1
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Eckmair B, Gao C, Mehta AY, Dutkiewicz Z, Vanbeselaere J, Cummings RD, Paschinger K, Wilson IBH. Recognition of Highly Branched N-Glycans of the Porcine Whipworm by the Immune System. Mol Cell Proteomics 2024; 23:100711. [PMID: 38182041 PMCID: PMC10850124 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2024.100711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycans are key to host-pathogen interactions, whereby recognition by the host and immunomodulation by the pathogen can be mediated by carbohydrate binding proteins, such as lectins of the innate immune system, and their glycoconjugate ligands. Previous studies have shown that excretory-secretory products of the porcine nematode parasite Trichuris suis exert immunomodulatory effects in a glycan-dependent manner. To better understand the mechanisms of these interactions, we prepared N-glycans from T. suis and both analyzed their structures and used them to generate a natural glycan microarray. With this array, we explored the interactions of glycans with C-type lectins, C-reactive protein, and sera from T. suis-infected pigs. Glycans containing LacdiNAc and phosphorylcholine-modified glycans were associated with the highest binding by most of these proteins. In-depth analysis revealed not only fucosylated LacdiNAc motifs with and without phosphorylcholine moieties but phosphorylcholine-modified mannose and N-acetylhexosamine-substituted fucose residues, in the context of maximally tetraantennary N-glycan scaffolds. Furthermore, O-glycans also contained fucosylated motifs. In summary, the glycans of T. suis are recognized by both the innate and adaptive immune systems and also exhibit species-specific features distinguishing its glycome from those of other nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Eckmair
- Department für Chemie, Institut für Biochemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, Austria
| | - Chao Gao
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Akul Y Mehta
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zuzanna Dutkiewicz
- Department für Chemie, Institut für Biochemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, Austria
| | - Jorick Vanbeselaere
- Department für Chemie, Institut für Biochemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, Austria
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katharina Paschinger
- Department für Chemie, Institut für Biochemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, Austria
| | - Iain B H Wilson
- Department für Chemie, Institut für Biochemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, Austria.
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2
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Fossa SL, Anton BP, Kneller DW, Petralia LMC, Ganatra MB, Boisvert ML, Vainauskas S, Chan SH, Hokke CH, Foster JM, Taron CH. A novel family of sugar-specific phosphodiesterases that remove zwitterionic modifications of GlcNAc. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105437. [PMID: 37944617 PMCID: PMC10704324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The zwitterions phosphorylcholine (PC) and phosphoethanolamine (PE) are often found esterified to certain sugars in polysaccharides and glycoconjugates in a wide range of biological species. One such modification involves PC attachment to the 6-carbon of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc-6-PC) in N-glycans and glycosphingolipids (GSLs) of parasitic nematodes, a modification that helps the parasite evade host immunity. Knowledge of enzymes involved in the synthesis and degradation of PC and PE modifications is limited. More detailed studies on such enzymes would contribute to a better understanding of the function of PC modifications and have potential application in the structural analysis of zwitterion-modified glycans. In this study, we used functional metagenomic screening to identify phosphodiesterases encoded in a human fecal DNA fosmid library that remove PC from GlcNAc-6-PC. A novel bacterial phosphodiesterase was identified and biochemically characterized. This enzyme (termed GlcNAc-PDase) shows remarkable substrate preference for GlcNAc-6-PC and GlcNAc-6-PE, with little or no activity on other zwitterion-modified hexoses. The identified GlcNAc-PDase protein sequence is a member of the large endonuclease/exonuclease/phosphatase superfamily where it defines a distinct subfamily of related sequences of previously unknown function, mostly from Clostridium bacteria species. Finally, we demonstrate use of GlcNAc-PDase to confirm the presence of GlcNAc-6-PC in N-glycans and GSLs of the parasitic nematode Brugia malayi in a glycoanalytical workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Fossa
- Research Department, New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brian P Anton
- Research Department, New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel W Kneller
- Research Department, New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laudine M C Petralia
- Research Department, New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Parasitology, Leiden University - Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mehul B Ganatra
- Research Department, New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Siu-Hong Chan
- Research Department, New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cornelis H Hokke
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University - Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeremy M Foster
- Research Department, New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts, USA
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3
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Eckmair B, Gao C, Mehta AY, Dutkiewicz Z, Vanbeselaere J, Cummings RD, Paschinger K, Wilson IBH. Recognition of highly branched N-glycans of the porcine whipworm by the immune system. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.21.557549. [PMID: 37790353 PMCID: PMC10542551 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.21.557549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Glycans are key to host-pathogen interactions, whereby recognition by the host and immunomodulation by the pathogen can be mediated by carbohydrate binding proteins, such as lectins of the innate immune system, and their glycoconjugate ligands. Previous studies have shown that excretory-secretory products of the porcine nematode parasite Trichuris suis exert immunomodulatory effects in a glycan-dependent manner. To better understand the mechanisms of these interactions, we prepared N-glycans from T. suis and both analyzed their structures and used them to generate a natural glycan microarray. With this array we explored the interactions of glycans with C-type lectins, C-reactive protein and sera from T. suis infected pigs. Glycans containing LacdiNAc and phosphorylcholine-modified glycans were associated with the highest binding by most of these proteins. In-depth analysis revealed not only fucosylated LacdiNAc motifs with and without phosphorylcholine moieties, but phosphorylcholine-modified mannose and N-acetylhexosamine-substituted fucose residues, in the context of maximally tetraantennary N-glycan scaffolds. Furthermore, O-glycans also contained fucosylated motifs. In summary, the glycans of T. suis are recognized by both the innate and adaptive immune systems, and also exhibit species-specific features distinguishing its glycome from those of other nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Eckmair
- Institut für Biochemie, Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Chao Gao
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Akul Y Mehta
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zuzanna Dutkiewicz
- Institut für Biochemie, Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Jorick Vanbeselaere
- Institut für Biochemie, Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Katharina Paschinger
- Institut für Biochemie, Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Iain B H Wilson
- Institut für Biochemie, Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria
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4
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Wilson IBH, Yan S, Jin C, Dutkiewicz Z, Rendić D, Palmberger D, Schnabel R, Paschinger K. Increasing Complexity of the N-Glycome During Caenorhabditis Development. Mol Cell Proteomics 2023; 22:100505. [PMID: 36717059 PMCID: PMC7614267 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2023.100505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans is a frequently employed genetic model organism and has been the object of a wide range of developmental, genetic, proteomic, and glycomic studies. Here, using an off-line MALDI-TOF-MS approach, we have analyzed the N-glycans of mixed embryos and liquid- or plate-grown L4 larvae. Of the over 200 different annotatable N-glycan structures, variations between the stages as well as the mode of cultivation were observed. While the embryonal N-glycome appears less complicated overall, the liquid- and plate-grown larvae differ especially in terms of methylation of bisecting fucose, α-galactosylation of mannose, and di-β-galactosylation of core α1,6-fucose. Furthermore, we analyzed the O-glycans by LC-electrospray ionization-MS following β-elimination; especially the embryonal O-glycomes included a set of phosphorylcholine-modified structures, previously not shown to exist in nematodes. However, the set of glycan structures cannot be clearly correlated with levels of glycosyltransferase transcripts in developmental RNA-Seq datasets, but there is an indication for coordinated expression of clusters of potential glycosylation-relevant genes. Thus, there are still questions to be answered in terms of how and why a simple nematode synthesizes such a diverse glycome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain B H Wilson
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, Austria.
