies membrane lipid remodeling. In this review, we summarize recent discoveries related to this topic and the molecular basis of membrane phospholipid alteration and triacylglycerol metabolism in response to Pi depletion in plants at different subcellular levels. These findings will help to further elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying plant adaptation to Pi starvation and thus help to develop crop cultivars with high P utilization efficiency.
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Pranneshraj V, Sangha MK, Djalovic I, Miladinovic J, Djanaguiraman M. Lipidomics-Assisted GWAS (lGWAS) Approach for Improving High-Temperature Stress Tolerance of Crops. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169389. [PMID: 36012660 PMCID: PMC9409476 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
High-temperature stress (HT) over crop productivity is an important environmental factor demanding more attention as recent global warming trends are alarming and pose a potential threat to crop production. According to the Sixth IPCC report, future years will have longer warm seasons and frequent heat waves. Thus, the need arises to develop HT-tolerant genotypes that can be used to breed high-yielding crops. Several physiological, biochemical, and molecular alterations are orchestrated in providing HT tolerance to a genotype. One mechanism to counter HT is overcoming high-temperature-induced membrane superfluidity and structural disorganizations. Several HT lipidomic studies on different genotypes have indicated the potential involvement of membrane lipid remodelling in providing HT tolerance. Advances in high-throughput analytical techniques such as tandem mass spectrometry have paved the way for large-scale identification and quantification of the enormously diverse lipid molecules in a single run. Physiological trait-based breeding has been employed so far to identify and select HT tolerant genotypes but has several disadvantages, such as the genotype-phenotype gap affecting the efficiency of identifying the underlying genetic association. Tolerant genotypes maintain a high photosynthetic rate, stable membranes, and membrane-associated mechanisms. In this context, studying the HT-induced membrane lipid remodelling, resultant of several up-/down-regulations of genes and post-translational modifications, will aid in identifying potential lipid biomarkers for HT tolerance/susceptibility. The identified lipid biomarkers (LIPIDOTYPE) can thus be considered an intermediate phenotype, bridging the gap between genotype–phenotype (genotype–LIPIDOTYPE–phenotype). Recent works integrating metabolomics with quantitative genetic studies such as GWAS (mGWAS) have provided close associations between genotype, metabolites, and stress-tolerant phenotypes. This review has been sculpted to provide a potential workflow that combines MS-based lipidomics and the robust GWAS (lipidomics assisted GWAS-lGWAS) to identify membrane lipid remodelling related genes and associations which can be used to develop HS tolerant genotypes with enhanced membrane thermostability (MTS) and heat stable photosynthesis (HP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Velumani Pranneshraj
- Department of Biochemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India
| | - Manjeet Kaur Sangha
- Department of Biochemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India
| | - Ivica Djalovic
- Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Maxim Gorki 30, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Correspondence: (I.D.); (M.D.)
| | - Jegor Miladinovic
- Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Maxim Gorki 30, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Maduraimuthu Djanaguiraman
- Department of Crop Physiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, India
- Correspondence: (I.D.); (M.D.)
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Perlikowski D, Lechowicz K, Skirycz A, Michaelis Ä, Pawłowicz I, Kosmala A. The Role of Triacylglycerol in the Protection of Cells against Lipotoxicity under Drought in Lolium multiflorum/Festucaarundinacea Introgression Forms. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 63:353-368. [PMID: 34994787 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Triacylglycerol is a key lipid compound involved in maintaining homeostasis of both membrane lipids and free fatty acids (FFA) in plant cells under adverse environmental conditions. However, its role in the process of lipid remodeling has not been fully recognized, especially in monocots, including grass species. For our study, two closely related introgression forms of Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass) and Festuca arundinacea (tall fescue), distinct in their level of drought tolerance, were selected as plant models to study rearrangements in plant lipidome under water deficit and further re-watering. The low drought tolerant (LDT) form revealed an elevated level of cellular membrane damage accompanied by an increased content of polyunsaturated FFA and triacylglycerol under water deficit, compared with the high drought tolerant (HDT) form. However, the LDT introgression form demonstrated also the ability to regenerate its membranes after stress cessation. The obtained results clearly indicated that accumulation of triacylglycerol under advanced drought in the LDT form could serve as a cellular protective mechanism against overaccumulation of toxic polyunsaturated FFA and other lipid intermediates. Furthermore, accumulation of triacylglycerol under drought conditions could serve also as storage of substrates required for further regeneration of membranes after stress cessation. The rearrangements in triacylglycerol metabolism were supported by the upregulation of several genes, involved in a biosynthesis of triacylglycerol. With respect to this process, diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase DGAT2 seems to play the most important role in the analyzed grasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Perlikowski
- Department of Environmental Stress Biology, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, Poznań 60-479, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Lechowicz
- Department of Environmental Stress Biology, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, Poznań 60-479, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Skirycz
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Rd., Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Änna Michaelis
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
| | - Izabela Pawłowicz
- Department of Environmental Stress Biology, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, Poznań 60-479, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Kosmala
- Department of Environmental Stress Biology, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, Poznań 60-479, Poland
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Zoong Lwe Z, Sah S, Persaud L, Li J, Gao W, Raja Reddy K, Narayanan S. Alterations in the leaf lipidome of Brassica carinata under high-temperature stress. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:404. [PMID: 34488625 PMCID: PMC8419912 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03189-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brassica carinata (A) Braun has recently gained increased attention across the world as a sustainable biofuel crop. B. carinata is grown as a summer crop in many regions where high temperature is a significant stress during the growing season. However, little research has been conducted to understand the mechanisms through which this crop responds to high temperatures. Understanding traits that improve the high-temperature adaption of this crop is essential for developing heat-tolerant varieties. This study investigated lipid remodeling in B. carinata in response to high-temperature stress. A commercial cultivar, Avanza 641, was grown under sunlit-controlled environmental conditions in Soil-Plant-Atmosphere-Research (SPAR) chambers under optimal temperature (OT; 23/15°C) conditions. At eight days after sowing, plants were exposed to one of the three temperature treatments [OT, high-temperature treatment-1 (HT-1; 33/25°C), and high-temperature treatment-2 (HT-2; 38/30°C)]. The temperature treatment period lasted until the final harvest at 84 days after sowing. Leaf samples were collected at 74 days after sowing to profile lipids using electrospray-ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. RESULTS Temperature treatment significantly affected the growth and development of Avanza 641. Both high-temperature treatments caused alterations in the leaf lipidome. The alterations were primarily manifested in terms of decreases in unsaturation levels of membrane lipids, which was a cumulative effect of lipid remodeling. The decline in unsaturation index was driven by (a) decreases in lipids that contain the highly unsaturated linolenic (18:3) acid and (b) increases in lipids containing less unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic (18:1) and linoleic (18:2) acids and/or saturated fatty acids such as palmitic (16:0) acid. A third mechanism that likely contributed to lowering unsaturation levels, particularly for chloroplast membrane lipids, is a shift toward lipids made by the eukaryotic pathway and the channeling of eukaryotic pathway-derived glycerolipids that are composed of less unsaturated fatty acids into chloroplasts. CONCLUSIONS The lipid alterations appear to be acclimation mechanisms to maintain optimal membrane fluidity under high-temperature conditions. The lipid-related mechanisms contributing to heat stress response as identified in this study could be utilized to develop biomarkers for heat tolerance and ultimately heat-tolerant varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zolian Zoong Lwe
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Saroj Sah
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Leelawatti Persaud
- Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Jiaxu Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- USDA UVB Monitoring and Research Program, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - K Raja Reddy
- Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, 39762, USA.
| | - Sruthi Narayanan
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA.
