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Toptancı İ. Risk assessment of bisphenol related compounds in canned convenience foods, olives, olive oil, and canned soft drinks in Turkey. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:54177-54192. [PMID: 36869959 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26228-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The presence of Bisphenol A (BPA), Bisphenol A Diglycidyl Ether (BADGE), and their derivatives in seventy-nine samples of food products available in Turkish stores was determined using ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Among Bisphenol A and its analogues, BPA was the most detected migrant with 56.97%. Fish products had the highest level of BPA with 0.102 mg/kg although only three fish samples exceeded the Specific Migration Limit (SML) for BPA of 0.05 mg/kg of food. The BPF, BPS, and BPB in all analyzed foods ranged between 0-0.021, 0-0.036, and 0.072 mg/kg, respectively. BADGE derivates, BADGE·2H2O and cyclo-di-BADGE (CdB) were present in 57 and 52 samples with concentrations ranging between 0-0.354, and 0-1.056 mg/kg, respectively. All the analyzed traditional Turkish ready-to-eat meals and fish products were contaminated with BADGE·2H2O and CdB. The overall levels of BADGE and the derivates were below the specific migration limit. CdB was found at higher concentrations in traditional Turkish ready-to-eat meals, up to 1.056 mg/kg. The CdB concentration in most of the samples was above the highest figure with 0.05 mg/kg authorized by the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment. The predominant chlorinated derivative was BADGE·H2O·HCl which was found in thirty-seven samples in the range of 0.007-0.061 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- İsra Toptancı
- Department of Food Contact Material and Dioxin, Istanbul Food Control Laboratory, Istanbul, Türkiye.
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2
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Vázquez Loureiro P, Lestido-Cardama A, Sendón R, Bustos J, Paseiro Losada P, Rodríguez Bernaldo de Quirós A. Identification of potential migrants from epoxy and organosol coatings used in metal food cans. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:597-611. [PMID: 36862850 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2183051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
The coatings of metal cans may release complex mixtures of migrants into the contained foods, including non-intentionally added substances (NIAS), such as reaction products. All migrating substances should be studied to demonstrate their safety. In this work, the characterisation of two epoxy and organosol coatings was performed using several techniques. Firstly, the type of coating was identified using FTIR-ATR. Screening techniques based on purge and trap (P&T) and solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled to GC-MS were used to investigate volatiles from coatings. For the identification of semi-volatile compounds, an appropriate extraction was performed before analysis by GC-MS. The most abundant substances were compounds with at least one benzene ring and an aldehyde or alcohol group in their structures. Furthermore, a method to quantify some of the identified volatiles was explored. Secondly, HPLC with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) was used to determine non-volatile compounds such as bisphenol analogues and bisphenol A diglycidyl ethers (BADGEs), with subsequent confirmation by LC-MS/MS. Additionally, migration assays were performed by this technique to determine non-volatile compounds migrating into food simulants. Bisphenol A (BPA) and all BADGE derivatives except BADGE.HCl were detected in the migration extracts. Moreover, BADGE-solvent complexes such as BADGE.H2O.BuEtOH, BADGE.2BuEtOH, etc. were also tentatively identified using the accurate mass provided by time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Vázquez Loureiro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antía Lestido-Cardama
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Raquel Sendón
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Juana Bustos
- National Food Center, Spanish Agency of Food Safety and Nutrition, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Perfecto Paseiro Losada
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana Rodríguez Bernaldo de Quirós
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Characterization of a new polymeric food contact coating with emphasis on the chemical analysis and safety assessment of non-intentionally added substances (NIAS). Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 173:113635. [PMID: 36717016 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Regulators have established safety requirements for food packaging raw materials and finished products, including by-products of polymer synthesis known as non-intentionally added substances (NIAS). However, there are no official guidance or regulations for best practices to evaluate the safety of NIAS. Here we described the process we followed to identify, characterize, and prioritize for safety assessment low molecular weight NIAS from an epoxy coating (V70) made with tetramethyl bisphenol F-based diglycidyl ether resin (TMBPF-DGE). We assembled a database of 15000 potential oligomers with masses up to 1000 Da and conducted extraction and migration testing of V70 coating. Acetonitrile extract contained higher number and concentration of substances compared to ethanolic-based food simulants. The extract contained 16 substances with matches in the database with estimated concentration of 18.27 μg/6 dm2; seven of these substances have potentially genotoxic oxirane functionality. TMBPF-DGE + hydroquinone (TMBPF-DGE + HQ) was most abundant (55% of total concentration) and was synthesized and prioritized for safety assessment. TMBPF-DGE + HQ exposure from can beverage was estimated at 5.2 μg/person/day, and it was not mutagenic or genotoxic in in vitro assays. The overall mixture of substances that migrated into ethanolic simulant was also negative in the mutagenicity bioassay. Our findings suggest that exposure to TMBPF-DGE + HQ from the V70 coating is exceedingly small and that the coating migrates are not genotoxic.
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Toptancı İ, Kıralan M, Ketenoglu O, Ramadan MF. Monitoring of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and some derivatives in fish products in the Turkey market. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:52788-52795. [PMID: 35267165 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19587-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The exposure to bisphenols and their derivatives was assessed in 33 fish products sold in Turkey using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). BADGE was determined in only four samples at concentrations ranging between 0.06 and 0.22 mg/kg. As the most abundant bisphenol groups, BADGE-hydrolyzed products such as BADGE·H2O and BADGE·2H2O were present in nine and fourteen samples in the range between 0.06-0.16 and 0.06-0.72 mg/kg, respectively. The total concentration of BADGE and hydrolyzed products was below the specific migration limit (SML) value of 9 mg/kg food, which in the European Union stated as tolerable. Chlorinated derivatives of BADGE were detected in fewer samples compared with hydrolyzed ones. BADGE·H2O·HCl was the predominant migrant among chlorinated derivatives and was present in seven samples in a range between 0.02 and 0.06 mg/kg. All other samples contained less than or equal to 0.03 mg/kg of BADGE·HCl and BADGE·2HCl. The sum of these derivatives was lower than the SML value (1 mg/kg) of BADGE chlorohydrins legislated by the European Union. Besides these migrants, the analyzed samples did not contain any BFDGE and 3R-NOGE, which are prohibited in manufacturing food contact materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mustafa Kıralan
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Balikesir University, Balikesir, Turkey
| | - Onur Ketenoglu
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, 26160, Turkey.