| | - Shi Yan
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, Austria; Institut für Parasitologie, Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Austria
| | - Chunsheng Jin
- Institutionen för Biomedicin, Göteborgs universitet, Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | - Dubravko Rendić
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, Austria
| | | | - Ralf Schnabel
- Institut für Genetik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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5
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Guo R, Zhang T, Lambert TOT, Wang T, Voglmeir J, Rand KD, Liu L. PNGase H + variant from Rudaea cellulosilytica with improved deglycosylation efficiency for rapid analysis of eukaryotic N-glycans and hydrogen deuterium exchange mass spectrometry analysis of glycoproteins. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9376. [PMID: 35945033 PMCID: PMC9541014 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of glycoproteins and the comparison of protein N-glycosylation from different eukaryotic origins require unbiased and robust analytical workflows. The structural and functional analysis of vertebrate protein N-glycosylation currently depends extensively on bacterial peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidases (PNGases), which are indispensable enzymatic tools in releasing asparagine-linked oligosaccharides (N-glycans) from glycoproteins. So far, only limited PNGase candidates are available for N-glycans analysis, and particularly the analysis of plant and invertebrate N-glycans is hampered by the lack of suitable PNGases. Furthermore, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) workflows, such as hydrogen deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS), require a highly efficient enzymatic release of N-glycans at low pH values to facilitate the comprehensive structural analysis of glycoproteins. Herein, we describe a previously unstudied superacidic bacterial N-glycanase (PNGase H+ ) originating from the soil bacterium Rudaea cellulosilytica (Rc), which has significantly improved enzymatic properties compared to previously described PNGase H+ variants. Active and soluble recombinant PNGase Rc was expressed at a higher protein level (3.8-fold) and with higher specific activity (~56% increase) compared to the currently used PNGase H+ variant from Dyella japonicum (Dj). Recombinant PNGase Rc was able to deglycosylate the glycoproteins horseradish peroxidase and bovine lactoferrin significantly faster than PNGase Dj (10 min vs. 6 h). The versatility of PNGase Rc was demonstrated by releasing N-glycans from a diverse array of samples such as peach fruit, king trumpet mushroom, mouse serum, and the soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The presence of only two disulfide bonds shown in the AlphaFold protein model (so far all other superacidic PNGases possess more disulfide bonds) could be corroborated by intact mass- and peptide mapping analysis and provides a possible explanation for the improved recombinant expression yield of PNGase Rc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui‐Rui Guo
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and TechnologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Tian‐Chan Zhang
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and TechnologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | | | - Ting Wang
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and TechnologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Josef Voglmeir
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and TechnologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Kasper D. Rand
- Protein Analysis Group, Department of PharmacyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Li Liu
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and TechnologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
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6
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Hykollari A, Paschinger K, Wilson IBH. Negative-mode mass spectrometry in the analysis of invertebrate, fungal, and protist N-glycans. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022; 41:945-963. [PMID: 33955035 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The approaches for analysis of N-glycans have radically altered in the last 20 years or so. Due to increased sensitivity, mass spectrometry has become the predominant method in modern glycomics. Here, we summarize recent studies showing that the improved resolution and detection by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has contributed greatly to the discovery of a large range of anionic and zwitterionic N-glycan structures across the different kingdoms of life, whereby MALDI-TOF MS in negative mode is less widely performed than in positive mode. However, its use enables the detection of key fragments indicative of certain sugar modifications such as sulfate, (methyl) phosphate, phosphoethanolamine, (methyl)aminoethylphosphonate, glucuronic, and sialic acid, thereby enabling certain isobaric glycan variations to be distinguished. As we also discuss in this review, complementary approaches such as negative-mode electrospray ionization-MS/MS, Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance MS, and ion mobility MS yield, respectively, cross-linkage fragments, high accuracy masses, and isomeric information, thus adding other components to complete the jigsaw puzzle when defining unusual glycan modifications from lower organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Hykollari
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Wien, Austria
- VetCore Facility for Research, Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Austria
| | | | - Iain B H Wilson
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, Wien, Austria
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7
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Toustou C, Walet-Balieu ML, Kiefer-Meyer MC, Houdou M, Lerouge P, Foulquier F, Bardor M. Towards understanding the extensive diversity of protein N-glycan structures in eukaryotes. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 97:732-748. [PMID: 34873817 PMCID: PMC9300197 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
N‐glycosylation is an important post‐translational modification of proteins that has been highly conserved during evolution and is found in Eukaryota, Bacteria and Archaea. In eukaryotes, N‐glycan processing is sequential, involving multiple specific steps within the secretory pathway as proteins travel through the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. In this review, we first summarize the different steps of the N‐glycan processing and further describe recent findings regarding the diversity of N‐glycan structures in eukaryotic clades. This comparison allows us to explore the different regulation mechanisms of N‐glycan processing among eukaryotic clades. Recent findings regarding the regulation of protein N‐glycosylation are highlighted, especially the regulation of the biosynthesis of complex‐type N‐glycans through manganese and calcium homeostasis and the specific role of transmembrane protein 165 (TMEM165) for which homologous sequences have been identified in several eukaryotic clades. Further research will be required to characterize the function of TMEM165 homologous sequences in different eukaryotic clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Toustou
