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Liu G, Guo B, Luo M, Sun S, Lin Q, Kan Q, He Z, Miao J, Du H, Xiao H, Cao Y. A comprehensive review on preparation, structure-activities relationship, and calcium bioavailability of casein phosphopeptides. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:996-1014. [PMID: 36052610 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2111546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Calcium is one of the important elements for human health. Calcium deficiencies can lead to numerous diseases. Calcium chelating peptides have shown potential application in the management of calcium deficiencies. Casein phosphopeptides (CPP) are phosphoseryl-containing fragments of casein by enzymatic hydrolysis or fermentation during manufacture of milk products as well as during intestinal digestion. An increasing number of CPP with the ability to facilitate and enhance the bioavailability of calcium are being discovered and identified. In this review, 249 reported CPP derived from four types of bovine casein (αs1, αs2, β and κ) were collected, and the amino acid sequence and phosphoserine group information were sorted out. This review outlines the current enzyme hydrolysis, detection methods, purification, structure-activity relationship and mechanism of intestinal calcium absorption in vitro and in vivo as well as application of CPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Baoyan Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minna Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Shengwei Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianru Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qixin Kan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zeqi He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianyin Miao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hengjun Du
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Hang Xiao
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Yong Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Tian Q, Fan Y, Hao L, Wang J, Xia C, Wang J, Hou H. A comprehensive review of calcium and ferrous ions chelating peptides: Preparation, structure and transport pathways. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021:1-13. [PMID: 34761991 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.2001786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Calcium and iron play crucial roles in human health, deficiencies of which have globally generated public health risks. The poor solubility, low bioavailability and gastrointestinal irritation of existing commercial mineral supplements limit their further application. As an emerging type of mineral supplement, mineral chelating peptides have drawn plenty of attention due to their advantages in stability, absorptivity and safety. A majority of calcium and ferrous ions chelating peptides have been isolated from food processing by-products. Enzymatic hydrolysis combined with affinity chromatography, gel filtration and other efficient separation techniques is the predominant method to obtain peptides with high calcium and ferrous affinity. Peptides with small molecular weight are more likely to chelate metals, and carboxyl, amino groups and nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur atoms in the side chain, which can provide lone-pair electrons to combine with metallic ions. Unidentate, bidentate, tridentate, bridging and α mode are regarded as common chelating modes. Moreover, the stability of peptide-mineral complexes in the gastrointestinal tract and possible transport pathways were summarized. This review is to present an overview of the latest research progress, existing problems and research prospects in the field of peptide-mineral complexes and to provide a more comprehensive theoretical basis for their exploitation in food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoji Tian
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan Fan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Li Hao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jie Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Chensi Xia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jingfeng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Hu Hou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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Barkhidarian B, Roldos L, Iskandar MM, Saedisomeolia A, Kubow S. Probiotic Supplementation and Micronutrient Status in Healthy Subjects: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials. Nutrients 2021; 13:3001. [PMID: 34578878 PMCID: PMC8472411 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Micronutrient deficiencies are a worldwide public health concern. Emerging evidence supports the ability of probiotics to enhance micronutrient status, which could aid in the prevention of non-communicable disease-associated malnutrition. This systematic review evaluated evidence of the efficacy of probiotic supplementation to improve micronutrient status in healthy subjects. The authors searched for published English language peer-reviewed journal articles in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Google Scholar databases from inception to July 2020 using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The quality of eligible studies was assessed using the Revised Cochrane Risk-of-Bias tool (RoB)2 and Risk of Bias in Non-Randomized Studies of Interventions tool (ROBINS-I tool). Fourteen original studies out of 2790 met the inclusion criteria. The results indicated that, despite varying degrees of efficacy, the intake of certain probiotics in healthy subjects was associated with a positive impact on the status of certain micronutrients (vitamin B12, calcium, folate, iron and zinc). A limitation was that studies were widely heterogeneous in terms of participant age, probiotic strain, species, dosage, intervention duration, and form of administration. Additional clinical trials are warranted to determine the most effective strains of probiotics, doses and durations of interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Barkhidarian
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Keshavarz Blvd., Tehran 1471613151, Iran;
| | - Lucas Roldos
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada; (L.R.); (M.M.I.)
| | - Michèle M. Iskandar
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada; (L.R.); (M.M.I.)
| | - Ahmad Saedisomeolia
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Keshavarz Blvd., Tehran 1471613151, Iran;
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada; (L.R.); (M.M.I.)
| | - Stan Kubow
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada; (L.R.); (M.M.I.)
