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Lin CY, Nguyen NN, Tsai WL, Hsieh RH, Wu HT, Chen YC. Aspartame Intake Delayed Puberty Onset in Female Offspring Rats and Girls. Mol Nutr Food Res 2024; 68:e2300270. [PMID: 38389198 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202300270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
SCOPE The disturbance of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, gut microbiota (GM) community, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) is a triggering factor for pubertal onset. The study investigates the effects of the long-term intake of aspartame on puberty and GM in animals and humans. METHODS AND RESULTS Aspartame-fed female offspring rats result in vaginal opening time prolongation, serum estrogen reduction, and serum luteinizing hormone elevation. , 60 mg kg-1 aspartame treatment decreases the mRNA levels of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), Kiss1, and G protein-coupled receptor 54 (GPR54), increases the mRNA level of RFamide-related peptide-3 (RFRP-3), and decreases the expression of GnRH neurons in the hypothalamus. Significant differences in relative bacterial abundance at the genus levels and decreased fecal SCFA levels are noted by 60 mg kg-1 aspartame treatment. Among which, Escherichia-Shigella is negatively correlated with several SCFAs. In girls, high-dose aspartame consumption decreases the risk of precocious puberty. CONCLUSIONS Aspartame reduces the chance of puberty occurring earlier than usual in female offspring and girls. Particularly, 60 mg kg-1 aspartame-fed female offspring delays pubertal onset through the dysregulation of HPG axis and GM composition by inhibiting the Kiss1/GPR54 system and inducing the RFRP-3. An acceptable dose of aspartame should be recommended during childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yuan Lin
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 202301, Taiwan
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Nam Nhat Nguyen
- College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ling Tsai
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
- Department of Health Promotion and Gerontological Care, College of LOHAS, Taipei University of Marine Technology, New Taipei City, 25172, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Hong Hsieh
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Tsung Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung, University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Ching Chen
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
- Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
- Department of Family Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 116, Taiwan
- Nutrition Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
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Buso ME, Boshuizen HC, Naomi ND, Maho W, Diepeveen-de Bruin M, Balvers MG, de Vries JH, Harrold JA, Halford JC, Raben A, Feskens EJ, Brouwer-Brolsma EM. Relative validity of habitual sugar and low/no-calorie sweetener consumption assessed by food frequency questionnaire, multiple 24-h dietary recalls and urinary biomarkers: an observational study within the SWEET project. Am J Clin Nutr 2024; 119:546-559. [PMID: 38043866 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies investigating associations between sweeteners and health yield inconsistent results, possibly due to subjective self-report dietary assessment methods. OBJECTIVES We compared the performance of a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), multiple 24-h dietary recalls (24hRs), and urinary biomarkers to estimate intake of sugars and low/no-calorie sweeteners (LNCSs). METHODS Participants (n = 848, age 54 ± 12 y) from a 2-y observational study completed 1 semiquantitative FFQ and ≥ 3 nonconsecutive 24hRs. Both methods assessed intake of sugars (mono- and disaccharides, sucrose, fructose, free and added sugars) and sweetened foods and beverages (sugary foods, fruit juice, and sugar or LNCS-containing beverages [sugar-sweetened beverages and low/no-calorie sweetened beverages (LNCSBs)]); 24hRs also included LNCS-containing foods and tabletop sweeteners (low/no-calorie sweetened foods [LNCSFs]). Urinary excretion of sugars (fructose+sucrose) and LNCSs (acesulfame K+sucralose+steviol glucuronide+cyclamate+saccharin) were simultaneously assessed using ultrapressure liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry in 288 participants with 3 annual 24-h urine samples. Methods were compared using, amongst others, validity coefficients (correlations corrected for measurement error). RESULTS Median (interquartile range) FFQ intakes ranged from 0 (0-7) g/d for LNCSBs to 94 (73-117) g/d for mono- and disaccharides. LNCSB use was reported by 32% of participants. Median LNCSB+LNCSF intake using 24hRs was 1 (0-50) g/d and reported by 58%. Total sugar excretions were detected in 100% of samples [56 (37-85) mg/d] and LNCSs in 99% of urine samples [3 (1-10) mg/d]. Comparing FFQ against 24hRs showed VCs ranging from 0.38 (fruit juice) to 0.74 (LNCSB). VCs for comparing FFQ with urinary excretions were 0.25 to 0.29 for sugars and 0.39 for LNCSBs; for 24hR they amounted to 0.31-0.38 for sugars, 0.37 for LNCSBs, and 0.45 for LNCSFs. CONCLUSIONS The validity of the FFQ against 24hRs for the assessment of sugars and LNCSBs ranged from moderate to good. Comparing self-reports and urine excretions showed moderate agreement but highlighted an important underestimation of LNCS exposure using self-reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Ec Buso
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hendriek C Boshuizen
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Novita D Naomi
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Walid Maho
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Michiel Gj Balvers
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanne Hm de Vries
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joanne A Harrold
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Cg Halford
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom; School of Psychology, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Raben
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Clinical Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Edith Jm Feskens
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elske M Brouwer-Brolsma
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Azeez OH. Evaluation of Some Male and Female Rats’ Reproductive Hormones Following Administration of Aspartame With or Without Vitamin C or E. THE IRAQI JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.30539/ijvm.v45i2.1256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspartame (ASP) is a sugar substitute. Its use rose because it has been demonstrated to have deleterious effects after being metabolized. In the presence of antioxidant vitamins C or E, the effects of ASP on reproductive hormones of adult male and female Albino Wister rats were investigated. A total of eighty male and female rats were used in this study. The rats were divided into four groups: group 1, received no treatment; group 2, received ASP at 40 mg/kg BW; group 3, received ASP at 40 mg/kg BW with vitamin C at 150 mg/kg BW; and group 4, received ASP at 40 mg/kg BW and vitamin E at 100 mg/kg BW. All treatments were given orally by gavage needle once daily for consecutive 90 days. The levels of estradiol (E2), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone hormone (TH) were measured after 90 days in blood plasma. In comparison with the control group, ASP treatment resulted in lower levels of E2, FSH, and LH in male and female rats. When the antioxidants vitamin C or E was given, the effects of ASP were reversed, and the levels of E2, LH, and FSH were increased. The testosterone hormone was likewise significantly increased by ASP, but testosterone hormone concentrations were decreased by vitamin C or E treatments. Long-term ASP consumption caused interfering with testicular and ovarian hormonal activity, while vitamins C and E on the other hand, overcome longstanding consumption ASP's effects.