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire végétale (Glyco-MEV) EA4358, Mont-Saint-Aignan, 76821, France
| | - Marie-Laure Walet-Balieu
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire végétale (Glyco-MEV) EA4358, Mont-Saint-Aignan, 76821, France
| | - Marie-Christine Kiefer-Meyer
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire végétale (Glyco-MEV) EA4358, Mont-Saint-Aignan, 76821, France
| | - Marine Houdou
- Univ Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, F-59000, France.,Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 802, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Patrice Lerouge
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire végétale (Glyco-MEV) EA4358, Mont-Saint-Aignan, 76821, France
| | - François Foulquier
- Univ Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Muriel Bardor
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire végétale (Glyco-MEV) EA4358, Mont-Saint-Aignan, 76821, France.,Univ Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, F-59000, France
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8
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Harvey DJ. ANALYSIS OF CARBOHYDRATES AND GLYCOCONJUGATES BY MATRIX-ASSISTED LASER DESORPTION/IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY: AN UPDATE FOR 2015-2016. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2021; 40:408-565. [PMID: 33725404 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This review is the ninth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2016. Also included are papers that describe methods appropriate to analysis by MALDI, such as sample preparation techniques, even though the ionization method is not MALDI. Topics covered in the first part of the review include general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation and arrays. The second part of the review is devoted to applications to various structural types such as oligo- and poly-saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. The third part of the review covers medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions and applications to chemical synthesis. The reported work shows increasing use of combined new techniques such as ion mobility and the enormous impact that MALDI imaging is having. MALDI, although invented over 30 years ago is still an ideal technique for carbohydrate analysis and advancements in the technique and range of applications show no sign of deminishing. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
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9
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Anyaogu DC, Hansen AH, Hoof JB, Majewska NI, Contesini FJ, Paul JT, Nielsen KF, Hobley TJ, Yang S, Zhang H, Betenbaugh M, Mortensen UH. Glycoengineering of Aspergillus nidulans to produce precursors for humanized N-glycan structures. Metab Eng 2021; 67:153-163. [PMID: 34174425 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi secrete protein with a very high efficiency, and this potential can be exploited advantageously to produce therapeutic proteins at low costs. A significant barrier to this goal is posed by the fact that fungal N-glycosylation varies substantially from that of humans. Inappropriate N-glycosylation of therapeutics results in reduced product quality, including poor efficacy, decreased serum half-life, and undesirable immune reactions. One solution to this problem is to reprogram the glycosylation pathway of filamentous fungi to decorate proteins with glycans that match, or can be remodeled into, those that are accepted by humans. In yeast, deletion of ALG3 leads to the accumulation of Man5GlcNAc2 glycan structures that can act as a precursor for remodeling. However, in Aspergilli, deletion of the ALG3 homolog algC leads to an N-glycan pool where the majority of the structures contain more hexose residues than the Man3-5GlcNAc2 species that can serve as substrates for humanized glycan structures. Hence, additional strain optimization is required. In this report, we have used gene deletions in combination with enzymatic and chemical glycan treatments to investigate N-glycosylation in the model fungus Aspergillus nidulans. In vitro analyses showed that only some of the N-glycan structures produced by a mutant A. nidulans strain, which is devoid of any of the known ER mannose transferases, can be trimmed into desirable Man3GlcNAc2 glycan structures, as substantial amounts of glycan structures appear to be capped by glucose residues. In agreement with this view, deletion of the ALG6 homolog algF, which encodes the putative α-1,3- glucosyltransferase that adds the first glucose residue to the growing ER glycan structure, dramatically reduces the amounts of Hex6-7HexNAc2 structures. Similarly, these structures are also sensitive to overexpression of the genes encoding the heterodimeric α-glucosidase II complex. Without the glucose caps, a new set of large N-glycan structures was formed. Formation of this set is mostly, perhaps entirely, due to mannosylation, as overexpression of the gene encoding mannosidase activity led to their elimination. Based on our new insights into the N-glycan processing in A. nidulans, an A. nidulans mutant strain was constructed in which more than 70% of the glycoforms appear to be Man3-5GlcNAc2 species, which may serve as precursors for further engineering in order to create more complex human-like N-glycan structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Chinyere Anyaogu
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 223, 2800 kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anders Holmgaard Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 220, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jakob Blæsbjerg Hoof
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 223, 2800 kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Natalia I Majewska
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Fabiano Jares Contesini
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 223, 2800 kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jackson T Paul
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Kristian Fog Nielsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 223, 2800 kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Timothy John Hobley
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 222, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Shuang Yang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Michael Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
| | - Uffe Hasbro Mortensen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 223, 2800 kgs, Lyngby, Denmark.
