1
|
Olutumise AI. Intensity of adaptations to heat stress in poultry farms: A behavioural analysis of farmers in Ondo state, Nigeria. J Therm Biol 2023; 115:103614. [PMID: 37336113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
The detrimental consequences of heat stress due to high ambient temperatures, particularly in the poultry industry, have led to the invention of several adaptation strategies. However, there is still limited information on the intensity of adaptations and the likely behavioural factors that influence farmers' decisions. Thus, understanding the practical adaptation behaviours of poultry farmers would improve our knowledge of the fundamental mechanisms for developing effective interventions. To fill this void, using a count data model, the study empirically examines the farmers' behavioural factors and the intensity of heat stress adaptation strategies' adoption among poultry farmers in Ondo State, Nigeria. The data were drawn from a survey of 150 poultry farmers using a multistage sampling procedure. The empirical results show that the majority of the farmers perceived an increase in temperature, frequently experienced heat stress, and believed that heat stress is induced by climate change. An average of six adaptation strategies were simultaneously adopted to mitigate heat stress in the area. The results of the count regression model reveal that farm-level factors such as permanent water sources, the quantity of feed, and bird stock density exert a significant effect on the intensity of adaptations. Climate-related factors such as access to climate information, training participation, perceived increases in temperature, attitudes toward climate change, and motives for adoption have a significant behavioural effect on the intensity of adaptations. Likewise, variables such as poultry farming experience, educational status, and access to credit are accounted for as socioeconomic behavioural factors that influence the intensity of adopting heat stress adaptation strategies in the area. This concludes that behavioural factors are crucial in addressing heat stress adaptations and assisting in improving environmental management, which would form a key variable in the policy interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adewale Isaac Olutumise
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Adekunle Ajasin University, P.M.B. 001, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria; Department of Economic and Business Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
De Ketelaere B, Corion M, Adriaens I, Van Liedekerke P, Saeys W. Non-Destructive Eggshell Strength Assessment Using Hertz Contact Theory-Part II: Implementation and Validation. Foods 2023; 12:foods12061340. [PMID: 36981265 PMCID: PMC10048172 DOI: 10.3390/foods12061340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Eggshell strength is a critical quality factor for consumption eggs as it affects the probability of breakage in practice. In this study, a fast and low-cost methodology for the non-destructive determination of eggshell strength is presented. The method utilized a small steel ball to impact the egg and a microphone to analyse the impact characteristics. Hertz contact theory was applied to relate the measured impact characteristics to the local stiffness of the eggshell. Therefore, a total of 150 eggs were studied on which eight consecutive measurements per egg were taken around the equator at equidistant places. The results showed a strong correlation of 0.93 between the traditional static stiffness measured during quasi-static compression tests and the average stiffness obtained from the new methodology. This paves the way towards fast, low-cost and non-destructive in-line shell strength measurements to reduce the number of cracked eggs reaching the consumer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bart De Ketelaere
- Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS), Department of Biosystems, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg, 30, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthias Corion
- Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS), Department of Biosystems, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg, 30, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ines Adriaens
- Division Animal and Human Health Engineering (A2H), Department of Biosystems, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kleinhoefstraat 4, 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - Paul Van Liedekerke
- BIOMATH, Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wouter Saeys
- Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS), Department of Biosystems, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg, 30, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Eltahan HM, Kang CW, Chowdhury VS, Eltahan HM, Abdel-Maksoud MA, Mubarak A, Lim CI. Cold Drinking Water Boosts the Cellular and Humoral Immunity in Heat-Exposed Laying Hens. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040580. [PMID: 36830366 PMCID: PMC9951739 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of cold drinking water on cellular and humoral immunity in heat-exposed laying hens. One hundred and eight laying hens at 19 weeks old were placed into three treatments with six replicates of six hens in each group as follows: (1) hens were provided with normal drinking water (NW) under the control of thermoneutral temperature (CT: 25 ± 1 °C; CT + NW), (2) hens were provided with NW under high ambient temperature (HT: 35 ± 1 °C; HT + NW) for 8 h/d for a month, and (3) hens were treated under HT with cold drinking water (CW: 15 ± 1 °C; HT + CW) for 8 h/d for a 4-weeks. Then, the feed consumption, egg production, egg weight, feed conversion ratio, and blood immune parameters were investigated. The results showed that cold drinking water (CW) caused a significant (p < 0.05) recovery in the reduction of food intake and egg production due to heat stress; however, there was no significant effect (p > 0.05) on egg weight and feed conversion ratio. Moreover, CW significantly (p < 0.05) restored the immune-suppressing effects of heat stress on the contents of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, including B-cell (BU-Ia), helper T cell (CD4), and the ratio of helper/cytotoxic T cell (CD4/CD8). In addition, CW significantly (p < 0.05) recovered the reduction on the level of mRNA expression of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), as well as significantly (p < 0.05) restored the reduction of plasma concentration of IL-2, IFN-γ and immunoglobulin G in heat-stressed laying hens. These results prove that CW increased heat dissipation and enhanced feed intake, egg production, and cellular and humoral immunity in heat-exposed laying hens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hatem M. Eltahan
- Animal Production Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Agriculture Ministry, Sakha, Kafr El-Sheikh 33717, Egypt
- Postdoc at the Department of Animal Science, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (H.M.E.); (C.I.L.); Tel.: +20-1005122758 (H.M.E.); +82-63-270-2638 (C.I.L.); Fax: +82-63-270-2612 (C.I.L.)
