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Marcantonio TL, Haikalis M, Misquith C, Leone RM. Alcohol's Effects on the Bystander Decision-Making Model: A Systematic Literature Review. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2024; 61:783-798. [PMID: 38010804 PMCID: PMC11105993 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2023.2267547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
To decrease rates of sexual assault victimization, young people are encouraged to become involved when they see questionable sexual situations (i.e., be a prosocial bystander). Several factors can facilitate or inhibit intervention, including alcohol use. To inform bystander prevention programs that aim to address alcohol's impact on bystanders, the current study reviewed research focused on alcohol use and bystander decision making. In December 2022, the authors searched published studies from six major electronic databases. Empirical articles were deemed eligible if they examined alcohol and the bystander decision-making model within the context of sexual assault, were based in the United States or Canada, and not an intervention study; 32 studies were included in the final review. Across 32 studies published between 2015-2022, 12 assessed the proximal effects of alcohol on bystander constructs and the additional studies examined the distal effects of alcohol on bystander constructs. Alcohol use appeared to impede earlier steps of the bystander decision-making model; however, alcohol use was associated with impeding and facilitating bystander decision making at the latter half of the model. Overall, alcohol use appears to be negatively rather than positively associated with bystander constructs. Bystander intervention programs may want to move beyond the narrative of alcohol as a risk factor for sexual assault and discuss how alcohol impairs a bystanders' ability to recognize risk. More work is needed to ensure researchers assess alcohol consistently and with similar methods (number of drinks, subjective intoxication) to increase generalizability of findings to prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chelsea Misquith
- Center for Alcohol Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University
| | - Ruschelle M Leone
- Department of Health Policy & Behavioral Science, Georgia State University
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2
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Oueis J, McKie RM, Reissing ED. A Qualitative Account of Coping Following Non-Consensual Sexual Experiences among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2024; 61:414-426. [PMID: 37310380 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2023.2220694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sexual consent among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM) has not been thoroughly documented in the academic literature. Research has suggested that GBMSM incur a greater risk for experiencing non-consensual sexual experiences (NSEs) compared to heterosexual, cis-gendered men. Despite the high prevalence of NSEs impacting this population, little research has been conducted on how GBMSM cope after NSEs. The purpose of this study was to examine how GBMSM cope following NSEs. Responses were analyzed from 206 GBMSM, aged 18-77 (M = 31.84), recruited across Canada. Participants completed an online survey, answering open-ended questions on experiences of NSEs and how they coped afterward. Guidelines for thematic analysis were followed to analyze the responses, indicating that GBMSM cope both maladaptively (e.g., avoidance, withdrawal from social networks and sexual relationships) and adaptively (e.g., seeking therapy, social support) following NSEs. Some participants were affected by and needed to cope with their NSEs over a longer term (e.g., ongoing rumination, enjoying sexual and intimate relationships less). Participants used a range of coping skills and showed openness to reach out for help from formal and informal sources, but also noted that resources were not always accessible or culturally sensitive to GBMSM's needs. Responses are discussed in the context of barriers to effective coping, such as perceptions of masculinity and maladaptive sexual scripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Oueis
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ottawa
| | - Raymond M McKie
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ottawa
| | - Elke D Reissing
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ottawa
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3
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Tselenti D, Cardoso D, Carvalho J. Constructing Sexual Victimization: A Thematic Analysis of Reader Responses to A Literary Female-on-Male Rape Story on Goodreads. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2024; 61:374-388. [PMID: 36755391 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2023.2172135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Τhe aim of this study was to provide a detailed understanding of unprompted audience responses to a literary story of female-on-male rape on Goodreads. Thematic analysis of 429 reviews revealed 5 key themes and 16 sub-themes, which evolved around appraising the social function of the book, evaluating its literary features, assessing the depiction of female-on-male rape especially in terms of its perceived realism, as well as around a variety of explicitly emotional and cognitive responses. The esthetic features of the story proved to be of particular importance for shaping reader engagement. Reflective elaborations on the female rapist were found to constitute a marginal response pattern. Findings identified the existence of an overarching cognitive schema that construes sexual victimization as feminized and is linked to a tripartite pattern of comprehending female on- male rape (female-focused, gender-inclusive, gender-neutral). The study highlights the persistence of gendered rape myths structured around an "ideal victim" - "ideal offender" paradigm, which, however, co-exist with alternative responses oriented toward de-gendering sexual victimization. These findings suggest the importance of addressing audience responses in future investigations of female sexual violence (hands-on and hands-off behaviors) and pursuing an interventional agenda of more inclusive conceptualizations of victimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danai Tselenti
- CPUP: Center for Psychology of Porto University, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Porto University
| | - Daniel Cardoso
- Department of Communication Sciences, CICANT, Lusófona University
- Department of Communication Sciences, FCSH, Nova University of Lisbon
| | - Joana Carvalho
- CPUP: Center for Psychology of Porto University, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Porto University
- William James Center for Research, University of Aveiro
