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Ilkhan T, Trębicka J, Sołtysiak A. Temporal pattern of dental caries at the western flank of the Central Plateau of Iran, c. 2700 BCE - 1600 CE. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2024; 45:55-61. [PMID: 38688102 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2024.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the overall frequency and inter-tooth patterns of caries in three populations from ancient cemeteries located along the western border of the Central Iranian Plateau as a means to explore whether the populations of Iran had greater access to fermentable sugars after the establishment of the great empires. MATERIALS Dental collections from Kafarved-Varzaneh (Early Bronze Age, MNI=66), Estark-Joshaqan (Iron Age, MNI=57), Tappeh Poustchi (Timurid and Safavid Period, MNI=34), together with comparative data from NE Syria. METHODS Frequencies of dental caries per tooth categories, location and size of carious lesions are analyzed using Smith's Mean Measure of Divergence, Correspondence Analysis, χ2 and Kruskal-Wallis tests. RESULTS There are minimal differences in overall frequencies of carious lesions at Iranian sites, regardless of the chronology, but notable differences at Syrian sites. The inter-tooth pattern at the Iron Age cemetery in Estark appears distinctly different than the other Iranian sites and the comparative samples from Syria. CONCLUSIONS Divergent subsistence strategies may be linked with different inter-tooth patterns since people buried at Estark were mobile herders, while the other cemeteries were used by settled farmers. SIGNIFICANCE This comprehensive research on dental caries in three chronologically diverse populations in Iran sheds light on the association between dental caries and subsistence strategies, and introduces the Smith's Mean Measure of Divergence to explore inter-tooth carious patterns, which may prove useful to other researchers seeking to understand the relationships between subsistence, diet, and the presence of carious lesions. LIMITATIONS The studied sample size is relatively small and therefore its temporal/regional distribution produces low-resolution results. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH More systematic research on the patterns of dental caries is necessary to produce more fine-grained reconstructions of diet and subsistence in Iran and around the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabasom Ilkhan
- Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Education Building 9635, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Joanna Trębicka
- Antiquity of Southeastern Europe Research Centre, University of Warsaw, ul. Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28, 00-927, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Sołtysiak
- Department of Bioarchaeology, Faculty of Archaeology, University of Warsaw, ul. Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28, 00-927, Warszawa, Poland.
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Wang W, Nguyen KD, Le HD, Zhao C, Carson MT, Yang X, Hung HC. Rice and millet cultivated in Ha Long Bay of Northern Vietnam 4000 years ago. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:976138. [PMID: 36407601 PMCID: PMC9666789 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.976138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Research has generally outlined that the Neolithic East Asian farmers expanded into Southeast Asia, leading to substantial social and cultural transformations. However, the associated archaeobotanical evidence until now has been insufficient to clarify the exact timing, dispersal route, and farming package of the emergence of agriculture in Mainland Southeast Asia. To clarify these issues, the micro-plant remains of phytolith and starch from three Neolithic sites in Ha Long Bay were extracted and analyzed. This study validates the earliest evidence of co-cropping in northern Vietnam, involving the cultivation of rice together with foxtail millet at 4000 years BP or slightly earlier. Moreover, the results indicate that at least two patterns of subsistence strategy were practiced simultaneously during the initial farming phase in the region. The Trang Kenh people, a regional variant of the Phung Nguyen cultural group often have been seen as the first farmers in northern Vietnam, and they mainly practiced a cereal-based subsistence strategy with more vital cultural characteristics of southern China origin. Meanwhile, the Ha Long people, mainly composed of indigenous hunter-gatherer descendants, continued to utilize a wide range of their preferred plant resources such as taros, yams, and acorns, while they absorbed and incorporated new elements such as millet and rice into their food system. This study provides solid information to understand the diverse economic systems among different cultural groups in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Wang
- Department of Archaeology and Natural History, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Hai Dang Le
- Institute of Archaeology, Vietnam Academy of Social Science, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Chunguang Zhao
- Department of Archaeology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mike T. Carson
- Micronesian Area Research Center, University of Guam, Mangilao, Guam, GU, United States
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hsiao-chun Hung