| | - Chang W. Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Vishwajit S. Chowdhury
- Division for Experimental Natural Science, Faculty of Arts and Science, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hossam M. Eltahan
- Animal Production Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Agriculture Ministry, Sakha, Kafr El-Sheikh 33717, Egypt
| | - Mostafa A. Abdel-Maksoud
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman Mubarak
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chun Ik Lim
- Poultry Research Institute, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Pyeongchang 25342, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (H.M.E.); (C.I.L.); Tel.: +20-1005122758 (H.M.E.); +82-63-270-2638 (C.I.L.); Fax: +82-63-270-2612 (C.I.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kim DH, Lee YK, Lee SD, Lee KW. Impact of relative humidity on the laying performance, egg quality, and physiological stress responses of laying hens exposed to high ambient temperature. J Therm Biol 2022; 103:103167. [PMID: 35027187 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of relative humidity (RH) on the laying performance, egg quality, and stress indicators of laying hens raised at high ambient temperatures. A total of 180 Hy-Line Brown laying hens (68-wk-old) were randomly allotted to one of the following three RH conditions for 12 h a day (9:00 a.m.-9:00 p.m.) over four weeks: low RH (LRH; 25% RH), moderate RH (MRH; 50% RH), and high RH (HRH; 75% RH); ambient temperature was 30 °C under all treatments. None of the RH treatments affected hen-day egg production, egg weight, or egg mass (P > 0.05). However, feed intake was lower in the HRH group than in the LRH group (P < 0.05). Plasma corticosterone (CORT) concentration on day 21, yolk CORT concentration on day 3, and albumen CORT concentration on day 7 following RH exposure were higher in the HRH group than in the LRH group (P < 0.05). Moreover, plasma HDL-cholesterol concentration on day 14 was higher in the HRH group than in the LRH group (P < 0.05). On days 3 and 14, the Haugh unit decreased (P < 0.05) in the LRH group compared with that in the MRH and HRH groups. The HRH-exposed laying hens showed the lowest (P < 0.05) eggshell thickness on day 14. The absolute weights of eggshell, yolk, and albumen decreased in the HRH group compared with those in the MRH and LRH groups. Overall, high RH lowered feed intake and egg quality except for the Haugh unit, and induced stress response as manifested by elevated plasma, yolk, and albumen CORT concentrations. To our best knowledge, the present study is the first to demonstrate the role of RH in triggering temperature stress responses in laying hens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Da-Hye Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yoo-Kyung Lee
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development of Administration (NIAS-RDA), Wanju-gun, 55365, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung-Dae Lee
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development of Administration (NIAS-RDA), Wanju-gun, 55365, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyung-Woo Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mysore THM, Patil AY, Raju GU, Banapurmath NR, Bhovi PM, Afzal A, Alamri S, Saleel CA. Investigation of Mechanical and Physical Properties of Big Sheep Horn as an Alternative Biomaterial for Structural Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:4039. [PMID: 34300958 PMCID: PMC8307255 DOI: 10.3390/ma14144039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates the physical and mechanical properties of bighorns of Deccani breed sheep native from Karnataka, India. The exhaustive work comprises two cases. First, rehydrated (wet) and ambient (dry) conditions, and second, the horn coupons were selected for longitudinal and lateral (transverse) directions. More than seventy-two samples were subjected to a test for physical and mechanical property extraction. Further, twenty-four samples were subjected to physical property testing, which included density and moisture absorption tests. At the same time, mechanical testing included analysis of the stress state dependence with the horn keratin tested under tension, compression, and flexural loading. The mechanical properties include the elastic modulus, yield strength, ultimate strength, failure strain, compressive strength, flexural strength, flexural modulus, and hardness. The results showed anisotropy and depended highly on the presence of water content more than coupon orientation. Wet conditioned specimens had a significant loss in mechanical properties compared with dry specimens. The observed outcomes were shown at par with results for yield strength of 53.5 ± 6.5 MPa (which is better than its peers) and a maximum compressive stress of 557.7 ± 5 MPa (highest among peers). Young's modulus 6.5 ± 0.5 GPa and a density equivalent to a biopolymer of 1.2 g/cc are expected to be the lightest among its peers; flexural strength 168.75 MPa, with lowest failure strain percentage of 6.5 ± 0.5 and Rockwell hardness value of 60 HRB, seem best in the class of this category. Simulation study identified a suitable application area based on impact and fatigue analysis. Overall, the exhaustive experimental work provided many opportunities to use this new material in various diversified applications in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tajammul Hussain M. Mysore
- School of Mechanical Engineering, KLE Technological University, Hubballi 580031, Karnataka, India; (T.H.M.M.); (G.U.R.); (N.R.B.); (P.M.B.)
| | - Arun Y. Patil
- School of Mechanical Engineering, KLE Technological University, Hubballi 580031, Karnataka, India; (T.H.M.M.); (G.U.R.); (N.R.B.); (P.M.B.)
| | - G. U. Raju
- School of Mechanical Engineering, KLE Technological University, Hubballi 580031, Karnataka, India; (T.H.M.M.); (G.U.R.); (N.R.B.); (P.M.B.)
| | - N. R. Banapurmath
- School of Mechanical Engineering, KLE Technological University, Hubballi 580031, Karnataka, India; (T.H.M.M.); (G.U.R.); (N.R.B.); (P.M.B.)
- B.V.B. College of Engineering and Technology, Mechanical Engineering, KLE Technological University, Hubballi 580031, Karnataka, India
| | - Prabhakar M. Bhovi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, KLE Technological University, Hubballi 580031, Karnataka, India; (T.H.M.M.); (G.U.R.); (N.R.B.); (P.M.B.)
- B.V.B. College of Engineering and Technology, Mechanical Engineering, KLE Technological University, Hubballi 580031, Karnataka, India
| | - Asif Afzal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, P. A. College of Engineering, Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi 574153, Mangaluru, India
| | - Sagr Alamri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 394, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (C.A.S.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | - C Ahamed Saleel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 394, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (C.A.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kumar M, Ratwan P, Dahiya SP, Nehra AK. Climate change and heat stress: Impact on production, reproduction and growth performance of poultry and its mitigation using genetic strategies. J Therm Biol 2021; 97:102867. [PMID: 33863431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.102867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Heat stress is an important environmental determinant which adversely affects the performance of poultry worldwide. The present communication reviews the impact of heat stress on production, reproduction and growth performance of poultry, and its alleviation using genetic strategies. The adverse effects of high environmental temperature on poultry include decrease in growth rate, body weight, egg production, egg weight, egg quality, meat quality, semen quality, fertility and hatchability, which cause vast financial losses to the poultry industry. High ambient temperature has an antagonistic effect on performance traits of the poultry. Thus, selection of birds for high performance has increased their susceptibility to heat stress. Additionally, heat burden during transportation of birds from one place to another leads to reduced meat quality, increased mortality and welfare issues. Molecular markers are being explored nowadays to recognize the potential candidate genes related to production, reproduction and growth traits for selecting poultry birds to enhance thermo-tolerance and resistance against diseases. In conclusion, there is a critical need of formulating selection strategies based on genetic markers and exploring more genes in addition to HSP25, 70, 90, H1, RB1CC, BAG3, PDK, ID1, Na, F, dw and K responsible for thermoregulation, to improve the overall performance of poultry along with their ability to tolerate heat stress conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- Department of Livestock Farm Complex, LUVAS, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India.
| | - Poonam Ratwan
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, LUVAS, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India.
| | - S P Dahiya
- Department of Livestock Farm Complex, LUVAS, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India.