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10
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Liu C, Talbot NJ, Chen XL. Protein glycosylation during infection by plant pathogenic fungi. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1329-1335. [PMID: 33454977 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is a conserved set of post-translational modifications that exists in all eukaryotic cells. During the last decade, the role of glycosylation in plant pathogenic fungi has received significant attention and considerable progress has been made especially in Ustilago maydis and Magnaporthe oryzae. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the role of N-glycosylation, O-glycosylation and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors during plant infection by pathogenic fungi. We highlight the roles of these processes in regulatory mechanisms associated with appressorium formation, host penetration, biotrophic growth and immune evasion. We argue that improved knowledge of glycosylation pathways and the impact of these modifications on fungal pathogenesis is overdue and could provide novel strategies for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Nicholas J Talbot
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich,, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Xiao-Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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11
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West CM, Malzl D, Hykollari A, Wilson IBH. Glycomics, Glycoproteomics, and Glycogenomics: An Inter-Taxa Evolutionary Perspective. Mol Cell Proteomics 2021; 20:100024. [PMID: 32994314 PMCID: PMC8724618 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.r120.002263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is a highly diverse set of co- and posttranslational modifications of proteins. For mammalian glycoproteins, glycosylation is often site-, tissue-, and species-specific and diversified by microheterogeneity. Multitudinous biochemical, cellular, physiological, and organismic effects of their glycans have been revealed, either intrinsic to the carrier proteins or mediated by endogenous reader proteins with carbohydrate recognition domains. Furthermore, glycans frequently form the first line of access by or defense from foreign invaders, and new roles for nucleocytoplasmic glycosylation are blossoming. We now know enough to conclude that the same general principles apply in invertebrate animals and unicellular eukaryotes-different branches of which spawned the plants or fungi and animals. The two major driving forces for exploring the glycomes of invertebrates and protists are (i) to understand the biochemical basis of glycan-driven biology in these organisms, especially of pathogens, and (ii) to uncover the evolutionary relationships between glycans, their biosynthetic enzyme genes, and biological functions for new glycobiological insights. With an emphasis on emerging areas of protist glycobiology, here we offer an overview of glycan diversity and evolution, to promote future access to this treasure trove of glycobiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M West
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.
| | - Daniel Malzl
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, Austria
| | - Alba Hykollari
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, Austria; VetCore Facility for Research/Proteomics Unit, Veterinärmedizinische Universität, Vienna, Austria
| | - Iain B H Wilson
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, Austria
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12
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Harvey DJ. NEGATIVE ION MASS SPECTROMETRY FOR THE ANALYSIS OF N-LINKED GLYCANS. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2020; 39:586-679. [PMID: 32329121 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
N-glycans from glycoproteins are complex, branched structures whose structural determination presents many analytical problems. Mass spectrometry, usually conducted in positive ion mode, often requires extensive sample manipulation, usually by derivatization such as permethylation, to provide the necessary structure-revealing fragment ions. The newer but, so far, lesser used negative ion techniques, on the contrary, provide a wealth of structural information not present in positive ion spectra that greatly simplify the analysis of these compounds and can usually be conducted without the need for derivatization. This review describes the use of negative ion mass spectrometry for the structural analysis of N-linked glycans and emphasises the many advantages that can be gained by this mode of operation. Biosynthesis and structures of the compounds are described followed by methods for release of the glycans from the protein. Methods for ionization are discussed with emphasis on matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and methods for producing negative ions from neutral compounds. Acidic glycans naturally give deprotonated species under most ionization conditions. Fragmentation of negative ions is discussed next with particular reference to those ions that are diagnostic for specific features such as the branching topology of the glycans and substitution positions of moieties such as fucose and sulfate, features that are often difficult to identify easily by conventional techniques such as positive ion fragmentation and exoglycosidase digestions. The advantages of negative over positive ions for this structural work are emphasised with an example of a series of glycans where all other methods failed to produce a structure. Fragmentation of derivatized glycans is discussed next, both with respect to derivatives at the reducing terminus of the molecules, and to methods for neutralization of the acidic groups on sialic acids to both stabilize them for MALDI analysis and to produce the diagnostic fragments seen with the neutral glycans. The use of ion mobility, combined with conventional mass spectrometry is described with emphasis on its use to extract clean glycan spectra both before and after fragmentation, to separate isomers and its use to extract additional information from separated fragment ions. A section on applications follows with examples of the identification of novel structures from lower organisms and tables listing the use of negative ions for structural identification of specific glycoproteins, glycans from viruses and uses in the biopharmaceutical industry and in medicine. The review concludes with a summary of the advantages and disadvantages of the technique. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Life Sciences Building 85, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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13
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Labrada KP, Strobl S, Eckmair B, Blaukopf M, Dutkiewicz Z, Hykollari A, Malzl D, Paschinger K, Yan S, Wilson IBH, Kosma P. Zwitterionic Phosphodiester-Substituted Neoglycoconjugates as Ligands for Antibodies and Acute Phase Proteins. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:369-377. [PMID: 31935056 PMCID: PMC7046318 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Zwitterionic modifications of glycans, such as phosphorylcholine and phosphoethanolamine, are known from a range of prokaryotic and eukaryotic species and are recognized by mammalian antibodies and pentraxins; however, defined saccharide ligands modified with these zwitterionic moieties for high-throughput studies are lacking. In this study, we prepared and tested example mono- and disaccharides 6-substituted with either phosphorylcholine or phosphoethanolamine as bovine serum albumin neoglycoconjugates or printed in a microarray format for subsequent assessment of their binding to lectins, pentraxins, and antibodies. C-Reactive protein and anti-phosphorylcholine antibodies bound specifically to ligands with phosphorylcholine, but recognition by concanavalin A was abolished or decreased as compared with that to the corresponding nonzwitterionic compounds. Furthermore, in array format, the phosphorylcholine-modified ligands were recognized by IgG and IgM in sera of either non-infected or nematode-infected dogs and pigs. Thereby, these new compounds are defined ligands which allow the assessment of glycan-bound phosphorylcholine as a target of both the innate and adaptive immune systems in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karell Pérez Labrada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sebastian Strobl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Eckmair