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Wang Y, Li C, Li D, Yang H, Li X, Jin D, Xie W, Guo B. Estimated assessment of dietary exposure to artificial sweeteners from processed food in Nanjing, China. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:1105-1117. [PMID: 33989115 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1905883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to measure the concentrations of three intensity sweeteners (Acesulfame-K, cyclamate and saccharin) in different categories of food available on the Nanjing market, and to investigate whether the Nanjing general population was at risk for exceeding the ADI of sweeteners. A set of 1885 foods was collected and analysed using the National Food Safety Standard procedure in order to establish the concentration levels of the sweeteners. Dietary exposure was estimated using probabilistic modelling software and compared directly with each sweetener's ADI. Consumption data from the China National Nutrition and Health Survey (conducted in 2010-2013) and the actual concentrations of sweeteners in the collected food products were used to perform the intake assessment. The results indicated that Acesulfame-K and cyclamate were commonly used in processed food, and processed nuts, preserved fruit, beverages, and bakery products are the main sources of sweeteners in Nanjing. The estimated exposure of sweeteners in Nanjing was well below the ADIs, as relative intakes at the 95th percentile were 29.7% for saccharin, 79.8% for cyclamate, and 35.9% for Acesulfame-K of the respective ADIs. It was concluded that adults were not at risk of exceeding ADIs for these sweeteners, but the intake of cyclamate at the higher percentiles by children may approach or slightly exceed ADI values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chengguo Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dengkun Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huamei Yang
- Department of Laboratory Detection, Taizhou Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaocheng Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Di Jin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Xie
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene., Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Baofu Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Serrano J, Smith KR, Crouch AL, Sharma V, Yi F, Vargova V, LaMoia TE, Dupont LM, Serna V, Tang F, Gomes-Dias L, Blakeslee JJ, Hatzakis E, Peterson SN, Anderson M, Pratley RE, Kyriazis GA. High-dose saccharin supplementation does not induce gut microbiota changes or glucose intolerance in healthy humans and mice. MICROBIOME 2021; 9:11. [PMID: 33431052 PMCID: PMC7802287 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00976-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-caloric artificial sweeteners (NCAS) are widely used as a substitute for dietary sugars to control body weight or glycemia. Paradoxically, some interventional studies in humans and rodents have shown unfavorable changes in glucose homeostasis in response to NCAS consumption. The causative mechanisms are largely unknown, but adverse changes in gut microbiota have been proposed to mediate these effects. These findings have raised concerns about NCAS safety and called into question their broad use, but further physiological and dietary considerations must be first addressed before these results are generalized. We also reasoned that, since NCAS are bona fide ligands for sweet taste receptors (STRs) expressed in the intestine, some metabolic effects associated with NCAS use could be attributed to a common mechanism involving the host. RESULTS We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel arm study exploring the effects of pure saccharin compound on gut microbiota and glucose tolerance in healthy men and women. Participants were randomized to placebo, saccharin, lactisole (STR inhibitor), or saccharin with lactisole administered in capsules twice daily to achieve the maximum acceptable daily intake for 2 weeks. In parallel, we performed a 10-week study administering pure saccharin at a high dose in the drinking water of chow-fed mice with genetic ablation of STRs (T1R2-KO) and wild-type (WT) littermate controls. In humans and mice, none of the interventions affected glucose or hormonal responses to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) or glucose absorption in mice. Similarly, pure saccharin supplementation did not alter microbial diversity or composition at any taxonomic level in humans and mice alike. No treatment effects were also noted in readouts of microbial activity such as fecal metabolites or short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). However, compared to WT, T1R2-KO mice were protected from age-dependent increases in fecal SCFA and the development of glucose intolerance. CONCLUSIONS Short-term saccharin consumption at maximum acceptable levels is not sufficient to alter gut microbiota or induce glucose intolerance in apparently healthy humans and mice. TRIAL REGISTRATION Trial registration number NCT03032640 , registered on January 26, 2017. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Serrano
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Kathleen R. Smith
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Audra L. Crouch
- Department of Microbiology, College of Arts & Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Vandana Sharma
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Fanchao Yi
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Advent-Health, Orlando, FL USA
| | - Veronika Vargova
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Advent-Health, Orlando, FL USA
| | - Traci E. LaMoia
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Lydia M. Dupont
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Vanida Serna
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Fenfen Tang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Food, Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Laisa Gomes-Dias
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, College of Food, Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Joshua J. Blakeslee
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, College of Food, Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Emmanuel Hatzakis
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Food, Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Scott N. Peterson
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Matthew Anderson
- Department of Microbiology, College of Arts & Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Richard E. Pratley
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Advent-Health, Orlando, FL USA
| | - George A. Kyriazis
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
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Baker-Smith CM, de Ferranti SD, Cochran WJ. The Use of Nonnutritive Sweeteners in Children. Pediatrics 2019; 144:peds.2019-2765. [PMID: 31659005 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2019-2765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of nonnutritive sweeteners (NNSs) in the food supply has increased over time. Not only are more children and adolescents consuming NNSs, but they are also consuming a larger quantity of NNSs in the absence of strong scientific evidence to refute or support the safety of these agents. This policy statement from the American Academy of Pediatrics is intended to provide the pediatric provider with a review of (1) previous steps taken for approved use of NNSs, (2) existing data regarding the safety of NNS use in the general pediatric population, (3) what is known regarding the potential benefits and/or adverse effects of NNS use in children and adolescents, (4) identified gaps in existing knowledge and potential areas of future research, and (5) suggested talking points that pediatricians may use when discussing NNS use with families.
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Shi Q, Cai L, Jia H, Zhu X, Chen L, Deng S. Low intake of digestible carbohydrates ameliorates duodenal absorption of carbohydrates in mice with glucose metabolism disorders induced by artificial sweeteners. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:4952-4962. [PMID: 30953347 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term artificial sweetener consumption has been reported to induce glucose intolerance, and the intestinal microbiota seems as an important target. While the impacts of artificial sweeteners on energy balance remain controversial, this work aimed to evaluate the protective effects in mice of a low digestible carbohydrate (LDC) diet on plasma glucose, plasma fasting insulin, sweet taste receptors, glucose transporters, and absorption of carbohydrates, together with consumption of acesulfame potassium (AK) or saccharin (SAC). RESULTS Artificial sweetener was administered to mice for 12 weeks to induce glucose metabolism disorders; mice were treated with an LDC diet for the final 6 weeks. The experimental groups were treated with an LDC diet that had the same energy as the normal-diet group. Prolonged administration of artificial sweeteners led to metabolic dysfunction, characterized by significantly increased plasma glucose, insulin resistance, sweet taste receptors, glucose transporters, and absorption of carbohydrates. Treatment with an LDC diet positively modulated these altered parameters, suggesting overall beneficial effects of an LDC diet on detrimental changes associated with artificial sweeteners. CONCLUSIONS Reducing digestible carbohydrates in the diet can significantly reduce the absorption of carbohydrates and improve glucose metabolism disorders caused by dietary factors. These effects may be due to the fact that reducing the amount of digestible carbohydrates in the feed can reduce the number of intestinal sweet receptors induced by exposure to artificial sweeteners. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Shi
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Cai
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongzhe Jia
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuemei Zhu
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Lei Chen
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaoping Deng
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
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Tennant DR, Vlachou A. Potential consumer exposures to low/no calorie sweeteners: a refined assessment based upon market intelligence on use frequency, and consideration of niche applications. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:1173-1183. [PMID: 31170021 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1619942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Data on current use levels of E950 acesulfame K, E952 cyclamic acid and its Na and Ca salts, E954 saccharin and its Na, K and Ca salts, E955 sucralose and E957 thaumatin, have been collected by the European food and drink industry in response to an EFSA call for data in support of its upcoming review of low/no calorie sweeteners (LNCSs). Careful evaluation of these data is necessary to allow for reasonably realistic estimations of consumer intake. Consumer patterns of product use and in particular of "niche" products, which are not likely to represent general LNCS exposure, are important to consider. Market survey data can identify food categories where the frequency of use of a given LNCS is so low as to represent a niche use of the product. The subsequent incorporation of information about these niche products can provide a relevant improvement in obtaining realistic exposure calculations. Using this approach, estimates of exposure are found to be comparable with previously published papers on intake and show levels generally below current ADIs, for most population groups.
