1
|
Lee MD, Ipharraguerre IR, Arsenault RJ, Lyte M, Lyte JM, Humphrey B, Angel R, Korver DR. Informal nutrition symposium: leveraging the microbiome (and the metabolome) for poultry production. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101588. [PMID: 34933222 PMCID: PMC8703059 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of gut microbiology of poultry has advanced from a limited ability to culture relatively few microbial species, to attempting to understand the complex interactions between the bird and its microbiome. The Informal Nutrition Symposium 2021 was intended to help poultry scientists to make sense of the implications of the vast amounts of information being generated by researchers. This paper represents a compilation of the talks given at the symposium by leading international researchers in this field. The symposium began with an overview of the historical developments in the field of intestinal microbiology and microbiome research in poultry. Next, the systemic effects of the microbiome on health in the context of the interplay between the intestinal microbiota and the immune system were presented. Because the microbiome and the host communicate and influence each other, the novel field of kinomics (the study of protein phosphorylation) as used in the study of the poultry microbiome was discussed. Protein phosphorylation is a rapid response to the complex of signals among the microbiome, intestinal lumen metabolites, and the host. Then, a description of why an understanding of the role of microbial endocrinology in poultry production can lead to new understanding of the mechanisms by which the gut microbiota and the host can interact in defined mechanisms that ultimately determine health, pathogenesis of infectious disease, and behavior was given. Finally, a view forward was presented underscoring the importance of understanding mechanisms in microbiomes in other organ systems and other species. Additionally, the importance of the development of new -omics platforms and data management tools to more completely understand host microbiomes was stressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margie D Lee
- Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | | | - Ryan J Arsenault
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA 19716
| | - Mark Lyte
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Joshua M Lyte
- Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | | | - Roselina Angel
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Douglas R Korver
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2P5.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lilburn MS, Loeffler S. Early intestinal growth and development in poultry. Poult Sci 2015; 94:1569-76. [PMID: 25910905 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While there are many accepted "facts" within the field of poultry science that are in truth still open for discussion, there is little debate with respect to the tremendous genetic progress that has been made with commercial broilers and turkeys (Havenstein et al., 2003, 2007). When one considers the changes in carcass development in poultry meat strains, these genetic "improvements" have not always been accompanied by correlated changes in other physiological systems and this can predispose some birds to developmental anomalies (i.e. ascites; Pavlidis et al., 2007; Wideman et al., 2013). Over the last decade, there has been increased interest in intestinal growth/health as poultry nutritionists have attempted to adopt new approaches to deal with the broader changes in the overall nutrition landscape. This landscape includes not only the aforementioned genetic changes but also a raft of governmental policies that have focused attention on the environment (phosphorus and nitrogen excretion), consumer pressure on the use of antibiotics, and renewable biofuels with its consequent effects on ingredient costs. Intestinal morphology has become a common research tool for assessing nutritional effects on the intestine but it is only one metric among many that can be used and histological results can often be interpreted in a variety of ways. This study will address the broader body of research on intestinal growth and development in commercial poultry and will attempt to integrate the topics of the intestinal: microbial interface and the role of the intestine as an immune tissue under the broad umbrella of intestinal physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Lilburn
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - S Loeffler
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hu Z, Guo Y. Effects of dietary sodium butyrate supplementation on the intestinal morphological structure, absorptive function and gut flora in chickens. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
4
|
|
5
|
|
6
|
Tellez G, Higgins S, Donoghue A, Hargis B. Digestive Physiology and the Role of Microorganisms. J APPL POULTRY RES 2006. [DOI: 10.1093/japr/15.1.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
|
7
|
Solis de los Santos F, Farnell MB, Téllez G, Balog JM, Anthony NB, Torres-Rodriguez A, Higgins S, Hargis BM, Donoghue AM. Effect of prebiotic on gut development and ascites incidence of broilers reared in a hypoxic environment. Poult Sci 2005; 84:1092-100. [PMID: 16050126 DOI: 10.1093/ps/84.7.1092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern broilers have been genetically selected for an increased growth rate and improved feed conversion, but they are also more susceptible to ascites. Ascites occurs when there is an imbalance between available oxygen and the oxygen demand of the broiler. We hypothesized that promoting neonatal gut development with a prebiotic, such as Aspergillus meal (Prebiotic-AM), would enhance gut efficiency, decrease the oxygen demand of the gut, and reduce ascites incidence. In this study, we compared the effect of Prebiotic-AM on ascites incidence and gut development in commercial broilers reared at a local altitude (390 m above sea level) and a simulated high altitude (2,900 m above sea level). Half of the birds received a National