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Blaukopf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Zuzanna Dutkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alba Hykollari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Malzl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Paschinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Iain B. H. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Kosma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
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14
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Vanbeselaere J, Jin C, Eckmair B, Wilson IBH, Paschinger K. Sulfated and sialylated N-glycans in the echinoderm Holothuria atra reflect its marine habitat and phylogeny. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:3159-3172. [PMID: 31969392 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the earliest deuterostomes, the echinoderms are an evolutionary important group of ancient marine animals. Within this phylum, the holothuroids (sea cucumbers) are known to produce a wide range of glycoconjugate biopolymers with apparent benefits to health; therefore, they are of economic and culinary interest throughout the world. Other than their highly modified glycosaminoglycans (e.g. fucosylated chondroitin sulfate and fucoidan), nothing is known about their protein-linked glycosylation. Here we used multistep N-glycan fractionation to efficiently separate anionic and neutral N-glycans before analyzing the N-glycans of the black sea cucumber (Holothuria atra) by MS in combination with enzymatic and chemical treatments. These analyses showed the presence of various fucosylated, phosphorylated, sialylated, and multiply sulfated moieties as modifications of oligomannosidic, hybrid, and complex-type N-glycans. The high degree of sulfation and fucosylation parallels the modifications observed previously on holothuroid glycosaminoglycans. Compatible with its phylogenetic position, H. atra not only expresses vertebrate motifs such as sulfo- and sialyl-Lewis A epitopes but displays a high degree of anionic substitution of its glycans, as observed in other marine invertebrates. Thus, as for other echinoderms, the phylum- and order-specific aspects of this species' N-glycosylation reveal both invertebrate- and vertebrate-like features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorick Vanbeselaere
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Chunsheng Jin
- Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Barbara Eckmair
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Iain B H Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Katharina Paschinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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15
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Tjondro HC, Loke I, Chatterjee S, Thaysen-Andersen M. Human protein paucimannosylation: cues from the eukaryotic kingdoms. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:2068-2100. [PMID: 31410980 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Paucimannosidic proteins (PMPs) are bioactive glycoproteins carrying truncated α- or β-mannosyl-terminating asparagine (N)-linked glycans widely reported across the eukaryotic domain. Our understanding of human PMPs remains limited, despite findings documenting their existence and association with human disease glycobiology. This review comprehensively surveys the structures, biosynthetic routes and functions of PMPs across the eukaryotic kingdoms with the aim of synthesising an improved understanding on the role of protein paucimannosylation in human health and diseases. Convincing biochemical, glycoanalytical and biological data detail a vast structural heterogeneity and fascinating tissue- and subcellular-specific expression of PMPs within invertebrates and plants, often comprising multi-α1,3/6-fucosylation and β1,2-xylosylation amongst other glycan modifications and non-glycan substitutions e.g. O-methylation. Vertebrates and protists express less-heterogeneous PMPs typically only comprising variable core fucosylation of bi- and trimannosylchitobiose core glycans. In particular, the Manα1,6Manβ1,4GlcNAc(α1,6Fuc)β1,4GlcNAcβAsn glycan (M2F) decorates various human neutrophil proteins reportedly displaying bioactivity and structural integrity demonstrating that they are not degradation products. Less-truncated paucimannosidic glycans (e.g. M3F) are characteristic glycosylation features of proteins expressed by human cancer and stem cells. Concertedly, these observations suggest the involvement of human PMPs in processes related to innate immunity, tumorigenesis and cellular differentiation. The absence of human PMPs in diverse bodily fluids studied under many (patho)physiological conditions suggests extravascular residence and points to localised functions of PMPs in peripheral tissues. Absence of PMPs in Fungi indicates that paucimannosylation is common, but not universally conserved, in eukaryotes. Relative to human PMPs, the expression of PMPs in plants, invertebrates and protists is more tissue-wide and constitutive yet, similar to their human counterparts, PMP expression remains regulated by the physiology of the producing organism and PMPs evidently serve essential functions in development, cell-cell communication and host-pathogen/symbiont interactions. In most PMP-producing organisms, including humans, the N-acetyl-β-hexosaminidase isoenzymes and linkage-specific α-mannosidases are glycoside hydrolases critical for generating PMPs via N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I (GnT-I)-dependent and GnT-I-independent truncation pathways. However, the identity and structure of many species-specific PMPs in eukaryotes, their biosynthetic routes, strong tissue- and development-specific expression, and diverse functions are still elusive. Deep exploration of these PMP features involving, for example, the characterisation of endogenous PMP-recognising lectins across a variety of healthy and N-acetyl-β-hexosaminidase-deficient human tissue types and identification of microbial adhesins reactive to human PMPs, are amongst the many tasks required for enhanced insight into the glycobiology of human PMPs. In conclusion, the literature supports the notion that PMPs are significant, yet still heavily under-studied biomolecules in human glycobiology that serve essential functions and create structural heterogeneity not dissimilar to other human N-glycoprotein types. Human PMPs should therefore be recognised as bioactive glycoproteins that are distinctly different from the canonical N-glycoprotein classes and which warrant a more dedicated focus in glycobiological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry C Tjondro
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
| | - Ian Loke
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Sayantani Chatterjee
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
| | - Morten Thaysen-Andersen
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
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16
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Paschinger K, Wilson IBH. Anionic and zwitterionic moieties as widespread glycan modifications in non-vertebrates. Glycoconj J 2019; 37:27-40. [PMID: 31278613 PMCID: PMC6994554 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-019-09874-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycan structures in non-vertebrates are highly variable; it can be assumed that this is a product of evolution and speciation, not that it is just a random event. However, in animals and protists, there is a relatively limited repertoire of around ten monosaccharide building blocks, most of which are neutral in terms of charge. While two monosaccharide types in eukaryotes (hexuronic and sialic acids) are anionic, there are a number of organic or inorganic modifications of glycans such as sulphate, pyruvate, phosphate, phosphorylcholine, phosphoethanolamine and aminoethylphosphonate that also confer a 'charged' nature (either anionic or zwitterionic) to glycoconjugate structures. These alter the physicochemical properties of the glycans to which they are attached, change their ionisation when analysing them by mass spectrometry and result in different interactions with protein receptors. Here, we focus on N-glycans carrying anionic and zwitterionic modifications in protists and invertebrates, but make some reference to O-glycans, glycolipids and glycosaminoglycans which also contain such moieties. The conclusion is that 'charged' glycoconjugates are a widespread, but easily overlooked, feature of 'lower' organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iain B H Wilson
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, 1190, Wien, Austria.