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Xia S, Yin D, Chen Y, Yang Z, Miao Y, Zhang W, Chen S, Zhao W, Zhang S. Simultaneous determination of three sulfanilamide artificial sweeteners in foodstuffs by capillary electrophoresis coupled with contactless conductivity detection based on porous aromatic frameworks enhanced solid phase extraction. CAN J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2018-0410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a simple and easy method of solid phase extraction (SPE) followed by capillary electrophoresis (CE) with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C4D) is evaluated as a novel approach for the simultaneous determination of acesulfame-K (ACE), sodium saccharin (SAC), and sodium cyclamate (CYC) in foodstuffs without derivatization. To reduce the complex matrix interference resulting from the constituents of samples and enriched targets, porous aromatic frameworks (PAFs) enhanced SPE, a suitable sample pretreatment procedure, was introduced. Several factors affecting extraction efficiency and electrophoretic separation were investigated. Additionally, the interaction mechanisms between the host (PAF-6) and guests (ACE, SAC, and CYC) were studied. Under the optimum conditions, three sulfanilamide artificial sweeteners were baseline separated within 8 min, exhibiting a linear calibration over two orders of magnitude (R2 > 0.995). The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were considered better than those usually obtained by CE with ultraviolet and C4D detection. The proposed SPE–CE–C4D method has been successfully applied to analyse beverage samples and candied fruits with recoveries in the range of 78.89%–92.00%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaige Xia
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Kexue Road 100, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Dan Yin
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Kexue Road 100, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Yanlong Chen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Kexue Road 100, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Zhicong Yang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Kexue Road 100, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Ying Miao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Kexue Road 100, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Wenfen Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Kexue Road 100, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Center for Advanced Analysis and Computational Science, Kexue Road 100, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Wuduo Zhao
- Center for Advanced Analysis and Computational Science, Kexue Road 100, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Shusheng Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Kexue Road 100, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
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Tennant DR. Estimation of exposures to non-nutritive sweeteners from consumption of tabletop sweetener products: a review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:359-365. [PMID: 30747598 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1566784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Reliable estimation of intake of non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) from tabletop sweetener products (TTS) is complex. Some TTS contain more than one type of NNS and more importantly, there can be considerable formula variation between different types of TTS products; that is liquid, powder and tablet products. A survey of use levels (mg NNS/kg TTS retail product) confirmed wide variations and reflected major differences in the portion size, or mass, typically used to deliver a sweetness equivalent to around one teaspoon (tsp) of sugar. This paper reviews current intake estimation models and reveals that these models may result in inappropriate intake estimations, probably because some surveys did not discriminate between powder, tablet and liquid forms. The data suggest that using upper percentile consumption figures for powdered forms is a critical factor in intake estimations and may be a more realistic method by which overall exposure estimates could be obtained.
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Qu D, Jiang M, Huang D, Zhang H, Feng L, Chen Y, Zhu X, Wang S, Han J. Synergistic Effects of The Enhancements to Mitochondrial ROS, p53 Activation and Apoptosis Generated by Aspartame and Potassium Sorbate in HepG2 Cells. Molecules 2019; 24:E457. [PMID: 30696035 PMCID: PMC6384600 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The safety of food additives has been widely concerned. Using single additives in the provisions of scope is safe, but the combination of additives, may induce additive, synergy, antagonism and other joint effects. This study investigated the cytotoxicity of aspartame (AT) together with potassium sorbate (PS). Thiazolyl Blue Tetrazolium Bromide (MTT) assay indicated that AT and PS had IC50 values of 0.48 g/L and 1.25 g/L at 24 h, respectively. High content analysis (HCA) showed that both AT and PS had a negative effect on mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DNA damage while the joint group behaved more obviously. The biochemical assays revealed typical cell morphological changes and the activation of cytochrome c and caspase-3 verified apoptosis induced by AT together with PS. With dissipation of MMP and increase of cell membrane permeability (CMP), it indicated AT together with PS-induced apoptosis was mediated by mitochondrial pathway. Meanwhile, p53 were involved in DNA damage, and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 was increased. Moreover, excessive ROS induced by AT together with PS is a key initiating factor for apoptosis. All these results proved that p53 was involved in apoptosis via mitochondria-mediated pathway and the process was regulated by ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daofeng Qu
- Food Safety Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310035, China.
| | - Mengxue Jiang
- Food Safety Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310035, China.
| | - Dongping Huang
- Food Safety Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310035, China.
| | - Hui Zhang
- Food Safety Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310035, China.
| | - Lifang Feng
- Food Safety Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310035, China.
| | - Yuewen Chen
- Food Safety Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310035, China.
| | - Xuan Zhu
- Food Safety Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310035, China.
| | - Suhua Wang
- Wenzhou Entry-exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Wenzhou 325027, China.
| | - Jianzhong Han
- Food Safety Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310035, China.
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12
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Wu W, Löbmann K, Schnitzkewitz J, Knuhtsen A, Pedersen DS, Grohganz H, Rades T. Aspartame as a co-former in co-amorphous systems. Int J Pharm 2018; 549:380-387. [PMID: 30075253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Co-amorphous drug delivery systems are a promising approach to improve the dissolution rate and therefore potentially the oral bioavailability of poorly-water soluble drugs. Several low molecular weight excipients, for instance amino acids, have previously been shown to stabilize the amorphous form and increase the dissolution rate of drugs. In this study, the feasibility of aspartame, a methyl ester of the aspartic acid-phenylalanine dipeptide, as a co-former was investigated and compared with the respective single amino acids, both alone and in combination. The poorly water-soluble compounds mebendazole, tadalafil and piroxicam were chosen as model drugs. In contrast to the single amino acids or the physical mixture of both, all drug-aspartame mixtures became amorphous upon 90 min of ball milling. Only a single glass transition temperature (Tg) was detected by modulated differential scanning calorimetry, which indicates that a homogeneous single-phase co-amorphous system was obtained. Powder dissolution tests showed that the dissolution rates of the drugs from drug-aspartame co-amorphous samples were increased compared to crystalline drugs. Furthermore, supersaturation was observed for the mebendazole-aspartame and tadalafil-aspartame co-amorphous systems. In conclusion, aspartame has been shown to be a promising co-former in co-amorphous systems, superior to the single amino acids or their mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Korbinian Löbmann
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Schnitzkewitz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Astrid Knuhtsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Holger Grohganz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Thomas Rades
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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13
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Jiang J, Qi L, Wei Q, Shi F. Effects of daily exposure to saccharin sodium and rebaudioside A on the ovarian cycle and steroidogenesis in rats. Reprod Toxicol 2018; 76:35-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Nonnutritive Sweeteners and Their Role in the Gastrointestinal Tract. REFERENCE SERIES IN PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27027-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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15
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Buffini M, Goscinny S, Van Loco J, Nugent AP, Walton J, Flynn A, Gibney MJ, McNulty BA. Dietary intakes of six intense sweeteners by Irish adults. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 35:425-438. [PMID: 29210609 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1411619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This research investigated the intakes of six intense sweeteners: acesulfame-K (E950), aspartame (E951), cyclamate (E952), saccharin (E954), sucralose (E955), and steviol glycosides (E960) in the diets of Irish adults, using data from the National Adult Nutrition Survey. A food label survey that included products currently available on the Irish market supplemented the analysis. Sweetener intakes were investigated using three different exposure scenarios; beginning with a crude assessment which assumed that all foods permitted to contain the additives of interest always did contain them, and at their maximum permitted level (Tier 1). Refined assessments estimated intakes of the six sweeteners using food consumption data up to brand level with additive occurrence data from a survey of products currently available on the Irish market (Tier 2) and sweetener concentration data (Tier 3). Results of all exposure assessment scenarios demonstrate that intakes of each of the sweeteners of interest by the total population were below the relevant ADI level (mg kg-1 bodyweight-1), even by high consumers (P99). The three sweeteners consumed in highest amounts were acesulfame-k, aspartame, and sucralose. The main sources of these sweeteners in the diet were 'cider and perry', 'energy reduced and no added sugar (ER and NAS) carbonated flavoured drinks', 'table-top sweeteners', 'dairy products', 'solid food supplements', and 'sauces'. Intakes of the six intense sweeteners are currently not a concern among Irish adults. However, exposure to these chemicals should be monitored on a regular basis due to evolving market and consumption patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Buffini