| | - Mohamed Fawzy Ramadan
- Agricultural Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
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Lestido-Cardama A, Sendón R, Bustos J, Nieto MT, Paseiro-Losada P, Rodríguez-Bernaldo de Quirós A. Food and beverage can coatings: A review on chemical analysis, migration, and risk assessment. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:3558-3611. [PMID: 35687326 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The internal surface of food and beverage cans is generally covered with polymeric coatings to preserve food and protect metal substrate from corrosion. Coating materials are complex formulations that contain different starting substances (e.g., monomers, prepolymers, additives, etc.) and in addition during the manufacture of the material several compounds can be formed (e.g., reaction products, degradation products, etc.). These substances have the potential to migrate into the food. Many of them have not been identified and only some have been toxicologically evaluated. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review on the analytical methods used for the identification of potential migrants in can coatings. The migration and exposure to chemicals migrating from can coatings are also reviewed and discussed so far, which is essential for risk assessment. Moreover, a brief section on the current status of the legislation on varnishes and coatings for food contact in Europe is also presented. Liquid chromatography coupled to diode array and fluorescence detectors and particularly to mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry seem to be the techniques of choice for the identification of potential migrants in can coatings. Some studies have reported migration levels of BPA (bisphenol A) and BADGE (bisphenol A diglycidyl ether) and derivatives exceeding the specific migration limits set in the European legislation. On the whole, low dietary exposure to migrants from can coatings has been reported. However, it is interesting to highlight that in these studies the combined exposure to multiple chemicals has not been considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antía Lestido-Cardama
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Raquel Sendón
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Juana Bustos
- National Food Centre, Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - María Teresa Nieto
- National Food Centre, Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Perfecto Paseiro-Losada
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana Rodríguez-Bernaldo de Quirós
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Lee JL, Wang YC, Hsu YA, Chen CS, Weng RC, Lu YP, Chuang CY, Wan L. Bisphenol A Coupled with a High-Fat Diet Promotes Hepatosteatosis through Reactive-Oxygen-Species-Induced CD36 Overexpression. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10050208. [PMID: 35622622 PMCID: PMC9145332 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10050208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine-disrupting chemical that affects lipid metabolism and contributes to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The mechanism of BPA exposure in hepatic lipid accumulation and its potential effect on NAFLD remain unclear. This study investigated the effect of BPA-exposure-induced hepatic lipid deposition on the pathology of NAFLD and its underlying mechanism in vitro and in vivo. BPA increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and promoted fatty acid uptake through upregulation of a free fatty acid uptake transporter, cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36), in HUH-7 cells. Additionally, C57BL/6 mice administered a high-fat/high-cholesterol/high-cholic acid diet (HFCCD) and BPA (50 mg/kg body weight) for 8 weeks developed a steatohepatitis-like phenotype, characterized by alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA, an indicator of hepatic fibrosis) and cleaved caspase 3 (an indicator of apoptosis) in hepatic tissue; moreover, they had a higher oxidative stress index of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in liver tissue compared to the control group. Treatment with ROS scavenger n-acetylcysteine (NAC) ameliorated BPA-mediated HFCCD-induced lipid accumulation and steatohepatitis in the livers of treated mice. Our study indicates that BPA acts synergistically to increase hepatic lipid uptake and promote NAFLD development by stimulating ROS-induced CD36 overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyun-Lin Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan;
| | - Yao-Chien Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Taichung 427, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-An Hsu
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
| | - Chih-Sheng Chen
- Division of Chinese Medicine, Asia University Hospital, Taichung 413, Taiwan;
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 401, Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medicine University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Rui-Cian Weng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan;
- National Applied Research Laboratories, Taiwan Instrument Research Institute (TIRI), Hsinchu 300, Taiwan;
| | - Yen-Pei Lu
- National Applied Research Laboratories, Taiwan Instrument Research Institute (TIRI), Hsinchu 300, Taiwan;
| | - Chun-Yu Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (C.-Y.C.); (L.W.); Tel.: +86-3-5715131 (ext. 34229) (C.-Y.C.); +86-4-22053366 (ext. 3326) (L.W.)
| | - Lei Wan
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-Y.C.); (L.W.); Tel.: +86-3-5715131 (ext. 34229) (C.-Y.C.); +86-4-22053366 (ext. 3326) (L.W.)
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7
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Lin N, Ma D, Liu Z, Wang X, Ma L. Migration of bisphenol A and its related compounds in canned seafood and dietary exposure estimation. FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyac006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The present study sought to investigate the migration of target bisphenols, such as BPA, BPF, BADGE, BADGE·H2O, BADGE·2H2O, and BFDGE in 102 samples of several canned seafood, namely canned Antarctic krill, scallop, oysters, mussel, clam, and mantis shrimp stored for months at different temperatures through a high-performance liquid chromatographic-fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD) combined with a microwave-assisted extraction method. Except for BFDGE, the other five bisphenols were observed in most of the analyzed samples. The canned shrimp showed the highest migration of BPA (0.089 mg/kg), exceeding the specific migration limit (SML) of BPA (0.05 mg/kg) specified by the European Union (EU), while the migration levels of BADGE and its derivatives were within their SMLs. The migration behavior of bisphenols in the canned seafood was majorly affected by the analytes, storage conditions, and food types. BPA, BADGE·H2O, and BADGE·2H2O were characterized by a rapid migration during the first half of the shelf life, which increased with the increase of temperature, followed by a stabilization or decline of their concentrations for prolonged durations. Besides, the migration of target bisphenols was significantly influenced by the storage temperature in some seafood species. Notably, higher migration level of BPA was found in samples with higher fat content. The average dietary exposure of Chinese adults to BPA, BPF, BADGE·2H2O, BADGE·H2O, and BADGE of canned seafood was estimated at 11.69, 1.21, 6.47, 8.74, and 4.71 ng/kg bw/day, respectively. The target hazard quotient (THQ) values of all the analyzed bisphenols were below 1 for the Chinese adults, suggesting an insignificant exposure to these bisphenols through canned seafood consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Lin
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Derong Ma
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhidong Liu
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Liyan Ma
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Sirot V, Rivière G, Leconte S, Leblanc JC, Kolf-Clauw M, Vasseur P, Cravedi JP, Hulin M. Infant total diet study in France: Exposure to substances migrating from food contact materials. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 149:106393. [PMID: 33529853 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A total diet study (TDS) was conducted in France to assess the health risks related to the chemicals in food of non-breastfed children under three years of age (Infant TDS). For the first time, substances coming from food contact materials, such as bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and its derivatives, some phthalates, and some ink photoinitiators, were targeted because of growing interest in these substances. Food samples were collected to be representative of the whole diet of non-breastfed children aged 1-36 months, and prepared as consumed prior to analysis. Dietary exposure was assessed for 705 representative children under three years of age. Generally, the substances from food contact materials were detected in few samples: 38% for BPA, 0% for BADGE and its derivatives, 0-35% for phthalates, 1.9% for benzophenone, and 0% for the other ink photoinitiators. Regarding exposure levels, the situation was deemed tolerable for BADGE and its hydrolysis products, di-isodecyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, butyl benzyl phthalate, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and di-isononyl phthalate, benzophenone, and 4-methylbenzophenone. Only for BPA, the exposure levels of some children exceeded the lowest toxicological value established by the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety at 0.083 µg.kg bw-1.d-1. The temporary tolerable daily intake of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), set at 4 µg.kg bw-1.d-1, was never exceeded. However, actual exposure to BPA was probably overestimated, as well as the associated risk, because the foods were sampled prior to the recent regulations banning BPA in food packaging. This study is the first worldwide to provide an estimate of infant food contamination levels and exposures of children under 3 years of age, based on a TDS approach. It therefore provides key data on the exposure of this particularly sensitive population to substances released from food contact materials, and presents useful data for studies evaluating exposure to mixtures or aggregated exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gilles Rivière
- ANSES, Risk Assessment Department, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | | | - Martine Kolf-Clauw
- CREFRE, Toulouse University, INSERM, Toulouse Veterinary School, 23 Chemin des Capelles, BP 87614, 310176 Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Paule Vasseur
- University of Lorraine, CNRS, LIEC, 57070 Metz, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Cravedi
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), University of Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Marion Hulin
- ANSES, Risk Assessment Department, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Pérez-Albaladejo E, Solís A, Bani I, Porte C. PLHC-1 topminnow liver cells: An alternative model to investigate the toxicity of plastic additives in the aquatic environment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111746. [PMID: 33396072 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plasticizers are widespread environmental contaminants that have been described as obesogens in terrestrial vertebrates. However, its effects on fish lipids homeostasis are almost unknown. This work explores the use of PLHC-1 cells as an alternative model to assess the disruption of hepatic lipids by plastic additives and to gather information on the mode of action of these chemicals in fish. PLHC-1 lipid extracts were analyzed by flow injection coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (FIA-ESI(+/-)-Orbitrap-Exactive) after 24 h exposure of the cells to the selected plasticizers: dibutyl phthalate (DBP), di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol F (BPF), and chlorinated bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE·2HCl). The analysis of the culture medium and the intracellular concentration of the chemicals revealed the highest bioconcentration of BADGE·2HCl, DBP and DEHP, which was in agreement with the strongest alteration of the cells lipidome. BADGE·2HCl induced a significant depletion of triacylglycerides (TGs), while DEHP and DBP stimulated the accumulation of TGs. Exposure to BPF induced the generation of reactive oxygen species in PLHC-1 cells and a significant depletion of phosphatidylcholine (PC)- and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)-plasmalogens, and TGs (cell depots of polyunsaturated fatty acids). Overall, this study evidences different modes of action of plastic additives in topminnow liver cells, describes differential lipidomic signatures, and highlights the higher lipotoxicity of BADGE·2HCl and BPF compared to BPA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alejandra Solís
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA -CSIC-, C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ilaria Bani
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA -CSIC-, C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cinta Porte
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA -CSIC-, C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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Identification and Quantitation Studies of Migrants from BPA Alternative Food-Contact Metal Can Coatings. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12122846. [PMID: 33260375 PMCID: PMC7760808 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA)-based epoxy resins have wide applications as food-contact materials such as metal can coatings. However, negative consumer perceptions toward BPA have driven the food packaging industry to develop other alternatives. In this study, four different metal cans and their lids manufactured with different BPA-replacement food-contact coatings are subjected to migration testing in order to identify migratory chemical species from the coatings. Migration tests are conducted using food simulants and conditions of use corresponding to the intended applications and regulatory guidance from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Extracts are analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high resolution GC-MS. The migratory compounds identified include short chain cyclic polyester migrants from polyester-based coatings and bisphenol-type migrants including tetramethyl bisphenol F (TMBPF), tetramethyl bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (TMBPF DGE), bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol C (BPC), and other related monomers or oligomers. The concentration of the migrants is estimated using an internal standard, and validated trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatization GC-MS methods are developed to specifically quantify TMBPF, BPF, BPC, and BPA in the coatings. The results will aid the safety evaluation of new food-contact material coating technology based on TMBPF chemistry and will provide an important reference for the industry in identifying and quantifying non-BPA coating-borne migrants.
