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De Angelis M, Schobesberger S, Selinger F, Sedlmayr VL, Frauenlob M, Corcione O, Dong S, Gilardi G, Ertl P, Sadeghi SJ. A multi-channel microfluidic platform based on human flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 for personalised medicine. RSC Adv 2024; 14:13209-13217. [PMID: 38655484 PMCID: PMC11037025 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra01516a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Human flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) is a drug-metabolizing enzyme (DME) which is known to be highly polymorphic. Some of its polymorphic variants are associated with inter-individual differences that contribute to drug response. In order to measure these differences, the implementation of a quick and efficient in vitro assay is highly desirable. To this end, in this work a microfluidic immobilized enzyme reactor (μ-IMER) was developed with four separate serpentines where FMO3 and its two common polymorphic variants (V257M and E158K) were covalently immobilized via glutaraldehyde cross-linking in the presence of a polylysine coating. Computational fluid dynamics simulations were performed to calculate the selected substrate retention time in serpentines with different surface areas at various flow rates. The oxidation of tamoxifen, an anti-breast cancer drug, was used as a model reaction to characterize the new device in terms of available surface area for immobilization, channel coating, and applied flow rate. The highest amount of product was obtained when applying a 10 μL min-1 flow rate on polylysine-coated serpentines with a surface area of 90 mm2 each. Moreover, these conditions were used to test the device as a multi-enzymatic platform by simultaneously assessing the conversion of tamoxifen by FMO3 and its two polymorphic variants immobilized on different serpentines of the same chip. The results obtained demonstrate that the differences observed in the conversion of tamoxifen within the chip are similar to those already published (E158K > WT > V257M). Therefore, this microfluidic platform provides a feasible option for fabricating devices for personalised medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa De Angelis
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino via Accademia Albertina 13 10123 Torino Italy
| | | | - Florian Selinger
- TU Wien, Faculty of Technical Chemistry Getreidemarkt 9 1060 Vienna Austria
| | | | - Martin Frauenlob
- TU Wien, Faculty of Technical Chemistry Getreidemarkt 9 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Orsola Corcione
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino via Accademia Albertina 13 10123 Torino Italy
| | - Shiman Dong
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino via Accademia Albertina 13 10123 Torino Italy
| | - Gianfranco Gilardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino via Accademia Albertina 13 10123 Torino Italy
| | - Peter Ertl
- TU Wien, Faculty of Technical Chemistry Getreidemarkt 9 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Sheila J Sadeghi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino via Accademia Albertina 13 10123 Torino Italy
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2
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Gawryś-Kopczyńska M, Szudzik M, Samborowska E, Konop M, Chabowski D, Onyszkiewicz M, Ufnal M. Spontaneously hypertensive rats exhibit increased liver flavin monooxygenase expression and elevated plasma TMAO levels compared to normotensive and Ang II-dependent hypertensive rats. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1340166. [PMID: 38681141 PMCID: PMC11046708 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1340166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Flavin monooxygenases (FMOs) are enzymes responsible for the oxidation of a broad spectrum of exogenous and endogenous amines. There is increasing evidence that trimethylamine (TMA), a compound produced by gut bacteria and also recognized as an industrial pollutant, contributes to cardiovascular diseases. FMOs convert TMA into trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), which is an emerging marker of cardiovascular risk. This study hypothesized that blood pressure phenotypes in rats might be associated with variations in the expression of FMOs. Methods: The expression of FMO1, FMO3, and FMO5 was evaluated in the kidneys, liver, lungs, small intestine, and large intestine of normotensive male Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) and two distinct hypertensive rat models: spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and WKY rats with angiotensin II-induced hypertension (WKY-ANG). Plasma concentrations of TMA and TMAO were measured at baseline and after intravenous administration of TMA using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Results: We found that the expression of FMOs in WKY, SHR, and WKY-ANG rats was in the descending order of FMO3 > FMO1 >> FMO5. The highest expression of FMOs was observed in the liver. Notably, SHRs exhibited a significantly elevated expression of FMO3 in the liver compared to WKY and WKY-ANG rats. Additionally, the plasma TMAO/TMA ratio was significantly higher in SHRs than in WKY rats. Conclusion: SHRs demonstrate enhanced expression of FMO3 and a higher plasma TMAO/TMA ratio. The variability in the expression of FMOs and the metabolism of amines might contribute to the hypertensive phenotype observed in SHRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gawryś-Kopczyńska