- a School of Agriculture and Food Science , University College Dublin, UCD Institute of Food and Health , Belfield , Ireland
| | - Séverine Goscinny
- b Belgian Scientific Institute of Public Health, Department of Food , Medicines and Consumer Safety, Service of Consumer Safety, Scientific Institute of Public Health , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Joris Van Loco
- b Belgian Scientific Institute of Public Health, Department of Food , Medicines and Consumer Safety, Service of Consumer Safety, Scientific Institute of Public Health , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Anne P Nugent
- a School of Agriculture and Food Science , University College Dublin, UCD Institute of Food and Health , Belfield , Ireland
| | - Janette Walton
- c School of Food and Nutritional Sciences , University College Cork , Cork , Ireland
| | - Albert Flynn
- c School of Food and Nutritional Sciences , University College Cork , Cork , Ireland
| | - Michael J Gibney
- a School of Agriculture and Food Science , University College Dublin, UCD Institute of Food and Health , Belfield , Ireland
| | - Breige A McNulty
- a School of Agriculture and Food Science , University College Dublin, UCD Institute of Food and Health , Belfield , Ireland
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16
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Magnuson BA, Carakostas MC, Moore NH, Poulos SP, Renwick AG. Biological fate of low-calorie sweeteners. Nutr Rev 2017; 74:670-689. [PMID: 27753624 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuw032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
With continued efforts to find solutions to rising rates of obesity and diabetes, there is increased interest in the potential health benefits of the use of low- and no-calorie sweeteners (LNCSs). Concerns about safety often deter the use of LNCSs as a tool in helping control caloric intake, even though the safety of LNCS use has been affirmed by regulatory agencies worldwide. In many cases, an understanding of the biological fate of the different LNSCs can help health professionals to address safety concerns. The objectives of this review are to compare the similarities and differences in the chemistry, regulatory status, and biological fate (including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) of the commonly used LNCSs: acesulfame potassium, aspartame, saccharin, stevia leaf extract (steviol glycoside), and sucralose. Understanding the biological fate of the different LNCSs is helpful in evaluating whether reports of biological effects in animal studies or in humans are indicative of possible safety concerns. Illustrations of the usefulness of this information to address questions about LNCSs include discussion of systemic exposure to LNCSs, the use of sweetener combinations, and the potential for effects of LNCSs on the gut microflora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadene A Magnuson
- B.A. Magnuson is with Health Science Consultants, Inc, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. M.C. Carakostas is with MC Scientific Consulting, LLC, Dataw Island, South Carolina, USA. N.H. Moore is with Veritox, Inc, Redmond, Washington, USA. S.P. Poulos is with the Calorie Control Council, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. A.G. Renwick is with the Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
| | - Michael C Carakostas
- B.A. Magnuson is with Health Science Consultants, Inc, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. M.C. Carakostas is with MC Scientific Consulting, LLC, Dataw Island, South Carolina, USA. N.H. Moore is with Veritox, Inc, Redmond, Washington, USA. S.P. Poulos is with the Calorie Control Council, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. A.G. Renwick is with the Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Nadia H Moore
- B.A. Magnuson is with Health Science Consultants, Inc, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. M.C. Carakostas is with MC Scientific Consulting, LLC, Dataw Island, South Carolina, USA. N.H. Moore is with Veritox, Inc, Redmond, Washington, USA. S.P. Poulos is with the Calorie Control Council, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. A.G. Renwick is with the Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvia P Poulos
- B.A. Magnuson is with Health Science Consultants, Inc, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. M.C. Carakostas is with MC Scientific Consulting, LLC, Dataw Island, South Carolina, USA. N.H. Moore is with Veritox, Inc, Redmond, Washington, USA. S.P. Poulos is with the Calorie Control Council, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. A.G. Renwick is with the Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew G Renwick
- B.A. Magnuson is with Health Science Consultants, Inc, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. M.C. Carakostas is with MC Scientific Consulting, LLC, Dataw Island, South Carolina, USA. N.H. Moore is with Veritox, Inc, Redmond, Washington, USA. S.P. Poulos is with the Calorie Control Council, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. A.G. Renwick is with the Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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17
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Critical review of the current literature on the safety of sucralose. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 106:324-355. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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18
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Logue C, Dowey LRC, Strain JJ, Verhagen H, McClean S, Gallagher AM. Application of Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry To Determine Urinary Concentrations of Five Commonly Used Low-Calorie Sweeteners: A Novel Biomarker Approach for Assessing Recent Intakes? JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:4516-4525. [PMID: 28506059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Although the use of low-calorie sweeteners (LCSs) is widespread, methods of assessing consumption within free-living populations have inherent limitations. Five commonly consumed LCSs, namely, acesulfame-K, saccharin, sucralose, cyclamate, and steviol glycosides, are excreted via the urine, and therefore a urinary biomarker approach may provide more objective LCS intake data. A LC-ESI-MS/MS method of simultaneously determining acesulfame-K, saccharin, sucralose, cyclamate, and the excretory metabolite of steviol glycosides, steviol glucuronide, in human urine was developed and validated. Linearity was observed over a concentration range of 10-1000 ng/mL with coefficients of determination ranging from 0.9969 to 0.9997. Accuracy ranged from 92 to 104%, and intrabatch and interday precisions were within acceptable limits with %CV below 8% for all compounds. A double-blind, randomized crossover dose-response study was conducted to assess the usefulness of urinary LCS excretions (from both fasting spot and a full 24-h urine collection) for investigating recent intakes. Both modes of sampling were useful for distinguishing between the three short-term intakes of acesulfame-K, saccharin, cyclamates, and steviol glycosides (p < 0.001), whereas for sucralose, urinary concentrations were useful for distinguishing between low (0.1% ADI) and high doses (10% ADI) only (p < 0.001). In summary, this biomarker approach may be useful for assessing intakes of five commonly consumed LCSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caomhan Logue
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Ulster University , Coleraine, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA
| | - Le Roy C Dowey
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Ulster University , Coleraine, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA
| | - J J Strain
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Ulster University , Coleraine, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA
| | - Hans Verhagen
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Ulster University , Coleraine, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) , Parma, Italy
| | - Stephen McClean
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Ulster University , Coleraine, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA
| | - Alison M Gallagher
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Ulster University , Coleraine, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA
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19
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Simultaneous determination of aspartame, cyclamate, saccharin and acesulfame-K in powder tabletop sweeteners by FT-Raman spectroscopy associated with the multivariate calibration: PLS, iPLS and siPLS models were compared. Food Res Int 2017; 99:106-114. [PMID: 28784466 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, a procedure for simultaneous determination of the main artificial sweeteners, aspartame (ASP), cyclamate (CYC), saccharin (SAC), and acesulfame-K (ACSK) by a spectroscopic method associated with the multivariate calibration is proposed. These analytes were quantified in tabletop sweeteners samples using FT-Raman spectroscopy. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used as reference method. Partial least squares (PLS), interval PLS (iPLS), and synergism PLS (siPLS) methods were evaluated in a comparative study where the selected interval models presented better results. Multivariate regression models, such as PLS, iPLS and siPLS were built and the lower root mean square errors for prediction (RMSEP) found were 0.027-0.031% w/w, 0.316-0.363% w/w, 0.082-0.184% w/w, and 0.040-0.049% w/w to ASP, CYC, SAC, and ACSK, respectively. The coefficient of determination for prediction (R2p) varied between 0.978 and 0.979, 0.969-0.977, 0.952-0.994, and 0.959-0.965 for ASP, CYC, SAC and ACSK, respectively. The analysis of model's residues was made by bias and permutation tests to evaluate systematic and trend errors. The selected intervals by iPLS and siPLS were evaluated and the bands related to the vibrational modes of the analytes were assigned with the aid of density functional theory calculations (DFT).