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11
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Leyrolle Q, Cserjesi R, Mulders MDGH, Zamariola G, Hiel S, Gianfrancesco MA, Rodriguez J, Portheault D, Amadieu C, Leclercq S, Bindels LB, Neyrinck AM, Cani PD, Karkkainen O, Hanhineva K, Lanthier N, Trefois P, Paquot N, Cnop M, Thissen JP, Klein O, Luminet O, Delzenne NM. Specific gut microbial, biological, and psychiatric profiling related to binge eating disorders: A cross-sectional study in obese patients. Clin Nutr 2020; 40:2035-2044. [PMID: 33023763 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Binge eating disorder (BED) is a frequent eating disorder associated with obesity and co-morbidities including psychiatric pathologies, which represent a big health burden on the society. The biological processes related to BED remain unknown. Based on psychological testing, anthropometry, clinical biology, gut microbiota analysis and metabolomic assessment, we aimed to examine the complex biological and psychiatric profile of obese patients with and without BED. METHODS Psychological and biological characteristics (anthropometry, plasma biology, gut microbiota, blood pressure) of 101 obese subjects from the Food4Gut cohort were analysed to decipher the differences between BED and Non BED patients, classified based on the Questionnaire for Eating Disorder Diagnosis (Q-EDD). Microbial 16S rDNA sequencing and plasma non-targeted metabolomics (liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry) were performed in a subcohort of 91 and 39 patients respectively. RESULTS BED subjects exhibited an impaired affect balance, deficits in inhibition and self-regulation together with marked alterations of eating behaviour (increased emotional and external eating). BED subjects displayed a lower blood pressure and hip circumference. A decrease in Akkermansia and Intestimonas as well as an increase in Bifidobacterium and Anaerostipes characterized BED subjects. Interestingly, metabolomics analysis revealed that BED subjects displayed a higher level of one food contaminants, Bisphenol A bis(2,3-dihydroxypropyl) ether (BADGE.2H(2)O) and a food derived-metabolite the Isovalerylcarnitine. CONCLUSIONS Non-targeted omics approaches allow to select specific microbial genera and two plasma metabolites that characterize BED obese patients. Further studies are needed to confirm their potential role as drivers or biomarkers of binge eating disorder. Food4gut, clinicaltrial.gov:NCT03852069, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03852069.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Leyrolle
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Renata Cserjesi
- Center for Social and Cultural Psychology, Université libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Maria D G H Mulders
- Center for Social and Cultural Psychology, Université libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Giorgia Zamariola
- Research Institute for Psychological Sciences, UCLouvain, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Sophie Hiel
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marco A Gianfrancesco
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism and Nutrition, GIGA-Inflammation, Infection & Immunity, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Julie Rodriguez
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Daphnée Portheault
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, and Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Camille Amadieu
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium; Institute of Neuroscience, UClouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sophie Leclercq
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium; Institute of Neuroscience, UClouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laure B Bindels
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Audrey M Neyrinck
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrice D Cani
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium; WELBIO- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olli Karkkainen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kati Hanhineva
- Food Chemistry and Food Development Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nicolas Lanthier
- Laboratory of Hepatogastroenterology, Institut de recherche expérimentale et Clinique, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium; Service d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Trefois
- Medical Imaging Department, Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Paquot
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism and Nutrition, GIGA-Inflammation, Infection & Immunity, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Miriam Cnop
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, and Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Paul Thissen
- Pole of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique IREC, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier Klein
- Center for Social and Cultural Psychology, Université libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Olivier Luminet
- Research Institute for Psychological Sciences, UCLouvain, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Nathalie M Delzenne
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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12
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Determining the migration of nadic acid, terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid and two oligomers from polyester food cans into food in the U.S. market. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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van Leeuwen SP, Bovee TF, Awchi M, Klijnstra MD, Hamers AR, Hoogenboom RL, Portier L, Gerssen A. BPA, BADGE and analogues: A new multi-analyte LC-ESI-MS/MS method for their determination and their in vitro (anti)estrogenic and (anti)androgenic properties. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 221:246-253. [PMID: 30640007 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Information on the occurrence and endocrine potencies of analogues of bisphenol A (BPA) and diglycidyl ester derivatives (BDGEs) of BPA and BPF is limited. Such information is, however, important as the current debate on BPA and the lowered BPA migration limit in Europe may provide an incentive for application of structural analogues. A new sensitive multi-analyte LC-ESI-MS/MS method was developed to measure 17 bisphenols (BPs) and 6 BDGEs in food, beverages and drinkware. Yeast based bioassays were used to determine the in vitro (anti)estrogenic and (anti)androgenic properties of these and 7 additional BPs and BDGEs. Drinkware of polycarbonate and other materials were analysed for BPs and BDGEs. Only BPA and BPS and both at trace levels were found in a few containers. A limited number of (canned) foods and beverages were also analysed. BPA was the most frequently detected BP (ranged from 0.03 ng mL-1 in a beverage sample to 68 ng g-1 in food). Other BPs detected were BPS, 2,2-BPF and 4,4-BPF. In addition BADGE, BADGE.HCl, BADGE.H2O and BADGE.2H2O were detected from 0.08 ng mL-1 in a beverage sample to 3.3 ng g-1 in food. In vitro testing showed that most BPs exhibited an equal or higher estrogenic potency than BPA and most of them also showed a higher anti-androgenic potency, i.e. BPB, BPCl, BPC, BPE, 4,4-BPF, BPP, BPAF, and BPTMC. Some BPs and BDGEs were not estrogenic, but showed an anti-estrogenic effect and were anti-androgenic too. BPS was only weakly estrogenic and BADGE.2H2O and BFDGE.2H2O showed no in vitro activity. The present data show that in addition to BPA, other BPs and BDGEs can be present in food and drinks, some displaying in vitro endocrine activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Pj van Leeuwen
- RIKILT Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, Wageningen, 6708 WB, the Netherlands.