| | - Anil Kumar Nehra
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, LUVAS, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Khatibi SMR, Zarghi H, Golian A. Effect of diet nutrients density on performance and egg quality of laying hens during the post-peak production phase of the first laying cycle under subtropical climate. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2021.1900753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Heydar Zarghi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abolghasem Golian
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bari MS, Downing JA, Dyall TR, Lee C, Campbell DLM. Relationships Between Rearing Enrichments, Range Use, and an Environmental Stressor for Free-Range Laying Hen Welfare. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:480. [PMID: 32923465 PMCID: PMC7457091 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enrichments during pullet rearing may improve adaptation and welfare of hens as they move from indoor rearing to a free-range system. Individual variation in outdoor ranging may also affect welfare. This study assessed the effects of rearing enrichments and an imposed environmental stressor on hen welfare and egg quality along with the association of welfare with ranging. Hy-Line Brown® chicks (n = 1,386) were reared indoors until 16 weeks with 3 enrichment treatments including a "control" group with standard floor litter, a "novelty" group that received novel objects that were changed weekly, and a "structural" group with H-shaped perching structures. Pullets were then moved to a free-range system with three replicates of each rearing treatment. Daily ranging was individually tracked from 25 to 64 weeks via radiofrequency identification technology. Individual hen welfare assessments were performed at 25, 33, 43, 56, and 64 weeks and correlated with ranging time prior to these dates. At 44 weeks, the range area was reduced by 80% for 11 days to induce stress. Changes in ranging behavior, albumen corticosterone concentrations and egg quality were evaluated. GLMMs showed significant interactions between hen age and rearing treatment for live weight, number of comb wounds, plumage coverage, and toenail length (all P ≤ 0.003), with the enriched hens showing more consistent live weight at the later ages, fewer comb wounds at 33 weeks, and better plumage coverage at the later ages, whereas the structural hens had shorter toenails as age increased. Plumage coverage showed a positive relationship with range use across most age points (P < 0.0001). Hens reduced ranging time following the imposed stressor but increased their number of visits with the lowest increase by the structural hens (P = 0.03). Significant interactions between rearing treatment and stressor for albumen corticosterone concentrations showed the structural hens decreased concentrations immediately post-stress, but the control and novelty groups increased (P < 0.006). The stressor increased or decreased values of most egg quality parameters across all rearing groups (all P ≤ 0.02). Overall, provision of rearing enrichments and greater range use may have positive impacts on hen welfare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Saiful Bari
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Armidale, NSW, Australia
- Department of Dairy and Poultry Science, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Jeff A. Downing
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Life and Environmental Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tim R. Dyall
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Caroline Lee
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Dana L. M. Campbell
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Armidale, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Orhan C, Kucuk O, Sahin N, Tuzcu M, Sahin K. Effects of taurine supplementation on productive performance, nutrient digestibility and gene expression of nutrient transporters in quails reared under heat stress. J Therm Biol 2020; 92:102668. [PMID: 32888571 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to examine the effects of dietary taurine supplementation on productive performance, nutrient digestibility, antioxidant status, and the gene expression of ileal nutrient transporters in laying quails reared under heat stress (HS). One hundred and eighty laying Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were fed a basal diet or basal diet supplemented with either 2.5 or 5 g of taurine per kg of diet, and reared at either 22 ± 2 °C for 24 h/d (thermoneutral, TN) or 34 ± 2 °C for 8 h/d (HS) for 12 weeks. The quails reared under HS consumed less feed, produced less egg, and had lower dry matter, organic matter and crude protein apparent digestibilities compared with the quails reared under the TN condition (P = 0.001). However, increasing taurine concentrations in the diet improved feed intake and egg production (P = 0.001), but also the apparent digestibilities (P ≤ 0.027) in quails reared under HS. The greater doses (5 g/kg) of taurine resulted in more responses. The quails reared under HS had greater serum and liver MDA concentrations (P = 0.0001) which decreased with dietary taurine supplementations, particularly greater doses. The gene expressions of ileal PEPT1, EAAT3, CAT1, CAT2, SGLT1, SGLT5, GLUT2, and GLUT5 decreased under HS conditions (P = 0.001). However, supplementing taurine, in a dose-dependent fashion, to the diet of quails reared under HS resulted in increases in the gene expressions of the transporters (P < 0.05) except for CAT1. The results of the present work showed that taurine supplementation, particularly with greater doses (5 g/kg), to the diet of laying quails kept under HS acts as alleviating negative effects of HS, resulting in improvements in productive performance and nutrient digestion, and also upregulation of ileal nutrient transporters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cemal Orhan
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, 23119, Turkey
| | - Osman Kucuk
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, 38039, Turkey.
| | - Nurhan Sahin
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, 23119, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Tuzcu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Firat University, Elazig, 23119, Turkey
| | - Kazim Sahin
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, 23119, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Vieira GMN, Pereira AA, Griep Júnior DN, Silva WAD, Viana SS, Lima CB. A by-product of pinto beans in diets for quail in the laying phase. ACTA SCIENTIARUM: ANIMAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v42i1.48883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate levels of inclusion of pinto beans in diets for quail in the laying phase on their performance and egg quality. A total of 280 Japanese quail in the laying phase were distributed into five treatments in a completely randomized design with eight replicates and seven birds per plot. Treatments consisted of five levels (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8%) of inclusion of pinto beans in the diets, which remained isoenergetic and isoproteic. The experiment began with the quail at 70 days of age and lasted 63 days, with their performance assessed every 21 days and egg-quality parameters on the last two days of each cycle. The following parameters were evaluated: final weight, feed intake, egg-laying rate, feed conversion (per dozen eggs and per egg mass), egg weight, eggshell thickness, specific gravity, yolk color, and weights of shell, yolk, and albumen. No difference was detected between the bean inclusion levels for any of the performance and egg-quality traits assessed or the birds' final weight. In conclusion, up to 8% raw pinto beans may be added in diets for Japanese quail in the laying phase without compromising their performance or internal-external egg quality.