- Department of Archaeology and Natural History, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Alt KW, Al-Ahmad A, Woelber JP. Nutrition and Health in Human Evolution–Past to Present. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14173594. [PMID: 36079850 PMCID: PMC9460423 DOI: 10.3390/nu14173594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Anyone who wants to understand the biological nature of humans and their special characteristics must look far back into evolutionary history. Today’s way of life is drastically different from that of our ancestors. For almost 99% of human history, gathering and hunting have been the basis of nutrition. It was not until about 12,000 years ago that humans began domesticating plants and animals. Bioarchaeologically and biochemically, this can be traced back to our earliest roots. Modern living conditions and the quality of human life are better today than ever before. However, neither physically nor psychosocially have we made this adjustment and we are paying a high health price for it. The studies presented allow us to reconstruct food supply, lifestyles, and dietary habits: from the earliest primates, through hunter-gatherers of the Paleolithic, farming communities since the beginning of the Anthropocene, to the Industrial Age and the present. The comprehensive data pool allows extraction of all findings of medical relevance. Our recent lifestyle and diet are essentially determined by our culture rather than by our millions of years of ancestry. Culture is permanently in a dominant position compared to natural evolution. Thereby culture does not form a contrast to nature but represents its result. There is no doubt that we are biologically adapted to culture, but it is questionable how much culture humans can cope with.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt W. Alt
- Center of Natural and Cultural Human History, Danube Private University, 3500 Krems, Austria
- Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science, University of Basel, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
| | - Ali Al-Ahmad
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 71906 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johan Peter Woelber
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 71906 Freiburg, Germany
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Prevalence of dental caries in the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age populations from Żerniki Górne (Poland). ANTHROPOLOGICAL REVIEW 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/anre-2021-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of the studies is to describe the prevalence and distribution of dental caries in two populations from Żerniki Górne (Poland). The first population represented the Corded Ware Culture (CWC) (2550–2350 BC), and the second population belonged to the Trzciniec Culture (TC) (1300–1000 BC). While the TC is identified with a typically agricultural strategy, the CWC culture strategy is still debatable. Two types of strategies are indicated in the CWC, either a mixed or typical agricultural economy.
A total of 110 adults were examined, of which 29 represented the CWC and 81 belonged to the TC. A total of 1132 permanent teeth were examined (CWC 379, TC 753).
Of the 110 individuals, 54 individuals had dental caries (CWC 19/29, 66%; TC 35/81, 43%). In the CWC, 68% (13/19) of males and 60% (6/10) of females had dental caries. In the younger period (TC), the percentage of dental caries among males was little higher (45%) than among females (41%). Dental caries was identified in 13% (50/379) of the teeth from the CWC. In the TC, the percentage of affected teeth were similar (11%, 82/753). The most common location of caries in all the chronological periods were the approximal and cemento-enamel junction [CEJ] surfaces. Caries on the occlusal surface was much less frequent. If we assume that an important cause of the development of dental caries is a high-carbohydrate diet, we can conclude that a similar prevalence of teeth affected by caries and it locations indicate a similar management strategy in both populations.
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Kubehl K, Temple DH. Reproductive life histories influence cariogenesis: Exploring sex-specific variation in dental caries and survivorship in the human past. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 172:376-385. [PMID: 32112570 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Differences in dental caries prevalence between males and females is considered a reflection of diet. However, recent syntheses argue that sex-specific variation in dental caries prevalence also reflects changes in the oral cavity attributable to variation in reproductive life histories. This study explores sex-specific variation in carious lesions using a life history perspective to understand if differences in reproductive ecology influence this process. MATERIALS AND METHODS Survival probability between 860 males and females from the Terry Collection was compared using carious lesion manifestation (absent, crown presence, root/cemento-enamel junction [CEJ] presence) and sex as covariates and age as a time series variable. A four-way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) comparing carious lesion type by sex, age, and periodontal disease presence was used to evaluate interaction between these variables. RESULTS Individuals with carious lesions have greater survivorship than those without lesions. Males and females with crown lesions do not differ in survivorship from individuals without carious lesions. Females with root/CEJ lesions are characterized by the highest survivorship. A significant interaction was found for root/CEJ carious lesions by age, sex, and periodontal disease presence. Root/CEJ lesion formation in older males was not dependent upon periodontal disease presence, though dependence between these variables characterizes postmenopausal females. CONCLUSION Sex-specific variation in crown lesions is not associated with reproductive life histories and likely reflects diet. By contrast, root/CEJ lesions form through pathways attributable to reproductive life histories, particularly age-induced periodontal disease in females. These results suggest the formation of carious lesions is complex, and in some cases, rooted in reproductive life histories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla Kubehl