| | - Toine Fh Bovee
- RIKILT Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, Wageningen, 6708 WB, the Netherlands
| | - Mohamad Awchi
- RIKILT Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, Wageningen, 6708 WB, the Netherlands
| | - Mirjam D Klijnstra
- RIKILT Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, Wageningen, 6708 WB, the Netherlands
| | - Astrid Rm Hamers
- RIKILT Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, Wageningen, 6708 WB, the Netherlands
| | - Ron Lap Hoogenboom
- RIKILT Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, Wageningen, 6708 WB, the Netherlands
| | - Liza Portier
- RIKILT Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, Wageningen, 6708 WB, the Netherlands
| | - Arjen Gerssen
- RIKILT Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, Wageningen, 6708 WB, the Netherlands
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14
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Marqueño A, Pérez-Albaladejo E, Flores C, Moyano E, Porte C. Toxic effects of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether and derivatives in human placental cells. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 244:513-521. [PMID: 30366299 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BADGE (bisphenol A diglycidyl ether) is a synthesis product of bisphenol A (BPA), which, like other plasticizers, can cross the human placenta and reach the foetus. However, compared to BPA, there is almost no toxicological information. This work investigates the toxicity, endocrine and lipid disruption potential of BADGE and its hydrolysed and chlorinated derivatives (BADGE·H2O and BADGE·2HCl) in human placental JEG-3 cells. The analysis of culture medium by HPLC-ESI(+)-QqQ evidenced a good bioavailability of BADGE·2HCl and BADGE·H2O, but low stability of BADGE. Regardless, BADGE·2HCl and BADGE showed higher cytotoxicity than BADGE·H2O, which was the only compound that significantly inhibited CYP19 activity (IC50 49 ± 5 μM). JEG-3 cells lipidome analyzed by FIA-ESI(+/-)-Orbitrap was significantly altered by exposure to BADGE·2HCl and BADGE at concentrations at the low μM range. BADGE·2HCl lead to a strong decrease of diacyl- and triacyl-glycerides (DGs,TGs) together with some membrane lipids, while BADGE lead to an accumulation of TGs. The results evidence the ability of BADGE and derivatives to affect placental lipid handling and to modulate placental CYP19 activity (BADGE·H2O) and highlights the need to monitor human exposure to these compounds, at least as intensely as BPA is monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Marqueño
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA, CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona, 08034, Spain
| | | | - Cintia Flores
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA, CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona, 08034, Spain
| | - Encarnación Moyano
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Av Diagonal 645, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Cinta Porte
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA, CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona, 08034, Spain.
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15
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El-Kosasy AM, Ayad MF, Mabrouk OM. Validated chemometrics-assisted spectrophotometric methods for simultaneous determination of bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether and some of its reaction products in canned foods in the Egyptian market. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 203:443-449. [PMID: 29894958 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.05.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Two multivariate calibration methods, namely principal component regression (PCR) and partial least squares (PLS-2) have been developed, validated and compared for the simultaneous determination of bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and some of its reaction products, including BADGE·HCl·H2O, BADGE·H2O and BADGE·2HCl. Chemometrics allowed rapid, accurate and precise simultaneous quantification of the analytes of interest which was not possible by other spectrophotometric methods due to their severe spectral overlap. PCR and PLS-2 techniques successfully quantified BADGE, BADGE·HCl·H2O, BADGE·H2O and BADGE·2HCl in the ranges of 1.4-3.4, 1-5, 1-4.2 and 1-7 μg mL-1, respectively. The constructed models were validated according to the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines and successfully applied for the determination of these compounds in pure form, laboratory prepared mixtures and in various types of canned foods following the limits and regulations of the European Union (EU) where satisfactory recovery results were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira M El-Kosasy
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, 11566 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Miriam F Ayad
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, 11566 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ola M Mabrouk
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, 11566 Cairo, Egypt.
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16
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Zhang J, Zhang T, Guan T, Ruan P, Ren D, Dai W, Yu H, Li T. Spectroscopic and molecular modeling approaches to investigate the interaction of bisphenol A, bisphenol F and their diglycidyl ethers with PPARα. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 180:253-258. [PMID: 28411541 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A fluorescence polarization (FP) assay for the simultaneous determination of bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) was developed. The method was based on the competition between bisphenols (BPs) and fluorescein-labeled dexamethasone derivative (Dex-fl) for mouse peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α ligand binding domain (mPPARα-LBD). A recombinant soluble protein derivative mPPARα-LBD* was prepared, then in vitro binding of 4 BPs to mPPARα-LBD* was investigated. Fluorescence polarization assay showed that these compounds exhibited different binding potencies with mPPARα-LBD*. Additionally, molecular dynamics simulations were performed to further understand the mechanism of BPs binding affinity for mPPARα-LBD*. Docking results elucidated that the driving forces for the binding of BPs to mPPARα-LBD* were predominantly dependent on hydrophobic and hydrogen-bonding interactions. Comparison of the calculated binding energies vs. experimental binding affinities yielded a good correlation (R2 = 0.7258). The proposed method has potential for multi-residue detection of BPA, BPF, BADGE, and BFDGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Tiehua Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Tianzhu Guan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Ping Ruan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Dayong Ren
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Weichang Dai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Hansong Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Tiezhu Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
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17
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Cerkvenik-Flajs V, Volmajer Valh J, Gombač M, Švara T. Analysis and testing of bisphenol A, bisphenol A diglycidyl ether and their derivatives in canned dog foods. Eur Food Res Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-017-2930-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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18
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Hutler Wolkowicz I, Svartz GV, Aronzon CM, Pérez Coll C. Developmental toxicity of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (epoxide resin badge) during the early life cycle of a native amphibian species. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:3031-3038. [PMID: 27176149 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) is used in packaging materials, in epoxy adhesives, and as an additive for plastics, but it is also a potential industrial wastewater contaminant. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the adverse effects of BADGE on Rhinella arenarum by means of standardized bioassays at embryo-larval development. The results showed that BADGE was more toxic to embryos than to larvae at all exposure times. At acute exposure, lethality rates of embryos exposed to concentrations of 0.0005 mg/L BADGE and greater were significantly higher than rates in the vehicle control, whereas lethality rates of larvae were significantly higher in concentrations of 10 mg/L BADGE and greater. The toxicity then increased significantly, with 96-h median lethal concentrations (LC50s) of 0.13 mg/L and 6.9 mg/L BADGE for embryos and larvae, respectively. By the end of the chronic period, the 336-h LC50s were 0.04 mg/L and 2.2 mg/L BADGE for embryos and larvae, respectively. This differential sensitivity was also ascertained by the 24-h pulse exposure experiments, in which embryos showed a stage-dependent toxicity, with blastula being the most sensitive stage and S.23 the most resistant. The most important sublethal effects in embryos were cell dissociation and delayed development, whereas the main abnormalities observed in larvae related to neurotoxicity, as scare response to stimuli and narcotic effect. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:3031-3038. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ianina Hutler Wolkowicz
- Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela V Svartz
- Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina M Aronzon
- Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Christina Pérez Coll
- Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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19
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Sohrabi R, Bahramifar N, Javadian H, Agarwal S, Gupta VK. Pre-concentration of trace amount of bisphenol A in water samples by palm leaf ash and determination with high-performance liquid chromatography. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 30:1256-62. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Sohrabi
- Department of Chemistry; Payame Noor University; PO Box 19395-3697 Tehran Iran
| | - Nader Bahramifar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences; Tarbiat Modares University; PO Box 46414-356 Noor Mazandaran Iran
| | - Hamedreza Javadian