Collapse
|
11
|
Radwan LM. Genetic improvement of egg laying traits in Fayoumi chickens bred under conditions of heat stress through selection and gene expression studies. J Therm Biol 2020; 89:102546. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
12
|
Liu M, Lu Y, Gao P, Xie X, Li D, Yu D, Yu M. Effect of curcumin on laying performance, egg quality, endocrine hormones, and immune activity in heat-stressed hens. Poult Sci 2020; 99:2196-2202. [PMID: 32241505 PMCID: PMC7587741 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of curcumin on laying performance, egg quality, biochemical indicators, hormone levels, and immune activity in hens under heat stress. Hy-Line brown hens (280-day-old) were fed with 0, 100, 150, and 200 mg/kg of curcumin during a 42-D experiment. Compared with the control treatment, supplementation with 150 mg/kg of curcumin improved laying performance and egg quality by significantly increasing egg production, eggshell thickness, eggshell strength (P < 0.01), and albumen height (P < 0.05) while decreasing the feed-to-egg ratio. Antioxidant activity was improved by significantly increasing the activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase but decreasing malondialdehyde levels in serum (P < 0.05) and significantly increasing the levels of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estradiol, IgG, IgA, and complement C3 activity in serum (P < 0.05). These results indicated that supplemental 150 mg/kg curcumin can improve productive performance, antioxidant enzyme activity, and immune function in laying hens under the heat stress conditions applied in the present study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China
| | - Yinglin Lu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China
| | - Peng Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolei Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China
| | - Dongfeng Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China
| | - Debing Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China.
| | - Minli Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Londero A, Pires Rosa A, Golin Luiggi F, Oliveira Fernandes M, Guterres A, Moura SD, Hettwer Pedroso N, Santos N. Effect of supplementation with organic and inorganic minerals on the performance, egg and sperm quality and, hatching characteristics of laying breeder hens. Anim Reprod Sci 2020; 215:106309. [PMID: 32216930 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2020.106309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with organic micro-minerals on egg production, egg quality, sperm quality and hatching of eggs of laying breeder hens. A total of 144 White Plymouth Rock hens and 36 Red Rhode Island roosters were used. For each treatment, birds were assigned to eight replicates with six hens and 12 replicates with one rooster. Birds were fed a basal diet (BD) containing only inorganic micro-minerals (10 mg Cu, 60 mg Fe, 70 mg Mn, 75 mg Zn and 0.3 mg Se per kg of diet) or a BD +500 g/ton of organic micro-mineral (OMM) product (2.5 mg Cu, 17.5 mg Fe, 20 mg Mn, 27.5 mg Zn and 0.080 mg Se per kg of diet) and BD +800 g/ton of OMM (4 mg Cu, 28 mg Fe, 32 mg Mn, 44 mg Zn and 0.128 mg Se per kg of ration). At 43, 44, 45 and 49 wks, egg production was greater with the BD +800 g OMM treatment than with the BD. Egg quality was not affected as a result of diet. Sperm viability was greater in roosters fed BD +800 g of OMM than those fed the BD. Fertility was greater for eggs from hens fed the BD +500 g OMM compared with BD. In conclusion, addition of organic minerals to the diet resulted in l an increased egg production and viability of rooster spermatozoa and egg fertility were greater with feeding of OMM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Londero
- Poultry Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima Nº 1000, ZIP Code: 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Alexandre Pires Rosa
- Poultry Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima Nº 1000, ZIP Code: 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Golin Luiggi
- Yes Sinergy Agroindustrial Ltda, Rua Wellman Galvão De França Rangel, 663 - Swiss Park, ZIP Code: 13049-254, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariane Oliveira Fernandes
- Poultry Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima Nº 1000, ZIP Code: 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Andressa Guterres
- Poultry Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima Nº 1000, ZIP Code: 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Santos de Moura
- Poultry Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima Nº 1000, ZIP Code: 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Natália Hettwer Pedroso
- Poultry Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima Nº 1000, ZIP Code: 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Natieli Santos
- Poultry Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima Nº 1000, ZIP Code: 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Moraes SS, Pereira AA, Almeida VVS, Lima Júnior DM, Silva WA, Mariz CBL, Vieira GMN, Silva WA, Moreno GMB. Coconut Cake in Diets for Quail in the Laying Phase. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2018-0970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- SS Moraes
- Federal University of Alagoas, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - WA Silva
- Federal University of Alagoas, Brazil
| | - CBL Mariz
- Federal University of Alagoas, Brazil
| | | | - WA Silva
- Federal University of Alagoas, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Early rearing enrichments influenced nest use and egg quality in free-range laying hens. Animal 2020; 14:1249-1257. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731119003094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
|
16
|
|
17
|
|
18
|
Saeed M, Abbas G, Alagawany M, Kamboh AA, Abd El-Hack ME, Khafaga AF, Chao S. Heat stress management in poultry farms: A comprehensive overview. J Therm Biol 2019; 84:414-425. [PMID: 31466781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress causes significant economic losses in poultry production, especially in tropical and arid regions of the world. Several studies have investigated the effects of heat stress on the welfare and productivity of poultry. The harmful impacts of heat stress on different poultry types include decreased growth rates, appetites, feed utilization and laying and impaired meat and egg qualities. Recent studies have focused on the deleterious influences of heat stress on bird behaviour, welfare and reproduction. The primary strategies for mitigating heat stress in poultry farms have included feed supplements and management, but the results have not been consistent. This review article discusses the physiological effects of heat stress on poultry health and production and various management and nutritional approaches to cope with it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saeed
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China; Department of Poultry Science, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Abbas
- Department of Animal Production, Riphah College of Veterinary Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Mahmoud Alagawany
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Asghar Ali Kamboh
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Sindh Province, Pakistan
| | - Mohamed E Abd El-Hack
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Asmaa F Khafaga
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, 22758, Egypt
| | - Sun Chao
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Rowland K, Ashwell CM, Persia ME, Rothschild MF, Schmidt C, Lamont SJ. Genetic analysis of production, physiological, and egg quality traits in heat-challenged commercial white egg-laying hens using 600k SNP array data. Genet Sel Evol 2019; 51:31. [PMID: 31238874 PMCID: PMC6593552 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-019-0474-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heat stress negatively affects the welfare and production of chickens. High ambient temperature is considered one of the most ubiquitous abiotic environmental challenges to laying hens around the world. In this study, we recorded several production traits, feed intake, body weight, digestibility, and egg quality of 400 commercial white egg-laying hens before and during a 4-week heat treatment. For the phenotypes that had estimated heritabilities (using 600k SNP chip data) higher than 0, SNP associations were tested using the same 600k genotype data. Results Seventeen phenotypes had heritability estimates higher than 0, including measurements at various time points for feed intake, feed efficiency, body weight, albumen weight, egg quality expressed in Haugh units, egg mass, and also for change in egg mass from prior to heat exposure to various time points during the 4-week heat treatment. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified for 10 of these 17 phenotypes. Some of the phenotypes shared QTL including Haugh units before heat exposure and after 4 weeks of heat treatment. Conclusions Estimated heritabilities differed from 0 for 17 traits, which indicates that they are under genetic control and that there is potential for improving these traits through selective breeding. The association of different QTL with the same phenotypes before heat exposure and during heat treatment indicates that genomic control of traits under heat stress is distinct from that under thermoneutral conditions. This study contributes to the knowledge on the genomic control of response to heat stress in laying hens. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12711-019-0474-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaylee Rowland
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, USA
| | - Chris M Ashwell
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA