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17
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Paschinger K, Yan S, Wilson IBH. N-glycomic Complexity in Anatomical Simplicity: Caenorhabditis elegans as a Non-model Nematode? Front Mol Biosci 2019; 6:9. [PMID: 30915340 PMCID: PMC6422873 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2019.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans is a genetically well-studied model nematode or "worm"; however, its N-glycomic complexity is actually baffling and still not completely unraveled. Some features of its N-glycans are, to date, unique and include bisecting galactose and up to five fucose residues associated with the asparagine-linked Man2-3GlcNAc2 core; the substitutions include galactosylation of fucose, fucosylation of galactose and methylation of mannose or fucose residues as well as phosphorylcholine on antennal (non-reducing) N-acetylglucosamine. Only some of these modifications are shared with various other nematodes, while others have yet to be detected in any other species. Thus, C. elegans can be used as a model for some aspects of N-glycan function, but its glycome is far from identical to those of other organisms and is actually far from simple. Possibly the challenges of its native environment, which differ from those of parasitic or necromenic species, led to an anatomically simple worm possessing a complex glycome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shi Yan
- Institut für Parasitologie, Veterinärmedizinische Universität, Wien, Austria
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18
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Yan S, Wang H, Schachter H, Jin C, Wilson IBH, Paschinger K. Ablation of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferases in Caenorhabditis induces expression of unusual intersected and bisected N-glycans. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:2191-2203. [PMID: 29981898 PMCID: PMC6173287 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The modification in the Golgi of N-glycans by N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I (GlcNAc-TI, MGAT1) can be considered to be a hallmark of multicellular eukaryotes as it is found in all metazoans and plants, but rarely in unicellular organisms. The enzyme is key for the normal processing of N-glycans to either complex or paucimannosidic forms, both of which are found in the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Unusually, this organism has three different GlcNAc-TI genes (gly-12, gly-13 and gly-14); therefore, a complete abolition of GlcNAc-TI activity required the generation of a triple knock-out strain. Previously, the compositions of N-glycans from this mutant were described, but no detailed structures. Using an off-line HPLC-MALDI-TOF-MS approach combined with exoglycosidase digestions and MS/MS, we reveal that the multiple hexose residues of the N-glycans of the gly-12;gly-13;gly-14 triple mutant are not just mannose, but include galactoses in three different positions (β-intersecting, β-bisecting and α-terminal) on isomeric forms of Hex4-8HexNAc2 structures; some of these structures are fucosylated and/or methylated. Thus, the N-glycomic repertoire of Caenorhabditis is even wider than expected and exhibits a large degree of plasticity even in the absence of key glycan processing enzymes from the Golgi apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Yan
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, 1190 Wien, Austria,Institut für Parasitologie, Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien, 1210 Wien, Austria
| | - Huijie Wang
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Harry Schachter
- Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Chunsheng Jin
- Institutionen för Biomedicin, Göteborgs universitet, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Iain B. H. Wilson
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, 1190 Wien, Austria,To whom correspondence should be addressed:
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Hykollari A, Malzl D, Eckmair B, Vanbeselaere J, Scheidl P, Jin C, Karlsson NG, Wilson IBH, Paschinger K. Isomeric Separation and Recognition of Anionic and Zwitterionic N-glycans from Royal Jelly Glycoproteins. Mol Cell Proteomics 2018; 17:2177-2196. [PMID: 30104209 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra117.000462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Royal jelly has received attention because of its necessity for the development of queen honeybees as well as claims of benefits on human health; this product of the hypopharyngeal glands of worker bees contains a large number of proteins, some of which have been claimed to have various biological effects only in their glycosylated state. However, although there have been glycomic and glycoproteomic analyses in the past, none of the glycan structures previously defined would appear to have potential to trigger specific biological functions. In the current study, whole royal jelly as well as single protein bands were subject to off-line LC-MALDI-TOF MS glycomic analyses, complemented by permethylation, Western blotting and arraying data. Similarly to recent in-depth studies on other insect species, previously overlooked glucuronic acid termini, sulfation of mannose residues and core β-mannosylation of the N-glycans were found; additionally, a relatively rare zwitterionic modification with phosphoethanolamine is present, in contrast to the phosphorylcholine occurring in lepidopteran species. Indicative of tissue-specific remodelling of glycans in the Golgi apparatus of hypopharyngeal gland cells, only a low amount of fucosylated or paucimannosidic glycans were detected as compared with other insect samples or even bee venom. The unusual modifications of hybrid and multiantennary structures defined here may not only have a physiological role in honeybee development, but represent epitopes recognized by pentraxins with roles in animal innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Hykollari
- From the ‡Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Daniel Malzl
- From the ‡Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Barbara Eckmair
- From the ‡Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Jorick Vanbeselaere
- From the ‡Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Patrick Scheidl
- From the ‡Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Chunsheng Jin
- §Institutionen för Biomedicin, Göteborgs universitet, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Niclas G Karlsson
- §Institutionen för Biomedicin, Göteborgs universitet, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Iain B H Wilson
- From the ‡Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Katharina Paschinger
- From the ‡Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, 1190 Wien, Austria;
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20
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Hykollari A, Malzl D, Yan S, Wilson IBH, Paschinger K. Hydrophilic interaction anion exchange for separation of multiply modified neutral and anionic Dictyostelium N-glycans. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:2175-2183. [PMID: 28556908 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The unusual nature of the N-glycans of the cellular slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum has been revealed by a number of studies, primarily based on examination of radiolabeled glycopeptides but more recently also by MS. The complexity of the N-glycomes of even glycosylation mutants is compounded by the occurrence of anionic modifications, which also present an analytical challenge. In this study, we have employed hydrophilic interaction anion exchange (HIAX) HPLC in combination with MALDI-TOF MS/MS to explore the anionic N-glycome of the M31 (modA) strain, which lacks endoplasmic reticulum α-glucosidase II, an enzyme conserved in most eukaryotes including Homo sapiens. Prefractionation with HIAX chromatography enabled the identification of N-glycans with unusual oligo-α1,2-mannose extensions as well as others with up to four anionic modifications. Due to the use of hydrofluoric acid treatment, we were able to discriminate isobaric glycans differing in the presence of sulphate or phosphate on intersected structures as opposed to those carrying GlcNAc-phosphodiesters. The latter represent biosynthetic intermediates during the pathway leading to formation of the methylphosphorylated mannose epitope, which may have a similar function in intracellular targeting of hydrolases as the mannose-6-phosphate modification of lysosomal enzymes in mammals. In conclusion, HIAX in combination with MS is a highly sensitive approach for both fine separation and definition of neutral and anionic N-glycan structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Hykollari