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20
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Sargaço B, Serra C, Vasco E. Validation of an HPLC-DAD/UV method for the quantification of cyclamate in tabletop sweeteners: risk of exceeding the acceptable daily intake. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:883-890. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1306756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Sargaço
- Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology Research Center, Chemical Engineering Department, High Institute of Engineering of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - C. Serra
- Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology Research Center, Chemical Engineering Department, High Institute of Engineering of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - E. Vasco
- Food and Nutrition Department, National Health Institute Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
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21
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Mortensen A. Sweeteners permitted in the European Union: safety aspects. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF FOOD & NUTRITION 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/17482970600982719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Mortensen
- Department of Toxicology and Risk AssessmentDanish Institute for Food and Veterinary ResearchSøborgDenmark
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22
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Zhang T, Gan Z, Gao C, Ma L, Li Y, Li X, Sun H. Occurrence of artificial sweeteners in human liver and paired blood and urine samples from adults in Tianjin, China and their implications for human exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2016; 18:1169-1176. [PMID: 27383923 DOI: 10.1039/c6em00130k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, acesulfame (ACE), saccharin (SAC) and cyclamate (CYC) were found in all paired urine and blood samples collected from healthy adults, with mean values of 4070, 918 and 628 ng mL(-1), respectively, in urine and 9.03, 20.4 and 0.72 ng mL(-1), respectively, in blood. SAC (mean: 84.4 ng g(-1)) and CYC (4.29 ng g(-1)) were detectable in all liver samples collected from liver cancer patients, while ACE was less frequently detected. Aspartame (ASP) was not found in any analyzed human sample, which can be explained by the fact that this chemical metabolized rapidly in the human body. Among all adults, significantly positive correlations between SAC and CYC levels were observed (p < 0.001), regardless of human matrices. Nevertheless, no significant correlations between concentrations of SAC (or CYC) and ACE were found in any of the human matrices. Our results suggest that human exposure to SAC and CYC is related, whereas ACE originates from a discrete source. Females (or young adults) were exposed to higher levels of SAC and CYC than males (or elderly). The mean renal clearance of SAC was 730 mL per day per kg in adults, which was significantly (p < 0.001) lower than those for CYC (10 800 mL per day per kg) and ACE (10 300 mL per day per kg). The average total daily intake of SAC and ACE was 9.27 and 33.8 μg per kg bw per day, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 135 Xingang West Street, Guangzhou 510275, PR China.
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23
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Sharma A, Amarnath S, Thulasimani M, Ramaswamy S. Artificial sweeteners as a sugar substitute: Are they really safe? Indian J Pharmacol 2016; 48:237-40. [PMID: 27298490 PMCID: PMC4899993 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.182888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonnutritive sweeteners (NNS) have become an important part of everyday life and are increasingly used nowadays in a variety of dietary and medicinal products. They provide fewer calories and far more intense sweetness than sugar-containing products and are used by a plethora of population subsets for varying objectives. Six of these agents (aspartame, saccharine, sucralose, neotame, acesulfame-K, and stevia) have previously received a generally recognized as safe status from the United States Food and Drug Administration, and two more (Swingle fruit extract and advantame) have been added in the recent years to this ever growing list. They are claimed to promote weight loss and deemed safe for consumption by diabetics; however, there is inconclusive evidence to support most of their uses and some recent studies even hint that these earlier established benefits regarding NNS use might not be true. There is a lack of properly designed randomized controlled studies to assess their efficacy in different populations, whereas observational studies often remain confounded due to reverse causality and often yield opposite findings. Pregnant and lactating women, children, diabetics, migraine, and epilepsy patients represent the susceptible population to the adverse effects of NNS-containing products and should use these products with utmost caution. The overall use of NNS remains controversial, and consumers should be amply informed about the potential risks of using them, based on current evidence-based dietary guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Sri Lakshmi Narayana Institute of Medical Sciences, Puducherry, India
| | - S. Amarnath
- Department of Pharmacology, Sri Lakshmi Narayana Institute of Medical Sciences, Puducherry, India
| | - M. Thulasimani
- Department of Pharmacology, Sri Lakshmi Narayana Institute of Medical Sciences, Puducherry, India
| | - S. Ramaswamy
- Department of Pharmacology, Sri Lakshmi Narayana Institute of Medical Sciences, Puducherry, India
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24
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Martyn DM, Nugent AP, McNulty BA, O'Reilly E, Tlustos C, Walton J, Flynn A, Gibney MJ. Dietary intake of four artificial sweeteners by Irish pre-school children. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:592-602. [PMID: 26939625 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1152880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In spite of rigorous pre- and post-market reviews of safety, there remains a high level of debate regarding the use of artificial sweeteners in foods. Young children are of particular interest when assessing food chemical exposure as a result of their unique food consumption patterns and comparatively higher exposure to food chemicals on a body weight basis when compared with the general population. The present study examined the intakes of four intense sweeteners (acesulfame K, aspartame, saccharin, sucralose) in the diets of children aged 1-4 years using food consumption and sweetener presence data from the Irish National Pre-school Nutrition Survey (2010-11) and analytical data for sweetener concentration in foods obtained from a national testing programme. Four exposure assessment scenarios were conducted using the available data on sweetener occurrence and concentration. The results demonstrated that the mean daily intakes for all four sweeteners were below the acceptable daily intake (ADI) (17-31%), even considering the most conservative assumptions regarding sweetener presence and concentration. High consumer intakes (P95) were also below the ADI for the four sweeteners when more realistic estimates of exposure were considered. Both sweetener occurrence and concentration data had a considerable effect on reducing the estimated intake values, with a combined reduction in intakes of 95% when expressed as a proportion of the ADI. Flavoured drinks were deemed to be a key contributor to artificial sweetener intakes in this population cohort. It was concluded that there is no health risk to Irish pre-school children at current dietary intake levels of the sweeteners studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danika M Martyn
- a UCD Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science , University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin 4 , Ireland
| | - Anne P Nugent
- a UCD Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science , University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin 4 , Ireland
| | - Breige A McNulty
- a UCD Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science , University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin 4 , Ireland
| | - Emer O'Reilly
- b Food Safety Authority of Ireland; Block D, E and F, Abbey Court , Dublin 1 , Ireland
| | - Christina Tlustos
- b Food Safety Authority of Ireland; Block D, E and F, Abbey Court , Dublin 1 , Ireland
| | - Janette Walton
- c School of Food & Nutritional Sciences , University College Cork , Cork , Ireland
| | - Albert Flynn
- c School of Food & Nutritional Sciences , University College Cork , Cork , Ireland
| | - Michael J Gibney
- a UCD Institute of Food and Health, School of Agriculture and Food Science , University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin 4 , Ireland
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25
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The potential application of a biomarker approach for the investigation of low-calorie sweetener exposure. Proc Nutr Soc 2016; 75:216-25. [PMID: 26763132 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665115004310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Low-calorie sweeteners (LCS) are commonly used as sugar substitutes in the diet to provide a desired sweet taste without increased energy intake. The number of LCS available on the market has increased considerably over the years and despite extensive evaluation of their safety prior to approval, debate continues around the effects of consumption on health. In Europe, Member States are obligated to monitor exposure to LCS and methods currently used tend to rely on self-reported dietary intake data alongside LCS concentrations in products. However, the acquisition of accurate data can be costly in terms of resources and time and are inherently imprecise. Although LCS are intensely sweet, they are chemically diverse and a limitation of many studies investigating the health effects of consumption is that they often fail to discern intakes of individual LCS. An approach which objectively assesses intakes of individual LCS would therefore allow robust investigations of their possible effects on health. Biomarker approaches have been utilised for the objective investigation of intakes of a range of dietary components and the feasibility of any such approach depends upon its validity as well as its applicability within the target population. This review aims to provide an overview of current understanding of LCS intake and explore the possibility of implementing a biomarker approach to enhance such understanding. Several commonly used LCS, once absorbed into the body, are excreted via the kidneys; therefore a urinary biomarker approach may be possible for the investigation of short-term exposure to these compounds.