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4
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Caetano-Silva ME, Netto FM, Bertoldo-Pacheco MT, Alegría A, Cilla A. Peptide-metal complexes: obtention and role in increasing bioavailability and decreasing the pro-oxidant effect of minerals. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:1470-1489. [PMID: 32370550 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1761770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive peptides derived from food protein sources have been widely studied in the last years, and scientific researchers have been proving their role in human health, beyond their nutritional value. Several bioactivities have been attributed to these peptides, such as immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antihypertensive, and opioid. Among them, metal-binding capacity has gained prominence. Mineral chelating peptides have shown potential to be applied in food products so as to decrease mineral deficiencies since peptide-metal complexes could enhance their bioavailability. Furthermore, many studies have been investigating their potential to decrease the Fe pro-oxidant effect by forming a stable structure with the metal and avoiding its interaction with other food constituents. These complexes can be formed during gastrointestinal digestion or can be synthesized prior to intake, with the aim to protect the mineral through the gastrointestinal tract. This review addresses: (i) the amino acid residues for metal-binding peptides and their main protein sources, (ii) peptide-metal complexation prior to or during gastrointestinal digestion, (iii) the function of metal (especially Fe, Ca, and Zn)-binding peptides on the metal bioavailability and (iv) their reactivity and possible pro-oxidant and side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Flavia Maria Netto
- Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Amparo Alegría
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Cilla
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Feng Y, Zhang J, Miao Y, Guo W, Feng G, Yang Y, Guo T, Wu H, Zeng M. Prevention of Zinc Precipitation with Calcium Phosphate by Casein Hydrolysate Improves Zinc Absorption in Mouse Small Intestine ex Vivo via a Nanoparticle-Mediated Mechanism. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:652-659. [PMID: 31869222 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Casein phosphopeptides are known to enhance zinc absorption, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, a gastrointestinal casein hydrolysate (CH) was found to keep zinc in solution despite heavy precipitation of calcium and phosphate, the omnipresent mineral nutrients that could co-precipitate zinc out of solution instantly and almost completely under physiologically relevant conditions. Dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis displayed the CH-mediated formation of zinc/calcium phosphate (Zn/CaP) nanocomplexes aggregated from rather small nanoclusters. The ex vivo mouse ileal loop experiments revealed enhanced intestinal zinc absorption by CH's prevention of zinc co-precipitation with CaP, and the treatments with specific inhibitors unveiled the involvement of macropinocytic internalization, lysosomal degradation, and transcytosis in the intestinal uptake of zinc from Zn/CaP nanocomplexes. A low calcium-to-phosphorus ratio adversely affected CH's efficiency to enhance zinc solubility and absorption. Overall, our study provides a new paradigm for casein phosphopeptides to improve zinc bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinong Feng
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao , Shandong Province 266003 , China
| | - Jiayou Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory , The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University , Qingdao , Shandong Province 266003 , China
| | - Yu Miao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory , The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University , Qingdao , Shandong Province 266003 , China
| | - Wei Guo
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao , Shandong Province 266003 , China
| | - Guangxin Feng
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao , Shandong Province 266003 , China
| | - Yisheng Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao , Shandong Province 266003 , China
| | - Tengjiao Guo
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao , Shandong Province 266003 , China
| | - Haohao Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao , Shandong Province 266003 , China
| | - Mingyong Zeng
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Ocean University of China , 5 Yushan Road , Qingdao , Shandong Province 266003 , China
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6
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Gu T, Yao C, Zhang K, Li C, Ding L, Huang Y, Wu M, Wang Y. Toxic effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles combined with vitamin C and casein phosphopeptides on gastric epithelium cells and the intestinal absorption of mice. RSC Adv 2018; 8:26078-26088. [PMID: 35541949 PMCID: PMC9082813 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra03693d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C is more powerful than casein phosphopeptides at controlling the combined toxic effects induced by ZnO NPs on gastric epithelium cells and intestinal absorption in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjiao Gu
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Chenjie Yao
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Kangkang Zhang
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Chenchen Li
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Lin Ding
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Yanan Huang
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Minghong Wu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Yanli Wang
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai
- China
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7
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Effect of the dietary delivery matrix on vitamin D3 bioavailability and bone mineralisation in vitamin-D3-deficient growing male rats. Br J Nutr 2017; 119:143-152. [PMID: 29268806 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517003518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed bioavailability and utilisation of vitamin D3 in two feeding trials using young, growing Sprague-Dawley male rats. Trial one fed animals standard AIN-93G diet (casein protein) containing no vitamin D3 and goat or cow skimmed milk supplemented with vitamin D3. Trial two fed animals modified dairy-free AIN-93G diet (egg albumin) containing no vitamin D3 and goat or cow skimmed or full-fat milk supplemented with vitamin D3. Control groups received AIN-93G diets with or without vitamin D, and water. At 8 weeks of age, blood samples were collected for vitamin and mineral analysis, and femurs and spines were collected for assessment of bone mineralisation and strength. In both trials, analyses showed differences in bioavailability of vitamin D3, with ratios of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 to vitamin D3 intake more than 2-fold higher in groups drinking supplemented milk compared with groups fed supplemented solid food. Bone mineralisation was higher in groups drinking supplemented milk compared with groups fed supplemented solid food, for both trials (P<0·05). There was no difference in the parameters tested between skimmed milk and full-fat milk or between cow milk and goat milk. Comparison of the two trials suggested that dietary protein source promoted bone mineralisation in a growing rat model: modified AIN-93G with egg albumin produced lower bone mineralisation compared with standard AIN-93G with casein. Overall, this study showed that effects of vitamin D3 deficiency in solid diets were reversed by offering milk supplemented with vitamin D3, and suggests that using milk as a vehicle to deliver vitamin D is advantageous.
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8
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Collins FL, Kim SM, McCabe LR, Weaver CM. Intestinal Microbiota and Bone Health: The Role of Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Diet. MOLECULAR AND INTEGRATIVE TOXICOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-56192-9_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Xu M, Wei L, Dai Z, Zhang Y, Li Y, Wang J. Effects of goat milk-based formula on development in weaned rats. Food Nutr Res 2015; 59:28610. [PMID: 26652258 PMCID: PMC4676359 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v59.28610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this article is to study the effect of goat milk-based formula (GMF) on development in weaned rats. METHODS One hundred Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups: control, 20% cow milk-based formula (CMF), and 5%-GMF, 10%-GMF, and 20%-GMF groups. RESULTS GMF did play an active role in accelerating body and femur length, but not body weight growth. Compared with the control, GMF had better cognitive, space, and locomotor activity. The level of IFN was increased in GMF groups, as well as the level of IL-2 and TNF was decreased in GMF groups. CONCLUSION These results indicate that GMF has an effect on development and immunity improvability in weaned rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihong Xu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Liren Wei
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyong Dai
- Ausntria Hyproca Dairy Group BV, Changsha, China
| | | | - Yong Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Junbo Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Peking University, Beijing, China;
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10
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Bihuniak JD, Insogna KL. The effects of dietary protein and amino acids on skeletal metabolism. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 410:78-86. [PMID: 25843057 PMCID: PMC5852680 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Dietary protein is required for optimal skeletal growth and maturation. Although Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) exist for global dietary protein intake, the level and sources of dietary protein that are optimal for skeletal health over the life continuum have not been established. This is partly due to the difficulty in quantifying the effects of variable levels of a nutrient's intake over a lifetime as well as the complex nature of the relationships between dietary protein and calcium economy. Areas of current uncertainty include the precise source and amount of dietary protein required for optimal skeletal accretion and maintenance of skeletal mass, as well as the site-specific effects of dietary protein. The cellular and molecular mechanisms that underpin the actions of dietary protein on mineral metabolism and skeletal homeostasis remain unclear. This review attempts to summarize recent data bearing on these questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica D Bihuniak
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269-1101, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06269-1101, USA.