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee; Roorkee 247667 India
| | - Shilpi Agarwal
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee; Roorkee 247667 India
- Department of Applied Chemistry; University of Johannesburg; Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Vinod Kumar Gupta
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee; Roorkee 247667 India
- Department of Applied Chemistry; University of Johannesburg; Johannesburg South Africa
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20
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Xue J, Kannan K. Novel Finding of Widespread Occurrence and Accumulation of Bisphenol A Diglycidyl Ethers (BADGEs) and Novolac Glycidyl Ethers (NOGEs) in Marine Mammals from the United States Coastal Waters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:1703-1710. [PMID: 26800265 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE)- and bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE)-based epoxy resins have a broad range of applications, including serving as inner coatings of food and beverage cans and as protective coatings in marine construction. Prior to this study, no studies had examined the occurrence and bioaccumulation of BADGEs or BFDGEs in aquatic organisms. In this study, BADGE, BFDGE, and nine of their derivatives were determined in 121 tissue (liver, kidney, blubber, and brain) samples from eight species of marine mammals collected from the U.S. coastal waters of Florida, California, Washington, and Alaska. BADGE·2HCl was the predominant compound found in the majority (78.5%) of the marine mammal tissues analyzed, at concentrations of up to 2950 ng/g (wet weight (wt)) found in the liver of a sea otter from Kachemak Bay, Alaska. The measured concentrations of BADGE·2HCl in marine mammals were on the order of hundreds of nanograms per gram tissue, which are some of the highest concentrations ever reported for this compound in biota. Males contained greater concentrations of BADGE·2HCl than did females. BADGE·2HCl also was found in the brain tissues of sea otters. Trace levels of BADGE·2HCl were found in the livers of polar bears from Alaska, which suggested that BADGEs are widely distributed in the oceanic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchuan Xue
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health , Albany, New York 12201, United States
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany , Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health , Albany, New York 12201, United States
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany , Albany, New York 12222, United States
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
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21
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Xue J, Venkatesan AK, Wu Q, Halden RU, Kannan K. Occurrence of Bisphenol A Diglycidyl Ethers (BADGEs) and Novolac Glycidyl Ethers (NOGEs) in Archived Biosolids from the U.S. EPA's Targeted National Sewage Sludge Survey. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:6538-6544. [PMID: 25922885 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Epoxy resins incorporating bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and novolac glycidyl ether (NOGE) are used in a wide range of applications, including adhesives, structural and electrical laminates. However, little is known about the occurrence of BADGE, NOGE, and their derivatives in the environment. Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, BADGE, bisphenol F glycidyl ether (BFDGE), 3-ring NOGE, and eight of their derivatives (BADGE·2 H2O, BADGE·H2O, BADGE·HCl·H2O, BADGE·2 HCl, BADGE·HCl, BFDGE·2 H2O, and BFDGE·2 HCl) were determined in archived biosolid samples collected from 68 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) from the northeastern, midwestern, western, and southern regions of the USA. BADGE·2 H2O was the most frequently detected (DR = 99%) and the most abundant compound found (median: 93.6 ng/g dry weight [dw]) in this family. The highest total concentrations of target chemicals, ranging from 83.6 to 2490 ng/g dw, were found in biosolids collected from the northeastern United States. The sum of geometric mean (GM) concentration of BADGE, NOGE, and their derivatives in biosolids increased with the treatment capacity of WWTPs. Based on the measured concentrations in biosolids and predicted mass in wastewater, it was estimated that approximately 3.5% of the total production of BADGEs was emitted through WWTP discharges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchuan Xue
- †Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York 12201, United States
| | - Arjun K Venkatesan
- ‡Center for Environmental Security, The Biodesign Institute, Global Security Initiative, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Qian Wu
- †Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York 12201, United States
| | - Rolf U Halden
- ‡Center for Environmental Security, The Biodesign Institute, Global Security Initiative, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- †Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York 12201, United States
- §Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22254, Saudi Arabia
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22
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Brand LJ, Olson ME, Ravindranathan P, Guo H, Kempema AM, Andrews TE, Chen X, Raj GV, Harki DA, Dehm SM. EPI-001 is a selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma modulator with inhibitory effects on androgen receptor expression and activity in prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2015; 6:3811-24. [PMID: 25669987 PMCID: PMC4414155 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a driver of prostate cancer (PCa) cell growth and disease progression. Therapies for advanced PCa exploit AR dependence by blocking the production or action of androgens, but these interventions inevitably fail via multiple mechanisms including mutation or deletion of the AR ligand binding domain (LBD). Thus, the development of new inhibitors which act through non-LBD interfaces is an unmet clinical need. EPI-001 is a bisphenol A-derived compound shown to bind covalently and inhibit the AR NH2-terminal domain (NTD). Here, we demonstrate that EPI-001 has general thiol alkylating activity, resulting in multilevel inhibitory effects on AR in PCa cell lines and tissues. At least one secondary mechanism of action associated with AR inhibition was found to be selective modulation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ). These multi-level effects of EPI-001 resulted in inhibition of transcriptional activation units (TAUs) 1 and 5 of the AR NTD, and reduced AR expression. EPI-001 inhibited growth of AR-positive and AR-negative PCa cell lines, with the highest sensitivity observed in LNCaP cells. Overall, this study provides new mechanistic insights to the chemical biology of EPI-001, and raises key issues regarding the use of covalent inhibitors of the intrinsically unstructured AR NTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J. Brand
- Graduate Program in Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Margaret E. Olson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Preethi Ravindranathan
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Hong Guo
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Aaron M. Kempema
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Timothy E. Andrews
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ganesh V. Raj
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel A. Harki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Scott M. Dehm
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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23
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Buculei A, Amariei S, Oroian M, Gutt G, Gaceu L, Birca A. Metals migration between product and metallic package in canned meat. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Chang Y, Nguyen C, Paranjpe VR, Gilliland F, Zhang J(J. Analysis of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and its hydrolytic metabolites in biological specimens by high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 965:33-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Chamorro-García R, Kirchner S, Li X, Janesick A, Casey SC, Chow C, Blumberg B. Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether induces adipogenic differentiation of multipotent stromal stem cells through a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-independent mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2012; 120:984-9. [PMID: 22763116 PMCID: PMC3404682 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1205063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE), used in manufacturing coatings and resins, leach from packaging materials into food. Numerous studies suggested that BPA and BADGE may have adverse effects on human health, including the possibility that exposure to such chemicals can be superimposed on traditional risk factors to initiate or exacerbate the development of obesity. BPA is a suspected obesogen, whereas BADGE, described as a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) antagonist, could reduce weight gain. OBJECTIVES We sought to test the adipogenic effects of BADGE in a biologically relevant cell culture model. METHODS We used multipotent mesenchymal stromal stem cells (MSCs) to study the adipogenic capacity of BADGE and BPA and evaluated their effects on adipogenesis, osteogenesis, gene expression, and nuclear receptor activation. DISCUSSION BADGE induced adipogenesis in human and mouse MSCs, as well as in mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. In contrast, BPA failed to promote adipogenesis in MSCs, but induced adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. BADGE exposure elicited an adipogenic gene expression profile, and its ability to induce adipogenesis and the expression of adipogenic genes was not blocked by known PPARγ antagonists. Neither BADGE nor BPA activated or antagonized retinoid "X" receptor (RXR) or PPARγ in transient transfection assays. CONCLUSIONS BADGE can induce adipogenic differentiation in both MSCs and in preadipocytes at low nanomolar concentrations comparable to those that have been observed in limited human biomonitoring. BADGE probably acts through a mechanism that is downstream of, or parallel to, PPARγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Chamorro-García
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2300, USA