| | - Michael E Persia
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA
| | | | - Carl Schmidt
- University of Delaware, Animal and Food Sciences, Newark, USA
| | - Susan J Lamont
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bleu J, Agostini S, Angelier F, Biard C. Experimental increase in temperature affects eggshell thickness, and not egg mass, eggshell spottiness or egg composition in the great tit (Parus major). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2019; 275:73-81. [PMID: 30735670 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic effects of global warming have been documented in many different taxa. However, the importance of transgenerational phenotypic plasticity in these adaptations are seldom studied. In birds, temperature could affect egg characteristics. Higher temperatures during egg-laying may reduce maintenance costs for females and allow a higher investment in reproduction. Yet, females may also use temperatures as a cue for the risk of mismatch latter in the season. Thus, higher temperatures may be correlated to an acceleration of embryonic development (e.g. via hormonal manipulation). We performed an experiment in which night-time temperature was increased in the nestbox by approximately 1 °C throughout the entire laying period in great tits (Parus major). We collected one pre-treatment egg (beginning of the laying sequence) and one post-treatment egg (end of the laying sequence). Egg content (yolk androgens and lysozymes in the albumen), eggshell coloration, eggshell mass, egg mass, and shape were not affected by the treatment. However, last-laid eggs in clutches from control nestboxes had a thicker eggshell than last-laid eggs from heated nestboxes, suggesting a putative slight decrease of maternal investment with the experimental increase of temperature. We also observed effects of the laying sequence on egg characteristics. Eggs that were laid late in the laying sequence were heavier, larger, had larger spots and higher yolk androgens than eggs laid earlier. Lysozyme concentration decrease with the laying sequence in late clutches only. Thus, effects of temperature may also change with the laying sequence and it would be interesting in the future to tests the effects on first-laid eggs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josefa Bleu
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC, UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Simon Agostini
- CEREEP-Ecotron Ile-de-France, UMS 3194, École Normale Supérieure, St-Pierre-les-Nemours, France
| | - Frédéric Angelier
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), UMR 7372 - CNRS & Université de la Rochelle, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Clotilde Biard
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Université Paris Diderot, Université Paris-Est Créteil, UMR 7618, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 75005 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chowdhury VS. Heat Stress Biomarker Amino Acids and Neuropeptide Afford Thermotolerance in Chicks. J Poult Sci 2019; 56:1-11. [PMID: 32055190 PMCID: PMC6993887 DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0180024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With global warming, heat stress is becoming a pressing concern worldwide. In chickens, heat stress reduces food intake and growth, and increases body temperature and stress responses. Although it is believed that young chicks do not experience heat stress as they need a higher ambient temperature to survive, our series of studies in young chicks showed that they are sensitive to heat stress. This review summarizes current knowledge on amino acid metabolisms during heat stress, with special emphasis on the hypothermic functions of l-citrulline (l-Cit) and l-leucine (l-Leu), and the functions of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in terms of body temperature and heat stress regulation in chicks. Amino acid metabolism is severely affected by heat stress. For example, prolonged heat stress reduces plasma l-Cit in chicks and l-Leu in the brain and liver of embryos. l-Cit and l-Leu supplementation affords thermotolerance in young chicks. NPY expression is increased in the brains of heat-exposed chicks. NPY has a hypothermic action under control thermoneutral temperature and heat stress in chicks. The NPY-sub-receptor Y5 is a partial mediator of the hypothermic action of NPY. Further, NPY stimulates brain dopamine concentrations and acts as an anti-stress agent in heat-exposed fasted, but not fed chicks. In conclusion, young chicks can serve as a model animal for the study of heat stress in chickens. l-Cit, l-Leu, and NPY were identified as biomarkers of heat stress, with the potential to afford thermotolerance in chicks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vishwajit S. Chowdhury
- Lab of Stress Physiology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Division for Experimental Natural Science, Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Omid K, Amirali S, Ahmad K. N-Acetyl cysteine improves performance, reproduction, antioxidant status, immunity and maternal antibody transmission in breeder Japanese quail under heat stress condition. Livest Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
23
|
Karami M, Torki M, Mohammadi H. Effects of dietary supplemental chromium methionine, zinc oxide, and ascorbic acid on performance, egg quality traits, and blood parameters of laying hens subjected to heat stress. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2018.1481411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mozhdeh Karami
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mehran Torki
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Department of Agriculture, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sirri F, Zampiga M, Berardinelli A, Meluzzi A. Variability and interaction of some egg physical and eggshell quality attributes during the entire laying hen cycle. Poult Sci 2018; 97:1818-1823. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
25
|
Hahn EN, Sherman VR, Pissarenko A, Rohrbach SD, Fernandes DJ, Meyers MA. Nature's technical ceramic: the avian eggshell. J R Soc Interface 2017; 14:rsif.2016.0804. [PMID: 28123095 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2016.0804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian eggshells may break easily when impacted at a localized point; however, they exhibit impressive resistance when subjected to a well-distributed compressive load. For example, a common demonstration of material strength is firmly squeezing a chicken egg along its major axis between one's hands without breaking it. This research provides insight into the underlying mechanics by evaluating both macroscopic and microstructural features. Eggs of different size, varying from quail (30 mm) to ostrich (150 mm), are investigated. Compression experiments were conducted along the major axis of the egg using force-distributing rubber cushions between steel plates and the egg. The force at failure increases with egg size, reaching loads upwards of 5000 N for ostrich eggs. The corresponding strength, however, decreases with increasing shell thickness (intimately related to egg size); this is rationalized by a micro-defects model. Failure occurs by axial splitting parallel to the loading direction-the result of hoop tensile stresses due to the applied compressive load. Finite-element analysis is successfully employed to correlate the applied compressive force to tensile breaking strength for the eggs, and the influence of geometric ratio and microstructural heterogeneities on the shell's strength and fracture toughness is established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric N Hahn
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Vincent R Sherman
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Andrei Pissarenko
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Samuel D Rohrbach
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Daniel J Fernandes
- Biomaterials Laboratory, Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marc A Meyers
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA .,Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.,Nanoengineering Department, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Technology and Poultry Welfare. Animals (Basel) 2016; 6:ani6100062. [PMID: 27727169 PMCID: PMC5082308 DOI: 10.3390/ani6100062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Consideration of animal welfare is essential to address the consumers’ demands and for the long term sustainability of commercial poultry. However, assessing welfare in large poultry flocks, to be able to detect potential welfare risks and to control or minimize its impact is difficult. Current developments in technology and mathematical modelling open new possibilities for real-time automatic monitoring of animal welfare and health. New technological innovations potentially adaptable to commercial poultry are appearing, although their practical implementation is still being defined. In this paper, we review the latest technological developments with potential to be applied to poultry welfare, especially for broiler chickens and laying hens. Some of the examples that are presented and discussed include the following: sensors for farm environmental monitoring, movement, or physiological parameters; imaging technologies such as optical flow to detect gait problems and feather pecking; infrared technologies to evaluate birds’ thermoregulatory features and metabolism changes, that may be indicative of welfare, health and management problems. All these technologies have the potential to be implemented at the commercial level to improve birds’ welfare and to optimize flock management, therefore, improving the efficiency of the system in terms of use of resources and, thus, long term sustainability.