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26
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Dewinter L, Casteels K, Corthouts K, Van de Kerckhove K, Van der Vaerent K, Vanmeerbeeck K, Matthys C. Dietary intake of non-nutritive sweeteners in type 1 diabetes mellitus children. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 33:19-26. [PMID: 26523968 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1112039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aims of the current cross-sectional study were (1) to assess the intake of aspartame, cyclamate, acesulfame-k, neohesperidine dihydrochalcone, sucralose, saccharin, steviol glycosides and neotame among children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D); (2) to compare the obtained intakes with the respective acceptable daily intake (ADI) values; and (3) to conduct a scenario analysis to obtain practical guidelines for a safe consumption of non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) among children with T1D. T1D patients of the Paediatrics Department of the University Hospitals Leuven were invited to complete a food frequency questionnaire designed to assess NNS intake using a tier 2 and tier 3 exposure assessment approach. A scenario analysis was conducted by reducing the P95 consumption of the most contributing food categories in order to reach a total sweetener intake lower than or equal to the ADI. Estimated total intakes higher than ADIs were only found for the P95 consumers only of acesulfame-k, cyclamate and steviol glycosides (tier 2 and tier 3 approach). Scenario analysis created dietary guidelines for each age category for diet soda, bread spreads and dairy drinks. There is little chance for T1D children to exceed the ADI of the different NNS, however diabetes educators and dieticians need to pay attention regarding the use of NNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Dewinter
- a Department of Health and Technology , University College Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Kristina Casteels
- b Department of Pediatrics , University Hospitals Leuven , Leuven , Belgium.,c Department of Development and Regeneration , KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Karen Corthouts
- d Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Endocrinology , University Hospitals Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Kristel Van de Kerckhove
- d Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Endocrinology , University Hospitals Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Katrien Van der Vaerent
- d Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Endocrinology , University Hospitals Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Kelly Vanmeerbeeck
- a Department of Health and Technology , University College Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Christophe Matthys
- d Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Endocrinology , University Hospitals Leuven , Leuven , Belgium.,e Department of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology , KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
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Rogers PJ, Hogenkamp PS, de Graaf C, Higgs S, Lluch A, Ness AR, Penfold C, Perry R, Putz P, Yeomans MR, Mela DJ. Does low-energy sweetener consumption affect energy intake and body weight? A systematic review, including meta-analyses, of the evidence from human and animal studies. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015; 40:381-94. [PMID: 26365102 PMCID: PMC4786736 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2015.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
By reducing energy density, low-energy sweeteners (LES) might be expected to reduce energy intake (EI) and body weight (BW). To assess the totality of the evidence testing the null hypothesis that LES exposure (versus sugars or unsweetened alternatives) has no effect on EI or BW, we conducted a systematic review of relevant studies in animals and humans consuming LES with ad libitum access to food energy. In 62 of 90 animal studies exposure to LES did not affect or decreased BW. Of 28 reporting increased BW, 19 compared LES with glucose exposure using a specific ‘learning' paradigm. Twelve prospective cohort studies in humans reported inconsistent associations between LES use and body mass index (−0.002 kg m−2 per year, 95% confidence interval (CI) −0.009 to 0.005). Meta-analysis of short-term randomized controlled trials (129 comparisons) showed reduced total EI for LES versus sugar-sweetened food or beverage consumption before an ad libitum meal (−94 kcal, 95% CI −122 to −66), with no difference versus water (−2 kcal, 95% CI −30 to 26). This was consistent with EI results from sustained intervention randomized controlled trials (10 comparisons). Meta-analysis of sustained intervention randomized controlled trials (4 weeks to 40 months) showed that consumption of LES versus sugar led to relatively reduced BW (nine comparisons; −1.35 kg, 95% CI –2.28 to −0.42), and a similar relative reduction in BW versus water (three comparisons; −1.24 kg, 95% CI –2.22 to −0.26). Most animal studies did not mimic LES consumption by humans, and reverse causation may influence the results of prospective cohort studies. The preponderance of evidence from all human randomized controlled trials indicates that LES do not increase EI or BW, whether compared with caloric or non-caloric (for example, water) control conditions. Overall, the balance of evidence indicates that use of LES in place of sugar, in children and adults, leads to reduced EI and BW, and possibly also when compared with water.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Rogers
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - P S Hogenkamp
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C de Graaf
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - S Higgs
- The School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - A Lluch
- Danone Research, Centre Daniel Carasso, RD, Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - A R Ness
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Unit in Nutrition, Diet and Lifestyle at the University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol and School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Level 3, University Hospitals Bristol Education Centre, Bristol, UK
| | - C Penfold
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Unit in Nutrition, Diet and Lifestyle at the University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol and School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Level 3, University Hospitals Bristol Education Centre, Bristol, UK
| | - R Perry
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Unit in Nutrition, Diet and Lifestyle at the University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol and School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Level 3, University Hospitals Bristol Education Centre, Bristol, UK
| | - P Putz
- European Branch, ILSI Europe a.i.s.b.l., Brussels, Belgium
| | - M R Yeomans
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - D J Mela
- Unilever R&D Vlaardingen, Vlaardingen, the Netherlands
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Affiliation(s)
- John D. Fernstrom
- Department of Psychiatry and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261;
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Kutyła-Kupidura EM, Sikora M, Krystyjan M, Dobosz A, Kowalski S, Pysz M, Tomasik P. Properties of Sugar-Free Cookies with Xylitol, Sucralose, Acesulfame K and Their Blends. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.12222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Maja Kutyła-Kupidura
- Department of Carbohydrates Technology; University of Agriculture in Krakow; Balicka 122 Krakow 30-149 Poland
| | - Marek Sikora
- Department of Carbohydrates Technology; University of Agriculture in Krakow; Balicka 122 Krakow 30-149 Poland
| | - Magdalena Krystyjan
- Department of Carbohydrates Technology; University of Agriculture in Krakow; Balicka 122 Krakow 30-149 Poland
| | - Anna Dobosz
- Department of Carbohydrates Technology; University of Agriculture in Krakow; Balicka 122 Krakow 30-149 Poland
| | - Stanisław Kowalski
- Department of Carbohydrates Technology; University of Agriculture in Krakow; Balicka 122 Krakow 30-149 Poland
| | - Mirosław Pysz
- Department of Human Nutrition; University of Agriculture in Krakow; Balicka 122 Krakow 30-149 Poland
| | - Piotr Tomasik
- Cracow College of Health Promotion; Krowoderska Street 73 Krakow 31-158 Poland
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Evaluation of the sweetener content in diet/light/zero foods and drinks by HPLC-DAD. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13197-015-1816-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
CONTEXT Artificial sweeteners (AS) have been associated with tumor development (including colon cancer) in both animals and humans although evidence has been conflicting. OBJECTIVES Additional research was thus conducted by studying the effects of 5 AS on the morphology, cell proliferation and DNA in cells by utilizing Caco-2, HT-29 (colon) and HEK-293 (kidney) cell lines. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cells were exposed to sodium cyclamate, sodium saccharin, sucralose and acesulfame-K (0-50 mM) and aspartame (0-35 mM) over 24, 48 and 72 hours. Morphological changes were presented photographically and % cell viability was determined by using the MTT cell viability assay. Possible DNA damage (comet assay) induced by the AS (0.1, 1 and 10 mM, treated for 24, 48 and 72 hours) was studied. The appearance of "comets" was scored from no damage to severe damage (0-4). RESULTS Cells became flatter and less well defined at higher AS concentrations (>10 mM). At concentrations >10 mM, decreased cell viability was noted with both increasing concentration and increasing incubation time for all cell lines tested. In general, HEK-293 cells seemed to be less affected then the colon cancer cells. Sucralose and sodium saccharin seemed to elicit the greatest degree of DNA fragmentation of all the sweeteners tested in all the cell lines used. DISCUSSION Morphological cell alterations, cell viability and DNA fragmentation seemed to be more in the colon cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS Further studies have to be performed to clarify mechanisms involved causing these alterations in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armorel Diane van Eyk
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of the Witwatersrand , Parktown , South Africa