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
| | - Daniel H Temple
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
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Stable isotope and dental caries data reveal abrupt changes in subsistence economy in ancient China in response to global climate change. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218943. [PMID: 31329608 PMCID: PMC6645670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior to the introduction of wheat and barley from Central Asia during the Neolithic period, northern Chinese agricultural groups subsisted heavily on millet. Despite being the focus of many decades of intensive interest and research, the exact route(s), date(s), and mechanisms of the spread and adoption of wheat and barley into the existing well-established millet-based diet in northern China are still debated. As the majority of the important introduced crops are C3 plants, while the indigenous millet is C4, archaeologists can effectively identify the consumption of any introduced crops using stable carbon isotope analysis. Here we examine published stable isotope and dental caries data of human skeletal remains from 77 archaeological sites across northern and northwestern China. These sites date between 9000 to 1750 BP, encompassing the period from the beginning of agriculture to wheat’s emergence as a staple crop in northern China. The aim of this study is to evaluate the implications of the spread and adoption of these crops in ancient China. Detailed analysis of human bone collagen δ13C values reveals an almost concurrent shift from a C4-based to a mixed C3/ C4– based subsistence economy across all regions at around 4500–4000 BP. This coincided with a global climatic event, Holocene Event 3 at 4200 BP, suggesting that the sudden change in subsistence economy across northern and northwestern China was likely related to climate change. Moreover, the substantially increased prevalence of dental caries from pre–to post–4000 BP indicates an increase in the consumption of cariogenic cereals during the later period. The results from this study have significant implications for understanding how the adoption of a staple crop can be indicative of large-scale environmental and socio-political changes in a region.
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Marklein KE, Torres-Rouff C, King LM, Hubbe M. The Precarious State of Subsistence: Reevaluating Dental Pathological Lesions Associated with Agricultural and Hunter-Gatherer Lifeways. CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1086/703376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Trombley TM, Agarwal SC, Beauchesne PD, Goodson C, Candilio F, Coppa A, Rubini M. Making sense of medieval mouths: Investigating sex differences of dental pathological lesions in a late medieval Italian community. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2019; 169:253-269. [PMID: 30924143 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Bioarchaeological investigations of sex-based differences in the prevalence of dental pathological lesions, particularly caries, have drawn considerable attention, and out of this work, two dominant models have emerged. Traditionally, the first model interprets sex-related patterns in caries as a product of gendered differences in diet. A more recent model interprets a generally higher propensity for caries prevalence in females in light of reproductive ecology. To test the hypothesis that females have higher risk of caries in accordance with reproductive ecology, we examined and analyzed caries prevalence and other potentially synergistic oral pathological lesions in a late medieval (A.D. 1300-1500) Italian archaeological sample. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined sex- and age-related prevalence in caries and other oral pathological lesions in a late medieval Italian skeletal assemblage excavated from Villamagna consisting of 38 females and 37 males (n = 1,534 teeth). We examined age- and sex-related patterns in six dental traits: antemortem tooth loss, caries, calculus, periapical inflammation, tooth wear, and periodontitis. RESULTS Significant age-related increases in antemortem tooth loss, caries, calculus, and tooth wear were observed in both males and females. However, there was a lack of expected sex differences in oral pathological lesions, with instead older males exhibiting significantly more antemortem tooth loss and corrected caries than females. DISCUSSION Results are discussed in relation to the ethnohistoric context of medieval rural dietary practices as well as biomedical salivary literature, which suggest that dietary changes throughout the life course may have facilitated trade-offs that buffered females from higher rates of dental pathological lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trent M Trombley
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Sabrina C Agarwal
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Patrick D Beauchesne
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, University of Michigan, Dearborn, Dearborn, Michigan
| | - Caroline Goodson
- Faculty of History, University of Cambridge, King's College, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Candilio
- Anthropological Service, Soprintendenza Archeologia, Belle Arti e Paesaggio per la città metropolitana di Cagliari e le province di Oristano e Sud Sardegna, Cagliari, Italy.,Physical Anthropology Section, University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alfredo Coppa
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Rubini