Collapse
|
27
|
Křivánek I, Máchal L, Tunka L. The Effect of Hen Breeds on the Egg Response to the Non Destructive Impact. ACTA UNIVERSITATIS AGRICULTURAE ET SILVICULTURAE MENDELIANAE BRUNENSIS 2016. [DOI: 10.11118/actaun201664041191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
28
|
Kumbar V, Nedomova S, Trnka J, Buchar J, Pytel R. Effect of storage duration on the rheological properties of goose liquid egg products and eggshell membranes. Poult Sci 2016; 95:1693-1701. [PMID: 26994202 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In practice, goose eggs are increasingly used and, therefore, the rheological properties have to be known for processing. The eggs of geese (Landes Goose, Anser anser f. domestica) were stored for one, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 wk at a constant temperature 4°C. First of all, the egg quality parameters were described in terms of egg weight, egg weight loss, egg shape index, yolk height, albumen height, yolk index, albumen index, and Haugh units. In the next step the rheological behavior of liquid egg products (egg yolk, albumen, and whole liquid egg) was studied using a concentric cylinder viscometer. Flow curves of all liquid egg products exhibited non-Newtonian shear thinning behavior. This behavior can be described using the Herschel-Bulkley model and for technical application using the Ostwald-de Waele model. The effect of the storage duration on the rheological behavior is different for the different liquid egg products. With the exception of very low shear rates, the viscosity of the egg yolk as well as of the whole liquid egg decreases with storage time. At lower shear rates there is a tendency toward increased albumen viscosity with storage duration. The storage duration also affects the mechanical properties of the eggshell membrane. This effect has been evaluated in terms of the ultimate tensile strength, fracture strain, and fracture toughness. All these parameters increased with the loading rate, but decreased during the egg storage. These mechanical phenomena should be respected, namely in the design of the egg model for the numerical simulation of the egg behavior under different kinds of the mechanical loading.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Kumbar
- Department of Technology and Automobile Transport (section Physics), Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - S Nedomova
- Department of Food Technology, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - J Trnka
- Institute of Thermomechanics, Czech Academy of Science, 182-00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Buchar
- Department of Technology and Automobile Transport (section Physics), Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - R Pytel
- Department of Food Technology, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Effect of different feeding schedules on reproductive parameters and egg quality of broiler breeders. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
30
|
On the influence of storage duration on rheological properties of liquid egg products and response of eggs to impact loading – Japanese quail eggs. J FOOD ENG 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2015.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
31
|
Severa L, Buchar J, Votava J. New approach of eggshell mechanical properties determination. ACTA UNIVERSITATIS AGRICULTURAE ET SILVICULTURAE MENDELIANAE BRUNENSIS 2014. [DOI: 10.11118/actaun201058010161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
32
|
Oral administration of D-aspartate, but not L-aspartate, depresses rectal temperature and alters plasma metabolites in chicks. Life Sci 2014; 109:65-71. [PMID: 24881518 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS L-Aspartate (L-Asp) and D-aspartate (D-Asp) are physiologically important amino acids in mammals and birds. However, the functions of these amino acids have not yet been fully understood. In this study, we therefore examined the effects of L-Asp and D-Asp in terms of regulating body temperature, plasma metabolites and catecholamines in chicks. MAIN METHODS Chicks were first orally administered with different doses (0, 3.75, 7.5 and 15 mmol/kg body weight) of L- or D-Asp to monitor the effects of these amino acids on rectal temperature during 120 min of the experimental period. KEY FINDINGS Oral administration of D-Asp, but not of L-Asp, linearly decreased the rectal temperature in chicks. Importantly, orally administered D-Asp led to a significant reduction in body temperature in chicks even under high ambient temperature (HT) conditions. However, centrally administered D-Asp did not significantly influence the body temperature in chicks. As for plasma metabolites and catecholamines, orally administered D-Asp led to decreased triacylglycerol and uric acid concentrations and increased glucose and chlorine concentrations but did not alter plasma catecholamines. SIGNIFICANCE These results suggest that oral administration of D-Asp may play a potent role in reducing body temperature under both normal and HT conditions. The alteration of plasma metabolites further indicates that D-Asp may contribute to the regulation of metabolic activity in chicks.