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10
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Su W, Raza A, Zeng L, Gao A, Lv Y, Ding X, Cheng Y, Zou X. Genome-wide analysis and expression patterns of lipid phospholipid phospholipase gene family in Brassica napus L. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:548. [PMID: 34273948 PMCID: PMC8286584 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07862-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipid phosphate phosphatases (LPP) are critical for regulating the production and degradation of phosphatidic acid (PA), an essential signaling molecule under stress conditions. Thus far, the LPP family genes have not been reported in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). RESULTS In this study, a genome-wide analysis was carried out to identify LPP family genes in rapeseed that respond to different stress conditions. Eleven BnLPPs genes were identified in the rapeseed genome. Based on phylogenetic and synteny analysis, BnLPPs were classified into four groups (Group I-Group IV). Gene structure and conserved motif analysis showed that similar intron/exon and motifs patterns occur in the same group. By evaluating cis-elements in the promoters, we recognized six hormone- and seven stress-responsive elements. Further, six putative miRNAs were identified targeting three BnLPP genes. Gene ontology analysis disclosed that BnLPP genes were closely associated with phosphatase/hydrolase activity, membrane parts, phosphorus metabolic process, and dephosphorylation. The qRT-PCR based expression profiles of BnLPP genes varied in different tissues/organs. Likewise, several gene expression were significantly up-regulated under NaCl, PEG, cold, ABA, GA, IAA, and KT treatments. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report to describe the comprehensive genome-wide analysis of the rapeseed LPP gene family. We identified different phytohormones and abiotic stress-associated genes that could help in enlightening the plant tolerance against phytohormones and abiotic stresses. The findings unlocked new gaps for the functional verification of the BnLPP gene family during stresses, leading to rapeseed improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Su
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Ministry of Agriculture, 430062, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ali Raza
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Ministry of Agriculture, 430062, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Liu Zeng
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Ministry of Agriculture, 430062, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ang Gao
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Ministry of Agriculture, 430062, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Lv
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Ministry of Agriculture, 430062, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ding
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Ministry of Agriculture, 430062, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yong Cheng
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Ministry of Agriculture, 430062, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiling Zou
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Ministry of Agriculture, 430062, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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11
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Jimbo H, Izuhara T, Hirashima T, Endo K, Nakamura Y, Wada H. Membrane lipid remodeling is required for photosystem II function under low CO 2. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:245-253. [PMID: 33119921 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Membrane lipid remodeling in plants and microalgae has a crucial role in their survival under nutrient-deficient conditions. Aquatic microalgae have low access to CO2 , an essential carbon source for photosynthetic assimilates; however, 70-90 mol% of their membrane lipids are sugar-derived lipids (glycolipids) such as monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG). In this study, we discovered a new system of membrane lipid remodeling responding to CO2 in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, a unicellular, freshwater cyanobacterium. As compared with higher CO2 (HC; 1% CO2 ), under ambient air (lower CO2 : LC), phosphatidylglycerol (PG) content was increased at the expense of MGDG content. To explore the biological significance of this alteration in content, we generated a transformant of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 overexpressing sll0545 gene encoding a putative phosphatidic acid phosphate (oxPAP), which produces diacylglycerol that is used for the synthesis of glycolipids, and examined the effect on membrane lipid remodeling and phototrophic growth responding to LC. Photosystem II (PSII) activity and growth rate were inhibited under LC in oxPAP cells. PG content was substantially reduced, and MGDG and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol contents were increased in oxPAP cells as compared with control cells. These phenotypes in oxPAP cells were recovered under the HC condition or PG supplementation. Increased PG content may be required for proper functioning of PSII under LC conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhiko Jimbo
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Taichi Izuhara
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Takashi Hirashima
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Kaichiro Endo
- Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
| | - Yuki Nakamura
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hajime Wada
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
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12
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Xu X, Zhang J, Yan B, Wei Y, Ge S, Li J, Han Y, Li Z, Zhao C, Xu J. The Adjustment of Membrane Lipid Metabolism Pathways in Maize Roots Under Saline-Alkaline Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:635327. [PMID: 33790924 PMCID: PMC8006331 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.635327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Plants are frequently confronted by diverse environmental stress, and the membrane lipids remodeling and signaling are essential for modulating the stress responses. Saline-alkaline stress is a major osmotic stress affecting the growth and development of crops. In this study, an integrated transcriptomic and lipidomic analysis was performed, and the metabolic changes of membrane lipid metabolism in maize (Zea mays) roots under saline-alkaline stress were investigated. The results revealed that phospholipids were major membrane lipids in maize roots, and phosphatidylcholine (PC) accounts for approximately 40% of the total lipids. Under 100 mmol NaHCO3 treatment, the level of PC decreased significantly (11-16%) and the parallel transcriptomic analysis showed an increased expression of genes encoding phospholipase A and phospholipase D/non-specific phospholipase C, which suggested an activated PC turnover under saline-alkaline stress. The plastidic galactolipid synthesis was also activated, and an abnormal generation of C34:6 galactolipids in 18:3 plants maize implied a plausible contribution from the prokaryotic pathway, which could be partially supported by the up-regulated expression of three putative plastid-localized phosphatidic acid phosphatase/lipid phosphate phosphatase. A comprehensive gene-metabolite network was constructed, and the regulation of membrane lipid metabolism under saline-alkaline stress in maize was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Xu
- Key Lab of Modern Agricultural Cultivation and Crop Germplasm Improvement of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang Engineering Technology Research Center for Crop Straw Utilization, College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
- Beijing Hortipolaris Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Jinjie Zhang
- Key Lab of Modern Agricultural Cultivation and Crop Germplasm Improvement of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang Engineering Technology Research Center for Crop Straw Utilization, College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Bowei Yan
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yulei Wei
- Key Lab of Modern Agricultural Cultivation and Crop Germplasm Improvement of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang Engineering Technology Research Center for Crop Straw Utilization, College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Shengnan Ge
- Key Lab of Modern Agricultural Cultivation and Crop Germplasm Improvement of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang Engineering Technology Research Center for Crop Straw Utilization, College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- Key Lab of Modern Agricultural Cultivation and Crop Germplasm Improvement of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang Engineering Technology Research Center for Crop Straw Utilization, College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Yu Han
- Key Lab of Modern Agricultural Cultivation and Crop Germplasm Improvement of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang Engineering Technology Research Center for Crop Straw Utilization, College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Zuotong Li
- Key Lab of Modern Agricultural Cultivation and Crop Germplasm Improvement of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang Engineering Technology Research Center for Crop Straw Utilization, College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Changjiang Zhao
- Key Lab of Modern Agricultural Cultivation and Crop Germplasm Improvement of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang Engineering Technology Research Center for Crop Straw Utilization, College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
- *Correspondence: Changjiang Zhao,
| | - Jingyu Xu
- Key Lab of Modern Agricultural Cultivation and Crop Germplasm Improvement of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang Engineering Technology Research Center for Crop Straw Utilization, College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
- Jingyu Xu,
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13
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Tanaka M, Ishikawa T, Tamura S, Saito Y, Kawai-Yamada M, Hihara Y. Quantitative and Qualitative Analyses of Triacylglycerol Production in the Wild-Type Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and the Strain Expressing AtfA from Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 61:1537-1547. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Although cyanobacteria do not possess wax ester synthase/acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (WS/DGAT), the bacterial enzyme for triacylglycerol (TAG) production, there have been several studies reporting the accumulation of TAG-like compounds in cyanobacteria. In this study, we aimed to evaluate TAG productivity of the ΔrecJ::atfA strain of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 generated by inserting atfA encoding WS/DGAT from Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1 into recJ (sll1354), together with the wild type (WT) and the gene-disrupted strain of slr2103 having homology with eukaryotic DGAT2 gene family (Δ2103). Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) of neutral lipids or isolation of the neutral lipid-enriched fraction followed by gas chromatography or liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry was employed for analyses. The ΔrecJ::atfA strain accumulated 0.508 nmol ml−1OD730−1 of TAG after a week of incubation at 100 μmol photons m−2 s−1. The saturated fatty acids C16:0 and C18:0 accounted for about 50% and 20% of the TAG fatty acids, respectively, suggesting that de novo-synthesized fatty acids were preferentially incorporated into TAG molecules. When the neutral lipid profile of the lipid extracts was examined by TLC, a spot located in a slightly lower position compared with the TAG standard was detected in WT but not in the Δ2103 strain. TAG accumulation levels of both strains was only 0.01–0.03 nmol ml−1OD730−1, but the fatty acid composition was substantially different from that of the background. These results suggest that trace amounts of TAG can be produced in Synechocystis cells by enzymes other than Slr2103, and major constituents of the TAG-like spot are unknown lipid species produced by Slr2103.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoki Tanaka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, 338-8570 Japan
| | - Toshiki Ishikawa
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, 338-8570 Japan
| | - So Tamura
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, 338-8570 Japan
| | - Yujiro Saito
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, 338-8570 Japan
| | - Maki Kawai-Yamada
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, 338-8570 Japan
| | - Yukako Hihara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, 338-8570 Japan
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14
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The Role of Triacylglycerol in Plant Stress Response. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9040472. [PMID: 32276473 PMCID: PMC7238164 DOI: 10.3390/plants9040472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vegetable oil is mainly composed of triacylglycerol (TAG), a storage lipid that serves as a major commodity for food and industrial purposes, as well as an alternative biofuel source. While TAG is typically not produced at significant levels in vegetative tissues, emerging evidence suggests that its accumulation in such tissues may provide one mechanism by which plants cope with abiotic stress. Different types of abiotic stress induce lipid remodeling through the action of specific lipases, which results in various alterations in membrane lipid composition. This response induces the formation of toxic lipid intermediates that cause membrane damage or cell death. However, increased levels of TAG under stress conditions are believed to function, at least in part, as a means of sequestering these toxic lipid intermediates. Moreover, the lipid droplets (LDs) in which TAG is enclosed also function as a subcellular factory to provide binding sites and substrates for the biosynthesis of bioactive compounds that protect against insects and fungi. Though our knowledge concerning the role of TAG in stress tolerance is expanding, many gaps in our understanding of the mechanisms driving these processes are still evident. In this review, we highlight progress that has been made to decipher the role of TAG in plant stress response, and we discuss possible ways in which this information could be utilized to improve crops in the future.