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Gilmore AK, García-Ramírez G, Fortson K, Salamanca NK, Nicole Mullican K, Metzger IW, Leone RM, Kaysen DL, Orchowski LM, Cue Davis K. The association between alcohol use and sexual assault victimization among college students differs by gender identity and race. Addict Behav 2024; 149:107892. [PMID: 37925842 PMCID: PMC10872484 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Alcohol use and sexual assault (SA) are common on college campuses. The purpose of this study is to examine if the association between alcohol use and SA differs by gender identity, sexual orientation, race, or ethnicity. METHODS A total of 3,243 college students aged 18-25 at two large, minority-serving, public universities in the southwest and southeast United States completed an online survey about alcohol and sexual behaviors. Two negative binomial regressions were conducted to examine main effects and interaction effects. RESULTS Almost half of the sample reported a SA victimization history. The main effects negative binomial regression indicated that more drinks per week, older age, identifying as a cisgender woman (vs. cisgender man), identifying as a gender minority (vs. cisgender man), and identifying as a sexual minority (vs. heterosexual) were associated with more severe SA victimization. Participants who identified as Latine (vs. non-Latine White) reported less severe SA. The negative binomial regression assessing interactions indicated that the association between alcohol use and SA severity was stronger among cisgender women and gender minority identities than cisgender men, and Black identities than non-Latine White identities. CONCLUSION Findings suggests that alcohol use is an important factor for SA severity among all students, but that the association is stronger among some with marginalized identities. Given that perpetrators target people who hold some marginalized identities, prevention programming could address cisnormative, heteronormative, and White normative ideas about alcohol and sex to attain social justice and health equity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Gilmore
- Department of Health Policy and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA; National Center for Sexual Violence Prevention, Mark Chaffin Center for Healthy Development, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Grisel García-Ramírez
- National Center for Sexual Violence Prevention, Mark Chaffin Center for Healthy Development, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kennicia Fortson
- Department of Health Policy and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA; National Center for Sexual Violence Prevention, Mark Chaffin Center for Healthy Development, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nashalys K Salamanca
- National Center for Sexual Violence Prevention, Mark Chaffin Center for Healthy Development, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - K Nicole Mullican
- National Center for Sexual Violence Prevention, Mark Chaffin Center for Healthy Development, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Isha W Metzger
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ruschelle M Leone
- Department of Health Policy and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA; National Center for Sexual Violence Prevention, Mark Chaffin Center for Healthy Development, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Debra L Kaysen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lindsay M Orchowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Kelly Cue Davis
- Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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5
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Blackburn AM, Katz BW, Oesterle DW, Orchowski LM. Preventing sexual violence in sexual orientation and gender diverse communities: A call to action. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2024; 15:2297544. [PMID: 38197295 PMCID: PMC10783832 DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2023.2297544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and other sexual orientation and gender diverse (SOGD) communities are at disproportionately higher risk for sexual violence compared to cisgender heterosexual people. Despite this elevated risk, relatively few sexual violence prevention efforts effectively reduce these victimization disparities based on sexual orientation or gender identity.Objective: This narrative review provides an overview of the prevalence of sexual violence in the SOGD communities, delineates risk factors for sexual victimization among SOGD community members, and reviews and evaluates existing prevention efforts for the SOGD communities. We outline specific recommendations for ensuring that prevention efforts meet the needs of the SOGD communities.Method: Drawing on ecological systems theory and public health approaches to sexual violence prevention, we outline current approaches and opportunities for preventionists and scholars to push the field forward.Results: There have been promising prevention programmes designed to be implemented within SOGD communities specifically; however, it is important that general primary prevention programmes endeavour to specifically address sexual violence perpetrated against SOGD people. While many packaged programmes that endeavour to prevent sexual violence across all gender identities and sexual orientations are inclusive of SOGD participants, more programming is needed that integrates anti-oppression training to target social norms that perpetuate SOGD-specific rape myths and normalize sexual violence against SOGD community members.Conclusion: Ecological prevention strategies in line with a public health approach for primary prevention may be particularly valuable for reducing victimization disparities based on SOGD status and identity. Comprehensive sexual education and anti-discrimination policies should be considered front-line prevention programming. To assess if these strategies are effective, the implementation of large-scale surveillance surveys that use comprehensive assessments of sexual orientation, gender identity, and sexual violence are needed. Using theoretically grounded implementation strategies for prevention programmes can ensure effective programme delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson M. Blackburn
- Department of Psychology, Division of Clinical-Community Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Benjamin W. Katz
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Daniel W. Oesterle
- Department of Psychological Sciences, College of Health & Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Lindsay M. Orchowski
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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6
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Carlisle ZT, Schmitz RM. "'I am a Man. How Could I Possibly Have Been Raped?' Men Making Sense of Their Experiences With Sexual Violence". JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:10514-10541. [PMID: 37222535 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231174500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Sexual violence among college students is an enduring issue that can shape adverse outcomes for victim survivors. The gender dynamics of college sexual assault and rape include rates of women overrepresented as victims and men as perpetrators. Dominant cultural frames reinforcing the (hetero)normative gendered sexual scripts of masculinity often preclude men from being considered as legitimate victims of sexual violence, despite evidence documenting their victimization. The present study contributes to knowledge of men's experiences of sexual violence by sharing the narratives of 29 college men survivors and how they make sense of their experiences. Through open and focused thematic qualitative coding, findings revealed how men struggled to understand their victimization experiences within cultural frameworks that exclude men as victims. Participants engaged in complex linguistic processes (i.e., "epiphanies") to process their unwanted sexual encounter, in addition to altering their sexual behavior after experiencing sexual violence. Findings can inform programing and interventions to be more inclusive of supporting men as victims.