- Department of Archaeology, Foggia University, Foggia, Italy.,Anthropological Service, S.A.B.A.P.-LAZ, Rome, Italy
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SASO AIKO, KONDO OSAMU. Periodontal disease in the Neolithic Jomon: inter-site comparisons of inland and coastal areas in central Honshu, Japan. ANTHROPOL SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1537/ase.190113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- AIKO SASO
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo
- The University Museum, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo
| | - OSAMU KONDO
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo
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Munoz O. Transition to agriculture in South-Eastern Arabia: Insights from oral conditions. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 164:702-719. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Munoz
- UMR 7041 - ArScAn, Team « Du village à l'État au Proche et Moyen-Orient », Maison de l'Archéologie et de l'Ethnologie, 21 allée de l'Université; F-92023 Nanterre cedex France
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11
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Lambert PM, Welker MH. Traumatic injury risk and agricultural transitions: A view from the American Southeast and beyond. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2016; 162:120-142. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M. Lambert
- Department of Sociology, Social Work and Anthropology, 0730 Old Main Hill; Utah State University; Logan Utah
| | - Martin H. Welker
- Department of Anthropology, 409 Carpenter Building; Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Pennsylvania
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Menéndez LP. Spatial variation of dental caries in late holocene samples of Southern South America: A geostatistical study. Am J Hum Biol 2016; 28:825-836. [PMID: 27238592 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The spatial variation of dental caries in late Holocene southern South American populations will be analyzed using geostatistical methods. The existence of a continuous geographical pattern of dental caries variation will be tested. METHODS The author recorded dental caries in 400 individuals, collated this information with published caries data from 666 additional individuals, and calculated a Caries Index. The caries spatial distribution was evaluated by means of 2D maps and scatterplots. Geostatistical analyses were performed by calculating Moran's I, correlograms and a Procrustes analysis. RESULTS There is a relatively strong latitudinal continuous gradient of dental caries variation, especially in the extremes of the distribution. Moreover, the association between dental caries and geography was relatively high (m12 = 0.6). Although northern and southern samples had the highest and lowest frequencies of dental caries, respectively, the central ones had the largest variation and had lower rates of caries than expected. CONCLUSION The large variation in frequencies of dental caries in populations located in the center of the distribution could be explained by their subsistence strategies, characterized either by the consumption of wild cariogenic plants or cultigens (obtained locally or by exchange), a reliance on fishing, or the incorporation of plants rich in starch rather than carbohydrates. It is suggested that dental caries must be considered a multifactorial disease which results from the interaction of cultural practices and environmental factors. This can change how we understand subsistence strategies as well as how we interpret dental caries rates. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:825-836, 2016. © 2016Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lumila Paula Menéndez
- CONICET-División Arqueología, Edificio Anexo del Museo de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 122 y 160, La Plata, 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Roberts CA. Palaeopathology and its relevance to understanding health and disease today: the impact of the environment on health, past and present. ANTHROPOLOGICAL REVIEW 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/anre-2016-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
This paper considers the discipline of palaeopathology, how it has developed, how it is studied, and what limitations present challenges to analysis. The study of disease has a long history and has probably most rapidly developed over the last 40-50 years with the development of methods, and particularly ancient pathogen DNA analysis. While emphasizing that palaeopathology has close synergies to evolutionary medicine, it focuses then on three ‘case studies’ that illustrate the close interaction people have had with their environments and how that has impacted their health. Upper and lower respiratory tract disease has affected sinuses and ribs, particularly in urban contexts, and tuberculosis in particular has been an ever present disease throughout thousands of years of our existence. Ancient DNA methods are now allowing us to explore how strains of the bacteria causing TB have changed through time. Vitamin D deficiency and ‘phossy jaw’ are also described, both potentially related to polluted environments, and possibly to working conditions in the industrial period. Access to UV light is emphasized as a preventative factor for rickets and where a person lives is important (latitude). The painful stigmatizing ‘phossy jaw’ appears to be a condition related to the match making industries. Finally, thoughts for the future are outlined, and two key concerns: a close consideration of ethical issues and human remains, especially with destructive analyses, and thinking more about how palaeopathological research can impact people beyond academia.