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15
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Integrating transcriptomic network reconstruction and eQTL analyses reveals mechanistic connections between genomic architecture and Brassica rapa development. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008367. [PMID: 31513571 PMCID: PMC6759183 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant developmental dynamics can be heritable, genetically correlated with fitness and yield, and undergo selection. Therefore, characterizing the mechanistic connections between the genetic architecture governing plant development and the resulting ontogenetic dynamics of plants in field settings is critically important for agricultural production and evolutionary ecology. We use hierarchical Bayesian Function-Valued Trait (FVT) models to estimate Brassica rapa growth curves throughout ontogeny, across two treatments, and in two growing seasons. We find genetic variation for plasticity of growth rates and final sizes, but not the inflection point (transition from accelerating to decelerating growth) of growth curves. There are trade-offs between growth rate and duration, indicating that selection for maximum yields at early harvest dates may come at the expense of late harvest yields and vice versa. We generate eigengene modules and determine which are co-expressed with FVT traits using a Weighted Gene Co-expression Analysis. Independently, we seed a Mutual Rank co-expression network model with FVT traits to identify specific genes and gene networks related to FVT. GO-analyses of eigengene modules indicate roles for actin/cytoskeletal genes, herbivore resistance/wounding responses, and cell division, while MR networks demonstrate a close association between metabolic regulation and plant growth. We determine that combining FVT Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) and MR genes/WGCNA eigengene expression profiles better characterizes phenotypic variation than any single data type (i.e. QTL, gene, or eigengene alone). Our network analysis allows us to employ a targeted eQTL analysis, which we use to identify regulatory hotspots for FVT. We examine cis vs. trans eQTL that mechanistically link FVT QTL with structural trait variation. Colocalization of FVT, gene, and eigengene eQTL provide strong evidence for candidate genes influencing plant height. The study is the first to explore eQTL for FVT, and specifically do so in agroecologically relevant field settings. We estimate the developmental dynamics of plant growth using mathematical functions to fit continuous functions to discrete plant height data collected throughout growth, and we use the parameters defining these mathematical functions as data. We identify genomic regions controlling plant growth and filter a novel transcriptomic data set using network reconstruction models to identify the genes and eigengenes associated with plant height. We combine these genomic and transcriptomic data to predict variation in plant height, and we use quantitative genetics to mechanistically connect plant genetics, transcriptomics, and development. Our approach demonstrates two powerful methods for the type of data reduction (FVT modeling and gene expression network reconstruction for targeted eQTL analyses) and data integration that will be necessary for driving forward the field of genetics in the post-genomic era. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to apply these techniques to continuous models of plant development, and the first to do so in agroecologically relevant field settings.
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16
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Lavell A, Froehlich J, Baylis O, Rotondo A, Benning C. A predicted plastid rhomboid protease affects phosphatidic acid metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 99:978-987. [PMID: 31062431 PMCID: PMC6711814 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast harbor the photosynthetic machinery that converts light into chemical energy. Chloroplast membranes are unique in their lipid makeup, which is dominated by the galactolipids mono- and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG and DGDG). The most abundant galactolipid, MGDG, is assembled through both plastid and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) pathways in Arabidopsis, resulting in distinguishable molecular lipid species. Phosphatidic acid (PA) is the first glycerolipid formed by the plastid galactolipid biosynthetic pathway. It is converted to substrate diacylglycerol (DAG) for MGDG Synthase (MGD1) which adds to it a galactose from UDP-Gal. The enzymatic reactions yielding these galactolipids have been well established. However, auxiliary or regulatory factors are largely unknown. We identified a predicted rhomboid-like protease 10 (RBL10), located in plastids of Arabidopsis thaliana, that affects galactolipid biosynthesis likely through intramembrane proteolysis. Plants with T-DNA disruptions in RBL10 have greatly decreased 16:3 (acyl carbons:double bonds) and increased 18:3 acyl chain abundance in MGDG of leaves. Additionally, rbl10-1 mutants show reduced [14 C]-acetate incorporation into MGDG during pulse-chase labeling, indicating a reduced flux through the plastid galactolipid biosynthesis pathway. While plastid MGDG biosynthesis is blocked in rbl10-1 mutants, they are capable of synthesizing PA, as well as producing normal amounts of MGDG by compensating with ER-derived lipid precursors. These findings link this predicted protease to the utilization of PA for plastid galactolipid biosynthesis potentially revealing a regulatory mechanism in chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Lavell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
- DOE-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - J.E. Froehlich
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
- DOE-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - O. Baylis
- DOE-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - A. Rotondo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
- DOE-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - C. Benning
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
- DOE-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
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17
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Yang SU, Kim J, Kim H, Suh MC. Functional Characterization of Physcomitrella patens Glycerol-3-Phosphate Acyltransferase 9 and an Increase in Seed Oil Content in Arabidopsis by Its Ectopic Expression. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E284. [PMID: 31412690 PMCID: PMC6724121 DOI: 10.3390/plants8080284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Since vegetable oils (usually triacylglycerol [TAG]) are extensively used as food and raw materials, an increase in storage oil content and production of valuable polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in transgenic plants is desirable. In this study, a gene encoding glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 9 (GPAT9), which catalyzes the synthesis of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) from a glycerol-3-phosphate and acyl-CoA, was isolated from Physcomitrella patens, which produces high levels of very-long-chain PUFAs in protonema and gametophores. P. patens GPAT9 shares approximately 50%, 60%, and 70% amino acid similarity with GPAT9 from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Klebsormidium nitens, and Arabidopsis thaliana, respectively. PpGPAT9 transcripts were detected in both the protonema and gametophores. Fluorescent signals from the eYFP:PpGPAT9 construct were observed in the ER of Nicotiana benthamiana leaf epidermal cells. Ectopic expression of PpGPAT9 increased the seed oil content by approximately 10% in Arabidopsis. The levels of PUFAs (18:2, 18:3, and 20:2) and saturated FAs (16:0, 18:0, and 20:0) increased by 60% and 43%, respectively, in the storage oil of the transgenic seeds when compared with the wild type. The transgenic embryos with increased oil content contained larger embryonic cells than the wild type. Thus, PpGPAT9 may be a novel genetic resource to enhance storage oil yields from oilseed crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Ui Yang
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Juyoung Kim
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Hyojin Kim
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea
| | - Mi Chung Suh
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea.
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18
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Lipidomic studies of membrane glycerolipids in plant leaves under heat stress. Prog Lipid Res 2019; 75:100990. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2019.100990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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19
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Abstract
Chloroplasts contain high amounts of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) and low levels of the anionic lipids sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and glucuronosyldiacylglycerol (GlcADG). The mostly extraplastidial lipid phosphatidylcholine is found only in the outer envelope. Chloroplasts are the major site for fatty acid synthesis. In Arabidopsis, a certain proportion of glycerolipids is entirely synthesized in the chloroplast (prokaryotic lipids). Fatty acids are also exported to the endoplasmic reticulum and incorporated into lipids that are redistributed to the chloroplast (eukaryotic lipids). MGDG, DGDG, SQDG, and PG establish the thylakoid membranes and are integral constituents of the photosynthetic complexes. Phosphate deprivation induces phospholipid degradation accompanied by the increase in DGDG, SQDG, and GlcADG. During freezing and drought stress, envelope membranes are stabilized by the conversion of MGDG into oligogalactolipids. Senescence and chlorotic stress lead to lipid and chlorophyll degradation and the deposition of acyl and phytyl moieties as fatty acid phytyl esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Hölzl
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Peter Dörmann
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany;
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20
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Maraschin FDS, Kulcheski FR, Segatto ALA, Trenz TS, Barrientos-Diaz O, Margis-Pinheiro M, Margis R, Turchetto-Zolet AC. Enzymes of glycerol-3-phosphate pathway in triacylglycerol synthesis in plants: Function, biotechnological application and evolution. Prog Lipid Res 2019; 73:46-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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21
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LaBrant E, Barnes AC, Roston RL. Lipid transport required to make lipids of photosynthetic membranes. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2018; 138:345-360. [PMID: 29961189 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-018-0545-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic membranes provide much of the usable energy for life on earth. To produce photosynthetic membrane lipids, multiple transport steps are required, including fatty acid export from the chloroplast stroma to the endoplasmic reticulum, and lipid transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the chloroplast envelope membranes. Transport of hydrophobic molecules through aqueous space is energetically unfavorable and must be catalyzed by dedicated enzymes, frequently on specialized membrane structures. Here, we review photosynthetic membrane lipid transport to the chloroplast in the context of photosynthetic membrane lipid synthesis. We independently consider the identity of transported lipids, the proteinaceous transport components, and membrane structures which may allow efficient transport. Recent advances in lipid transport of chloroplasts, bacteria, and other systems strongly suggest that lipid transport is achieved by multiple mechanisms which include membrane contact sites with specialized protein machinery. This machinery is likely to include the TGD1, 2, 3 complex with the TGD5 and TGD4/LPTD1 systems, and may also include a number of proteins with domains similar to other membrane contact site lipid-binding proteins. Importantly, the likelihood of membrane contact sites does not preclude lipid transport by other mechanisms including vectorial acylation and vesicle transport. Substantial progress is needed to fully understand all photosynthetic membrane lipid transport processes and how they are integrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan LaBrant
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1901 Vine St, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Allison C Barnes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1901 Vine St, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Rebecca L Roston
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1901 Vine St, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.