Research Council recommended corn-soybean ration, and the other half received the same ration supplemented with 0.2% Prebiotic-AM. These 2 groups were further divided into a local altitude group and a simulated high altitude group for a total of 4 treatment combinations. Tissues were collected on d 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 from the duodenum and lower ileum and placed in 10% buffered formalin for morphometric analysis. At a simulated high altitude, ascites incidence was 68% for birds fed the Prebiotic-AM supplement compared with 92% ascites incidence in birds given the control feed. The simulated high altitude decreased (P < 0.05) gut development, but prebiotic-treated birds reared in hypoxic conditions had similar gut development to control birds reared at local altitude. These data suggest that a feed ration supplemented with Prebiotic-AM may reduce the effect of hypoxia on broiler gut development and ascites incidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Solis de los Santos
- Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mitsuhiro F, Jun-ichi O. Nutritional and physiological characteristics in germ-free chickens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(94)90193-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
9
|
Chotinsky D, Bochorov O. Changes in the transport of 14C-leucine in tissue rings and activity of alkaline phosphatase and (Na+, K+) ATP-ase in mucosa of small intestine in broiler chickens fed on mixtures treated with gamma irradiation. ARCHIV FUR TIERERNAHRUNG 1991; 41:183-8. [PMID: 1647155 DOI: 10.1080/17450399109428458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The effect of treating the combined feeds with gamma rays (0.35, 0.7 and 1.0 Mrad) was studied on the transport of 14C-leucine in intestinal rings and activity of alkaline phosphatase and (Na+, K+) ATP-ase in mucosa of small intestine of broiler chicks. It was established that in treating the combined feeds with gamma rays the transport of 14C-leucine increases in intestinal rings, being this effect most significant in treating with 0.35 Mrad. Activity of both alkaline phosphatase and (Na+, K+) ATP-ase in intestinal mucosa increases on feeding combined feeds treated with 0.35 Mrad, remains unchanged with 0.7 Mrad and decreases significantly with 1.0 Mrad.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Chotinsky
- Poultry Research Institute, Kostinbrod, Bulgaria
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Affiliation(s)
- D S Parker
- Department of Agricultural Biochemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Newcastle upon Tyne
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Studies with gnotobiotic animals have demonstrated extensive synthesis of vitamins, involvement in the metabolism of nitrogenous compounds and modification of lipids among the activities of the conventional microflora. The extent to which they affect the host depends on factors such as the structure of the gut, the position of the sites of bacterial proliferation and the host's nutritional status. Thus the findings in experimental animals may not always be applicable to man. Results so far indicate that in circumstances of dietary inadequacy bacterial activity may be detrimental or beneficial. However, these effects are small, and it seems reasonable to conclude that the influence of the indigenous microflora on the host's nutrition is of relatively minor importance compared with its role as a barrier against invasion by undesirable organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M E Coates
- University of Reading, National Institute of Research in Dairying, Shinfield, England
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
|
13
|
Muramatsu T, Coates ME, Hewitt D, Salter DN, Garlick PJ. The influence of the gut microflora on protein synthesis in liver and jejunal mucosa in chicks. Br J Nutr 1983; 49:453-62. [PMID: 6190505 DOI: 10.1079/bjn19830054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Protein synthesis in liver and jejunal mucosa was measured in 19-d-old germ-free (GF) and conventional (CV) chicks fed on a semi-purified casein-gelatin (SCG) diet using a massive-dose single injection of [U-14C]phenylalanine. The effect of subsequent feeding for 9 d either a nitrogen-free (NF) diet or an NF diet supplemented with L-methionine (5 g/kg) and L-arginine hydrochloride (2 g/kg) (MA diet) was investigated in both types of chick. In the liver, apart from the amount of DNA, the values for wet weight, protein, RNA, fractional synthesis rate (FSR) and the amount of protein synthesized were reduced after feeding the NF diet and, to a lesser extent, the MA diet. Except that the total amount of liver DNA was higher in the CV chicks than in their GF counterparts (P less than 0.01), no environmental effect was significant. When expressed on a unit body-weight basis, liver weight, protein, RNA and DNA were significantly higher in the CV than in the GF chicks. In the jejunal mucosa, the values for wet weight, protein and RNA tended to be reduced after the NF treatment but increased after the MA treatment. Mucosal DNA and the amount of protein synthesized (microgram/mm per d) were significantly reduced after the NF diet but were less affected after the MA diet. Mucosal protein FSR and the amount of protein synthesized per mg RNA were significantly reduced after both dietary treatments. No difference was found among dietary treatments in the amount of protein synthesized per mg DNA in jejunal mucosa. Mucosal DNA was significantly higher in the CV chicks and the reverse was true for mucosal protein: DNA. It was suggested that the increased protein synthesis in jejunal mucosa and possibly in liver on supplementation of an NF diet with methionine and arginine would partly, if not completely, account for the N-sparing effect of these amino acids. Although the protein: DNA value was smaller in CV chicks, the FSR and the amount of protein synthesized tended to be higher than in their GF counterparts irrespective of nutritional status. This might imply that protein degradation rate is greater in the CV state.
Collapse
|