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PIETRUSEWSKY MICHAEL, LAUER ADAM, DOUGLAS MICHELETOOMAY, TSANG CHENGHWA, LI KUANGTI. Patterns of health in Early Neolithic and Iron Age Taiwan. ANTHROPOL SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1537/ase.160509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - ADAM LAUER
- International Archaeological Research Institute, Inc., Honolulu
| | | | | | - KUANG-TI LI
- Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica, Taipei
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Besinis A, De Peralta T, Tredwin CJ, Handy RD. Review of nanomaterials in dentistry: interactions with the oral microenvironment, clinical applications, hazards, and benefits. ACS NANO 2015; 9:2255-2289. [PMID: 25625290 DOI: 10.1021/nn505015e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Interest in the use of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) as either nanomedicines or dental materials/devices in clinical dentistry is growing. This review aims to detail the ultrafine structure, chemical composition, and reactivity of dental tissues in the context of interactions with ENMs, including the saliva, pellicle layer, and oral biofilm; then describes the applications of ENMs in dentistry in context with beneficial clinical outcomes versus potential risks. The flow rate and quality of saliva are likely to influence the behavior of ENMs in the oral cavity, but how the protein corona formed on the ENMs will alter bioavailability, or interact with the structure and proteins of the pellicle layer, as well as microbes in the biofilm, remains unclear. The tooth enamel is a dense crystalline structure that is likely to act as a barrier to ENM penetration, but underlying dentinal tubules are not. Consequently, ENMs may be used to strengthen dentine or regenerate pulp tissue. ENMs have dental applications as antibacterials for infection control, as nanofillers to improve the mechanical and bioactive properties of restoration materials, and as novel coatings on dental implants. Dentifrices and some related personal care products are already available for oral health applications. Overall, the clinical benefits generally outweigh the hazards of using ENMs in the oral cavity, and the latter should not prevent the responsible innovation of nanotechnology in dentistry. However, the clinical safety regulations for dental materials have not been specifically updated for ENMs, and some guidance on occupational health for practitioners is also needed. Knowledge gaps for future research include the formation of protein corona in the oral cavity, ENM diffusion through clinically relevant biofilms, and mechanistic investigations on how ENMs strengthen the tooth structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tracy De Peralta
- ‡Plymouth University Peninsula Dental School, University of Plymouth, John Bull Building, Tamar Science Park, Plymouth PL6 8BU, U.K
| | - Christopher J Tredwin
- ‡Plymouth University Peninsula Dental School, University of Plymouth, John Bull Building, Tamar Science Park, Plymouth PL6 8BU, U.K
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Ceperuelo D, Lozano M, Duran-Sindreu F, Mercadé M. Supernumerary fourth molar and dental pathologies in a Chalcolithic individual from the El Mirador Cave site (Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain). HOMO-JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE HUMAN BIOLOGY 2015; 66:15-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchb.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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17
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Nikita E, Mattingly D, Lahr M. Dental indicators of adaptation in the Sahara Desert during the Late Holocene. HOMO-JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE HUMAN BIOLOGY 2014; 65:381-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchb.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Tomczyk J, Komarnitki J, Zalewska M, Lekszycki T, Olczak-Kowalczyk D. Fluorescence methods (VistaCam iX proof and DIAGNODent pen) for the detection of occlusal carious lesions in teeth recovered from archaeological context. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2014; 154:525-34. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Tomczyk
- Department of Anthropology; Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University; 01-938 Warsaw Poland
| | - Julian Komarnitki
- Department of Descriptive and Clinical Anatomy; Medical University of Warsaw; 02-004 Warsaw Poland
| | - Marta Zalewska
- Department of Environmental Hazard Prevention and Allergology; Medical University of Warsaw; 02-091 Warsaw Poland
| | - Tomasz Lekszycki
- Laboratory of Tissue Structure and Computer Microtomography; Medical University of Warsaw; Warsaw Poland
- Faculty of Production Engineering; Warsaw University of Technology; Warsaw 02-524 Poland
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Da-Gloria P, Larsen CS. Oral health of the Paleoamericans of Lagoa Santa, central Brazil. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2014; 154:11-26. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Da-Gloria
- Laboratório de Estudos Evolutivos Humanos; Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva; Universidade de São Paulo; CP11461 São Paulo Brazil
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Meng Y, Shao JL, Jiang N, Pan F, Gu YC, Zhao ZH. The frequency and distribution of caries among the Iron Age population (about 2200 years BP) buried in the Mausoleum of Emperor Qinshihuang. Arch Oral Biol 2013; 59:207-16. [PMID: 24370193 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence, distribution, and intensity of dental caries in the Iron Age population of northern China in order to increase knowledge about the type of food, dietary habit, and social stratification in this Iron Age people. MATERIALS AND METHODS The samples analyzed were dental remains of 1548 permanent teeth from 69 male individuals unearthed from the Qin archaeological site of Emperor Qinshihuang's Mausoleum in Lintong (northern China). The sex and the age-at-death of the samples were estimated. RESULTS Overall frequency of antemortem tooth loss in the samples was 0.8%. The proportion of individuals with at least one carious tooth was 65.2%, and the frequency of carious lesions was 9.4%, both showing a trend to rise as age increased. Data obtained on dental caries and antemortem tooth loss provided a corrected rate of 9.5% of teeth with caries. The most frequent carious lesions were occlusal lesions (2.6%), followed by interproximal (2.5%) and buccal/lingual lesions (1.0%). Tooth type analysis showed that molars had the highest percentage of caries (18.6%), followed by premolars (4.5%), canines (3.0%), and incisors (3.0%). The total SRCI was 1.6, increasing with age. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that dental caries may be related, at least in part, to the subsistence and diet of this Iron Age population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Meng
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Stomatology Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Jin-Ling Shao
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 West Changle Road, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Science and Foreign Language, Qingdao Radio and TV University, No. 16, Dalian Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266012, PR China
| | - Feng Pan
- Department of Health Statistics, School of Military Preventive Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - Yong-Chun Gu
- Department of Dentistry, First People's Hospital of Wujiang, Medical School of Nantong University, Suzhou 215200, PR China
| | - Zhi-He Zhao
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Stomatology Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China.