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22
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Saito M, Endo K, Kobayashi K, Watanabe M, Ikeuchi M, Murakami A, Murata N, Wada H. High myristic acid content in the cyanobacterium Cyanothece sp. PCC 8801 results from substrate specificity of lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:939-947. [PMID: 29793056 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of fatty acids from the cyanobacterium Cyanothece sp. PCC 8801 revealed that this species contained high levels of myristic acid (14:0) and linoleic acid in its glycerolipids, with minor contributions from palmitic acid (16:0), stearic acid, and oleic acid. The level of 14:0 relative to total fatty acids reached nearly 50%. This 14:0 fatty acid was esterified primarily to the sn-2 position of the glycerol moiety of glycerolipids. This characteristic is unique because, in most of the cyanobacterial strains, the sn-2 position is esterified exclusively with C16 fatty acids, generally 16:0. Transformation of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 with the PCC8801_1274 gene for lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase) from Cyanothece sp. PCC 8801 increased the level of 14:0 from 2% to 17% in total lipids and the increase in the 14:0 content was observed in all lipid classes. These findings suggest that the high content of 14:0 in Cyanothece sp. PCC 8801 might be a result of the high specificity of this acyltransferase toward the 14:0-acyl-carrier protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Saito
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Kaichiro Endo
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Koichi Kobayashi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Mai Watanabe
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Masahiko Ikeuchi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Akio Murakami
- Research Center for Inland Seas, Kobe University, Awaji, Hyogo 656-2401, Japan
| | - Norio Murata
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Hajime Wada
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
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23
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Sato N, Awai K. "Prokaryotic Pathway" Is Not Prokaryotic: Noncyanobacterial Origin of the Chloroplast Lipid Biosynthetic Pathway Revealed by Comprehensive Phylogenomic Analysis. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 9:3162-3178. [PMID: 29145606 PMCID: PMC5716074 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evx238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid biosynthesis within the chloroplast, or more generally plastids, was conventionally called “prokaryotic pathway,” which produces glycerolipids bearing C18 acids at the sn-1 position and C16 acids at the sn-2 position, as in cyanobacteria such as Anabaena and Synechocystis. This positional specificity is determined during the synthesis of phosphatidate, which is a precursor to diacylglycerol, the acceptor of galactose for the synthesis of galactolipids. The first acylation at sn-1 is catalyzed by glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT or GPT), whereas the second acylation at sn-2 is performed by lysophosphatidate acyltransferase (LPAAT, AGPAT, or PlsC). Here we present comprehensive phylogenomic analysis of the origins of various acyltransferases involved in the synthesis of phosphatidate, as well as phosphatidate phosphatases in the chloroplasts. The results showed that the enzymes involved in the two steps of acylation in cyanobacteria and chloroplasts are entirely phylogenetically unrelated despite a previous report stating that the chloroplast LPAAT (ATS2) and cyanobacterial PlsC were sister groups. Phosphatidate phosphatases were separated into eukaryotic and prokaryotic clades, and the chloroplast enzymes were not of cyanobacterial origin, in contrast with another previous report. These results indicate that the lipid biosynthetic pathway in the chloroplasts or plastids did not originate from the cyanobacterial endosymbiont and is not “prokaryotic” in the context of endosymbiotic theory of plastid origin. This is another line of evidence for the discontinuity of plastids and cyanobacteria, which has been suggested in the glycolipid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Sato
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichiro Awai
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, and Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, Japan
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Lin YC, Kobayashi K, Wada H, Nakamura Y. Phosphatidylglycerophosphate phosphatase is required for root growth in Arabidopsis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:563-575. [PMID: 29476828 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) is an indispensable lipid class in photosynthetic activity. However, the importance of PG biosynthesis in non-photosynthetic organs remains elusive. We previously identified phosphatidylglycerophosphate phosphatase 1 (PGPP1), which catalyzes the last step of PG biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. In the present report, we noted considerably shorter roots of the pgpp1-1 mutant compared to the wild type. We observed defective order of columella cells in the root apices, which was complemented by introducing the wild-type PGPP1 gene. Although PGPP1 is chloroplast-localized in leaf mesophyll cells, we observed mitochondrial localization of PGPP1 in root cells, suggesting possible dual targeting of PGPP1. Moreover, we identified previously uncharacterized 2 protein tyrosine phosphatase-like proteins as functional PGPPs. These proteins, designated PTPMT1 and PTPMT2, complemented growth and lipid phenotypes of Δgep4, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant of PGPP. The ptpmt1-1 ptpmt2-1 exhibited no visible phenotype; however, the pgpp1-1 ptpmt1-1 ptpmt2-1 significantly enhanced the root phenotype of pgpp1-1 without further affecting the photosynthesis, suggesting that these newly found PGPPs are involved in the root phenotype. Radiolabeling experiment of mutant roots showed that decreased PG biosynthesis is associated with the mutation of PGPP1. These results suggest that PG biosynthesis is required for the root growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chen Lin
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Academia Sinica, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Koichi Kobayashi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Wada
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakamura
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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25
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Pittera J, Jouhet J, Breton S, Garczarek L, Partensky F, Maréchal É, Nguyen NA, Doré H, Ratin M, Pitt FD, Scanlan DJ, Six C. Thermoacclimation and genome adaptation of the membrane lipidome in marine Synechococcus. Environ Microbiol 2017; 20:612-631. [PMID: 29124854 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The marine cyanobacteria of the genus Synechococcus are important primary producers, displaying a wide latitudinal distribution that is underpinned by diversification into temperature ecotypes. The physiological basis underlying these ecotypes is poorly known. In many organisms, regulation of membrane fluidity is crucial for acclimating to variations in temperature. Here, we reveal the detailed composition of the membrane lipidome of the model strain Synechococcus sp. WH7803 and its response to temperature variation. Unlike freshwater strains, membranes are almost devoid of C18, mainly containing C14 and C16 chains with no more than two unsaturations. In response to cold, we observed a rarely observed process of acyl chain shortening that likely induces membrane thinning, along with specific desaturation activities. Both of these mechanisms likely regulate membrane fluidity, facilitating the maintenance of efficient photosynthetic activity. A comprehensive examination of 53 Synechococcus genomes revealed clade-specific gene sets regulating membrane lipids. In particular, the genes encoding desaturase enzymes, which is a key to the temperature stress response, appeared to be temperature ecotype-specific, with some of them originating from lateral transfers. Our study suggests that regulation of membrane fluidity has been among the important adaptation processes for the colonization of different thermal niches by marine Synechococcus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Pittera
- Marine Phototrophic Prokaryotes group, Station Biologique, Place Georges Teissier, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre and Marie Curie (Paris 06) and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7144, 29688 Roscoff cedex, CS 90074, France
| | - Juliette Jouhet
- Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies de Grenoble, CEA Grenoble, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, UMR 5168 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - Solène Breton
- Marine Phototrophic Prokaryotes group, Station Biologique, Place Georges Teissier, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre and Marie Curie (Paris 06) and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7144, 29688 Roscoff cedex, CS 90074, France
| | - Laurence Garczarek
- Marine Phototrophic Prokaryotes group, Station Biologique, Place Georges Teissier, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre and Marie Curie (Paris 06) and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7144, 29688 Roscoff cedex, CS 90074, France
| | - Frédéric Partensky
- Marine Phototrophic Prokaryotes group, Station Biologique, Place Georges Teissier, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre and Marie Curie (Paris 06) and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7144, 29688 Roscoff cedex, CS 90074, France
| | - Éric Maréchal
- Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies de Grenoble, CEA Grenoble, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, UMR 5168 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - Ngoc A Nguyen
- Marine Phototrophic Prokaryotes group, Station Biologique, Place Georges Teissier, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre and Marie Curie (Paris 06) and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7144, 29688 Roscoff cedex, CS 90074, France
| | - Hugo Doré
- Marine Phototrophic Prokaryotes group, Station Biologique, Place Georges Teissier, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre and Marie Curie (Paris 06) and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7144, 29688 Roscoff cedex, CS 90074, France
| | - Morgane Ratin
- Marine Phototrophic Prokaryotes group, Station Biologique, Place Georges Teissier, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre and Marie Curie (Paris 06) and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7144, 29688 Roscoff cedex, CS 90074, France
| | - Frances D Pitt
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - David J Scanlan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Christophe Six
- Marine Phototrophic Prokaryotes group, Station Biologique, Place Georges Teissier, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre and Marie Curie (Paris 06) and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7144, 29688 Roscoff cedex, CS 90074, France
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Nakamura Y. Plant Phospholipid Diversity: Emerging Functions in Metabolism and Protein-Lipid Interactions. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 22:1027-1040. [PMID: 28993119 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipids are essential components of biological membranes and signal transduction cascades in plants. In recent years, plant phospholipid research was greatly advanced by the characterization of numerous mutants affected in phospholipid biosynthesis and the discovery of a number of functionally important phospholipid-binding proteins. It is now accepted that most phospholipids to some extent have regulatory functions, including those that serve as constituents of biological membranes. Phospholipids are more than an inert end product of lipid biosynthesis. This review article summarizes recent advances on phospholipid biosynthesis with a particular focus on polar head group synthesis, followed by a short overview on protein-phospholipid interactions as an emerging regulatory mechanism of phospholipid function in arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Nakamura
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taiwan 11529, Taiwan; http://ipmb.sinica.edu.tw/index.html/?q=node/972&language=en.