Collapse
|
33
|
Anjum MS, Sandhu MA, Mukhtar N, Rahman ZU. Upgrade of egg quality through different heat-combating systems during high environmental temperature. Trop Anim Health Prod 2014; 46:1135-40. [PMID: 24839898 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-014-0617-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to find out the effect of various heat-combating systems (HCS) on the egg quality characteristics of commercial laying hens during high environmental temperature of the year. Three hundred pullets were wing banded and randomly divided into 15 experimental units comprising of 20 pullets each. These units were randomly allotted to five treatment groups, replicated thrice according to four heat-combating systems (desert cooling, water sprinkling, time limit feeding, ascorbic acid supplementation), and the control was maintained under the same housing system. The mean values of egg weight, eggshell thickness, Haugh unit, thick albumen height, yolk height, and yolk diameter were calculated. The layers kept under the influence of desert cooling produced eggs with more weight and thicker shells than those under other systems. Results of the present study did not show any difference in the shell thickness between water sprinkling and ascorbic acid supplementation as compared to the control group. Haugh unit and yolk index values obtained from the layers kept under various HCS did not significantly differ from those of the control group. All HCS significantly reduced the occurrence of blood spots in the eggs as compared to the control. All the treatments in general markedly reduced the incidence of meat spots in the eggs especially with the supplementation of ascorbic acid being the most effective. Among all of the treatments, the desert cooling system proved to be the best for producing better-quality eggs during hot periods of the year with less humidity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Safdar Anjum
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, 46300, Pakistan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Nedomová Š, Buchar J, Strnková J. Goose`s eggshell strength at compressive loading. POTRAVINARSTVO 2014. [DOI: 10.5219/346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
|
35
|
Oxidative damage and brain concentrations of free amino acid in chicks exposed to high ambient temperature. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2014; 169:70-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
36
|
Zerjal T, Gourichon D, Rivet B, Bordas A. Performance comparison of laying hens segregating for the frizzle gene under thermoneutral and high ambient temperatures. Poult Sci 2013; 92:1474-85. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
37
|
Lara LJ, Rostagno MH. Impact of Heat Stress on Poultry Production. Animals (Basel) 2013; 3:356-69. [PMID: 26487407 PMCID: PMC4494392 DOI: 10.3390/ani3020356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 569] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Due to the common occurrence of environmental stressors worldwide, many studies have investigated the detrimental effects of heat stress on poultry production. It has been shown that heat stress negatively affects the welfare and productivity of broilers and laying hens. However, further research is still needed to improve the knowledge of basic mechanisms associated to the negative effects of heat stress in poultry, as well as to develop effective interventions. Abstract Understanding and controlling environmental conditions is crucial to successful poultry production and welfare. Heat stress is one of the most important environmental stressors challenging poultry production worldwide. The detrimental effects of heat stress on broilers and laying hens range from reduced growth and egg production to decreased poultry and egg quality and safety. Moreover, the negative impact of heat stress on poultry welfare has recently attracted increasing public awareness and concern. Much information has been published on the effects of heat stress on productivity and immune response in poultry. However, our knowledge of basic mechanisms associated to the reported effects, as well as related to poultry behavior and welfare under heat stress conditions is in fact scarce. Intervention strategies to deal with heat stress conditions have been the focus of many published studies. Nevertheless, effectiveness of most of the interventions has been variable or inconsistent. This review focuses on the scientific evidence available on the importance and impact of heat stress in poultry production, with emphasis on broilers and laying hens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J Lara
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Marcos H Rostagno
- Livestock Behavior Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 125 South Russell Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Mack L, Felver-Gant J, Dennis R, Cheng H. Genetic variations alter production and behavioral responses following heat stress in 2 strains of laying hens. Poult Sci 2013; 92:285-94. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
39
|
Lee JT, Jessen KA, Beltran R, Starkl V, Schatzmayr G, Borutova R, Caldwell DJ. Effects of mycotoxin-contaminated diets and deactivating compound in laying hens: 2. effects on white shell egg quality and characteristics. Poult Sci 2012; 91:2096-104. [PMID: 22912442 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dietary inclusion of Mycofix Select (Biomin GmbH, Herzogenburg, Austria) on discrete egg parameters and quality characteristics of hens fed mycotoxin-contaminated diets (aflatoxin; AFLA) and deoxynivalenol (DON)) during a 10-wk trial. A 4 × 2 factorial design was used with 4 contamination levels: control, low (0.5 mg/kg of AFLA + 1.0 mg/kg of DON), medium (1.5 mg/kg of AFLA + 1.5 mg/kg of DON), and high (2.0 mg/kg of AFLA + 2.0 mg/kg of DON) with or without the inclusion of mycotoxin deactivating compound. Three hundred and eighty-four 25-wk-old laying hens were housed 3 per cage. Birds were fed contaminated diets for a 6-wk phase of toxin administration followed by a 4-wk recovery phase, when all birds were fed mycotoxin-free diets. Parameters evaluated included egg weight, Haugh unit value, specific gravity, eggshell thickness, egg shape index, and relative albumen and yolk weights. Albumen height and Haugh unit value were depressed (P < 0.05) at the high mycotoxin level 2 wk postinclusion. Egg weight was significantly reduced (P < 0.05) with the high toxins level by the third week of toxin administration and remained throughout the study during toxin administration. Egg shape index indicated a variation (P < 0.05) in shape with all toxin levels compared with the control. Relative yolk weight was decreased (P < 0.05) by the high toxin level. An interaction existed between the deactivating compound inclusion and toxins level with regard to specific gravity. Following the toxin phase, the deactivating compound inclusion increased (P < 0.05) egg specific gravity in the control and low toxin groups whereas a decrease (P < 0.05) was observed at the high toxin level. These data indicate that mycotoxins present in feed can reduce egg quality, size, yolk weight, and alter egg shape and that inclusion of a mycotoxin deactivating compound can ameliorate some of the negative effects of mycotoxin consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J T Lee
- Poultry Science Department, Texas AgriLife Research, Texas A&M System, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Ebeid T, Suzuki T, Sugiyama T. High ambient temperature influences eggshell quality and calbindin-D28k localization of eggshell gland and all intestinal segments of laying hens. Poult Sci 2012; 91:2282-7. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-01898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
41
|
|
42
|
Mertens K, Vaesen I, Loffel J, Kemps B, Kamers B, Perianu C, Zoons J, Darius P, Decuypere E, De Baerdemaeker J, De Ketelaere B. The transmission color value: A novel egg quality measure for recording shell color used for monitoring the stress and health status of a brown layer flock. Poult Sci 2010; 89:609-17. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2009-00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
43
|
Comparative eggshell stability assessment using three different non-destructive sensing instruments and breakage force strength. J FOOD ENG 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2009.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
44
|