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Willis A, Oxenham MF. The neolithic demographic transition and oral health: The Southeast Asian experience. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 152:197-208. [PMID: 24000119 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to present new oral health data from Neolithic An Son, southern Vietnam, in the context of (1) a reassessment of published data on other Neolithic, Bronze, and Iron Age Southeast Asian dental series, and (2) predictions of the Neolithic Demographic Transition (NDT). To this end, frequencies for three oral conditions (caries, antemortem tooth loss, and alveolar lesions) were investigated for seven Southeast Asian adult dental series from Thailand and Vietnam with respect to time period, age-at-death and sex. A clear pattern of elevated rates for oral disease in the Neolithic followed by a marked improvement in oral health during the Bronze and Iron Ages was observed. Moreover, rates of caries and antemortem tooth loss for females were almost without exception higher than that for males in all samples. The consensus view among Southeast Asian bioarchaeologists that oral health did not decline with the adoption/intensification of agriculture in Southeast Asia, can no longer be supported. In light of evidence for (1) the low cariogenicity of rice; (2) the physiological predisposition of females (particularly when pregnant) to poorer oral health; and (3) health predictions of the NDT model with respect to elevated levels of fertility, the most plausible chief explanation for the observed patterns in oral health in Southeast Asia is increased levels of fertility during the Neolithic, followed by a decline in fertility during the subsequent Bronze and Iron Ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Willis
- School of Archaeology and Anthropology, College of Arts and Social Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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Halcrow SE, Harris NJ, Tayles N, Ikehara-Quebral R, Pietrusewsky M. From the mouths of babes: Dental caries in infants and children and the intensification of agriculture in mainland Southeast Asia. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 150:409-20. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Dental Wear Patterns and Subsistence Activities in Early Nomadic Pastoralist Communities of the Central Asian Steppes. ARCHAEOLOGY ETHNOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY OF EURASIA 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aeae.2012.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Prevalence of dental caries and tooth wear in a Neolithic population (6700–5600 years BP) from northern China. Arch Oral Biol 2011; 56:1424-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Fujita H, Hashimoto H, Shoda S, Suzuki T. Dental caries prevalence as a product of agriculture and subsistence pattern at the Yean-ri site, South Korea. Caries Res 2011; 45:524-31. [PMID: 21985961 DOI: 10.1159/000331920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Yean-ri human skeletal remains from South Korea have been dated to the fourth to seventh century AD. They have morphological similarities to immigrants of the Yayoi period excavated in northern Kyushu and Yamaguchi prefecture in Japan. The overall dental caries prevalence was 8.1% in the Yean-ri skeletal remains, indicating a much lower prevalence than that of most Yayoi immigrant skeletal remains from Japan, although similar to that of the Kofun people (8.3%) in Japan. There was no significant difference in the dental caries prevalence between the males and females of the same age group, but there were differences in the prevalence by age. The late middle age and elderly males and females had significantly higher dental caries prevalence than the early middle age males and females, indicating increased prevalence with age. Root caries prevalence tended to increase in old age. The percentage of root caries increased, accounting for 80% of all caries in Yean-ri human skeletal remains. Agriculture is believed to have arisen approximately 3,000 years ago in Korea. Therefore, agriculture was practiced during this period, but since the Yean-ri tumuli are from coastal areas, their diet may have retained a significant marine component. Additionally, caries prevalence was not very high in Nukdo human remains (ca. 2100-2000 BC) in Korea. We speculate that they maintained subsistence activities suitable for their environment despite their knowledge of agriculture. This hypothesis is supported by differences in the caries prevalence between excavation sites of the Yayoi and Kofun periods in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Fujita
- Department of Anthropology, Niigata College of Nursing, Joetsu, Japan.