| | - Karl L Insogna
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06269-1101, USA
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Akao M, Abe R, Sato N, Hasegawa-Tanigome A, Kumagai H, Kumagai H. Prevention of osteoporosis by oral administration of phytate-removed and deamidated soybean β-conglycinin. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:2117-29. [PMID: 25607735 PMCID: PMC4307352 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16012117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytate-removed and deamidated soybean β-conglycinin (PrDS) prepared by ion-exchange resins was supplemented to be 4% in the diet administered to ovariectomized rats to investigate its preventive effect on osteoporosis. The apparent calcium absorption rate decreased following ovariectomy and was not replenished by oral administration of phytate-removed soybean β-conglycinin (PrS) or casein. On the other hand, administration of PrDS restored the calcium absorption rate to the same level as the sham group. Markers of bone resorption, such as serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) and urinary deoxypyridinoline (DPD), increased, and the bone mineral density and breaking stress decreased following ovariectomy. However, PrDS supplementation suppressed the changes caused by the decrease in calcium absorption from the small intestine. Therefore, PrDS supplementation shows promise for the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Akao
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan.
| | - Ryusuke Abe
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan.
| | - Noriko Sato
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan.
| | - Atsuko Hasegawa-Tanigome
- Department of Food Business, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan.
| | - Hitoshi Kumagai
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyoritsu Women's University, 2-2-1 Hitotsubashi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8437, Japan.
| | - Hitomi Kumagai
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan.
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Hernández-Ledesma B, García-Nebot MJ, Fernández-Tomé S, Amigo L, Recio I. Dairy protein hydrolysates: Peptides for health benefits. Int Dairy J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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13
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Guo L, Harnedy PA, Li B, Hou H, Zhang Z, Zhao X, FitzGerald RJ. Food protein-derived chelating peptides: Biofunctional ingredients for dietary mineral bioavailability enhancement. Trends Food Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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14
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Uehara K, Takahashi A, Watanabe M, Nomura Y. Shark protein improves bone mineral density in ovariectomized rats and inhibits osteoclast differentiation. Nutrition 2013; 30:719-25. [PMID: 24800672 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Fish proteins are potential sources of natural medicines and food additives. There are many studies being performed to develop underutilized fish proteins. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine how shark protein functions as a dietary supplement for bone health. METHODS Three groups of ovariectomized (OVX) rats were fed different diets containing 20% casein protein, 20% shark protein, or 20% cod protein for 4 wk. Bone mineral density of the right femur was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and quantitative computed tomography. Furthermore, we prepared low-molecular-weight peptides from shark protein using protease for in vitro studies. Calcitriol was added to bone marrow cells and the receptor activator of the nuclear factor-κB ligand was added to RAW264 cells. After 7 d, the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive cells was counted. RESULTS In the shark protein-fed group, bone mineral density of the femur epiphysis was higher than that of the casein protein-fed group. In particular, the shark protein-fed group showed an increase in bone mineral density, represented mainly by trabecular bone. Shark protein hydrolysates inhibited osteoclast formation in bone marrow cells and RAW264 cells. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that shark protein might suppress the bone loss caused by estrogen deficiency through the suppression of osteoclast formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Uehara
- Applied Protein Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Mutsuto Watanabe
- Applied Protein Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nomura
- Applied Protein Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan.
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15
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Treatment of eggshell with casein phosphopeptide reduces the severity of ovariectomy-induced bone loss. Lab Anim Res 2013; 29:70-6. [PMID: 23825479 PMCID: PMC3696627 DOI: 10.5625/lar.2013.29.2.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been generally accepted that calcium intake prevents bone loss, and frequent fracture resulted from osteoporosis. However, it is still elusive as to how effective sole calcium intake is in preventing or attenuating the severity of osteoporosis. Here, we demonstrate the effects of eggshell-casein phosphopeptide (ES-CPP), and compared these effects those of calcium supplement, for restoring ovariectomy-mediated bone loss. CPP, synthesized from the hydrolysis of casein (0.5%) using trypsin, was added to the grinded ES and was then administered to the ovariectomized (OVX) rat at 100 mg/kg for 4 weeks. Urine and feces from each group were collected each day, and were used to calculate the apparent calcium absorption rate in a day. After 4 weeks incubation, blood and femoral bones were isolated for the analysis of parameters representing osteoporosis. The apparent calcium absorption rate was significantly increased in the ES-CPP treated groups, in comparison to both the OVX and the commercial calcium supplement (CCS) treated group. Notably, treatment with ES-CPP markedly enhanced the calcium content in femoral bone and the relative weight of femoral bone to body weight, though calcium content in serum was barely changed by treatment with ES-CPP. Parameters of osteoporosis, such as osteocalcin in serum and bone mineral density, were rescued by treatment with ES-CPP, compared to treatment with commercial calcium supplement. This finding strongly suggests the possible use of ES-CPP in preventing or attenuating the severity of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
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Colombini A, Perego S, Ardoino I, Marasco E, Lombardi G, Fiorilli A, Biganzoli E, Tettamanti G, Ferraretto A. Evaluation of a possible direct effect by casein phosphopeptides on paracellular and vitamin D controlled transcellular calcium transport mechanisms in intestinal human HT-29 and Caco2 cell lines. Food Funct 2013; 4:1195-203. [DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60099h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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17