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Determination of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether, novolac glycidyl ether and their derivatives migrated from can coatings into foodstuff by UPLC-MS/MS. Eur Food Res Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-012-1734-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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de Abreu DP, Rodriguez KV, Cruz J. Extraction, purification and characterization of an antioxidant extract from barley husks and development of an antioxidant active film for food package. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Yang YJ, Lee SY, Kim KY, Hong YP. Acute testis toxicity of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether in Sprague-Dawley rats. J Prev Med Public Health 2010; 43:131-7. [PMID: 20383046 DOI: 10.3961/jpmph.2010.43.2.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) is a liquid compound obtained by condensation of two molecules of epichlorohydrin with one molecule of bisphenol A. General and reproductive toxicity with BADGE has been reported higher than 1000 mg/kg/day. This study was performed to show the effects of acute exposure to BADGE below 1000 mg/kg/day on the testis in adult male rats. METHODS BADGE was administered by gastric lavage in a single dose of 500, 750, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg/day in 8-week old male SPF Sprague-Dawley rats. The right testis was processed for light microscopic analysis. The left testis was homogenized and spermatids were counted to determine the daily sperm production and daily abnormal sperm production. The sperm count, sperm motility, and incidence of abnormal sperm were estimated in the epididymis. In testicular sections, the seminiferous tubules were observed for qualitative changes. The progression of spermatogenesis was arbitrarily classified as full-matured, maturing, and immature. The specimen slide was observed at 3 points and 10 seminiferous tubules were evaluated at each point. RESULTS The male rats exposed to single oral dose of BADGE at 750, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg/day were significantly increased the number of immature and maturing sperm on the testis. There were no significant differences with respect to sperm head count, sperm motility, and sperm abnormality in the BADGE treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that single oral exposure of BADGE 750 mg/kg/day can affect adult male testis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Jung Yang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Korea
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Determination of bisphenol A in Iranian packaged milk by solid-phase extraction and HPLC. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-010-0297-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Wakeling J, Everard A, Brodbelt D, Elliott J, Syme H. Risk factors for feline hyperthyroidism in the UK. J Small Anim Pract 2009; 50:406-14. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2009.00756.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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31
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Cabado AG, Aldea S, Porro C, Ojea G, Lago J, Sobrado C, Vieites JM. Migration of BADGE (bisphenol A diglycidyl-ether) and BFDGE (bisphenol F diglycidyl-ether) in canned seafood. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:1674-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2007] [Revised: 08/29/2007] [Accepted: 01/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Schaefer A, Simat TJ. Migration from can coatings: Part 3. Synthesis, identification and quantification of migrating epoxy-based substances below 1000 Da. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 21:390-405. [PMID: 15204563 DOI: 10.1080/02652030310001657388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A-derived glycidyl ethers as well as its reaction products with other lacquer components can migrate into the packed food from epoxy-based can coatings. A sensitive and selective method is presented using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet light, fluorescence and electrospray ionization-mass selective detection for the identification and quantification of all migrants with a bisphenol A backbone and a molecular weight below 1000 Da, an estimated boundary for the absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. The identification of migrants was confirmed by microreactions of technical bisphenol A diglycidyl ether with solvents and phenols, which provided the fragmentation pattern of the mass selective detection and relative retentions of 42 different bisphenol A-related substances. It was shown by calibration of different isolated and synthesized bisphenol A derivatives that the fluorescence response relies on the amount of bisphenol A moiety in the respective molecule. Therefore, all migrating bisphenol A-related substances below 1000 Da were determined as bisphenol A diglycidyl ether equivalents using a calibration (fluorescence detection) of the commercially available bisphenol A diglycidyl ether monomer. The limit of quantification was set at 5 microg bisphenol A diglycidyl ether equivalents kg(-1) (or 0.8 microg dm(-2)). This method was validated for epoxy coatings (0.1 microg dm(-2) limit of detection and 24 microg bisphenol A-related substances below 1000 Da dm(-2) standard deviation, corresponding to 4.4% relative standard deviation). The quantification could be extended by combining the fluorescence response and structural information gained from the mass spectra, which provides more accurate results for each migrant. The calculation is based on the calibration of the bisphenol A chromophore content of the molecule. According to this method, the amount of migrating bisphenol A-related substances below 1000 Da in the acetonitrile extract (assuming a worst case) varied from about 0.4 to 0.7 mg dm(-2) in the examined coatings. The determined amounts comply with about 50% of the total migrate below 1000 Da.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schaefer
- University of Hamburg, Institute of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry, Hamburg, Germany
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33
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Hyoung UJ, Yang YJ, Kwon SK, Yoo JH, Myoung SC, Kim SC, Hong YP. Developmental Toxicity by Exposure to Bisphenol A Diglycidyl Ether during Gestation and Lactation Period in Sprague-dawley Male Rats. J Prev Med Public Health 2007; 40:155-61. [PMID: 17426428 DOI: 10.3961/jpmph.2007.40.2.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) is the major component in commercial liquid epoxy resins, which are manufactured by co-reacting bisphenol A with epichlorohydrin. This study was performed to show the developmental effects of prenatal and postnatal exposures to BADGE in male rat offspring. METHODS Mated female rats were divided into four groups, each containing 12 rats. The dosing solutions were prepared by thoroughly mixing BADGE in corn oil at the 0, 375, 1500 and 3000 mg/kg/day concentrations. Mated females were dosed once daily by oral gavage on gestation day (GD) 6 - 20 and postnatal day (PND) 0 - 21. Pregnant female dams were observed general symptoms and body weight. Also, male pups were observed the general symptoms, body weight, developmental parameters (e.g. anogenital distance, pina detachment, incisor eruption, nipple retention, eye opening, testis descent), organ pathologic changes and hormone levels of plasma. RESULTS Pregnant rats treated with BADGE died at a rate of about 70% in the 1500 mg/kg/day group and all rats treated with 3000 mg/kg/day died. Body weight, for male pups treated with doses of 375 mg/kg/day, was significantly lower than in the control group at PND 42, 56, and 63 (p<0.05). Evaluation of body characteristics including; separation of auricle, eruption of incisor, separation of eyelid, nipple retention, descent of testis, and separation of the prepuce in the BADGE treated group showed no difference in comparisons with the control group. AGD and adjusted AGD (mm/kg) for general developmental items in BADGE 375 mg/kg/day treated pups tended to be longer than in controls, however, these differences were not statistically significant. Relative weights of adrenal gland, lung (p<0.05), brain, epididymis, prostate, and testis (p<0.01) were heavier than in control in measures at PND 9 weeks. There were no significant changes in comparisons of histological findings of these organs. Loss of spermatids was observed in the seminiferous tubule at PND 9 weeks, but no weight changes were observed. The plasma estrogen levels were similar in the control and treatment groups at PND 3, 6 and 9 weeks. The plasma testosterone levels in the control group tended to increase with age. However, in the BADGE 375 mg/kg/day treated male pups it did not tend to increase. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that BADGE is a chemical that has developmental effects consistent with it being an endocrine disruptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Un-jun Hyoung
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Korea
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Terasaki M, Kazama T, Shiraishi F, Makino M. Identification and estrogenic characterization of impurities in commercial bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE). CHEMOSPHERE 2006; 65:873-80. [PMID: 16631231 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2005] [Revised: 03/06/2006] [Accepted: 03/08/2006] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A sample of commercial BADGE was fractioned by HPLC and eight impurities including novel propyl derivatives (2), (5) and (6) were identified by NMR spectrometry, FAB-MS and GC-MS. The estrogenicity, both agonist and antagonist, of fractions containing these impurities was measured with a yeast two-hybrid assay incorporating the human (hER alpha) and a competitive binding assay for hER alpha (ELISA). In the yeast two-hybrid assay, estrogenic antagonist activity was found in two fractions, while estrogenic agonist activity was not found in any. In the ELISA method, the binding affinity to hER alpha was found in three fractions. It is probable that a comprehensive assessment of the estrogenic properties of commercial BADGE, and their implications for human health, will require examination of all its components as described here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Terasaki
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Shizuoka, Japan.