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, Austria
| | - Daniel Malzl
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, Austria
| | - Shi Yan
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, Austria
| | - Iain B H Wilson
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, Austria
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21
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The underestimated N-glycomes of lepidopteran species. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:699-714. [PMID: 28077298 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insects are significant to the environment, agriculture, health and biotechnology. Many of these aspects display some relationship to glycosylation, e.g., in case of pathogen binding or production of humanised antibodies; for a long time, it has been considered that insect N-glycosylation potentials are rather similar and simple, but as more species are glycomically analysed in depth, it is becoming obvious that there is indeed a large structural diversity and interspecies variability. METHODS Using an off-line LC-MALDI-TOF MS approach, we have analysed the N-glycomes of two lepidopteran species (the cabbage looper Trichoplusia ni and the gypsy moth Lymantria dispar) as well as of the commonly-used T. ni High Five cell line. RESULTS We detected not only sulphated, glucuronylated, core difucosylated and Lewis-like antennal fucosylated structures, but also the zwitterion phosphorylcholine on antennal GlcNAc residues, a modification otherwise familiar from nematodes; in L. dispar, N-glycans with glycolipid-like antennae containing α-linked N-acetylgalactosamine were also revealed. CONCLUSION The lepidopteran glycomes analysed not only display core α1,3-fucosylation, which is foreign to mammals, but also up to 5% anionic and/or zwitterionic glycans previously not found in these species. SIGNIFICANCE The occurrence of anionic and zwitterionic glycans in the Lepidoptera data is not only of glycoanalytical and evolutionary interest, but is of biotechnological relevance as lepidopteran cell lines are potential factories for recombinant glycoprotein production.
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Abstract
N-glycans from invertebrates and protists have often unusual structures which present analytical challenges. Both core and antennal modifications can be quite different from the more familiar vertebrate glycan motifs; thereby, contrary to the concept that "simple" organisms have "simple" N-glycans, rather complex oligosaccharides structures, including zwitterionic and anionic ones, have been found in a range of species. Thus, to facilitate the optimized elucidation of the maximal possible range of structures, the analytical workflow for glycomics of these organisms should include sequential release and fractionation steps. Peptide:N-glycosidase F is sufficient to isolate N-glycans from fungi and some protists, but in most invertebrates core α1,3-fucose is present, so release of the glycans from glycopeptides with peptide:N-glycosidases A is required. Subsequent solid-phase extraction with graphitized carbon and reversed phase resins enables different classes of N-glycans to be separated prior to high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Depending on the types and numbers of glycans present, either reversed- or normal-phase HPLC (or both in series) enable even single isomeric or isobaric structures to be separated prior to MALDI-TOF MS and MS/MS. The use of enzymatic or chemical treatments allows further insights to be gained, although some glycan modifications (especially methylation) are resistant. Using a battery of methods, sometimes up to 100 structures from a single organism can be assigned, a complexity which raises evolutionary questions regarding the function of these glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Hykollari
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Paschinger
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Eckmair
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Iain B H Wilson
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
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23
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Jiménez-Castells C, Vanbeselaere J, Kohlhuber S, Ruttkowski B, Joachim A, Paschinger K. Gender and developmental specific N-glycomes of the porcine parasite Oesophagostomum dentatum. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1861:418-430. [PMID: 27751954 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The porcine nodule worm Oesophagostomum dentatum is a strongylid class V nematode rather closely related to the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans. However, in contrast to the non-parasitic C. elegans, the parasitic O. dentatum is an obligate sexual organism, which makes both a gender and developmental glycomic comparison possible. METHODS Different enzymatic and chemical methods were used to release N-glycans from male and female O. dentatum as well as from L3 and L4 larvae. Glycans were analysed by MALDI-TOF MS after either 2D-HPLC (normal then reversed phase) or fused core RP-HPLC. RESULTS Whereas the L3 N-glycome was simpler and more dominated by phosphorylcholine-modified structures, the male and female worms express a wide range of core fucosylated N-glycans with up to three fucose residues. Seemingly, simple methylated paucimannosidic structures can be considered 'male', while methylation of fucosylated glycans was more pronounced in females. On the other hand, while many of the fucosylated paucimannosidic glycans are identical with examples from other nematode species, but simpler than the tetrafucosylated glycans of C. elegans, there is a wide range of phosphorylcholine-modified glycans with extended HexNAc2-4PC2-4 motifs not observed in our previous studies on other nematodes. CONCLUSION The interspecies tendency of class V nematodes to share most, but not all, N-glycans applies also to O. dentatum; furthermore, we establish, for the first time in a parasitic nematode, that glycomes vary upon development and sexual differentiation. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Unusual methylated, core fucosylated and phosphorylcholine-containing N-glycans vary between stages and genders in a parasitic nematode.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sonja Kohlhuber
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Bärbel Ruttkowski
- Institut für Parasitologie, Department für Pathobiologie, Veterinärmedizinische Universität, A-1210 Wien, Austria
| | - Anja Joachim
- Institut für Parasitologie, Department für Pathobiologie, Veterinärmedizinische Universität, A-1210 Wien, Austria
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24