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Hsueh YC, Ehmann C, Flinner N, Ladig R, Schleiff E. The plastid outer membrane localized LPTD1 is important for glycerolipid remodelling under phosphate starvation. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:1643-1657. [PMID: 28433003 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycerolipid synthesis in plants is coordinated between plastids and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). A central step within the glycerolipid synthesis is the transport of phosphatidic acid from ER to chloroplasts. The chloroplast outer envelope protein TGD4 belongs to the LptD family conserved in bacteria and plants and selectively binds and may transport phosphatidic acid. We describe a second LptD-family protein in A. thaliana (atLPTD1; At2g44640) characterized by a barrel domain with an amino-acid signature typical for cyanobacterial LptDs. It forms a cation selective channel in vitro with a diameter of about 9 Å. atLPTD1 levels are induced under phosphate starvation. Plants expressing an RNAi construct against atLPTD1 show a growth phenotype under normal conditions. Expressing the RNAi against atLPTD1 in the tgd4-1 background renders the plants more sensitive to light stress or phosphate limitation than the individual mutants. Moreover, lipid analysis revealed that digalactosyldiacylglycerol and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol levels remain constant in the RNAi mutants under phosphate starvation, while these two lipids are enhanced in wild-type. Based on our results, we propose a function of atLPTD1 in the transport of lipids from ER to chloroplast under phosphate starvation, which is combinatory with the function of TGD4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ching Hsueh
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, Max von Laue Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Physics, Syracuse University, 201 Physics Bldg., Syracuse, New York, NY, 13244-1130, USA
| | - Christian Ehmann
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, Max von Laue Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nadine Flinner
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, Max von Laue Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies (FIAS), Ruth-Moufang-Straße 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Roman Ladig
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, Max von Laue Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Enrico Schleiff
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, Max von Laue Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt, Goethe University, Max von Laue Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Buchman Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, Max von Laue Str. 15, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Wang P, Chen Z, Kasimu R, Chen Y, Zhang X, Gai J. Genome-wide analysis suggests divergent evolution of lipid phosphotases/phosphotransferase genes in plants. Genome 2017; 59:589-601. [PMID: 27501416 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2016-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Genes of the LPPT (lipid phosphatase/phosphotransferase) family play important roles in lipid phosphorous transfer and triacylglycerol accumulation in plants. To provide overviews of the plant LPPT family and their overall relationships, here we carried out genome-wide identifications and analyses of plant LPPT family members. A total of 643 putative LPPT genes were identified from 48 sequenced plant genomes, among which 205 genes from 14 plants were chosen for further analyses. Plant LPPT genes belonged to three distinctive groups, namely the LPT (lipid phosphotransfease), LPP (lipid phosphatase), and pLPP (plastidic lipid phosphotransfease) groups. Genes of the LPT group could be further partitioned into three groups, two of which were only identified in terrestrial plants. Genes in the LPP and pLPP groups experienced duplications in early stages of plant evolution. Among 17 Zea mays LPPT genes, divergence of temporal-spatial expression patterns was revealed based on microarray data analysis. Peptide sequences of plant LPPT genes harbored different conserved motifs. A test of Branch Model versus One-ratio Model did not support significant selective pressures acting on different groups of LPPT genes, although quite different nonsynonymous evolutionary rates and selective pressures were observed. The complete picture of the plant LPPT family provided here should facilitate further investigations of plant LPPT genes and offer a better understanding of lipid biosynthesis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- a Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences & Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Danzhou, Hainan 571737, China
| | - Zhenxi Chen
- a Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences & Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Danzhou, Hainan 571737, China
| | - Rena Kasimu
- b School of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, China
| | - Yinhua Chen
- c College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou Hainan 570000, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhang
- d State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Jiangtao Gai
- a Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences & Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Danzhou, Hainan 571737, China
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29
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Gu Y, He L, Zhao C, Wang F, Yan B, Gao Y, Li Z, Yang K, Xu J. Biochemical and Transcriptional Regulation of Membrane Lipid Metabolism in Maize Leaves under Low Temperature. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2053. [PMID: 29250095 PMCID: PMC5714865 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Membrane lipid modulation is one of the major strategies plants have developed for cold acclimation. In this study, a combined lipidomic and transcriptomic analysis was conducted, and the changes in glycerolipids contents and species, and transcriptional regulation of lipid metabolism in maize leaves under low temperature treatment (5°C) were investigated. The lipidomic analysis showed an increase in the phospholipid phosphatidic acid (PA) and a decrease in phosphatidylcholine (PC). And an increase in digalactosyldiacylglycerol and a decrease in monogalactosyldiacylglycerol of the galactolipid class. The results implied an enhanced turnover of PC to PA to serve as precursors for galactolipid synthesis under following low temperature treatment. The analysis of changes in abundance of various lipid molecular species suggested major alterations of different pathways of plastidic lipids synthesis in maize under cold treatment. The synchronous transcriptomic analysis revealed that genes involved in phospholipid and galactolipid synthesis pathways were significantly up-regulated, and a comprehensive gene-metabolite network was generated illustrating activated membrane lipids adjustment in maize leaves following cold treatment. This study will help to understand the regulation of glycerolipids metabolism at both biochemical and molecular biological levels in 18:3 plants and to decipher the roles played by lipid remodeling in cold response in major field crop maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingnan Gu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Cultivation and Crop Germplasm Improvement of Heilongjiang Province, College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
- Remote Sensing Technique Center of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Lin He
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Cultivation and Crop Germplasm Improvement of Heilongjiang Province, College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Changjiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Cultivation and Crop Germplasm Improvement of Heilongjiang Province, College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Cultivation and Crop Germplasm Improvement of Heilongjiang Province, College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Bowei Yan
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Cultivation and Crop Germplasm Improvement of Heilongjiang Province, College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Yuqiao Gao
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Cultivation and Crop Germplasm Improvement of Heilongjiang Province, College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Zuotong Li
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Cultivation and Crop Germplasm Improvement of Heilongjiang Province, College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Kejun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Cultivation and Crop Germplasm Improvement of Heilongjiang Province, College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
- *Correspondence: Kejun Yang, Jingyu Xu,
| | - Jingyu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Cultivation and Crop Germplasm Improvement of Heilongjiang Province, College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
- *Correspondence: Kejun Yang, Jingyu Xu,
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30
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Botella C, Jouhet J, Block MA. Importance of phosphatidylcholine on the chloroplast surface. Prog Lipid Res 2017; 65:12-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Lin YC, Kobayashi K, Hung CH, Wada H, Nakamura Y. Arabidopsis phosphatidylglycerophosphate phosphatase 1 involved in phosphatidylglycerol biosynthesis and photosynthetic function. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 88:1022-1037. [PMID: 27541283 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) is an indispensable lipid constituent of photosynthetic membranes, whose function is essential in photosynthetic activity. In higher plants, the biological function of the last step of PG biosynthesis remains elusive because an enzyme catalyzing this reaction step, namely phosphatidylglycerophosphate phosphatase (PGPP), has been a missing piece in the entire glycerolipid metabolic map. Here, we report the identification and characterization of AtPGPP1 encoding a PGPP in Arabidopsis thaliana. Heterologous expression of AtPGPP1 in yeast Δgep4 complemented growth phenotype and PG-producing activity, suggesting that AtPGPP1 encodes a functional PGPP. The GUS reporter assay showed that AtPGPP1 was preferentially expressed in hypocotyl, vasculatures, trichomes, guard cells, and stigmas. A subcellular localization study with GFP reporter indicated that AtPGPP1 is mainly localized at chloroplasts. A T-DNA-tagged knockout mutant of AtPGPP1, designated pgpp1-1, showed pale green phenotype with reduced PG and chlorophyll contents but no defect in embryo development. In the pgpp1-1 mutant, ultrastructure of plastids indicated defective development of chloroplasts and measurement of photosynthetic parameters showed impaired photosynthetic activity. These results suggest that AtPGPP1 is a primary plastidic PGPP required for PG biosynthesis and photosynthetic function in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chen Lin
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Koichi Kobayashi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chun-Hsien Hung
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hajime Wada
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakamura
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Biotechnology Centre, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Kobayashi K. Role of membrane glycerolipids in photosynthesis, thylakoid biogenesis and chloroplast development. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2016; 129:565-580. [PMID: 27114097 PMCID: PMC5897459 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-016-0827-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The lipid bilayer of the thylakoid membrane in plant chloroplasts and cyanobacterial cells is predominantly composed of four unique lipid classes; monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG). MGDG and DGDG are uncharged galactolipids that constitute the bulk of thylakoid membrane lipids and provide a lipid bilayer matrix for photosynthetic complexes as the main constituents. The glycolipid SQDG and phospholipid PG are anionic lipids with a negative charge on their head groups. SQDG and PG substitute for each other to maintain the amount of total anionic lipids in the thylakoid membrane, with PG having indispensable functions in photosynthesis. In addition to biochemical studies, extensive analyses of mutants deficient in thylakoid lipids have revealed important roles of these lipids in photosynthesis and thylakoid membrane biogenesis. Moreover, recent studies of Arabidopsis thaliana suggest that thylakoid lipid biosynthesis triggers the expression of photosynthesis-associated genes in both the nucleus and plastids and activates the formation of photosynthetic machineries and chloroplast development. Meanwhile, galactolipid biosynthesis is regulated in response to chloroplast functionality and lipid metabolism at transcriptional and post-translational levels. This review summarizes the roles of thylakoid lipids with their biosynthetic pathways in plants and discusses the coordinated regulation of thylakoid lipid biosynthesis with the development of photosynthetic machinery during chloroplast biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Kobayashi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan.