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35
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Sueiro RA, Suárez S, Araujo M, Garrido MJ. Study on mutagenic effects of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and its derivatives in the Escherichia coli tryptophan reverse mutation assay. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2006; 609:11-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2006.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2005] [Revised: 05/17/2006] [Accepted: 05/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ramilo G, Valverde I, Lago J, Vieites JM, Cabado AG. Cytotoxic effects of BADGE (bisphenol A diglycidyl ether) and BFDGE (bisphenol F diglycidyl ether) on Caco-2 cells in vitro. Arch Toxicol 2006; 80:748-55. [PMID: 16783546 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-006-0121-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2006] [Accepted: 05/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) are used as starting substances for the manufacturing of epoxy resins used in internal can coatings. They are obtained by a condensation reaction between epichlorohydrin with bisphenol A and bisphenol F, respectively. These potential endocrine disrupting chemicals are able to enter the food chain and to reach the intestinal epithelium, causing structural and functional damages. The human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line Caco-2 is a widely used in vitro model of the intestinal cells. The aim of this study was to characterize BADGE and BFDGE toxicity in Caco-2 cells, in particular, at the cellular and molecular level. Using several approaches, we characterized BADGE- and BFDGE-induced cell toxicity in Caco-2 cells. The treatment was done using different concentrations up to cytotoxic doses and different times of exposure to the agents. We evaluated the effect of these compounds on cell morphology, cell detachment, cell proliferation, F-actin disruption and plasma membrane integrity. Both compounds are able to induce morphological changes, cell detachment from the substratum and to inhibit cell proliferation, being these effects time and dose-dependent. Moreover, BADGE and BFDGE induce F-actin depolymerization, this effect is very potent at 24 h of incubation with the agents and a complete F-actin disruption can be observed at 200 microM BADGE or BFDGE. In addition, cell integrity is not damaged, since neither propidium iodide uptake nor LDH release takes place in Caco-2 cells exposed to high doses of these agents for 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela Ramilo
- Microbiology and Biotoxins Area, ANFACO-CECOPESCA, Campus Univ de Vigo, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
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37
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Pardo O, Yusà V, León N, Pastor A. Determination of bisphenol diglycidyl ether residues in canned foods by pressurized liquid extraction and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1107:70-8. [PMID: 16376905 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.11.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2005] [Revised: 11/24/2005] [Accepted: 11/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A new confirmatory method for simultaneous determination of bisphenol diglycidyl ether residues (BADGE, BADGE.H(2)O, BADGE.2H(2)O, BADGE.H(2)O.HCl, BADGE.HCl, BADGE.2HCl, BFDGE and BFDGE.2HCl) from canned food has been developed. The proposed method includes extraction by pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) followed by liquid-liquid partition and purification by solid phase extraction (SPE). Several solvent systems and different operating conditions (time, temperature) have been investigated for PLE optimization. A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) coupled to atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (APCI-MS-MS) method was developed for the separation, quantification and confirmation. The ion source settings were optimized using a design of experiments (DOE). The optimized method was applied to the determination of these chemicals at very low levels in different samples with a quantification limit of 5 ng/g. Recoveries ranged between 82 and 101% and standard deviations were less than 10%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Pardo
- Public Health Laboratory of Valencia, Conselleria de Sanitat, Camí de la Marjal, s/n 46470 Albal, Valencia, Spain
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38
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Søeborg T, Hansen SH, Halling-Sørensen B. Determination of bisphenol diglycidyl ethers in topical dosage forms. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 40:322-30. [PMID: 16168608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2005] [Revised: 07/29/2005] [Accepted: 07/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A method involving extraction and LC-ESI-MS-MS detection of BADGE, BFDGE, BADGE*H2O, BADGE*2H2O, BADGE*HCl, BADGE*H2O*HCl, BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE*2HCl in aqueous cream was developed and validated. Initially, empty internally lacquered aluminum container closure systems were extracted with isopropanol as an attempt to estimate the upper limit of extractable bisphenol diglycidyl ethers present in lacquer. Six of the eight potential bisphenol diglycidyl ethers were quantified. In an accelerated experiment, on aqueous cream stored in lacquered aluminum tubes at 70 degrees C, all derivatives except BADGE*2HCl and BFDGE*2HCl were extracted from cream samples and quantified as an attempt to estimate the upper limit of compounds leaching to the cream. Detection limits were from 0.3+/-0.2 to 3.4+/-0.7 microgl(-1). Recoveries were determined for all compounds at three concentration levels (mean 63+/-6%). Mean inter-day and mean intra-day precision was 7+/-2 and 13+/-6%, respectively. Three commercially available creams were obtained from a local community pharmacy and analysed for bisphenol diglycidyl ethers. BADGE, BADGE*H2O, BADGE*2H2O and BADGE*H2O*HCl were detected and quantified. In conclusion, the developed method allows for the extraction and detection of bisphenol diglycidyl ethers originating from the epoxy phenol lacquer used in aluminum tubes. This study does not indicate that they leach into aqueous cream in significant amounts under normal storage conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tue Søeborg
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Danish University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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39
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Effect of calibration standards on the quantification of hydroxy products from can coatings. Anal Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Satoh K, Ohyama K, Aoki N, Iida M, Nagai F. Study on anti-androgenic effects of bisphenol a diglycidyl ether (BADGE), bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) and their derivatives using cells stably transfected with human androgen receptor, AR-EcoScreen. Food Chem Toxicol 2004; 42:983-93. [PMID: 15110108 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2004.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2003] [Accepted: 02/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We studied in vitro hormonal activity of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE), which are used as a material of interior coating for food cans. We also examined related compounds such as 2,2-bis[4-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropoxy)phenyl]propane (BADGE.2HCl), and bis[4-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropoxy)phenyl]methane (BFDGE.2HCl) etc. For this purpose, we constructed two stably transfected CHO-K1 cell lines (AR-EcoScreen for androgenic activity and c-luc for cell toxicity evaluation). One stably expresses luciferase with induction of androgen. The other stably expresses luciferase without androgen induction. Also, we have determined the androgenic and anti-androgenic effects of the test chemicals by reporter gene assay with these cell lines. None of the chemicals tested by this assay exhibited androgen agonistic activity. However, BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl had the conspicuous antagonistic activity for androgen. These compounds had a high binding affinity for androgen receptor. Furthermore, these two compounds did not show the estrogenic activity in vitro assays. On the contrary, bisphenol A and bisphenol F exhibited anti-androgenic activity in vitro in addition to the estrogenic activity. These results suggest that these chlorohydroxy compounds of BADGE and BFDGE act as androgen antagonist through the process of binding to androgen receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Satoh
- Department of Environmental Health and Toxicology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 24-1 Hyakunincho 3-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan.