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Chang CS, Yeh TS. Detection of 10 sweeteners in various foods by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. J Food Drug Anal 2014; 22:318-328. [PMID: 28911421 PMCID: PMC9354869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2014.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The analytical method for sweeteners in various food matrixes is very important for food quality control and regulation enforcement. A simple and rapid method for the simultaneous determination of 10 sweeteners [acesulfame potassium (ACS-K), aspartame (ASP), cyclamate (CYC), dulcin (DUL), glycyrrhizic acid (GA), neotame (NEO), neohesperidin dihydrochalcone (NHDC), saccharin (SAC), sucralose (SCL), and stevioside (STV)] in various foods by liquid chromatography/tandem mass chromatography (LC–MS/MS) was developed. The chromatographic separation was performed on a Phenomenex Luna Phenyl-Hexyl (5 μm, 4.6 mm × 150 mm) column with gradient elution of 10 mM ammonium acetate in water and 10 mM ammonium acetate in methanol. The recoveries of the 10 sweeteners were between 75% and 120%, and the coefficients of variation were less than 20%. The limits of quantification were 0.5 μg/kg for NHDC and SCL. For the other sweeteners, the limits of quantification were 0.1 μg/kg. Compared to the traditional high-performance liquid chromatography method, the LC–MS/MS method could provide better sensitivity, higher throughput, enhanced specificity, and more sweeteners analyzed in a single run. The samples included 27 beverages (16 alcoholic and 11 nonalcoholic beverages) and 15 pickled foods (1 pickled pepper, 3 candies, and 11 candied fruits). Two remanufactured wines were found to contain 7.2, 8.5 μg/g SAC and 126.5, 123 μg/g CYC, respectively. ACS-K, ASP, SCL, and NEO were detected in five beverages and drinks. The pickled peppers and candied fruits were found to contain SAC, GA, CYC, ASP, STV, NEO, and ACS-K. The wine with sweeteners detected was remanufactured wine, not naturally fermented wine. Therefore, the ingredient label for the sweeteners of remanufactured wine should be regulated by the proper authority for inspection of sweeteners.
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Suh HJ, Choi J, An DJ, Choi S, Kim DY, Kim AY. Assessment of Dietary Consumption Patterns of Aspartame and Acesulfame K in the Korean Population. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.3746/jkfn.2014.43.4.604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Parlee SD, Simon BR, Scheller EL, Alejandro EU, Learman BS, Krishnan V, Bernal-Mizrachi E, MacDougald OA. Administration of saccharin to neonatal mice influences body composition of adult males and reduces body weight of females. Endocrinology 2014; 155:1313-26. [PMID: 24456165 PMCID: PMC3959603 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Nutritional or pharmacological perturbations during perinatal growth can cause persistent effects on the function of white adipose tissue, altering susceptibility to obesity later in life. Previous studies have established that saccharin, a nonnutritive sweetener, inhibits lipolysis in mature adipocytes and stimulates adipogenesis. Thus, the current study tested whether neonatal exposure to saccharin via maternal lactation increased susceptibility of mice to diet-induced obesity. Saccharin decreased body weight of female mice beginning postnatal week 3. Decreased liver weights on week 14 corroborated this diminished body weight. Initially, saccharin also reduced male mouse body weight. By week 5, weights transiently rebounded above controls, and by week 14, male body weights did not differ. Body composition analysis revealed that saccharin increased lean and decreased fat mass of male mice, the latter due to decreased adipocyte size and epididymal, perirenal, and sc adipose weights. A mild improvement in glucose tolerance without a change in insulin sensitivity or secretion aligned with this leaner phenotype. Interestingly, microcomputed tomography analysis indicated that saccharin also increased cortical and trabecular bone mass of male mice and modified cortical bone alone in female mice. A modest increase in circulating testosterone may contribute to the leaner phenotype in male mice. Accordingly, the current study established a developmental period in which saccharin at high concentrations reduces adiposity and increases lean and bone mass in male mice while decreasing generalized growth in female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian D Parlee
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Internal Medicine (S.D.P., B.R.S., E.L.S., B.S.L., O.A.M.), and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes (E.U.A., E.B.-M., O.A.M.), School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105; and Musculoskeletal Research (V.K.), Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
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Peretti N. La consommation de boissons light chez l’enfant. Arch Pediatr 2013; 20:585-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2013.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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36
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Ha MS, Ha SD, Choi SH, Bae DH. Assessment of exposure of Korean consumers to acesulfame K and sucralose using a stepwise approach. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2013; 64:715-23. [PMID: 23631357 DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2013.789491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Using a stepwise assessment of the exposure of Korean consumers to acesulfame K and sucralose, theoretical maximum daily intakes of the sweeteners were calculated using the Budget screening method, which resulted in values greater than the acceptable daily intakes (ADIs). Accordingly, the daily intakes of the sweeteners based on food consumption data and concentrations determined by instrumental analysis of 605 food samples were estimated for the more refined approach. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of all ordinary consumers were lower than the ADI, which was considered safe. However, for infants and 95th percentile high-level consumers (especially those who choose sucralose-containing foods), the EDIs of sucralose were very close to and higher than the ADI. Therefore, the sucralose concentration in sweetened beverages should be reduced; this would benefit the health of both high-level consumers and infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Sun Ha
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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37
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Zygler A, Wasik A, Kot-Wasik A, Namieśnik J. The content of high-intensity sweeteners in different categories of foods available on the Polish market. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012; 29:1391-401. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.699475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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38
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Fitch C, Keim KS. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: use of nutritive and nonnutritive sweeteners. J Acad Nutr Diet 2012; 112:739-58. [PMID: 22709780 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
It is the position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics that consumers can safely enjoy a range of nutritive sweeteners and nonnutritive sweeteners (NNS) when consumed within an eating plan that is guided by current federal nutrition recommendations, such as the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and the Dietary Reference Intakes, as well as individual health goals and personal preference. A preference for sweet taste is innate and sweeteners can increase the pleasure of eating. Nutritive sweeteners contain carbohydrate and provide energy. They occur naturally in foods or may be added in food processing or by consumers before consumption. Higher intake of added sugars is associated with higher energy intake and lower diet quality, which can increase the risk for obesity, prediabetes, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. On average, adults in the United States consume 14.6% of energy from added sugars. Polyols (also referred to as sugar alcohols) add sweetness with less energy and may reduce risk for dental caries. Foods containing polyols and/or no added sugars can, within food labeling guidelines, be labeled as sugar-free. NNS are those that sweeten with minimal or no carbohydrate or energy. They are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration as food additives or generally recognized as safe. The Food and Drug Administration approval process includes determination of probable intake, cumulative effect from all uses, and toxicology studies in animals. Seven NNS are approved for use in the United States: acesulfame K, aspartame, luo han guo fruit extract, neotame, saccharin, stevia, and sucralose. They have different functional properties that may affect perceived taste or use in different food applications. All NNS approved for use in the United States are determined to be safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Fitch
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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39
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Advances in simultaneous DSC-FTIR microspectroscopy for rapid solid-state chemical stability studies: some dipeptide drugs as examples. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:461-78. [PMID: 22300653 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The solid-state chemistry of drugs has seen growing importance in the pharmaceutical industry for the development of useful API (active pharmaceutical ingredients) of drugs and stable dosage forms. The stability of drugs in various solid dosage forms is an important issue because solid dosage forms are the most common pharmaceutical formulation in clinical use. In solid-state stability studies of drugs, an ideal accelerated method must not only be selected by different complicated methods, but must also detect the formation of degraded product. In this review article, an analytical technique combining differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier-transform infrared (DSC-FTIR) microspectroscopy simulates the accelerated stability test, and simultaneously detects the decomposed products in real time. The pharmaceutical dipeptides aspartame hemihydrate, lisinopril dihydrate, and enalapril maleate either with or without Eudragit E were used as testing examples. This one-step simultaneous DSC-FTIR technique for real-time detection of diketopiperazine (DKP) directly evidenced the dehydration process and DKP formation as an impurity common in pharmaceutical dipeptides. DKP formation in various dipeptides determined by different analytical methods had been collected and compiled. Although many analytical methods have been applied, the combined DSC-FTIR technique is an easy and fast analytical method which not only can simulate the accelerated drug stability testing but also at the same time enable to explore phase transformation as well as degradation due to thermal-related reactions. This technique offers quick and proper interpretations.