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Kelly AA, Feussner I. Oil is on the agenda: Lipid turnover in higher plants. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:1253-1268. [PMID: 27155216 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lipases hydrolyze ester bonds within lipids. This process is called lipolysis. They are key players in lipid turnover and involved in numerous metabolic pathways, many of which are shared between organisms like the mobilization of neutral or storage lipids or lipase-mediated membrane lipid homeostasis. Some reactions though are predominantly present in certain organisms, such as the production of signaling molecules (endocannabinoids) by diacylglycerol (DAG) and monoacylglycerol (MAG) lipases in mammals and plants or the jasmonate production in flowering plants. This review aims at giving an overview of the different functional classes of lipases and respective well-known activities, with a focus on the most recent findings in plant biology for selected classes. Here we will put an emphasis on the physiological role and contribution of lipases to the turnover of neutral lipids found in seed oil and other vegetative tissue as candidates for increasing the economical values of crop plants. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Plant Lipid Biology edited by Kent D. Chapman and Ivo Feussner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie A Kelly
- Georg-August-University, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Georg-August-University, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Georg-August-University, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Georg-August-University, International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC), Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Hori K, Nobusawa T, Watanabe T, Madoka Y, Suzuki H, Shibata D, Shimojima M, Ohta H. Tangled evolutionary processes with commonality and diversity in plastidial glycolipid synthesis in photosynthetic organisms. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:1294-1308. [PMID: 27108062 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In photosynthetic organisms, the photosynthetic membrane constitutes a scaffold for light-harvesting complexes and photosynthetic reaction centers. Three kinds of glycolipids, namely monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, digalactosyldiacylglycerol, and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol, constitute approximately 80-90% of photosynthetic membrane lipids and are well conserved from tiny cyanobacteria to the leaves of huge trees. These glycolipids perform a wide variety of functions beyond biological membrane formation. In particular, the capability of adaptation to harsh environments through regulation of membrane glycolipid composition is essential for healthy growth and development of photosynthetic organisms. The genome analysis and functional genetics of the model seed plant Arabidopsis thaliana have yielded many new findings concerning the biosynthesis, regulation, and functions of glycolipids. Nevertheless, it remains to be clarified how the complex biosynthetic pathways and well-organized functions of glycolipids evolved in early and primitive photosynthetic organisms, such as cyanobacteria, to yield modern photosynthetic organisms like land plants. Recently, genome data for many photosynthetic organisms have been made available as the fruit of the rapid development of sequencing technology. We also have reported the draft genome sequence of the charophyte alga Klebsormidium flaccidum, which is an intermediate organism between green algae and land plants. Here, we performed a comprehensive phylogenic analysis of glycolipid biosynthesis genes in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms including K. flaccidum. Based on the results together with membrane lipid analysis of this alga, we discuss the evolution of glycolipid synthesis in photosynthetic organisms. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Plant Lipid Biology edited by Kent D. Chapman and Ivo Feussner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Hori
- Tokyo Institute of Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Japan
| | - Takashi Nobusawa
- Tokyo Institute of Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Japan
| | - Tei Watanabe
- Tokyo Institute of Technology, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Yuka Madoka
- Tokyo Institute of Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Suzuki
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa-kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Daisuke Shibata
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa-kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Mie Shimojima
- Tokyo Institute of Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohta
- Tokyo Institute of Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Japan; Tokyo Institute of Technology, Earth-Life Science Institute, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan.
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35
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Sebastián M, Smith AF, González JM, Fredricks HF, Van Mooy B, Koblížek M, Brandsma J, Koster G, Mestre M, Mostajir B, Pitta P, Postle AD, Sánchez P, Gasol JM, Scanlan DJ, Chen Y. Lipid remodelling is a widespread strategy in marine heterotrophic bacteria upon phosphorus deficiency. THE ISME JOURNAL 2016; 10:968-78. [PMID: 26565724 PMCID: PMC4796936 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2015.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Upon phosphorus (P) deficiency, marine phytoplankton reduce their requirements for P by replacing membrane phospholipids with alternative non-phosphorus lipids. It was very recently demonstrated that a SAR11 isolate also shares this capability when phosphate starved in culture. Yet, the extent to which this process occurs in other marine heterotrophic bacteria and in the natural environment is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the substitution of membrane phospholipids for a variety of non-phosphorus lipids is a conserved response to P deficiency among phylogenetically diverse marine heterotrophic bacteria, including members of the Alphaproteobacteria and Flavobacteria. By deletion mutagenesis and complementation in the model marine bacterium Phaeobacter sp. MED193 and heterologous expression in recombinant Escherichia coli, we confirm the roles of a phospholipase C (PlcP) and a glycosyltransferase in lipid remodelling. Analyses of the Global Ocean Sampling and Tara Oceans metagenome data sets demonstrate that PlcP is particularly abundant in areas characterized by low phosphate concentrations. Furthermore, we show that lipid remodelling occurs seasonally and responds to changing nutrient conditions in natural microbial communities from the Mediterranean Sea. Together, our results point to the key role of lipid substitution as an adaptive strategy enabling heterotrophic bacteria to thrive in the vast P-depleted areas of the ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sebastián
- Departament de Biologia Marina i Oceanografia, Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - José M González
- Department of Microbiology, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
| | - Helen F Fredricks
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin Van Mooy
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Michal Koblížek
- Institute of Microbiology, Center Algatech, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Joost Brandsma
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Grielof Koster
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Mireia Mestre
- Departament de Biologia Marina i Oceanografia, Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Behzad Mostajir
- Center of Marine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation (MARBEC), UMR 9190, CNRS – Université de Montpellier – IRD – IFREMER, Place Eugène Bataillon, Université de Montpellier, Case 93, Montpellier, France
| | - Paraskevi Pitta
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Oceanography Institute, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Anthony D Postle
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Pablo Sánchez
- Departament de Biologia Marina i Oceanografia, Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep M Gasol
- Departament de Biologia Marina i Oceanografia, Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David J Scanlan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Yin Chen
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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Nakamura Y. Function of polar glycerolipids in flower development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Prog Lipid Res 2015; 60:17-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hung CH, Kobayashi K, Wada H, Nakamura Y. Isolation and characterization of a phosphatidylglycerophosphate phosphatase1, PGPP1, in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2015; 92:56-61. [PMID: 25910650 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) is the exclusive phospholipid synthesized in chloroplasts and plays important roles in photosynthesis. However, phosphatidylglycerophosphate phosphatase (PGPP), which catalyzes the final step of PG biosynthesis, is a missing piece in photosynthetic eukaryotes. Here, we isolated a previously uncharacterized haloacid dehalogenase-like phosphatase, designated CrPGPP1, as a putative PGPP in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. CrPGPP1 complemented growth and lipid compositional defects in Δgep4, a yeast mutant of PGPP, which indicates that CrPGPP1 is a functional PGPP. Two aspartic acid residues, which are both essential for the yeast PGPP (Gep4p) activity, are also conserved in the putative catalytic motif of CrPGPP1. Site-specific mutagenesis showed that the first but not the second aspartic acid residue was required for CrPGPP1 to complement the growth defect of Δgep4 mutant, which highlights the distinct molecular features of CrPGPP1. Our results suggest that CrPGPP1 is a functional PGPP in C. reinhardtii, for the first PGPP in photosynthetic eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hsien Hung
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Koichi Kobayashi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Wada
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakamura
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan.
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Landscape of the lipidome and transcriptome under heat stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10533. [PMID: 26013835 PMCID: PMC4444972 DOI: 10.1038/srep10533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental stress causes membrane damage in plants. Lipid studies are required to understand the adaptation of plants to climate change. Here, LC-MS-based lipidomic and microarray transcriptome analyses were carried out to elucidate the effect of short-term heat stress on the Arabidopsis thaliana leaf membrane. Vegetative plants were subjected to high temperatures for one day, and then grown under normal conditions. Sixty-six detected glycerolipid species were classified according to patterns of compositional change by Spearman’s correlation coefficient. Triacylglycerols, 36:4- and 36:5-monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, 34:2- and 36:2-digalactosyldiacylglycerol, 34:1-, 36:1- and 36:6-phosphatidylcholine, and 34:1-phosphatidylethanolamine increased by the stress and immediately decreased during recovery. The relative amount of one triacylglycerol species (54:9) containing α-linolenic acid (18:3) increased under heat stress. These results suggest that heat stress in Arabidopsis leaves induces an increase in triacylglycerol levels, which functions as an intermediate of lipid turnover, and results in a decrease in membrane polyunsaturated fatty acids. Microarray data revealed candidate genes responsible for the observed metabolic changes.