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Sendón García R, Paseiro Losada P. Determination of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether and its hydrolysis and chlorohydroxy derivatives by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1032:37-43. [PMID: 15065774 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
European Legislation establishes that the sum of the migration levels of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE), its hydrolysis (BADGE.H2O and BADGE.2H2O) and chlorohydroxy (BADGE.HCl, BADGE.2HCl and BADGE.H2O.HCl) derivatives shall not exceed the limit of 1 mg/kg in foodstuffs or food simulants. A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method combined with mass spectrometry detection using atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation (APCI) is developed for the separation, quantification and identification of the interesting compounds. Quantification of the analytes was carried out in the single ion recording mode, once their characteristic masses were selected from their full spectra, by using an external calibration. The optimised method was suitable for the migration evaluation of these compounds in different samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Sendón García
- Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology Department, Pharmacy Faculty, Campus Sur University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Edinboro CH, Scott-Moncrieff JC, Janovitz E, Thacker HL, Glickman LT. Epidemiologic study of relationships between consumption of commercial canned food and risk of hyperthyroidism in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004; 224:879-86. [PMID: 15070058 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2004.224.879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether the increasing prevalence of feline hyperthyroidism is the result of aging of the cat population and whether consumption of canned foods at various times throughout life is associated with increased risk of hyperthyroidism. DESIGN Retrospective and case-control studies. STUDY POPULATION Medical records of 169,576 cats, including 3,570 cats with hyperthyroidism, evaluated at 9 veterinary school hospitals during a 20-year period, and 109 cats with hyperthyroidism (cases) and 173 cats without hyperthyroidism (controls). PROCEDURE Age-adjusted hospital prevalence of hyperthyroidism was calculated by use of Veterinary Medical Database records. On the basis of owners' questionnaire responses, logistic regression was used to evaluate associations between consumption of canned food and development of hyperthyroidism. RESULTS Age-specific hospital prevalence of feline hyperthyroidism increased significantly from 1978 to 1997. Overall, consumption of pop-top canned (vs dry) food at various times throughout life and each additional year of age were associated with greater risk of developing hyperthyroidism. In female cats, increased risk was associated with consumption of food packaged in pop-top cans or in combinations of pop-top and non-pop-top cans. In male cats, increased risk was associated with consumption of food packaged in pop-top cans and age. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE These findings suggest that the increasing prevalence of feline hyperthyroidism is not solely the result of aging of the cat population and that canned foods may play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte H Edinboro
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Mitani K, Narimatsu S, Izushi F, Kataoka H. Simple and rapid analysis of endocrine disruptors in liquid medicines and intravenous injection solutions by automated in-tube solid-phase microextraction/high performance liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2003; 32:469-78. [PMID: 14565551 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(03)00221-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A simple and rapid method was developed for analyzing contamination of endocrine disruptors in liquid medicines and intravenous injection solutions. Endocrine disrupting compounds such as bisphenol A (BPA), alkylphenols and phthalates were quantitated by on-line in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography (in-tube SPME/HPLC) with UV detection. The liquid medicines and intravenous injection solutions could be used directly without any pretreatment, and the BPA, alkylphenols and phthalates in these solutions were automatically analyzed. The limits of quantification for these compounds were 1-10 ng/ml. Recoveries of these compounds spiked to the intravenous injection solutions was over 80%, except for some phthalates. Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) was detected at a concentration of 7-60 ng/ml in most intravenous injection solutions in plastic containers, but it was not detected in solutions in glass bottles. Diethyl phthalate, di-n-propyl phthalate, DBP and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) were also detected in syrup, lotion and eye drops in plastic containers. On the other hand, BPA and alkylphenols were not detected at all in these solutions. DEHP contamination from an administration set increased when total vitamin formulation was added to the infusion solution. DEHP was easily leached from polyvinyl chloride tubing by polysorbate 80. The in-tube SPME/HPLC method is simple, rapid and automatic, and it provides a useful tool for the screening and determination of endocrine disruptor contamination in liquid medicines and intravenous injection solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurie Mitani
- School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, Nishigawara, Okayama 703-8516, Japan
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Sueiro RA, Suárez S, Araujo M, Garrido MJ. Mutagenic and genotoxic evaluation of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems. Mutat Res 2003; 536:39-48. [PMID: 12694744 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(03)00033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The epoxy resin bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE), was examined for its mutagenicity in prokaryotic assays (Salmonella typhimurium His(-) and Escherichia coli Trp(-) tests) and its genotoxicity in eukaryotic systems (sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and micronucleus tests in human lymphocytes), in the presence or absence of an exogenous metabolizing system (S9 from rat liver). In the prokaryotic tests, the concentrations of BFDGE ranged between 100 and 5000 micro g per plate, and in the eukaryotic assays from 12.5 to 62.5 micro g/ml. The compound is able to induce mutagenic effects in bacterial strains TA100, TA1535, WP2uvrA and IC3327, as revealed by the increase observed in the number of induced revertants. With respect to the genotoxicity assays, BFDGE induces an increase in the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges and micronuclei in human peripheral blood lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Ana Sueiro
- Laboratorio de Microbioloxía, Instituto de Investigación e Análises Alimentarias, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Sur s/n, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Nakazawa H, Yamaguchi A, Inoue K, Yamazaki T, Kato K, Yoshimura Y, Makino T. In vitro assay of hydrolysis and chlorohydroxy derivatives of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether for estrogenic activity. Food Chem Toxicol 2002; 40:1827-32. [PMID: 12419697 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-6915(02)00165-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) is an epoxy resin monomer. Epoxy-based solution coatings are used in many applications as additives for a variety of plastic coatings in food packaging. It is well known that unreacted BADGE can migrate from epoxy-based packing materials into foods. Not only BADGE but also its derivatives can easily migrate into foods and it is likely that we intake BADGE and its derivatives through food or drink. Recently, endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have attracted attention because they have been shown to affect reproduction in wildlife. The estrogenic activity of BADGE derivatives has not previously been investigated. Therefore, we investigated the estrogenic activity of the BADGE derivatives, dihydrolysed BADGE (BADGE-4OH) and chlorohydroxy BADGE (BADGE-2Cl), using breast cancer cell (T47D) proliferation assay and estrogen receptor (ER) (alpha) binding assay. These chemicals exhibited T47D cell proliferation at concentrations of 10(-14)-10(-4) M. However, these chemicals did not bind to ER (alpha) in the binding assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nakazawa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Ebara 2-4-41, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan.
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Dionisi G, Oldring PKT. Estimates of per capita exposure to substances migrating from canned foods and beverages. FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS 2002; 19:891-903. [PMID: 12396401 DOI: 10.1080/02652030210151868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A study was undertaken by European industry to estimate the consumption of canned beverages and foodstuffs. European can production data were used with adjustments for imports into and out of the EU. It was further assumed that can production, with adjustments, equalled consumption. Owing to the lack of actual consumption country-by-country or household-by-household data throughout Europe, only per capita estimates of consumption were possible. Data were compiled country-by-country for seven major can-producing EU Member States and for eight different types of canned food and two types of canned beverage (beer and soft drinks). The per capita consumption of canned foods was 1.1 cans/person/week, and consumption of canned fish was estimated as 2.2 kg/person/year. The estimate of per capita consumption of canned food was 62 g/person/day or 22.6 kg/person/year. Canned beverages account for about 60% of the consumption of canned foodstuffs. The usefulness of per capita consumption of beverages is questionable because consumption habits may vary more widely than those for canned foods. However, as the migration into beverages is insignificant, these data were added for completeness. Per capita consumption of canned beverages is 67 cans/person/year or 61 g/person/day. From the average can sizes, the surface area of the cans consumed was estimated. The per capita surface area exposure was 0.55 dm(2)/person/day for canned foods and 0.55 dm(2)/person/day for canned beverages, giving 1.1 dm(2)/person/day. Migration of a substance at 0.02 mg dm(2) gives an exposure of 0.01 mg/person/day assuming a per capita consumption, using a surface area model. Migration at 0.12 mg kg(-1) in food gives an exposure of 0.007 mg/person/day using a weight model. Both models assumed migration into all food types at the same level, which is highly unrealistic. Exposure to BADGE from canned foods has been used as a case study. The best estimate for a worst case per capita exposure to BADGE and relevant derivatives was between 6 and 10 micro g/person/day, depending upon the approach and assumptions used.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Dionisi
- Impress Metal Packaging SA, Centre de Recherche de Crosmières, BP 109-72206 La Flèche Cedex, France
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Nerín C, Philo MR, Salafranca J, Castle L. Determination of bisphenol-type contaminants from food packaging materials in aqueous foods by solid-phase microextraction-high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2002; 963:375-80. [PMID: 12187993 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00554-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A fast screening method consisting of off-line solid-phase microextraction coupled to HPLC and fluorescence detection, suitable for the analysis of several bisphenol derivatives and their degradation products in aqueous solution, has been developed. Detection limits of 0.7 ng ml(-1) for 2,2-bis[4-(glycidyloxy)phenyl]propane, 0.9 ng ml(-1) for bisphenol A bis(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl)ether, 1.1 ng ml(-1) for 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane and 2.4 ng ml(-1) for bisphenol F diglycidyl ether have been achieved working in the linear range 10-500 ng ml(-1). The good analytical features achieved make the proposed method an interesting option for the direct determination of these compounds in aqueous canned food such as peas, tuna, olives, maize, artichokes or palm hearts. Both the optimization process and the results, including the analysis of real samples, are given and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Nerín
- Departamento de Química Analítica, CPS, Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain.
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Kataoka H, Ise M, Narimatsu S. Automated on-line in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography for the analysis of bisphenol A, alkylphenols, and phthalate esters in foods contacted with plastics. J Sep Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1615-9314(20020101)25:1/2<77::aid-jssc77>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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