Saunders-Blades JL, MacIsaac JL, Korver DR, Anderson DM. The effect of calcium source and particle size on the production performance and bone quality of laying hens. Poult Sci 2009; 88:338-53. [PMID: 19151349 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of 3 local limestone sources as potential Ca sources for laying hens was studied. Limestone sources were assessed for in vitro solubility. Four Ca sources (control, A, B, or C) and 2 particle size combinations (ground, 100% ground; or mixed, 67% ground+33% large particle) was used. The control consisted of a commercial ground limestone for the ground Ca source and oyster shell of the large particle Ca source. DeKalb laying hens were randomly placed in 32 battery cage units (n=12/cage). At 19 wk of age, hens received 1 of 8 Ca source and particle size treatments (4 replicates/treatment) until 74 wk. Egg production, feed consumption, BW, and egg quality were measured throughout. Bone mineral density (by quantitative computed tomography), breaking strength, ash, and Ca were assessed at the end of lay. In vitro solubility was dependent upon Ca source and particle size (P<0.0001) with oyster shell generally having a greater in vitro solubility than test limestone sources A, B, and C of similar particle sizes. Feed consumption (100 to 117 g/bird per day), BW (1,500 to 1,800 g), egg production (92% peak egg production), egg weight (55 to 67 g), and egg specific gravity (1.090 to 1.078) did not differ among hens fed the different Ca sources (P>0.05). Tibia bone mineral density indicated the oyster shell treatment had a lower trabecular density than Ca source A; however, all other Ca sources had similar bone mineral density for all measures (P>0.05). Hens fed the mixed Ca particle treatments consistently had greater feed consumption from 27 to 70 wk than those fed the 100% ground Ca source (P<0.05). Bone mineralization was enhanced in hens that received the mixed Ca particle treatments (P<0.05). Overall, the results of this study indicate that the local limestone sources A, B, and C would be suitable alternatives to current commercial sources of Ca for laying hens. In addition, large particle Ca did improve bone quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Saunders-Blades
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada T6G 2P5
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Arazi H, Yoselewitz I, Malka Y, Kelner Y, Genin O, Pines M. Osteopontin and calbindin gene expression in the eggshell gland as related to eggshell abnormalities. Poult Sci 2009; 88:647-53. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
46
|
Star L, Kemp B, van den Anker I, Parmentier HK. Effect of single or combined climatic and hygienic stress in four layer lines: 1. Performance. Poult Sci 2008; 87:1022-30. [PMID: 18492988 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2007-00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of long-term climatic stress (heat exposure), short-term hygienic stress [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)], or a combination of both challenges on performance of 4 layer lines were investigated. The lines were earlier characterized by natural humoral immune competence and survival rate. At 22 wk of age, 80 hens per line were randomly divided over 2 identical climate chambers and exposed to a constant high temperature (32 degrees C) or a control temperature (21 degrees C) for 23 d. Half of the hens housed in each chamber were i.v. injected with LPS at d 1 after the start of the heat stress period. The effect of heat, LPS, or a combined challenge on feed intake, BW, hen-day egg production, egg weight, and egg shell thickness were investigated. Feed intake, BW, hen-day egg production, egg weight, and egg shell thickness were significantly reduced by heat stress. Administration of LPS significantly reduced feed intake, BW (LPS x time interaction), hen-day egg production, and egg weight (LPS x time interaction). Hens were able to recover from LPS administration but did not completely adapt to heat stress. Hens still lost weight, had a lower feed intake and hen-day egg production after 23 d of continuous exposure to heat stress. These data suggest a different nature of short-term LPS exposure versus long-term heat exposure affecting performance parameters of laying hens, and different adaptation mechanisms of hens toward these stressors. Neither natural humoral immune competence nor survival rate, for which the lines had been earlier characterized, were indicative of the response to different stressors. However, significant line x heat interactions were found for feed intake and hen-day egg production, and a line x heat x time interaction for BW, whereas a line x LPS interaction was found for hen-day egg production and a line x LPS x time interaction for BW. The lines had similar response patterns, but differed in response levels, suggesting that some lines were better able to adapt to stressors than others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Star
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
|
48
|
Lin H, De Vos D, Decuypere E, Buyse J. Dynamic changes in parameters of redox balance after mild heat stress in aged laying hens (Gallus gallus domesticus). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2008; 147:30-5. [PMID: 17997356 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2007.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Revised: 07/19/2007] [Accepted: 07/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In order to evaluate the metabolic responses of laying hens induced by high temperature at later laying stage, nine 60-wk-old laying hens (Gallus gallus domesticus) were employed in the present study. The hens were exposed to 32 degrees C for 21 d and blood samples were obtained before and at 1, 7, 14 and 21 d of heat exposure. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) formed in blood during heat exposure were estimated by the ex vivo spin-trapping method. Body temperature and plasma concentrations of glucose, urate, creatine kinase (CK), triiodothyronine (T(3)), thyroxine (T(4)), corticosterone (CORT), thiobarbituric acid reacting substances (TBARS), ferric/reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were measured. Plasma levels of glucose, CK and CORT were not significantly influenced by heat exposure at any time point. The circulating concentrations of T(3) were decreased while plasma T(4) levels changed in the opposite way. The formation of ROS was significantly augmented by heat exposure in laying hens though the body temperature was not significantly altered. The enhanced enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems acted in concert to alleviate the heat stress evoked oxidative damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Lin
- Department of Animal Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Mertens K, Bamelis F, Kemps B, Kamers B, Verhoelst E, De Ketelaere B, Bain M, Decuypere E, De Baerdemaeker J. Monitoring of Eggshell Breakage and Eggshell Strength in Different Production Chains of Consumption Eggs. Poult Sci 2006; 85:1670-7. [PMID: 16977856 DOI: 10.1093/ps/85.9.1670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We first tried to monitor the critical points for eggshell breakage in different logistic chains. Second, we examined whether there was a difference in eggshell strength among eggs produced in different housing systems. Finally, we developed a model to investigate the relation between eggshell strength and the likelihood of an egg cracking during handling and grading. Four logistic chains with different housing systems (battery cages, furnished cages, aviary, and free-range), all housing Bovans Goldline chickens in their mid-lay (45 wk), were compared. In every chain, a randomized set of 1,500 eggs was sampled, and the strength was defined. At every critical point in every logistic chain, the eggs were reexamined for breakage. The classic and furnished cage systems showed the highest percentage of breakage directly at point of lay (6.73 and 10.72%), whereas the other systems showed lower breakage (1.94% in the aviary and 1.99% in the free-range system). Further, in the logistic chain, grading and packing of the eggs generated the second highest percentage of breakage (from 1.50 to 2.65%). Breakage due to transportation ranged from 0.16 to 2.65%. There was a significant difference among the eggshell strength (shell stiffness and damping ratio) of eggs from chickens in different housing systems, showing eggs from chickens in the aviary system to be stronger than cage eggs (classic and furnished) and free-range eggs to be weaker than the other eggs. A significant correlation was found between eggshell strength and the likelihood of breakage in the production chains. In conclusion, it was first shown that, besides the laying, packing of the eggs is a critical point in the logistic chain of consumption eggs; second, the strength of the eggs in the different housing systems differed, and, finally, the eggshell stiffness and damping ratio of consumption eggs are an acceptable measure for rapid eggshell quality assessment and could provide a good predictive value for eggshell breakage in all types of table egg production chains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Mertens
- Department of Biosystems, Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|