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A mini-review on health and nutritional aspects of cheese with a focus on bioactive peptides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13594-012-0066-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Kim SK, Jung WK. Beneficial effect of teleost fish bone peptide as calcium supplements for bone mineralization. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2012; 65:287-95. [PMID: 22361195 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416003-3.00019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A most common and trusted source of Ca is milk or other dairy products. However, some oriental people do not drink milk due to lactose indigestion and intolerance, which make them allergic to milk. There have been many studies on alternative calcium-rich diet or Ca supplements. Among them, teleost fish like anchovy and mola, which are commonly consumed in Asian countries, could be an important Ca dietary supplement, especially in population groups with low intakes of milk and dairy products. In this chapter, we summarize beneficial effects of teleost fish bone peptide (FBP) for Ca bioavailability and bone mineralization, based on our researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Kwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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Chang YT, Chen CM, Tu MY, Chen HL, Chang SY, Tsai TC, Wang YT, Hsiao HL. Effects of osteoporosis and nutrition supplements on structures and nanomechanical properties of bone tissue. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2011; 4:1412-20. [PMID: 21783151 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the bone structures, nanomechanical properties and fracture behaviors in different groups of female C57BL/6 mice (control, sham operated, ovariectomized, casein supplemented, and fermented milk supplemented) were examined by micro-computed tomography, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and nanoindentation. The control and sham operated mice showed dense bone structures with high cortical bone mineral densities of 544 mg/cm(3) (average) and high hardness of 0.9-1.1 GPa; resistance to bone fracture was conferred by microcracking, crack deflections and ligament bridging attributed to aligned collagen fibers and densely packed hydroxyapatite crystals. Bone mineral density, hardness and fracture resistance in ovariectomized mice markedly dropped due to loose bone structure with randomly distributed collagens and hydroxyapatites. The acidic casein supplemented mice with blood acidosis exhibited poor mineral absorption and loose bone structure, whereas the neutralized casein or fermented milk supplemented mice were resistant to osteoporosis and had high bone mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Ting Chang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
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Ikehara T, Ogiwara R, Hattori M, Yoshida T, Yamashita M, Takahashi K. Multifunctionalities of oleyl-branched oligosaccharide phosphate from potato starch with a high phosphate content. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:4962-4968. [PMID: 21452803 DOI: 10.1021/jf1032558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Branched oligosaccharide phosphate (BOS-P) and oleyl BOS-P (OA-BOS-P) were prepared from potato starch with a high phosphate content by limited amylolysis with α-amylase and exhaustive digestion with glucoamylase and oleylation of BOS-P through a lipase-catalyzed solid-phase synthesis. The multifunctional properties of OA-BOS-P were evaluated in terms of surface tension, emulsifying ability, Ca(2+)-binding ability, and ability to control the gelatinization and retrogradation of potato starch. OA-BOS-P exhibited better emulsifying ability than BOS-P and Ca(2+)-binding ability similar to that of BOS-P. OA-BOS-P elevated the gelatinization temperature and reduced viscosity more than BOS-P. OA-BOS-P also reduced retrogradation as indicated by the reduction in the setback viscosity, turbidity, development of the ordered structure and crystalline structure, and digestibility, whereas BOS-P elevated the setback and turbidness, despite reducing the development of the crystalline structure, except for development of the ordered structure, similar to that of the control. These results show that OA-BOS-P could be a useful material with novel emulsifying, Ca(2+)-binding, and starchy food-controlling properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Ikehara
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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Hagiwara K, Ogiwara R, Hattori M, Yoshida T, Yamashita M, Takahashi K. Endowed Multi-functionality of Branched Oligosaccharide from Corn Starch by Phosphorylation and Oleylation. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2011. [DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2010_020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Hagiwara
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Reika Ogiwara
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Makoto Hattori
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Tadashi Yoshida
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | | | - Koji Takahashi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
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McKinnon H, Kruger M, Prosser C, Lowry D. The effect of formulated goats' milk on calcium bioavailability in male growing rats. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2010; 90:112-116. [PMID: 20355020 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.3791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are two main proteins in milk; whey and casein. Casein contains casein phosphopeptides (CPP), which are released on digestion of the milk. These may increase calcium solubility by binding calcium in the small intestine. Thus increasing casein in the diet may help to stimulate bioavailability of calcium and increase bone density. The present study tested this hypothesis in growing male rats fed diets containing three different concentrations of casein from goat milk. RESULTS Rats fed the diet containing no casein had significantly lower calcium absorption when compared to rats fed the diets that contained 80% and 57% of goat milk protein as casein; however, no significant difference was observed between rats fed diets with 80% and 57% casein. The varying amounts of casein had no effect on mineral uptake or retention in the femur. Biomechanical testing and mineral analysis of the femurs showed no differences between diet groups. The mechanism to explain this lack of retention remains unclear. CONCLUSION The diets containing 80% and 57% of goat milk protein as casein delivered increased calcium absorption compared to the diet containing no casein, suggesting a minimum level of casein is needed to optimize calcium absorption from goat milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary McKinnon
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Guilloteau P, Romé V, Delaby L, Mendy F, Roger L, Chayvialle JA. Is caseinomacropeptide from milk proteins, an inhibitor of gastric secretion? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 159:129-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2009.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Revised: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Guilloteau P, Romé V, Delaby L, Mendy F, Roger L, Chayvialle JA. A new role of phosphopeptides as bioactive peptides released during milk casein digestion in the young mammal: regulation of gastric secretion. Peptides 2009; 30:2221-7. [PMID: 19744534 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2009] [Revised: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study in vivo the effect of ingestion of phosphopeptides (PP) alone or associated with caseinomacropeptide (CMP) on gastric secretion and to elucidate some possible mechanisms involved. Seven calves fitted with a gastric pouch received either a diet based on whey proteins without PP and CMP (C diet) or C diet in which PP or PP+CMP was introduced at concentrations similar to that of PP or PP+CMP in cow milk (PP diet and PP+CMP diet, respectively). Gastric juice secretion was measured during successive periods throughout the day. Twenty-four calves were fitted with a catheter introduced in one external jugular vein for blood sample collections. The daily secretion of electrolytes decreased with the presence of PP or PP+CMP in the diet. During the day, peptide supplementation in the diet resulted in (1) short term (1st-2nd postprandial h), a decrease of secreted quantities of gastric juice, enzymes and electrolytes, (2) long term (7-24h after the morning meal), a decrease of electrolyte secretions. Intervention of gastrin, CCK, somatostatin and BPP could be probable. Globally, inhibition of gastric secretions seemed more important when PP was given in association with CMP in the diet rather than alone. CMP and PP may have short and long term action respectively over the 24h day. To our knowledge, it is the first time that phosphopeptides coming from milk casein digestion are demonstrated to inhibit gastric secretion. Therapeutic uses are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Guilloteau
- INRA, UMR 1079 SENAH, Domaine de la Prise, 35590 Saint-Gilles, France.