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Ford JV, Shefner R. A Need for More Research: How to Understand Elevated Rates of Sexual Assault Among Bisexual College Women. VIOLENCE AND GENDER 2023; 10:119-127. [PMID: 37767529 PMCID: PMC10521136 DOI: 10.1089/vio.2022.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Bisexual college women exhibit some of the highest rates of sexual assault among all college students. Existing research relies on sexual orientation-related stigma as an explanation for these disparities. In this study, we use data from the Online College Social Life Survey (OCSLS) to explore factors that elevate the risk of sexual assault for bisexual college women compared to heterosexual women. Results show that bisexual women exhibit higher rates of sexual assault since the beginning of college for all types of sexual assault, compared to heterosexual women. We find that perceived sexual disrespect, sexual interactions with men, alcohol use, earlier sexual debut, and multiple ongoing partnerships are associated with a higher risk of sexual assault for both bisexual and heterosexual women. Compared to heterosexual women, bisexual women exhibited higher odds of experiencing sexual assault across the majority of risk factors. We envision this study as a preliminary exploration that can inform ongoing work examining which bisexual women are at the highest risk for sexual assault. Implications for future research and intervention are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie V. Ford
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ruth Shefner
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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Blayney JA, Jaffe AE, Hequembourg AL, Parrott DJ. Sexual Victimization Among Sexual and Gender Minoritized Groups: Recent Research and Future Directions. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2023; 25:183-191. [PMID: 37014545 PMCID: PMC10947481 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-023-01420-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW Sexual victimization is a significant public health concern. Compared to heterosexual and cisgender peers, sexual and gender minoritized (SGM) individuals are at elevated risk for sexual victimization. Prominent theories suggest that this risk is due in part to the stigma SGM individuals face when navigating heteronormative cultures. The goal of this article is to review the prevalence, risk factors, and consequences of sexual victimization in SGM individuals. RECENT FINDINGS Studies continue to show that SGM individuals-bisexual and/or gender minoritized in particular-are at higher risk for sexual victimization. Little work has focused on risk factors, though recent research continues to highlight post-victimization disparities among SGM individuals. Emerging studies also point to theoretically informed factors that may influence victimization risk and recovery, including sexual and gender-related stigma. To inform prevention and intervention efforts, future research would benefit from streamlining assessment, methodology, and dissemination practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Blayney
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Anna E Jaffe
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Amy L Hequembourg
- School of Nursing, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Dominic J Parrott
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Parrott DJ, Bresin K, Hequembourg A, Velia B, Swartout KM, Stappenbeck CA, Masyn KE, Grom JL. Dyadic effects of minority stress and problematic alcohol use on sexual intimate partner violence in same sex couples. Aggress Behav 2023; 49:198-208. [PMID: 36693274 PMCID: PMC10089976 DOI: 10.1002/ab.22072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the factors that facilitate the perpetration of sexual violence within the context of same-sex romantic relationships (sexual intimate partner violence perpetration [S-IPV]). The present study sought to identify the effects of external and internal minority stress and problematic drinking on perpetration of S-IPV within a dyadic framework. A community-based sample of 137 sexual and gender minority (SGM) couples (N = 274; 59 male assigned at birth and 78 female assigned at birth couples) completed self-report surveys about minority stressors, alcohol use, and S-IPV perpetration. Multilevel logistic regression analyses were conducted within an actor-partner interdependence framework. This approach accounted for both actor effects (e.g., how much one's S-IPV perpetration is predicted by their own risk factors) and partner effects (e.g., how much one's S-IPV perpetration is influenced by their partner's risk factors). Both Actor external minority stress and internal minority stress were positively associated with Actor S-IPV perpetration. Actor problematic drinking was not associated with Actor S-IPV perpetration; however, Partner problematic drinking was positively associated with Actor S-IPV perpetration. Observed effects were robust above the addition of other risk factors. This research innovatively extricates S-IPV perpetration from other forms of IPV and indicates that Actor minority stress and Partner problematic drinking increase S-IPV likelihood. Results serve as a starting point for development of etiological models to inform the design of culturally-informed interventions to reduce S-IPV among SGM couples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic J Parrott
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Konrad Bresin
- Department of Counseling and Human Development, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Amy Hequembourg
- School of Nursing, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Brynne Velia
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kevin M Swartout
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Katherine E Masyn
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jessica L Grom
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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10
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Xue S, Xu W. Childhood Sexual Abuse and Associated Suicidal Ideation and Attempts Among Gay and Bisexual Men in China: A Moderated Mediation Model. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:2881-2909. [PMID: 35608248 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221104528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is a critical risk factor for suicidal ideation and attempts, especially among gay and bisexual men who experience living as a minority. However, whether internalized homophobia (IH) underlies suicide risk and the role of outness to one's family in this association warrants investigation to inform preventive interventions. Using a cross-sectional survey of 570 gay and bisexual men in China, we examined the relationship between CSA and suicidality in the Chinese context and tested a moderated mediation model in this relationship. Nearly 65.6% of the participants had experienced suicidal ideation and 36.8% had attempted suicide. Participants with a history of CSA had higher suicidal ideation (r = 0.33, p < .01) and attempts (r = 0.48, p < .01). Our bootstrapped mediation analysis showed that IH partially mediated the relationship between CSA and suicidal ideation and attempts. Moreover, outness to one's family (parents and other family members) strengthened the direct association of CSA and IH, and the indirect relationship between CSA and suicidal ideation and attempts. These findings highlight the significance of identifying risk factors and mechanisms for suicidality among Chinese gay and bisexual men, suggesting the importance of early intervention, especially for those who have experienced CSA, to eliminate their IH and to improve family support for coming out to prevent the onset of suicidal ideation and attempts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Xue