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Temple DH. Variability in dental caries prevalence between male and female foragers from the Late/Final Jomon period: Implications for dietary behavior and reproductive ecology. Am J Hum Biol 2010; 23:107-17. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.21113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Lanfranco LP, Eggers S. The usefulness of caries frequency, depth, and location in determining cariogenicity and past subsistence: A test on early and later agriculturalists from the Peruvian coast. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2010; 143:75-91. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Hannig C, Hannig M. Natural enamel wear – A physiological source of hydroxylapatite nanoparticles for biofilm management and tooth repair? Med Hypotheses 2010; 74:670-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 11/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Al-Ahmad A, Roth D, Wolkewitz M, Wiedmann-Al-Ahmad M, Follo M, Ratka-Krüger P, Deimling D, Hellwig E, Hannig C. Change in diet and oral hygiene over an 8-week period: effects on oral health and oral biofilm. Clin Oral Investig 2009; 14:391-6. [PMID: 19626350 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-009-0318-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to monitor changes in oral health and oral biofilm composition in vivo during an experiment simulating prehistoric lifestyle and diet and poor oral hygiene. Thirteen subjects lived for a period of 8 weeks under Neolithic conditions. The following clinical parameters were recorded before and after the project: gingival and plaque index (Löe and Silness, Acta Odontol Scand 21:533, 1963; Silness and Löe, Acta Odontol Scand 22:121-135, 1964), probing pocket depth, and bleeding upon probing. In addition, supragingival plaque samples were collected both before and after the project and were analysed quantitatively using multiplex fluorescence in situ hybridization and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The following plaque bacteria were evaluated: Streptococcus spp., Veillonella spp., Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Actinomyces naeslundii. The plaque index increased significantly from 1.12 up to 1.55 over the 8-week period (gingival index before, 0.46; after, 0.93; p < 0.05). A strong correlation of both indices was recorded before (r = 0.77) and after (r = 0.83) participation in the study. Each of the children in the study showed a progression of carious lesions and/or new areas of demineralisation. The probing pocket depth and bleeding upon probing were not affected. All subjects yielded an intra-individual shift in biofilm composition. The proportion of F. nucleatum decreased across all subjects. The proportion of Veillonella spp. increased among the children. Poor oral hygiene and change of diet lead to an increase in oral plaque and gingival inflammation. The inter-individual comparison indicated a shift in bacterial composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Al-Ahmad
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.
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Meller C, Urzua I, Moncada G, von Ohle C. Prevalence of oral pathologic findings in an ancient pre-Columbian archeologic site in the Atacama Desert. Oral Dis 2009; 15:287-94. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2009.01524.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Otani N, Hamasaki T, Soh I, Yoshida A, Awano S, Ansai T, Hanada N, Miyazaki H, Takehara T. Relationship between root caries and alveolar bone loss in the first wet-rice agriculturalists of the Yayoi period in Japan. Arch Oral Biol 2008; 54:192-200. [PMID: 18976743 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2008.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2008] [Revised: 09/01/2008] [Accepted: 09/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The people of the Yayoi period (5th C b.c.-3rd C a.d.), who were the first wet-rice agriculturalists in ancient Japan, had carious lesions that were most frequently located on the root surfaces of their teeth. Root surface exposure is a prerequisite for this type of decay, and alveolar bone loss is the main cause of such exposure. Therefore, we identify the factors associated with root caries, and examine the relationship between root caries and alveolar bone loss in the people of the Yayoi period. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was performed using 263 sets of ancient skeletal remains that are believed to be from the Yayoi period and that were excavated at 49 archaeological sites in western Japan. Using 5010 teeth found among the remains, we analysed the relationship between the prevalence of root caries and the cemento-enamel junction-alveolar crest (CEJ-AC) distance. RESULTS The prevalence of root caries and the mean number of teeth with root caries per person were significantly correlated with age, the presence of coronal caries and the mean CEJ-AC distance per person. We also found that as the mean CEJ-AC distance per tooth surface increased, the percentage of the root surface affected by caries increased. Moreover, after excluding the lingual (palatal) side, the mean CEJ-AC distance per surface was significantly greater for those tooth surfaces with root caries. CONCLUSION We present the first evidence that the occurrence of root caries correlated with the CEJ-AC distance in the Yayoi people of Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuko Otani
- Division of Community Oral Health Science, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental College, Japan