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Loke I, Kolarich D, Packer NH, Thaysen-Andersen M. Emerging roles of protein mannosylation in inflammation and infection. Mol Aspects Med 2016; 51:31-55. [PMID: 27086127 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Proteins are frequently modified by complex carbohydrates (glycans) that play central roles in maintaining the structural and functional integrity of cells and tissues in humans and lower organisms. Mannose forms an essential building block of protein glycosylation, and its functional involvement as components of larger and diverse α-mannosidic glycoepitopes in important intra- and intercellular glycoimmunological processes is gaining recognition. With a focus on the mannose-rich asparagine (N-linked) glycosylation type, this review summarises the increasing volume of literature covering human and non-human protein mannosylation, including their structures, biosynthesis and spatiotemporal expression. The review also covers their known interactions with specialised host and microbial mannose-recognising C-type lectin receptors (mrCLRs) and antibodies (mrAbs) during inflammation and pathogen infection. Advances in molecular mapping technologies have recently revealed novel immuno-centric mannose-terminating truncated N-glycans, termed paucimannosylation, on human proteins. The cellular presentation of α-mannosidic glycoepitopes on N-glycoproteins appears tightly regulated; α-mannose determinants are relative rare glycoepitopes in physiological extracellular environments, but may be actively secreted or leaked from cells to transmit potent signals when required. Simultaneously, our understanding of the molecular basis on the recognition of mannosidic epitopes by mrCLRs including DC-SIGN, mannose receptor, mannose binding lectin and mrAb is rapidly advancing, together with the functional implications of these interactions in facilitating an effective immune response during physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Ultimately, deciphering these complex mannose-based receptor-ligand interactions at the detailed molecular level will significantly advance our understanding of immunological disorders and infectious diseases, promoting the development of future therapeutics to improve patient clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Loke
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Daniel Kolarich
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Nicolle H Packer
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Morten Thaysen-Andersen
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
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25
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Analysis of zwitterionic and anionic N-linked glycans from invertebrates and protists by mass spectrometry. Glycoconj J 2016; 33:273-83. [PMID: 26899268 PMCID: PMC4891362 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-016-9650-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Glycomic analyses over the years have revealed that non-vertebrate eukaryotes express oligosaccharides with inorganic and zwitterionic modifications which are either occurring in different contexts as compared to, or are absent from, mammals. Examples of anionic N-glycans (carrying sulphate or phosphate) are known from amoebae, fungi, molluscs and insects, while zwitterionic modifications by phosphorylcholine, phosphoethanolamine and aminoethylphosphonate occur on N-, O- and lipid-linked glycans from trichomonads, annelids, fungi, molluscs, insects, cestodes and nematodes. For detection of zwitterionic and anionic glycans, mass spectrometry has been a key method, but their ionic character affects the preparation and purification; therefore, as part of a glycomic strategy, the possibility of their presence must be considered in advance. On the other hand, their ionisation and fragmentation in positive and negative ion mode mass spectrometry as well as specific chemical or enzymatic treatments can prove diagnostic to their analysis. In our laboratory, we combine solid-phase extraction, reversed and normal phase HPLC, MALDI-TOF MS, exoglycosidase digests and hydrofluoric acid treatment to reveal N-glycans modified with anionic and zwitterionic moieties in a wide range of organisms. It is to be anticipated that, as more species are glycomically analysed, zwitterionic and anionic modifications of N-glycans will prove rather widespread. This knowledge is - in the longer term - then the basis for understanding the function of this cornucopia of glycan modifications.
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26
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Liu FF, Kulinich A, Du YM, Liu L, Voglmeir J. Sequential processing of mannose-containing glycans by two α-mannosidases from Solitalea canadensis. Glycoconj J 2016; 33:159-68. [PMID: 26864077 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-016-9651-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two putative α-mannosidase genes isolated from the rather unexplored soil bacterium Solitalea canadensis were cloned and biochemically characterised. Both recombinant enzymes were highly selective in releasing α-linked mannose but no other sugars. The α-mannosidases were designated Sca2/3Man2693 and Sca6Man4191, and showed the following biochemical properties: the temperature optimum for both enzymes was 37 °C, and their pH optima lay at 5.0 and 5.5, respectively. The activity of Sca2/3Man2693 was found to be dependent on Ca(2+) ions, whereas Cu(2+) and Zn(2+) ions almost completely inhibited both α-mannosidases. Specificity screens with various substrates revealed that Sca2/3Man2693 could release both α1-2- and α1-3-linked mannose, whereas Sca6Man4191 only released α1-6-linked mannose. The combined enzymatic action of both recombinant α-mannosidases allowed the sequential degradation of high-mannose-type N-glycans. The facile expression and purification procedures in combination with strict substrate specificities make α-mannosidases from S. canadensis promising candidates for bioanalytical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang F Liu
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Anna Kulinich
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya M Du
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Liu
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China. .,Qlyco Ltd., Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Josef Voglmeir
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center (GGBRC), College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
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27
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Eckmair B, Jin C, Abed-Navandi D, Paschinger K. Multistep Fractionation and Mass Spectrometry Reveal Zwitterionic and Anionic Modifications of the N- and O-glycans of a Marine Snail. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 15:573-97. [PMID: 26598642 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.051573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Various studies in the past have revealed that molluscs can produce a wide range of rather complex N-glycan structures, which vary from those occurring in other invertebrate animals; particularly methylated glycans have been found in gastropods, and there are some reports of anionic glycans in bivalves. Due to the high variability in terms of previously described structures and methodologies, it is a major challenge to establish glycomic workflows that yield the maximum amount of detailed structural information from relatively low quantities of sample. In this study, we apply differential release with peptide:N-glycosidases F and A followed by solid-phase extraction on graphitized carbon and reversed-phase materials to examine the glycome of Volvarina rubella (C. B. Adams, 1845), a margin snail of the clade Neogastropoda. The resulting four pools of N-glycans were fractionated on a fused core RP-HPLC column and subject to MALDI-TOF MS and MS/MS in conjunction with chemical and enzymatic treatments. In addition, selected N-glycan fractions, as well as O-glycans released by β-elimination, were analyzed by porous graphitized carbon-LC-MS and MS(n). This comprehensive approach enabled us to determine a number of novel modifications of protein-linked glycans, including N-methyl-2-aminoethylphosphonate on mannose and N-acetylhexosamine residues, core β1,3-linked mannose, zwitterionic moieties on core Galβ1,4Fuc motifs, additional mannose residues on oligomannosidic glycans, and bisubstituted antennal fucose; furthermore, typical invertebrate N-glycans with sulfate and core fucose residues are present in this gastropod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Eckmair
- From the ‡Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Chunsheng Jin
- §Institutionen för Biomedicin, Göteborgs universitet, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | - Katharina Paschinger
- From the ‡Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, 1190 Wien, Austria;
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