- Department of Sociology and Psychology, School of Public Administration, 12530Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Psychology, 12530Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenjian Xu
- Department of Sociology and Psychology, School of Public Administration, 12530Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Psychology, 12530Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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11
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Gibbs JJ, Baldwin-White A. Sexual Assault and Behavioral Health: What Can We Learn From a Probability Sample of Young Sexual Minority Men? JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:2614-2629. [PMID: 35570619 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221101198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research indicates that young sexual minority men (YSMM) are at increased risk of experiencing sexual assault compared to their heterosexual peers. While this increased risk is documented in comparison studies, very little is known about the specific range of sexual assault experiences. The aim of this study was to investigate prevalence of sexual assault experiences and their association with depression and alcohol use for YSMM. METHODS In 2017 and 2018, 124 YSMM (18-24 year-olds) were recruited to participate in an online study using probability-based sampling methods, in Los Angeles, CA. Participants answered items about lifetime and recent sexual assault experiences (i.e., unwanted touching, oral rape, penetrative rape), characteristics of the coercive behaviors, recent alcohol use, and depression. Analysis of variance (ANOVAs) and multiple linear regressions investigated the relationships between sexual assault experiences and behavioral health. RESULTS The sample reported a range of lifetime sexual assault experiences: 70% unwanted touching and 28% penetrative rape. Fifty-five percent of the sample reported some type of recent sexual assault, with 17% reporting a recent penetrative rape. ANOVAs of the impact of different forms of sexual assault on behavior health indicated that unwanted touching was associated with higher depression and alcohol use. Further investigation of recent unwanted touching indicated that frequency is associated with depression and binge drinking. Of participants who reported experiences of unwanted touching, 61% reported it occurred while they were intoxicated. DISCUSSION Findings support previous evidence of high rates of sexual assault among YSMM. Further, the majority of men who reported sexual assault indicated that it occurred while they were intoxicated, suggesting that unwanted touching is occurring while men are drinking alcohol, likely in bars. The culture of gay bars may encourage nonconsensual touching during intoxication and these experiences of sexual assault have consequences (i.e., higher levels of depression and alcohol use).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J Gibbs
- School of Social Work, 1355University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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12
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Parrott DJ, Leone RM, Schipani-McLaughlin AM, Salazar LF, Nizam Z, Gilmore A. Alcohol-Related Sexual Violence Perpetration Toward Sexual and Gender Minority Populations: A Critical Review and Call to Action. NEBRASKA SYMPOSIUM ON MOTIVATION 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-24426-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
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13
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Grocott LR, Leach NR, Brick LA, Meza-Lopez R, Orchowski LM. Institutional Response and Impact of Reporting Sexual Violence: An Examination of Sexual and Gender Minority College Students. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP20653-NP20676. [PMID: 34821167 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211055078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although college students who are sexual and gender minorities (SGM) experience higher rates of sexual victimization than their peers who identify as heterosexual and cisgender, there is a paucity in the literature investigating how college campuses can address the needs of SGM college students in violence prevention and response. The present research examines a subset of data from the Healthy Minds Survey (HMS), a national web-based survey administered across two universities from 2016 to 2017. We examined the role of SGM status in the rates of sexual violence, perceptions of their college/university's institutional response to reports of sexual violence (e.g., taking a report seriously and taking corrective action), and the perceived impact of reporting sexual violence (e.g., students would support the person making a report). Logistic regression analyses revealed higher rates of sexual victimization among sexual minority students (compared to heterosexual), women (compared to men), and transgender and gender diverse (TGD) students (compared to cisgender). In addition, sexual minority (compared to heterosexual), women (compared to men), and TGD (compared to cisgender) students were more likely to perceive their institution would have a poor response to reports of sexual violence. Women and sexual minority students were also likely to believe that students who report sexual violence would suffer academically. These findings highlight the need for continued efforts to enhance sexual assault prevention and response efforts on college campuses, especially for SGM students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R Grocott
- Department of Psychology, 6752University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Nykia R Leach
- School of Public Health, 6752Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Leslie A Brick
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, 12321Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Richard Meza-Lopez
- Department of Psychiatry, 23325Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
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14
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Marcantonio TL, Willis M. Examining substance-involved sexual experiences and consent communication by sexual identity. PSYCHOLOGY & SEXUALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/19419899.2022.2106884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany L. Marcantonio
- Department of Health Science, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
- Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Malachi Willis
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, School of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Scotland, Glasgow, UK
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15