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26
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Tryptic phosphopeptides from whole casein. I. Preparation and analysis by fast protein liquid chromatography. J DAIRY RES 2009. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022029900029125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SummaryTryptic phosphopeptides were obtained from whole bovine casein by chromatography on the anion exchange resin QAE-Sephadex A 25. Salt gradient elution of the column allowed separation of non-phosphorylated peptides from phosphorylated species. The preparations obtained contained at least seven distinct phosphopeptides of which the following casein fragments were identified: αs1(43–58):2P, αs1(59–79): 5P, αs2(46–70): 4P, β(1–28): 4P, β(2–28): 4P, and β(33–48): 1P. Fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) on Mono Q HR 5/5 resin showed that the phosphopeptides were eluted in the same order as from the QAE-Sephadex resin. However, on the analytical column HR 5/5 the fragments αs1(59–79): 5P and β(2–28): 4P, having the same net charge under the conditions of chromatography, co-eluted, whereas they were at least partly separated on the preparative column HR 16/10. Following enzymic dephosphorylation, the peptides eluted at lower salt strength in the gradient. FPLC on Mono Q resin thus permitted dephosphorylation to be monitored and intermediates between the parent species and the fully dephosphorylated peptide to be identified.
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HUO JIANXIN, LI XIANG, WEN XUJUAN, ZHAO ZHENG. Effects ofLactobacillus helveticusTUST005 fermented milk on bone parameters in rats. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0307.2008.00443.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bao XL, Lv Y, Yang BC, Ren CG, Guo ST. A Study of the Soluble Complexes Formed during Calcium Binding by Soybean Protein Hydrolysates. J Food Sci 2008; 73:C117-21. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2008.00673.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Inoue Y, Asai Y, Tomita M, Kuribara K, Kobayashi M, Kaneko M, Toba Y. The effect of milk basic protein supplementation on bone metabolism during training of young thoroughbred racehorses. Equine Vet J 2007:654-8. [PMID: 17402500 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2006.tb05621.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY In laboratory animals, man and cell culture experiments, milk basic protein was reported to suppress bone resorption and promote bone formation. However, no studies in horses have previously examined the effect of milk basic protein. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of milk basic protein supplementation on bone metabolism in young Thoroughbred horses in training. METHODS Twenty 2-year-old horses in training were used for 90 days in this study. The treatment group was fed a basal diet with 1 g of milk basic protein and the control group a basal diet only. Blood samples were collected on Days 0, 45 and 90 to determine serum calcium (Ca) and biochemical markers of bone metabolism. Radiographs were taken at the start and end of the study to determine radiographic bone aluminium equivalence (RBAE). RESULTS Serum osteocalcin (OC) was significantly higher at Day 45 after the beginning of the study in the treatment group compared to that in the control group. The treatment group showed a greater increase in the total RBAE change at the end of this study compared to that in the control group. However, there were no significant differences in serum Ca and carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP) between groups. CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE These findings provide preliminary evidence that milk basic protein has an effect on bone formation in 2-year-old Thoroughbred horses in training. However, further studies in larger groups of horses are now required to substantiate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Inoue
- Equine Science Division, Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association, 535-13, Aza-Nishicha, Urakawa-cho, Urakawa- gun, Hokkaido, Japan
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Narva M, Rissanen J, Halleen J, Vapaatalo H, Väänänen K, Korpela R. Effects of Bioactive Peptide, Valyl-Prolyl-Proline (VPP), and Lactobacillus helveticus Fermented Milk Containing VPP on Bone Loss in Ovariectomized Rats. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2007; 51:65-74. [PMID: 17356257 DOI: 10.1159/000100823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2005] [Accepted: 06/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Valyl-prolyl-proline (VPP), a bioactive peptide formed during the fermentation with Lactobacillus helveticus LBK-16H (L. helveticus), has been shown to increase bone formation in vitro. The aim of the study was to determine whether VPP and L. helveticus fermented milk prevent bone loss in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. METHODS During the 12-week intervention study, the OVX rats received VPP in water or L. helveticus fermented milk, containing VPP. Sham-operated rats receiving water acted as controls. The trabecular and cortical bone mineral density were determined by peripheral quantitative computed tomography before the operation and at 4 and 12 weeks. The mechanical testing and ash weight analysis as well as the static and dynamic histomorphometrical parameters were assessed at the end of the intervention. RESULTS VPP given in water showed no clear effect on bone loss. L. helveticus fermented milk prevented bone loss by decreasing bone turnover and increasing the bone mineral density. Ovariectomy caused a 57% loss in the trabecular bone, which was attenuated by 16% in the L. helveticus group. CONCLUSIONS VPP peptide did not prevent ovariectomy-induced bone loss, which could be due to the poor bioavailability of VPP from water solution. L. helveticus fermented milk prevented bone loss, whether this is due to the VPP peptide cannot be concluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirkka Narva
- Institute of Biomedicine, Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Jung WK, Lee BJ, Kim SK. Fish-bone peptide increases calcium solubility and bioavailability in ovariectomised rats. Br J Nutr 2007; 95:124-8. [PMID: 16441924 DOI: 10.1079/bjn20051615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Fish-bone peptides (FBP) with a high affinity to Ca were isolated using hydroxyapatite affinity chromatography, and FBP II with a high ratio of phosphopeptide was fractionated in the range of molecular weight 5·0–1·0kDa by ultramembrane filtration.In vitrostudy elucidated that FBP II could inhibit the formation of insoluble Ca salts in neutral pH.In vivoeffects of FBP II on Ca bioavailability were further examined in the ovariectomised rat. During the experimental period, Ca retention was increased and loss of bone mineral was decreased by FBP II supplementation in ovariectomised rats. After the low-Ca diet, the FBP II diet, including both normal level of Ca and vitamin D, significantly decreased Ca loss in faeces and increased Ca retention compared with the control diet. The levels of femoral total Ca, bone mineral density, and strength were also significantly increased by the FBP II diet to levels similar to those of the casein phosphopeptide diet group (no difference;P>0·05). In the present study, the results proved the beneficial effects of fish-meal in preventing Ca deficiency due to increased Ca bioavailability by FBP intake