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McGlew K, Shaw V, Zhang M, Kim RJ, Yang W, Shorrosh B, Suh MC, Ohlrogge J. An annotated database of Arabidopsis mutants of acyl lipid metabolism. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2015; 34:519-32. [PMID: 25487439 PMCID: PMC4371839 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-014-1710-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We have constructed and annotated a web-based database of over 280 Arabidopsis genes that have characterized mutants associated with Arabidopsis acyl lipid metabolism. Mutants have played a fundamental role in gene discovery and in understanding the function of genes involved in plant acyl lipid metabolism. The first mutant in Arabidopsis lipid metabolism (fad4) was described in 1985. Since that time, characterization of mutants in more than 280 genes associated with acyl lipid metabolism has been reported. This review provides a brief background and history on identification of mutants in acyl lipid metabolism, an analysis of the distribution of mutants in different areas of acyl lipid metabolism and presents an annotated database (ARALIPmutantDB) of these mutants. The database provides information on the phenotypes of mutants, pathways and enzymes/proteins associated with the mutants, and allows rapid access via hyperlinks to summaries of information about each mutant and to literature that provides information on the lipid composition of the mutants. In addition, the database of mutants is integrated within the ARALIP plant acyl lipid metabolism website ( http://aralip.plantbiology.msu.edu ) so that information on mutants is displayed on and can be accessed from metabolic pathway maps. Mutants for at least 30% of the genes in the database have multiple names, which have been compiled here to reduce ambiguities in searches for information. The database should also provide a tool for exploring the relationships between mutants in acyl lipid-related genes and their lipid phenotypes and point to opportunities for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen McGlew
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Vincent Shaw
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Meng Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ryeo Jin Kim
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757 Republic of Korea
| | - Weili Yang
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | | | - Mi Chung Suh
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757 Republic of Korea
| | - John Ohlrogge
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
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Kanehara K, Cho Y, Lin YC, Chen CE, Yu CY, Nakamura Y. Arabidopsis DOK1 encodes a functional dolichol kinase involved in reproduction. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 81:292-303. [PMID: 25406445 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Dolichol phosphate (Dol-P) serves as a carrier of complex polysaccharides during protein glycosylation. Dol-P is synthesized by the phosphorylation of dolichol or the monodephosphorylation of dolichol pyrophosphate (Dol-PP); however, the enzymes that catalyze these reactions remain unidentified in Arabidopsis thaliana. We performed a genome-wide search for cytidylyltransferase motif-containing proteins in Arabidopsis, and found that At3g45040 encodes a protein homologous with Sec59p, a dolichol kinase (DOK) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. At3g45040, designated AtDOK1, complemented defects in the growth and N-linked glycosylation of the S. cerevisiae sec59 mutant, suggesting that AtDOK1 encodes a functional DOK. To characterize the physiological roles of AtDOK1 in planta, we isolated two independent lines of T-DNA-tagged AtDOK1 mutants, dok1-1 and dok1-2. The heterozygous plants showed developmental defects in male and female gametophytes, including an aberrant pollen structure, low pollen viability, and short siliques. Additionally, the mutations had incomplete penetrance. These results suggest that AtDOK1 is a functional DOK required for reproductive processes in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazue Kanehara
- Academia Sinica, Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, No. 128 Sec. 2 Academia Rd., Nankang Taipei, 11529, Taiwan; Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Academia Sinica, Taiwan International Graduate Program, No. 128 Sec. 2 Academia Rd., Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan; Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, 250 Kuo-Kuang Rd., Taichung, 402, Taiwan; Department of Applied Science and Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology, 27-1 Mizumoto-cho, Muroran, Hokkaido, 050-8585, Japan
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41
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Yunus IS, Cazenave-Gassiot A, Liu YC, Lin YC, Wenk MR, Nakamura Y. Phosphatidic acid is a major phospholipid class in reproductive organs of Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2015; 10:e1049790. [PMID: 26179579 PMCID: PMC4623421 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2015.1049790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipids are the crucial components of biological membranes and signal transduction. Among different tissues, flower phospholipids are one of the least characterized features of plant lipidome. Here, we report that floral reproductive organs of Arabidopsis thaliana contain high levels of phosphatidic acid (PA), a known lipid second messenger. By using floral homeotic mutants enriched with specific floral organs, lipidomics study showed increased levels of PA species in ap3-3 mutant with enriched pistils. Accompanied gene expression study for 7 diacylglycerol kinases and 11 PA phosphatases revealed distinct floral organ specificity, suggesting an active phosphorylation/dephosphorylation between PA and diacylglycerol in flowers. Our results suggest that PA is a major phospholipid class in floral reproductive organs of A. thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Sofian Yunus
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology; Academia Sinica; Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Yu-chi Liu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology; Academia Sinica; Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chen Lin
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology; Academia Sinica; Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Markus R Wenk
- Department of Biochemistry; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; National University of Singapore; Singapore
| | - Yuki Nakamura
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology; Academia Sinica; Taipei, Taiwan
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Maréchal E, Bastien O. Modeling of regulatory loops controlling galactolipid biosynthesis in the inner envelope membrane of chloroplasts. J Theor Biol 2014; 361:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Hernández MA, Comba S, Arabolaza A, Gramajo H, Alvarez HM. Overexpression of a phosphatidic acid phosphatase type 2 leads to an increase in triacylglycerol production in oleaginous Rhodococcus strains. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 99:2191-207. [PMID: 25213912 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Oleaginous Rhodococcus strains are able to accumulate large amounts of triacylglycerol (TAG). Phosphatidic acid phosphatase (PAP) enzyme catalyzes the dephosphorylation of phosphatidic acid (PA) to yield diacylglycerol (DAG), a key precursor for TAG biosynthesis. Studies to establish its role in lipid metabolism have been mainly focused in eukaryotes but not in bacteria. In this work, we identified and characterized a putative PAP type 2 (PAP2) encoded by the ro00075 gene in Rhodococcus jostii RHA1. Heterologous expression of ro00075 in Escherichia coli resulted in a fourfold increase in PAP activity and twofold in DAG content. The conditional deletion of ro00075 in RHA1 led to a decrease in the content of DAG and TAG, whereas its overexpression in both RHA1 and Rhodococcus opacus PD630 promoted an increase up to 10 to 15 % by cellular dry weight in TAG content. On the other hand, expression of ro00075 in the non-oleaginous strain Rhodococcus fascians F7 promoted an increase in total fatty acid content up to 7 % at the expense of free fatty acid (FFA), DAG, and TAG fractions. Moreover, co-expression of ro00075/atf2 genes resulted in a fourfold increase in total fatty acid content by a further increase of the FFA and TAG fractions. The results of this study suggest that ro00075 encodes for a PAP2 enzyme actively involved in TAG biosynthesis. Overexpression of this gene, as single one or with an atf gene, provides an alternative approach to increase the biosynthesis and accumulation of bacterial oils as a potential source of raw material for biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín A Hernández
- Centro Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Científico Tecnológico, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Ruta Provincial N° 1, Km 4-Ciudad Universitaria, 9000, Comodoro Rivadavia, Chubut, Argentina
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44
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Nakamura Y, Teo NZW, Shui G, Chua CHL, Cheong WF, Parameswaran S, Koizumi R, Ohta H, Wenk MR, Ito T. Transcriptomic and lipidomic profiles of glycerolipids during Arabidopsis flower development. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 203:310-322. [PMID: 24684726 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Flower glycerolipids are the yet-to-be discovered frontier of the lipidome. Although ample evidence suggests important roles for glycerolipids in flower development, stage-specific lipid profiling in tiny Arabidopsis flowers is challenging. Here, we utilized a transgenic system to synchronize flower development in Arabidopsis. The transgenic plant PAP1::AP1-GR ap1-1 cal-5 showed synchronized flower development upon dexamethasone treatment, which enabled massive harvesting of floral samples of homogenous developmental stages for glycerolipid profiling. Glycerolipid profiling revealed a decrease in concentrations of phospholipids involved in signaling during the early development stages, such as phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylinositol, and a marked increase in concentrations of nonphosphorous galactolipids during the late stage. Moreover, in the midstage, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate concentration was increased transiently, which suggests the stimulation of the phosphoinositide metabolism. Accompanying transcriptomic profiling of relevant glycerolipid metabolic genes revealed simultaneous induction of multiple phosphoinositide biosynthetic genes associated with the increased phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate concentration, with a high degree of differential expression patterns for genes encoding other glycerolipid-metabolic genes. The phosphatidic acid phosphatase mutant pah1 pah2 showed flower developmental defect, suggesting a role for phosphatidic acid in flower development. Our concurrent profiling of glycerolipids and relevant metabolic gene expression revealed distinct metabolic pathways stimulated at different stages of flower development in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Nakamura
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 128 sec.2 Academia Rd, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, A-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore city, 117456, Singapore; Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore city, 117604, Singapore
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45
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Cheong WF, Wenk MR, Shui G. Comprehensive analysis of lipid composition in crude palm oil using multiple lipidomic approaches. J Genet Genomics 2014; 41:293-304. [PMID: 24894356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Palm oil is currently the leading edible oil consumed worldwide. Triacylglycerol (TAG) and diacylglycerol (DAG) are the dominant lipid classes in palm oil. Other lipid classes present in crude palm oil, such as phospholipids and galactolipids, are very low in abundance. These low-abundance lipids constitute key intermediates in lipid biosynthesis. In this study, we applied multiple lipidomic approaches, including high-sensitivity and high-specificity multiple reaction monitoring, to comprehensively quantify individual lipid species in crude palm oil. We also established a new liquid chromatography-coupled mass spectrometry method that allows direct quantification of low-abundance galactolipids in palm oil without the need for sample pretreatment. As crude palm oil contains large amounts of neutral lipids, our direct-detection method circumvents many of the challenges encountered with conventional lipid quantification methods. This approach allows direct measurement of lipids with no hassle during sample preparation and is more accurate and precise compared with other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Fun Cheong
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119275, Singapore
| | - Markus R Wenk
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119275, Singapore.