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Gilmore AK, Leone RM, Oesterle DW, Davis KC, Orchowski LM, Ramakrishnan V, Kaysen D. Web-Based Alcohol and Sexual Assault Prevention Program With Tailored Content Based on Gender and Sexual Orientation: Preliminary Outcomes and Usability Study of Positive Change (+Change). JMIR Form Res 2022; 6:e23823. [PMID: 35867393 PMCID: PMC9356330 DOI: 10.2196/23823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alcohol use and sexual assault are common on college campuses in the United States, and the rates of occurrence differ based on gender identity and sexual orientation. Objective We aimed to provide an assessment of the usability and preliminary outcomes of Positive Change (+Change), a program that provides integrated personalized feedback to target alcohol use, sexual assault victimization, sexual assault perpetration, and bystander intervention among cisgender heterosexual men, cisgender heterosexual women, and sexual minority men and women. Methods Participants included 24 undergraduate students from a large university in the Southwestern United States aged between 18 and 25 years who engaged in heavy episodic drinking in the past month. All procedures were conducted on the web, and participants completed a baseline survey, +Change, and a follow-up survey immediately after completing +Change. Results Our findings indicated that +Change was acceptable and usable among all participants, despite gender identity or sexual orientation. Furthermore, there were preliminary outcomes indicating the benefit for efficacy testing of +Change. Conclusions Importantly, +Change is the first program to target alcohol use, sexual assault victimization, sexual assault perpetration, and bystander intervention within the same program and to provide personalized content based on gender identity and sexual orientation. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04089137; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04089137
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Gilmore
- Department of Health Policy & Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ruschelle M Leone
- Department of Health Policy & Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Daniel W Oesterle
- Department of Health Policy & Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Kelly Cue Davis
- Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Lindsay M Orchowski
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | | | - Debra Kaysen
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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Canan SN, Jozkowski KN, Wiersma-Mosley JD, Bradley M, Blunt-Vinti H. Differences in Lesbian, Bisexual, and Heterosexual Women's Experiences of Sexual Assault and Rape in a National U.S. Sample. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:9100-9120. [PMID: 31347442 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519863725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lesbian and bisexual women experience significantly higher rates of sexual assault and rape compared with heterosexual women. Despite this, researchers have yet to distinguish whether sexual orientation itself or some other related social characteristics explain these higher rates. The objective of this study was to analyze women's rates of sexual assault and rape across sexual orientation status while accounting for other social characteristics (e.g., race, education, income, outness). Women (N = 1,366), who identified as lesbian (31%), bisexual (32%), and heterosexual (31%), completed a nationally distributed, cross-sectional online survey in 2016. Victimization and repeat victimization were assessed using a modified version of Sexual Experience Survey-Short Form Victimization. Overall, 63% of bisexual, 49% of lesbian, and 35% of heterosexual women reported experiencing rape in their lifetime. When holding all other social characteristics constant, sexual orientation remained a significant predictor in the model. Compared with the odds of heterosexual women experiencing sexual assault or rape, bisexual women (3.7 odds of victimization; 7.3 odds of repeat victimization) and lesbian women (3.2 odds of repeat victimization) were disproportionately victimized. Sexual orientation clearly plays a role in sexual victimization risk, independent of other measured sociodemographic indicators. Continued research is needed to explore possible mechanisms behind sexual assault and rape prevalence, as well as the influence of contextual factors of victimization risk among sexual minority men.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristen N Jozkowski
- University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
- Indiana University Bloomington, IN, USA
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17
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Sutton TE, Simons LG, Tyler KA. Hooking-Up and Sexual Victimization on Campus: Examining Moderators of Risk. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP8146-NP8175. [PMID: 30973050 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519842178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hooking-up among college students presents an increased risk of sexual victimization, perhaps due to increased contact with potential perpetrators in a risky context. However, little work has examined factors that might increase the risk of victimization associated with hooking-up, and few studies examine victimization among both men and women. To address this gap in the literature, we utilize data from 702 college women and 677 college men to explore childhood sexual abuse, family violence, sexual minority (SM) status, and problematic alcohol use as potential moderators of the association between hooking-up and three forms of sexual victimization: coerced, incapacitated, and forced. Results of regression analyses indicate several significant interactions and significant main effects. For example, SM men and women were each at an increased risk of forced and incapacitated victimization when hook-up frequency was high compared with non-SM students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara E Sutton
- Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, USA
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18
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Hequembourg AL, Livingston JA, Wang W. Prospective associations among relationship abuse, sexual harassment and bullying in a community sample of sexual minority and exclusively heterosexual youth. J Adolesc 2020; 83:52-61. [PMID: 32736276 PMCID: PMC7484239 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sexual minority youth (SMY) are at significantly greater risk for experiencing adolescent relationship abuse (ARA) than exclusively heterosexual youth, yet little is known about the factors that elevate their risks for such abuse. Peer victimization (i.e., bullying, sexual harassment) has been associated with ARA among heterosexual youth. SMY experience higher rates of peer victimization than heterosexual youth, suggesting that it may be a risk factor for ARA among these youth. Using longitudinal data from a community sample of adolescents recruited from the northeastern US, we examined whether sexual identity was associated prospectively with ARA, and whether that relationship would be indirect, and mediated via bullying and sexual harassment at a 12-month follow-up. We expected to find higher rates of peer victimization and ARA among SMY than heterosexual youth, and we expected that sexual harassment and bullying would predict subsequent relationship abuse. METHODS Adolescents (N = 800; 58% female; 81% European-American; 19% SMY) between 13 and 15 years (M = 14.45, SD = 0.85) completed a web survey at baseline, 6-months and 12-months. RESULTS Consistent with prior studies, SMY reported higher rates of bullying, sexual harassment, and relationship abuse than heterosexual youth. SMY who reported sexual harassment at baseline were more likely to report relationship abuse over time. Contrary to our expectations, however, bully victimization did not predict subsequent relationship abuse. CONCLUSIONS Sexual harassment can be particularly harmful for SMY because it targets gender and sexual identity at a formative developmental period and puts youth at risk for relationship abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Hequembourg
- School of Nursing, State University of New York at Buffalo, 3435 Main Street, Wende Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.
| | - Jennifer A Livingston
- School of Nursing, State University of New York at Buffalo, 3435 Main Street, Wende Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.
| | - Weijun Wang
- Clinical and Research Institute on Addictions, State University of New York at Buffalo, 1021 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.