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Lukacs J. Fertility and Agriculture Accentuate Sex Differences in Dental Caries Rates. CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1086/592111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Temple DH, Larsen CS. Dental caries prevalence as evidence for agriculture and subsistence variation during the Yayoi period in prehistoric Japan: biocultural interpretations of an economy in transition. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2008; 134:501-12. [PMID: 17935154 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.20694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The Yayoi period represents the earliest point of agricultural dependence in Japan, dating from approximately 2500 BP to AD 300. Yayoi period people consumed wet-rice as a primary subsistence base. This article uses dental caries prevalence to interpret the biocultural implications of agriculture among these people by testing the following hypotheses: 1) Yayoi period agriculturalists had greater frequencies of carious teeth than Jomon period foragers, 2) regional variation in carious tooth frequencies will be observed among Yayoi period agriculturalists, while 3) variation in carious tooth frequencies will be observed between male and female agriculturalists. Statistically significant differences in carious teeth were observed between the agriculturalists from Southern Honshu and all other samples. These differences suggest greater reliance on cariogenic plants among farmers from Southern Honshu and are consistent with an agricultural economy. The people of the Yayoi period from Tanegashima Island and Northern Kyushu did not have significantly different carious tooth frequencies compared to Jomon period foragers. This suggests that rice alone was not a more cariogenic dietary substance than those consumed by Jomon period foragers but a cariogenic food nonetheless. Dietary heterogeneity between the prehistoric people of the Yayoi period from Southern Honshu and those from Northern Kyushu and Tanegashima Island is also inferred from these differences. Significantly greater frequencies of carious teeth among older aged Yayoi period females compared with males suggest dietary differences between the sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Temple
- Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1364, USA.
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IREI KIWAMU, DOI NAOMI, FUKUMINE TADAHIKO, NISHIME AKIRA, HANIHARA TSUNEHIKO, YONEDA MINORU, ISHIDA HAJIME. Dental diseases of human skeletal remains from the early-modern period of Kumejima Island, Okinawa, Japan. ANTHROPOL SCI 2008. [DOI: 10.1537/ase.070727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- KIWAMU IREI
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus
| | - NAOMI DOI
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus
| | - TADAHIKO FUKUMINE
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus
| | | | | | - MINORU YONEDA
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - HAJIME ISHIDA
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus
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Lukacs JR, Largaespada LL. Explaining sex differences in dental caries prevalence: Saliva, hormones, and “life-history” etiologies. Am J Hum Biol 2006; 18:540-55. [PMID: 16788889 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.20530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
When dental caries rates are reported by sex, females are typically found to exhibit higher prevalence rates than males. This finding is generally true for diverse cultures with different subsistence systems and for a wide range of chronological periods. Exceptions exist, but are not common. In this paper, we present new data for sex differences in dental caries rates among the Guanches (Tenerife, Canary Islands), summarize results of meta-analyses of dental caries prevalence, and emphasize new research that stresses the critical role of female hormones and life-history events in the etiology of dental caries. Among the Guanches, corrected tooth-count caries rates for females (8.8%, 158/1,790) are approximately twice the frequency of caries among males (4.5%, 68/1,498). Higher caries prevalence among females is often explained by one of three factors: 1) earlier eruption of teeth in girls, hence longer exposure of girls' teeth to the cariogenic oral environment, 2) easier access to food supplies by women and frequent snacking during food preparation, and 3) pregnancy. Anthropologists tend to favor explanations involving behavior, including sexual division of labor and women's domestic role in food production. By contrast, the causal pathways through which pregnancy contributes to poorer oral health and higher caries rates are deemphasized or discounted. This paper presents recent research on physiological changes associated with fluctuating hormone levels during individual life histories, and the impact these changes have on the oral health of women. The biochemical composition of saliva and overall saliva flow rate are modified in several important ways by hormonal fluctuations during events such as puberty, menstruation, and pregnancy, making the oral environment significantly more cariogenic for women than for men. These results suggest that hormonal fluctuations can have a dramatic effect on the oral health of women, and constitute an important causal factor in explaining sex differences in caries rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Lukacs
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1218, USA.
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Larsen CS. Book reviews. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.10159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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A Preliminary Assessment of Health and Disease in Human Skeletal Remains from Shi San Hang: A Prehistoric Aboriginal Site on Taiwan. ANTHROPOL SCI 2003. [DOI: 10.1537/ase.111.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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