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Kyo Jung
- Marine Bioprocess Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea
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OTANI H, SAKAKIBARA I, AOKI T. Immunomodulatory Effects of Phosphorylated Dextrin in Mouse Spleen Cell Cultures. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2007; 53:349-53. [DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.53.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Jung WK, Karawita R, Heo SJ, Lee BJ, Kim SK, Jeon YJ. Recovery of a novel Ca-binding peptide from Alaska Pollack (Theragra chalcogramma) backbone by pepsinolytic hydrolysis. Process Biochem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2006.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Taguchi H, Chen H, Yano R, Shoumura S. Comparative effects of milk and soymilk on bone loss in adult ovariectomized osteoporosis rat. Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn 2006; 83:53-9. [PMID: 16944838 DOI: 10.2535/ofaj.83.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the comparative effects of milk and soymilk on the bone morphology of ovariectomized rat model with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Fourty 12-week-old female Spraque-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the following 5 groups: intact control (control), sham-operated (sham), ovariectomized (OVX), ovariectomized and fed milk (milk), ovariectomized and fed soymilk (soymilk) groups. Rats of OVX, milk and soymilk groups were bilaterally ovariectomized. Milk or soymilk of 3 ml was administered by gavage via an intragastric tube per day for 6 weeks. The distal femoral metaphysis was studied morphologically, together with bone mineral density (BMD), serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) and estradiol levels. In the OVX group, the trabecular bone volume was significantly reduced. The percentage area of resorbing surface was high. In the soymilk group, the trabecular bone volume was 68% higher and the percentage area of resorbing surface was 18% lower as compared with the OVX group. The serum estradiol level rose 48% and the serum PTH level fell 26% in the soymilk group. In the milk group, the trabecular bone volume had the tendency to be high, but there was no significant change of the bone morphology. The present study provides certain evidence that the soymilk has beneficial effects in preventing bone loss in rats induced by ovarian hormone deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Taguchi
- Department of Anatomy, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
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Jung WK, Kim SK. Calcium-binding peptide derived from pepsinolytic hydrolysates of hoki (Johnius belengerii) frame. Eur Food Res Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-006-0371-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Takahashi K, Myojo Y, Yoshida T, Yoshimura K, Hattori M. Soft and Ca-retaining Gelatin Prepared by Conjugating with Acidic Saccharides. J Food Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2004.tb10986.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Milk contains components that provide critical nutritive elements, immunological protection, and biologically active substances to both neonates and adults. Milk proteins are currently the main source of a range of biologically active peptides. Concentrates of these peptides are potential health-enhancing nutraceuticals for food and pharmaceutical applications. Several bioactive peptides may be used as nutraceuticals, for example, in the treatment of diarrhea, hypertension, thrombosis, dental diseases, as well as mineral malabsorption, and immunodeficiency. Minor whey proteins, such as lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase, lysozyme, and immunoglobulins, are considered antimicrobial proteins. Milk also contains some natural bioactive substances. These include oligosaccharides, fucosylated oligosaccharides, hormones, growth factors, mucin, gangliosides, and endogenous peptides, which are present in milk at secretion. Most of the claimed physiological properties of milk bioactive components have been carried out in vitro or in animal model systems, and these hypothesized properties remain to be proven in humans. Whether these milk bioactive components will replace drugs entirely in the immediate future is still unclear, but the increasing appreciation of "drug foods" or nutraceuticals plays a complementary rather than a substitutional role to the synthetic pharmacological drugs.
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Effect of γ-PGA (Poly-γ-Glutamic Acid) Supplement on Calcium Absorption and Bone Metabolism in Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.3746/jkfn.2006.35.3.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Jung WK, Moon SH, Kim SK. Effect of chitooligosaccharides on calcium bioavailability and bone strength in ovariectomized rats. Life Sci 2005; 78:970-6. [PMID: 16137703 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2005] [Accepted: 06/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan polymer with deacetylation degree of 93% was hydrolyzed with an endo-type chitosanase (35,000 U/g protein) with substrate to enzyme ratio of 1 to 1.5 for 18 h in a batch reactor, and then the resultant hydrolysates were fractionated into four different molecular weights using an ultrafiltration (UF) membrane reactor system. An in vitro study elucidated that four kinds of chitooligosaccharides (COSs) could efficiently inhibit the formation of insoluble calcium salts in the neutral pH. In vivo effects of COSs on Ca bioavailability were further studied in the osteoporosis modeling rats induced by ovariectomy and concurrent low calcium intake. During the experimental period corresponding to the menopause with the osteoporosis disease, calcium retention was increased and bone turnover was decreased by COS IV supplementation in the ovariectomized (OVX) rats. After the low Ca diet, COS IV diet including both normal level of calcium and vitamin D significantly decreased calcium loss in feces and increased calcium retention compared to the control diet. The levels of femoral total calcium, bone mineral density (BMD), and femoral strength were also significantly increased by the COS IV diet in a similar level to those of CPP diet group. In the present study, the results proved the beneficial effects of low molecular chitooligosaccharide (COS IV) in preventing negative mineral balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Kyo Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea
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Miquel E, Alegría A, Barberá R, Farré R. Speciation analysis of calcium, iron, and zinc in casein phosphopeptide fractions from toddler milk-based formula by anion exchange and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography?mass spectrometry/flame atomic-absorption spectroscopy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 381:1082-8. [PMID: 15678335 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-004-3002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2004] [Revised: 11/10/2004] [Accepted: 11/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Casein phosphopeptides (CPP) are phosphorylated casein-derived peptides that can be released by in-vitro or in-vivo enzymatic hydrolysis of alpha(s1)-casein, alpha(s2)-casein, and beta-casein (CN). Many of these peptides contain a highly polar acidic sequence of three phosphoseryl groups followed by two glutamic acid residues. These domains are binding sites for minerals such as calcium, iron, and zinc and play an important role in mineral bioavailability. The aim of this study was speciation analysis of calcium, iron, and zinc in CPP fractions from the soluble fraction of a toddler milk-based formula. Methods for CPP separation by anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography (AE-HPLC) were combined with CPP identification by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and determination of the calcium, iron, zinc, and phosphorus content of the fractions obtained by AE-HPLC. Calcium and phosphorus were detected in all the analyzed AE-HPLC fractions. Calcium and zinc could be bound to CPP derived from alpha(s1)-CN and alpha(s2)-CN in fraction 3. Iron could be bound to CPP in fraction 4 in which beta-CN(15-34)4P was present with the cluster sequence S(P)S(P)S(P)EE. The results obtained prove the different distribution of calcium, iron, and zinc in heterogeneous CPP fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Miquel
- Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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Cross KJ, Huq NL, Stanton DP, Sum M, Reynolds EC. NMR studies of a novel calcium, phosphate and fluoride delivery vehicle-αS1-casein(59–79) by stabilized amorphous calcium fluoride phosphate nanocomplexes. Biomaterials 2004; 25:5061-9. [PMID: 15109869 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2004] [Accepted: 01/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The repair of early tooth enamel lesions has been recently demonstrated by tryptic phosphopeptides derived from milk caseins that associate with amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) forming stable complexes. These casein phosphopeptides (CPP), containing the cluster sequence-Ser(P)-Ser(P)-Ser(P)-Glu-Glu-, form calcium phosphate delivery vehicles that retard enamel demineralization and promote remineralization. Recently, we have shown that these peptides also stabilize calcium fluoride phosphate as soluble complexes. These complexes designated CPP-ACFP, have the potential to provide superior clinical efficacy in preventing dental caries and treating and repairing early stages of disease. In an approach to determine the ultrastructure of the casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium fluoride phosphate complexes, we have studied the structure of the predominant peptide alpha(S1)-CN(59-79) bound to ACFP using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The alpha(S1)-CN(59-79) peptide stabilized calcium fluoride phosphate as amorphous nanocomplexes with a hydrodynamic radius of 2.12+/-0.26 nm. The nanocomplexes exhibited stoichiometry of one peptide to 15 calcium, nine phosphate and three fluoride ions. Sequence-specific resonance assignments were determined for the peptide alpha(S1)-CN(59-79) complexed to the ACFP. The secondary structure of the peptide alpha(S1)-CN(59-79) was characterized by sequential (i, i+1), medium-range (i, i+2) nOes and H alpha chemical shifts. The spectral data were compared with that of the peptide alpha(S1)-CN(59-79) bound to calcium ions, revealing that the structurally significant secondary NH and alpha-chemical shifts were similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Cross
- Centre for Oral Health Science, School of Dental Science, The University of Melbourne, 711 Elizabeth Street, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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Narva M, Collin M, Lamberg-Allardt C, Kärkkäinen M, Poussa T, Vapaatalo H, Korpela R. Effects of long-term intervention with Lactobacillus helveticus-fermented milk on bone mineral density and bone mineral content in growing rats. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2004; 48:228-34. [PMID: 15334032 DOI: 10.1159/000080455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2003] [Accepted: 03/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactobacillus helveticus-fermented milk has been shown to increase calcium absorption compared to ordinary sour milk. In the present study the possible effect of L. helveticus-fermented milk on bone was studied in growing rats. METHODS Spontaneously hypertensive male rats, which develop an osteoporotic bone disorder with age, were randomized into 5 groups (n = 10) receiving milk fermented with L. helveticus 16H and, as reference drinks, milk fermented with L. helveticus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, sour milk, skim milk or water, for 14 weeks. After the intervention bone mineral density and bone mineral content were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The femur weight, length and volume were measured before ashing. From the ashes the weight and mineral content were assessed. RESULTS As the body weight gain differed significantly between the groups, the results were related to the body weight. The L. helveticus-fermented milk intervention significantly increased the bone mineral density and bone mineral content compared to the sour milk, skim milk and water interventions. The mean values of the bone mineral density and bone mineral content were higher in the L. helveticus-fermented milk group compared to the Saccharomyces-fermented milk group but the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION L. helveticus-fermented milk increases bone mineral density and bone mineral content in relation to body weight in the long-term feeding of growing rats. The mechanism of L. helveticus remains to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirkka Narva
- Institute of Biomedicine, Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Abstract
Beyond nutrition, there is an increasing amount of data and information to demonstrate a bioactive role for dairy components in adults including a role in prevention of dental caries. Specifically, the casein fraction and hydrolysates thereof have been the focus of researchers investigating cariogenicity prevention. Tooth enamel is a polymeric substance consisting of crystalline calcium phosphate embedded in a protein matrix. Dental caries develop by acidic demineralization (calcium and phosphorus solubilization) of tooth enamel. Demineralization occurs directly (acidic food consumption) or indirectly (by fermentation products of dental plaque odontopathogenic bacteria growing on residual food particles between teeth or adhering to the plaque). Research efforts with milk derived bioactive peptides have focused on inhibition of cariogenic, plaque-forming bacteria, inhibition of tooth enamel demineralization, and subsequent enamel remineralization. Caseinophosphopeptides (CPP) and glycomacropeptide (GMP) have been patented for use in common personal hygiene products to prevent dental caries. Research has shown CPP and GMP to be growth inhibitory to the cariogenic bacteria Streptococcus mutans and other species. Additionally, CPP forms nanoclusters with amorphous calcium phosphate (AMP) at the tooth surface to provide a reservoir of calcium and phosphate ions to maintain a state of super saturation with respect to tooth enamel. This would buffer plaque pH, and also provide ions for tooth enamel remineralization. Glycosidic structures attached to GMP are important to numerous bioactive properties of the peptide including anticariogenicity. Like CPP, GMP has shown inhibitory activity to enamel demineralization and promotes tooth enamel remineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Aimutis
- Food Technical Development Center, Cargill, Inc, Wayzata, MN 55391, USA.