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19
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McKay T, Lindquist CH, Misra S. Understanding (and Acting On) 20 Years of Research on Violence and LGBTQ + Communities. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2019; 20:665-678. [PMID: 29334007 DOI: 10.1177/1524838017728708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Questions related to violence, vulnerability, and sexual and gender minorities continuing to occupy a focal place in U.S. public discourse. We reviewed findings from 20 years of research on that topic to make recommendations for policy, practice, and future research. This article synthesizes findings from 102 peer-reviewed articles as well as a small number of unpublished studies and grey literature. We found no data to support the idea (widespread in popular discourse) that those in the sexual or gender majority require protection from sexual or gender minority individuals. Instead, this wide body of research indicates that sexual and gender minorities are themselves at elevated risk for physical and sexual assault, harassment, bullying, and hate crime victimization throughout childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Contradicting the image of hate crimes as perpetrated by strangers or acquaintances, we find that bias-related verbal abuse, physical, and sexual assault by close family members contribute heavily to observed victimization rates. Further, despite the perception that society is becoming more welcoming, victimization disparities appear to be stable or widening since the 1990s. More studies with probabilistic sampling approaches, standardized measures, and larger samples of gender minorities are needed. However, widespread victimization of sexual and gender minorities is clearly an urgent issue, demanding attention from clinicians, program developers, and policy makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasseli McKay
- Violence and Victimization Research Program, Center for Justice, Safety and Resilience, RTI International, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Christine H Lindquist
- Courts and Corrections Research Program, Center for Justice, Safety and Resilience, RTI International, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Shilpi Misra
- Transnational Crime and Justice Research Program, Center for Justice, Safety and Resilience, RTI International, Durham, NC, USA
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20
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Gilmore AK, Davidson TM, Leone RM, Wray LB, Oesterle DW, Hahn CK, Flanagan JC, Gill-Hopple K, Acierno R. Usability Testing of a Mobile Health Intervention to Address Acute Care Needs after Sexual Assault. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E3088. [PMID: 31450676 PMCID: PMC6747119 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16173088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sexual assault is associated with a range of poor mental health outcomes. To enhance access to care by this population, technology-based mental health interventions have been implemented in the emergency room; however, more accessible and easily disseminated interventions are needed. The aim of the present study was to test the usability of a mobile health intervention targeting alcohol and drug misuse, suicide prevention, posttraumatic stress symptoms, coping skills, and referral to formal assistance for individuals who have experienced sexual assault. Feedback on the usability of the intervention was collected from individuals who received a sexual assault medical forensic examination (n = 13), and feedback on the usability and likelihood of recommending the application was collected from community providers (n = 25). Thematic analysis was used to describe qualitative data. Content themes related to aesthetics, usability, barriers to resources, and likes/dislikes about the intervention arose from interviews following the intervention. Participants found the intervention to be user friendly and endorsed more likes than dislikes. Providers rated the intervention as being helpful and would recommend it to survivors of sexual assault. Findings suggest that the intervention is usable and fit for future effectiveness testing, filling an important gap in treatment for individuals who experience sexual assault.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Gilmore
- College of Nursing, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | - Tatiana M Davidson
- College of Nursing, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Ruschelle M Leone
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Lauren B Wray
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Daniel W Oesterle
- College of Nursing, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Christine K Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Julianne C Flanagan
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Kathleen Gill-Hopple
- Forensic Nursing Services, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Ron Acierno
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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21
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Hequembourg AL, Panagakis C. Maximizing respondent-driven sampling field procedures in the recruitment of sexual minorities for health research. SAGE Open Med 2019; 7:2050312119829983. [PMID: 30800299 PMCID: PMC6379799 DOI: 10.1177/2050312119829983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Research to address the significant health burden experienced by sexual
minority populations remains hampered by a lack of appropriate sampling
methods to support evidence-based studies. Respondent-driven sampling offers
one viable strategy to recruit these hidden populations. Because few studies
systematically report their experiences using respondent-driven sampling to
recruit sexual minorities, this article aligns with recent recommendations
for the standardization of reporting and transparency in studies utilizing
respondent-driven sampling. We (1) provide detailed descriptions about the
successful execution of respondent-driven sampling in two community-based
studies of sexual minority individuals, (2) outline procedures to enhance
the effectiveness of respondent-driven sampling referral processes, (3)
present mixed-methods results regarding the effectiveness of
respondent-driven sampling in our studies, and (4) offer recommendations for
other researchers when using respondent-driven sampling. Methods: We successfully recruited 655 sexual minority men and women for two studies
using respondent-driven sampling. Results: Resulting metrics indicate the successful achievement of equilibrium in each
study. In addition, exit interviews elucidated strategies to effectively
target referrals who meet the study criteria and procedures to promote the
study that will maximize referral chains and ensure attainment of
equilibrium. Conclusion: Mixed-methods results suggest that respondent-driven sampling can be an
effective means of recruiting a community-based sample of sexual minorities
in smaller urban regions. Limitations are presented and suggestions are
offered to researchers utilizing respondent-driven sampling in future
studies.