| | - Guanghou Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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46
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Muthan B, Roston RL, Froehlich JE, Benning C. Probing Arabidopsis chloroplast diacylglycerol pools by selectively targeting bacterial diacylglycerol kinase to suborganellar membranes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 163:61-74. [PMID: 23839866 PMCID: PMC3762665 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.222513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol (DAG) is an intermediate in metabolism of both triacylglycerols and membrane lipids. Probing the steady-state pools of DAG and understanding how they contribute to the synthesis of different lipids is important when designing plants with altered lipid metabolism. However, traditional methods of assaying DAG pools are difficult, because its abundance is low and because fractionation of subcellular membranes affects DAG pools. To manipulate and probe DAG pools in an in vivo context, we generated multiple stable transgenic lines of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) that target an Escherichia coli DAG kinase (DAGK) to each leaflet of each chloroplast envelope membrane. E. coli DAGK is small, self inserts into membranes, and has catalytic activity on only one side of each membrane. By comparing whole-tissue lipid profiles between our lines, we show that each line has an individual pattern of DAG, phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylcholine, and triacylglycerol steady-state levels, which supports an individual function of DAG in each membrane leaflet. Furthermore, conversion of DAG in the leaflets facing the chloroplast intermembrane space by DAGK impairs plant growth. As a result of DAGK presence in the outer leaflet of the outer envelope membrane, phosphatidic acid accumulation is not observed, likely because it is either converted into other lipids or removed to other membranes. Finally, we use the outer envelope-targeted DAGK line as a tool to probe the accessibility of DAG generated in response to osmotic stress.
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47
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Nualkaew N, Guennewich N, Springob K, Klamrak A, De-Eknamkul W, Kutchan TM. Molecular cloning and catalytic activity of a membrane-bound prenyl diphosphate phosphatase from Croton stellatopilosus Ohba. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 91:140-147. [PMID: 23092673 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Geranylgeraniol (GGOH), a bioactive acyclic diterpene with apoptotic induction activity, is the immediate precursor of the commercial anti-peptic, plaunotol (18-hydroxy geranylgeraniol), which is found in Croton stellatopilosus (Ohba). From this plant, a cDNA encoding a prenyl diphosphate phosphatase (CsPDP), which catalyses the dephosphorylation of geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) to GGOH, was isolated using a PCR approach. The full-length cDNA contained 888bp and encoded a 33.6 kDa protein (295 amino acids) that was phylogenetically grouped into the phosphatidic acid phosphatase (PAP) enzyme family. The deduced amino acid sequence showed 6 hydrophobic transmembrane regions with 57-85% homology to the sequences of other plant PAPs. The recombinant CsPDP and its 4 truncated constructs exhibited decreasing dephosphorylation activities relative to the lengths of the N-terminal deletions. While the full-length CsPDP successfully performed the two sequential monodephosphorylation steps on GGPP to form GGOH, the larger N-terminal deletion in the truncated enzymes appeared to specifically decrease the catalytic efficiency of the second monodephosphorylation step. The information presented here on the CsPDP cDNA and factors affecting the dephosphorylation activity of its recombinant protein may eventually lead to the discovery of the specific GGPP phosphatase gene and enzyme that are involved in the formation of GGOH in the biosynthetic pathway of plaunotol in C. stellatopilosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsajee Nualkaew
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon-Kaen University, Khon-Kaen 40002, Thailand
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Comba S, Menendez-Bravo S, Arabolaza A, Gramajo H. Identification and physiological characterization of phosphatidic acid phosphatase enzymes involved in triacylglycerol biosynthesis in Streptomyces coelicolor. Microb Cell Fact 2013; 12:9. [PMID: 23356794 PMCID: PMC3599759 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-12-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphatidic acid phosphatase (PAP, EC 3.1.3.4) catalyzes the dephosphorylation of phosphatidate yielding diacylglycerol (DAG), the lipid precursor for triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis. Despite the importance of PAP activity in TAG producing bacteria, studies to establish its role in lipid metabolism have been so far restricted only to eukaryotes. Considering the increasing interest of bacterial TAG as a potential source of raw material for biofuel production, we have focused our studies on the identification and physiological characterization of the putative PAP present in the TAG producing bacterium Streptomyces coelicolor. RESULTS We have identified two S. coelicolor genes, named lppα (SCO1102) and lppβ (SCO1753), encoding for functional PAP proteins. Both enzymes mediate, at least in part, the formation of DAG for neutral lipid biosynthesis. Heterologous expression of lppα and lppβ genes in E. coli resulted in enhanced PAP activity in the membrane fractions of the recombinant strains and concomitantly in higher levels of DAG. In addition, the expression of these genes in yeast complemented the temperature-sensitive growth phenotype of the PAP deficient strain GHY58 (dpp1lpp1pah1). In S. coelicolor, disruption of either lppα or lppβ had no effect on TAG accumulation; however, the simultaneous mutation of both genes provoked a drastic reduction in de novo TAG biosynthesis as well as in total TAG content. Consistently, overexpression of Lppα and Lppβ in the wild type strain of S. coelicolor led to a significant increase in TAG production. CONCLUSIONS The present study describes the identification of PAP enzymes in bacteria and provides further insights on the genetic basis for prokaryotic oiliness. Furthermore, this finding completes the whole set of enzymes required for de novo TAG biosynthesis pathway in S. coelicolor. Remarkably, the overexpression of these PAPs in Streptomyces bacteria contributes to a higher productivity of this single cell oil. Altogether, these results provide new elements and tools for future cell engineering for next-generation biofuels production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Comba
- Microbiology Division, IBR (Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK, Rosario, Argentina
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Li-Beisson Y, Shorrosh B, Beisson F, Andersson MX, Arondel V, Bates PD, Baud S, Bird D, DeBono A, Durrett TP, Franke RB, Graham IA, Katayama K, Kelly AA, Larson T, Markham JE, Miquel M, Molina I, Nishida I, Rowland O, Samuels L, Schmid KM, Wada H, Welti R, Xu C, Zallot R, Ohlrogge J. Acyl-lipid metabolism. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2013; 11:e0161. [PMID: 23505340 PMCID: PMC3563272 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 677] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Acyl lipids in Arabidopsis and all other plants have a myriad of diverse functions. These include providing the core diffusion barrier of the membranes that separates cells and subcellular organelles. This function alone involves more than 10 membrane lipid classes, including the phospholipids, galactolipids, and sphingolipids, and within each class the variations in acyl chain composition expand the number of structures to several hundred possible molecular species. Acyl lipids in the form of triacylglycerol account for 35% of the weight of Arabidopsis seeds and represent their major form of carbon and energy storage. A layer of cutin and cuticular waxes that restricts the loss of water and provides protection from invasions by pathogens and other stresses covers the entire aerial surface of Arabidopsis. Similar functions are provided by suberin and its associated waxes that are localized in roots, seed coats, and abscission zones and are produced in response to wounding. This chapter focuses on the metabolic pathways that are associated with the biosynthesis and degradation of the acyl lipids mentioned above. These pathways, enzymes, and genes are also presented in detail in an associated website (ARALIP: http://aralip.plantbiology.msu.edu/). Protocols and methods used for analysis of Arabidopsis lipids are provided. Finally, a detailed summary of the composition of Arabidopsis lipids is provided in three figures and 15 tables.
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Wang Z, Anderson NS, Benning C. The phosphatidic acid binding site of the Arabidopsis trigalactosyldiacylglycerol 4 (TGD4) protein required for lipid import into chloroplasts. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:4763-71. [PMID: 23297418 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.438986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chloroplast membrane lipid synthesis relies on the import of glycerolipids from the ER. The TGD (TriGalactosylDiacylglycerol) proteins are required for this lipid transfer process. The TGD1, -2, and -3 proteins form a putative ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transporter transporting ER-derived lipids through the inner envelope membrane of the chloroplast, while TGD4 binds phosphatidic acid (PtdOH) and resides in the outer chloroplast envelope. We identified two sequences in TGD4, amino acids 1-80 and 110-145, which are necessary and sufficient for PtdOH binding. Deletion of both sequences abolished PtdOH binding activity. We also found that TGD4 from 18:3 plants bound specifically and with increased affinity PtdOH. TGD4 did not interact with other proteins and formed a homodimer both in vitro and in vivo. Our results suggest that TGD4 is an integral dimeric β-barrel lipid transfer protein that binds PtdOH with its N terminus and contains dimerization domains at its C terminus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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