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Huvaere K, Vandevijvere S, Hasni M, Vinkx C, Van Loco J. Dietary intake of artificial sweeteners by the Belgian population. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012; 29:54-65. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2011.627572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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41
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Franz MJ, Powers MA, Leontos C, Holzmeister LA, Kulkarni K, Monk A, Wedel N, Gradwell E. The evidence for medical nutrition therapy for type 1 and type 2 diabetes in adults. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 110:1852-89. [PMID: 21111095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2010.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the evidence and nutrition practice recommendations from the American Dietetic Association's nutrition practice guidelines for type 1 and type 2 diabetes in adults. The research literature was reviewed to answer nutrition practice questions and resulted in 29 recommendations. Here, we present the recommendations and provide a comprehensive and systematic review of the evidence associated with their development. Major nutrition therapy factors reviewed are carbohydrate (intake, sucrose, non-nutritive sweeteners, glycemic index, and fiber), protein intake, cardiovascular disease, and weight management. Contributing factors to nutrition therapy reviewed are physical activity and glucose monitoring. Based on individualized nutrition therapy client/patient goals and lifestyle changes the client/patient is willing and able to make, registered dietitians can select appropriate interventions based on key recommendations that include consistency in day-to-day carbohydrate intake, adjusting insulin doses to match carbohydrate intake, substitution of sucrose-containing foods, usual protein intake, cardioprotective nutrition interventions, weight management strategies, regular physical activity, and use of self-monitored blood glucose data. The evidence is strong that medical nutrition therapy provided by registered dietitians is an effective and essential therapy in the management of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion J Franz
- Nutrition Concepts by Franz, Inc, Minneapolis, MN 55439, USA.
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42
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Neonatal exposure to sucralose does not alter biochemical markers of neuronal development or adult behavior. Nutrition 2011; 27:81-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2009.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Revised: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 10/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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43
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Lipski A, Rhimi M, Haser R, Aghajari N. Structure/Function Relationships of Sucrose Isomerases with Different Product Specificity. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2010. [DOI: 10.5458/jag.57.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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An overview of the safety of sucralose. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2009; 55:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2009] [Revised: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Lino C, Costa I, Pena A, Ferreira R, Cardoso S. Estimated intake of the sweeteners, acesulfame-K and aspartame, from soft drinks, soft drinks based on mineral waters and nectars for a group of Portuguese teenage students. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2008; 25:1291-6. [DOI: 10.1080/02652030802195309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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47
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Estimated intake of intense sweeteners from non-alcoholic beverages in Denmark, 2005. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2008; 25:662-8. [PMID: 18484294 DOI: 10.1080/02652030701765749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In 2005, 76 out of 177 analysed samples of non-alcoholic beverages were found to contain the intense sweeteners cyclamate, acesulfame-K, aspartame, and saccharin. The content of cyclamate did not exceed the now permitted maximum level in the European Union of 250 mg l(-1) in soft drinks. The estimated intake of the sweeteners was calculated using the Danish Dietary Survey based on 3098 persons aged 1-80 years. The estimated intake with 90th percentiles of 0.7, 0.8 and 0.2 mg kg(-1) body weight day(-1) for acesulfame-K, aspartame, and saccharin, respectively, was much lower than the acceptable daily intake values of 15, 40, 7, and 2.5 mg kg(-1) body weight day(-1) for acesulfame-K, aspartame, and saccharin, respectively, and on the same level as in the similar investigation from 1999. In contrast to the 1999 investigation, the 90th percentile of the estimated cyclamate intake in 1-3 year olds with 3.7 mg kg(-1) body weight day(-1) was in 2005 lower than the acceptable daily intake of 7 mg kg(-1) body weight day(-1). However, the 99th percentile for 1-3 year olds with 7.4 mg kg(-1) body weight day(-1) still exceeded the acceptable daily intake slightly. The 90th percentile for the whole population with 0.9 mg kg(-1) body weight day(-1) was halved compared with 1999. The reduction in the European Union of the maximum permitted level for cyclamate from 400 to 250 mg l(-1) has brought the intake of cyclamate in small children down to well below the acceptable daily intake value.
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Whitehouse CR, Boullata J, McCauley LA. The potential toxicity of artificial sweeteners. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 56:251-9; quiz 260-1. [PMID: 18604921 DOI: 10.3928/08910162-20080601-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Since their discovery, the safety of artificial sweeteners has been controversial. Artificial sweeteners provide the sweetness of sugar without the calories. As public health attention has turned to reversing the obesity epidemic in the United States, more individuals of all ages are choosing to use these products. These choices may be beneficial for those who cannot tolerate sugar in their diets (e.g., diabetics). However, scientists disagree about the relationships between sweeteners and lymphomas, leukemias, cancers of the bladder and brain, chronic fatigue syndrome, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, autism, and systemic lupus. Recently these substances have received increased attention due to their effects on glucose regulation. Occupational health nurses need accurate and timely information to counsel individuals regarding the use of these substances. This article provides an overview of types of artificial sweeteners, sweetener history, chemical structure, biological fate, physiological effects, published animal and human studies, and current standards and regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina R Whitehouse
- Adult Health/Gerontology Nurse Practitioner Program, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Shimizu-Ibuka A, Nakai Y, Nakamori K, Morita Y, Nakajima KI, Kadota K, Watanabe H, Okubo S, Terada T, Asakura T, Misaka T, Abe K. Biochemical and genomic analysis of neoculin compared to monocot mannose-binding lectins. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:5338-5344. [PMID: 18537258 DOI: 10.1021/jf800214b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Neoculin occurring in an edible tropical fruit is a heterodimeric protein which has both sweetness and a taste-modifying activity that converts sourness to sweetness. Both the primary and the overall tertiary structures of neoculin resemble those of monocot mannose-binding lectins. This study investigated differences in biochemical properties between neoculin and the lectins. Structural comparison between the mannose-binding sites of lectins and the corresponding regions of neoculin showed that there is at least one amino acid substitution at each site in neoculin, suggesting a reason for the lack of its mannose-binding ability. This was consistent with hemagglutination assay data demonstrating that neoculin had no detectable agglutinin activity. DNA microarray analysis indicated that neoculin had no significant influence on gene expression in Caco-2 cell, whereas kidney bean lectin (Phaseolus vulgaris agglutinin) greatly influenced various gene expressions. These data strongly suggest that neoculin has no lectin-like properties, encouraging its practical use in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Shimizu-Ibuka
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry and Agricultural Bioinformatics Research Unit, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Renwick A. The use of a sweetener substitution method to predict dietary exposures for the intense sweetener rebaudioside A. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46 Suppl 7:S61-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2007] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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