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22
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Herbenick D, Bartelt E, Fu TCJ, Paul B, Gradus R, Bauer J, Jones R. Feeling Scared During Sex: Findings From a U.S. Probability Sample of Women and Men Ages 14 to 60. JOURNAL OF SEX & MARITAL THERAPY 2019; 45:424-439. [PMID: 30946623 DOI: 10.1080/0092623x.2018.1549634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Using data from a U.S. probability survey of individuals aged 14 to 60, we aimed (1) to assess the proportion of respondents who ever reported scary sexual situations and (2) to examine descriptions of sexual experiences reported as scary. Data were cross-sectional and collected via the GfK KnowledgePanel®. Scary sexual situations were reported by 23.9% of adult women, 10.3% of adult men, 12.5% of adolescent women, and 3.8% of adolescent men who had ever engaged in oral, vaginal, or anal sex. Themes included sexual assault/rape, incest, being held down, anal sex, choking, threats, multiple people, novelty/learning, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debby Herbenick
- a Center for Sexual Health Promotion, School of Public Health , Indiana University , Bloomington , IN , USA
| | - Elizabeth Bartelt
- a Center for Sexual Health Promotion, School of Public Health , Indiana University , Bloomington , IN , USA
| | - Tsung-Chieh Jane Fu
- a Center for Sexual Health Promotion, School of Public Health , Indiana University , Bloomington , IN , USA
| | - Bryant Paul
- b Media School , Indiana University , Bloomington , IN , USA
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23
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Xu W, Zheng L, Song J, Zhang X, Zhang X, Zheng Y. Relationship Between Childhood Sexual Abuse and HIV-Related Risks Among Men Who Have Sex with Men: Findings from Mainland China. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2018; 47:1949-1957. [PMID: 29134421 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-017-1104-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Men who have sex with men (MSM) carry the burden of HIV infection in China. Outside of China, a history of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) has been associated with HIV-related risks (behavioral, sexual, and mental health outcomes) among MSM. We therefore evaluated the relationship between CSA and these HIV-related risks among MSM in China. Cross-sectional data were collected via a survey from gay websites and social networking applications from MSM in 30 provinces in mainland China during a 3-month period in 2014 and 2015. Overall, 999 screened MSM who responded to questions on CSA were included. Multinomial logistic regression models-adjusted for sociodemographic confounders-showed that men who reported experiencing regular CSA and contact CSA, respectively, were more likely to use substances (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.91; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.39-2.62 and AOR, 1.70; 95% CI 1.25-2.31), had a history of sexually transmitted infections (AOR, 1.81; 95% CI 1.29-2.55 and AOR, 1.65; 95% CI 1.18-2.96), had more male sexual partners (AOR, 1.06; 95% CI 1.04-1.09 and AOR, 1.05; 95% CI 1.03-1.08), engaged in more condomless sex with men (AOR, 1.89; 95% CI 1.39-2.56 and AOR, 1.72; 95% CI 1.29-2.30), and experienced more psychological distress (AOR, 1.05; 95% CI 1.02-1.08 and AOR, 1.05; 95% CI 1.03-1.08). Both frequent and contact forms of CSA were positively associated with HIV-related risks among MSM, suggesting that general CSA prevention strategies and interventions are needed to support this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lijun Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingjing Song
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuemeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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24
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Roth EA, Cui Z, Wang L, Armstrong HL, Rich AJ, Lachowsky NJ, Sereda P, Card KG, Jollimore J, Howard T, Olarewaju G, Moore DM, Hogg RS. Substance Use Patterns of Gay and Bisexual Men in the Momentum Health Study. Am J Mens Health 2018; 12:1759-1773. [PMID: 30024296 PMCID: PMC6142133 DOI: 10.1177/1557988318786872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Research with male sexual minorities frequently combines gay and bisexual men as Men Who Have Sex with Men or Gay and Bisexual Men. When analyzed separately, bisexual men consistently feature negative health differentials, exemplified by higher substance use levels. This interpretation is not clear-cut because studies may combine bisexual men and women, use different dimensions of sexual orientation to define bisexuality, and/or not consider number of sexual partners as a possible confounding factor. This study conducted separate bivariate and multivariate analyses comparing gay to bisexual Momentum Study participants based on self-identity, sexual attraction, and sexual behavior, while controlling for number of sexual partners and sociodemographic, psychosocial, and sexual behavior measures. The study hypothesized that, regardless of definition, bisexual men feature higher substance use levels compared to gay men. Bivariate analyses revealed significantly higher ( p < .05) use among bisexual men for multiple substances in all samples. Nonprescription stimulants and heroin were significant in all multivariate logistic regression models. In contrast, all bisexual samples reported lower use of erectile dysfunction drugs and poppers, substances associated with anal sex among gay men. Subsequent analysis linked these results to lower levels of anal sex in all bisexual samples. Bivariate analyses also revealed that bisexual men featured significantly lower educational levels, annual incomes, and Social Support Scales scores and higher Anxiety and Depression Sub-Scale Scores. In summary, findings revealed bisexual men's distinctive substance use, sexual behavior, psychosocial, and sociodemographic profiles, and are important for tailoring specific health programs for bisexual men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Abella Roth
- Department of Anthropology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Zishan Cui
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lu Wang
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Heather L. Armstrong
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ashleigh J. Rich
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nathan J. Lachowsky
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- School of Public Health and Social Policy, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Paul Sereda
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kiffer G. Card
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jody Jollimore