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Abstract
In the context of the EU research project FAIR-CT 98-3077, studies were carried out to investigate caseinophosphopeptides (CPP) as potential ingredients for functional food and pharmaceutical applications. CPP preparations were produced by enrichment of CPP from hydrolytic casein digests. Enzyme preparations used for hydrolysis were PTN 3.0 S, Alcalase, Bioprotease P conc, Proteinase DS. Cytochemical studies were carried out to examine the cytotoxic potential or cell modulating activities of CPP using human cancer cell lines (HL-60, Caco-2) and non-malignant polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PML) from oral cavity. PML cells isolated by magnetic cell sorting using CD-15-antibody-labelled paramagnetic beads were used for the first time for testing food-derived peptides. Cell activity was measured by formazan dye formation. Effects on enterocytic differentiation properties of Caco-2 cells were examined by transepithelial membrane resistance of Caco-2 cell monolayers and brush border associated alkaline phosphatase activity. In conclusion, (1) no deleterious cytochemical consequences (apoptotic, antiproliferative or general cytotoxic effects) were observed on presenting a range of CPP preparations to various human cell systems, indicating that these compounds can be rated harmless at a cellular level, (2) stimulation of IgG-secretion into culture supernatant of PBL points to possible immunoenhancing properties of CPP preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hartmann
- Federal Research Centre for Nutrition and Food, Institute of Dairy Chemistry and Technology, PO Box 60 69, D-24121 Kiel, Germany.
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ISHIKAWA H, SHIMODA Y, MATSUMOTO K. Preparation and Characterization of Liposomal Microencapsulated Poly-.GAMMA.-glutamic Acid for Prevention of Ca-Phosphate Precipitation under Intestinal Environment. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2004. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.10.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Huq NL, Cross KJ, Reynolds EC. Nascent helix in the multiphosphorylated peptide alphaS2-casein(2-20). J Pept Sci 2003; 9:386-92. [PMID: 12846484 DOI: 10.1002/psc.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Sequence-specific nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) assignments have been determined for the peptide alphaS2-CN(2-20) containing the multiphosphorylated motif-8Ser(P)-Ser(P)-Ser(P)-Glu-Glu12- in the presence of molar excess Ca2+. The secondary structure of the peptide was characterized by sequential (i,i + 1), medium-range (i,i + 2/3/4) nOes and H alpha chemical shifts. Molecular modelling of the peptide based on these constraints suggests a nascent helix for residues Ser(P)9 to Glu12. The spectral data for alphaS2-CN(2-20) were compared with those of other casein phosphopeptides beta-CN(1-25) and alphaS1-CN(59-79) that also contain the multiphosphorylated motif. This comparison revealed a similar pattern of secondary amide chemical shifts in the multiphosphorylated motif. However, the patterns of medium-range nOe connectivities in the three peptides suggests they have distinctly different conformations in the presence of Ca2+ despite having a high degree of sequential similarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Laila Huq
- School of Dental Science, The University of Melbourne, 711 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, 3000, Victoria, Australia
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Narva M, Kärkkäinen M, Poussa T, Lamberg-Allardt C, Korpela R. Caseinphosphopeptides in milk and fermented milk do not affect calcium metabolism acutely in postmenopausal women. J Am Coll Nutr 2003; 22:88-93. [PMID: 12569119 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2003.10719280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caseinphosphopeptides (CPPs) are formed in food processing or during digestion in the gastrointestinal tract. CPPs prevent the formation of insoluble calcium salts; thus, the hypothesis is that CPPs increase the absorption of calcium. OBJECTIVE We examined the effect of additional caseinphosphopeptides in milk and fermented milk on acute calcium metabolism by measuring intact PTH (iPTH), ionized calcium (iCa), total calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) from serum, and 24-hour calcium from urine (U-Ca). METHODS The study consisted of two separate parts, both applying a double-blind randomized crossover study with two interventions, in nine postmenopausal women. The acute effect on calcium metabolism was analysed by measuring iPTH, iCa, Ca and P from serum during the first six hours after the administration of the study milks. U-Ca was analysed 24 hours prior to the study and 0, 2, 4, 6, 12 and 24 hours after the administration of the study milks. The study included two parts, both consisting of two study days with a one-week washout period in between. In the first part the effect of control milk and CPP-enriched milk was measured. The second part evaluated the effect of fermentation by giving subjects milk or fermented milk, both enriched with CPPs. RESULTS In the first part of the study there were no statistically significant differences in iPTH, iCa, Ca, P or U-Ca between the groups receiving control milk compared to CPP-containing milk. There was no difference in the AUC((0-6)) of iCa and iPTH. In the second part, fermentation did not affect calcium metabolism, when results from the CPP-enriched milk and CPP-enriched fermented milk groups were compared. CONCLUSION One gram of caseinphosphopeptides does not affect calcium metabolism acutely in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirkka Narva
- Valio Research Centre, Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Pihlanto A, Korhonen H. Bioactive peptides and proteins. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2003; 47:175-276. [PMID: 14639784 DOI: 10.1016/s1043-4526(03)47004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Pihlanto
- MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Food Research, 31600 Jokioinen, Finland
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Chobert JM. Milk protein modification to improve functional and biological properties. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2003; 47:1-71. [PMID: 14639781 DOI: 10.1016/s1043-4526(03)47001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Chobert
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Interactions des Molécules Alimentaires Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Rue de la Géraudière B.P. 71627, 44316 Nantés, France
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Kato K, Takada Y, Matsuyama H, Kawasaki Y, Aoe S, Yano H, Toba Y. Milk calcium taken with cheese increases bone mineral density and bone strength in growing rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2002; 66:2342-6. [PMID: 12506970 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.66.2342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the calcium bioavailability of milk calcium, taken with or without cheese. Twenty-four 6-week-old male rats for a meal-feeding experiment were trained to consume an AIN-76 diet within 2 h (2 times per day) for 2 weeks. The rats were then divided into three experimental groups, each fed 2 types of experimental diets: Control group, Cheese group, and Ca-Cheese group. The rats were each alternately given 2 types of experimental diets at 2-h meal-feeding for 31 days. The breaking force and energy of the femur in the Ca-Cheese group were significantly higher than in the control group. The bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine and the femur in the Ca-Cheese group was also significantly higher than in the other two groups. These results indicate that milk calcium taken with cheese increases bone strength and BMD efficiently, results that may be useful for the prevention of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Kato
- Product Planning and Development Division, Snow Brand Frozen Foods Co., Ltd., Kawagoe, Saitama 350-1165, Japan.
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