- Executive Director, Community Based Research Centre for Gay Men’s Health, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Terry Howard
- Community Advisory Board, Momentum Health Study, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Gbolahan Olarewaju
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David M. Moore
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Robert S. Hogg
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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Ramirez JL, Gonzalez KA, Galupo MP. "Invisible During My Own Crisis": Responses of LGBT People of Color to the Orlando Shooting. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2017; 65:579-599. [PMID: 28537842 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2017.1328217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
On June 12, 2016, the Pulse nightclub in Orlando, Florida was the target of one of the country's deadliest mass shootings. Pulse, a gay nightclub, was hosting a Latin Pride Night the evening of the tragedy, which resulted in the death of 49 victims and 53 casualties, over 90% of whom were lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) Latinx people, specifically. The present research investigates the narrative responses from LGBT people of color (LGBT-POC) following the tragedy. Results included an analysis of 94 participant narrative responses. Results were collected online from a sample of LGBT-POC with varying sexual, gender, and racial identities. Thematic analysis revealed four major themes: (1) Violence is Not New for LGBT-POC; (2) Personal Identification with Victims; (3) Lack of Intersectionality in Others' Responses to Orlando; and (4) Acknowledgment of Intersectionality across LGBT-POC. Discussion focuses on describing the ways in which LGBT-POC responded to the shooting regarding their multiple minority identities. Implications of this research reinforce the need for continued intersectional research with LGBT-POC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna L Ramirez
- a Department of Psychology , Towson University , Towson , Maryland , USA
| | - Kirsten A Gonzalez
- b Department of Psychology , University of Tennessee , Knoxville , Tennessee , USA
| | - M Paz Galupo
- a Department of Psychology , Towson University , Towson , Maryland , USA
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26
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Semple SJ, Stockman JK, Goodman-Meza D, Pitpitan EV, Strathdee SA, Chavarin CV, Rangel G, Torres K, Patterson TL. Correlates of Sexual Violence Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in Tijuana, Mexico. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2017; 46:1011-1023. [PMID: 27178173 PMCID: PMC5107348 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-016-0747-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Sexual violence among men who have sex with men (MSM) is prevalent in developing countries and is associated with increased HIV/STI risk. Despite high HIV prevalence (20 %) among MSM in Tijuana, Mexico, little attention has been paid to the occurrence of sexual violence in this high-risk group. The present study used a syndemic conditions framework to examine correlates of sexual violence victimization in a sample of 201 MSM surveyed in Tijuana, Mexico during 2012 and 2013. Participants were recruited through respondent-driven sampling and underwent a 2-h baseline interview and testing for HIV and syphilis. Sexual violence was defined as any incident during the past year in which the participant had been raped, sexually molested, or sexually harassed. The majority of participants self-identified as gay or bisexual, had never married, were employed, and had a high school education or greater. The average age was 29.7 years. Thirty-nine percent reported sexual violence in the past year. A hierarchical multiple linear regression model predicting more experiences of sexual violence was tested. In a final model, a higher number of experiences of sexual violence was associated with a history of childhood sexual abuse, more adult experiences of homophobia, more depression and hostility symptoms, and not living with a spouse or steady partner. The findings from this study support a model of co-occurring psychosocial factors that increase the likelihood of sexual violence experiences among MSM. Multi-level approaches to the prevention of childhood and adult experiences of sexual violence and homophobia are needed to avert the development of adverse mental and physical health outcomes associated with sexual violence victimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley J Semple
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, Mail Code 0680, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0680, USA
| | - Jamila K Stockman
- Division of Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David Goodman-Meza
- Department of Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Eileen V Pitpitan
- Division of Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Steffanie A Strathdee
- Division of Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Claudia V Chavarin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, Mail Code 0680, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0680, USA
| | | | - Karla Torres
- Agencia Familiar Binacional, A.C., Tijuana, Mexico
| | - Thomas L Patterson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, Mail Code 0680, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0680, USA.
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Langenderfer-Magruder L, Walls NE, Kattari SK, Whitfield DL, Ramos D. Sexual Victimization and Subsequent Police Reporting by Gender Identity Among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Adults. VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2016; 31:320-331. [PMID: 26831853 DOI: 10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-14-00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Prevalence of sexual victimization among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) persons is frequently found to be higher than the prevalence reported by their heterosexual peers. Transgender individuals are often included solely as part of larger LGBTQ research samples, potentially obfuscating differences between sexual orientation and gender identity. In this study, the authors examined sexual assault/rape in a large convenience sample of LGBTQ adults (N = 1,124) by respondents' gender identity (cisgender, transgender) to determine whether differences exist in lifetime prevalence of sexual assault/rape and subsequent police reporting. Findings indicate transgender individuals report having experienced sexual assault/rape more than twice as frequently as cisgender LGBQ individuals. Authors found no statistically significant difference in reporting sexual violence to police. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
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