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Szudzik
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Emilia Samborowska
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Konop
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dawid Chabowski
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maksymilian Onyszkiewicz
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Ufnal
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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3
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Lee SCES, Pyo AHA, Koritzinsky M. Longitudinal dynamics of the tumor hypoxia response: From enzyme activity to biological phenotype. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadj6409. [PMID: 37992163 PMCID: PMC10664991 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj6409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Poor oxygenation (hypoxia) is a common spatially heterogeneous feature of human tumors. Biological responses to tumor hypoxia are orchestrated by the decreased activity of oxygen-dependent enzymes. The affinity of these enzymes for oxygen positions them along a continuum of oxygen sensing that defines their roles in launching reactive and adaptive cellular responses. These responses encompass regulation of all steps in the central dogma, with rapid perturbation of the metabolome and proteome followed by more persistent reprogramming of the transcriptome and epigenome. Core hypoxia response genes and pathways are commonly regulated at multiple inflection points, fine-tuning the dependencies on oxygen concentration and hypoxia duration. Ultimately, shifts in the activity of oxygen-sensing enzymes directly or indirectly endow cells with intrinsic hypoxia tolerance and drive processes that are associated with aggressive phenotypes in cancer including angiogenesis, migration, invasion, immune evasion, epithelial mesenchymal transition, and stemness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Che-Eun S. Lee
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea Hye An Pyo
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marianne Koritzinsky
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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4
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Wang L, Zha H, Huang J, Shi L. Flavin containing monooxygenase 2 regulates renal tubular cell fibrosis and paracrine secretion via SMURF2 in AKI‑CKD transformation. Int J Mol Med 2023; 52:110. [PMID: 37800598 PMCID: PMC10558214 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2023.5313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the follow‑up of hospitalized patients with acute kidney injury (AKI), it has been observed that 15‑30% of these patients progress to develop chronic kidney disease (CKD). Impaired adaptive repair of the kidneys following AKI is a fundamental pathophysiological mechanism underlying renal fibrosis and the progression to CKD. Deficient repair of proximal tubular epithelial cells is a key factor in the progression from AKI to CKD. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of fibrotic factor paracrine secretion by injured tubular cells remain incompletely understood. Transcriptome analysis and an ischemia‑reperfusion injury (IRI) model were used to identify the contribution of flavin‑containing monooxygenase 2 (FMO2) in AKI‑CKD. Lentivirus‑mediated overexpression of FMO2 was performed in mice. Functional experiments were conducted using TGF‑β‑induced tubular cell fibrogenesis and paracrine pro‑fibrotic factor secretion. Expression of FMO2 attenuated kidney injury induced by renal IRI, renal fibrosis, and immune cell infiltration into the kidneys. Overexpression of FMO2 not only effectively blocked TGF secretion in tubular cell fibrogenesis but also inhibited aberrant paracrine activation of pro‑fibrotic factors present in fibroblasts. FMO2 negatively regulated TGF‑β‑mediated SMAD2/3 activation by promoting the expression of SMAD ubiquitination regulatory factor 2 (SMURF2) and its nuclear translocation. During the transition from AKI to CKD, FMO2 modulated tubular cell fibrogenesis and paracrine secretion through SMURF2, thereby affecting the outcome of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Wang
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Pediatric Diseases, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450018, P.R. China
| | - Hongchu Zha
- Department of Nephrology, The First Clinical Medical College of Three Gorges University, Center People's Hospital of Yichang, Kidney Disease Research Institute of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443000, P.R. China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Lang Shi
- Department of Nephrology, The First Clinical Medical College of Three Gorges University, Center People's Hospital of Yichang, Kidney Disease Research Institute of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443000, P.R. China
- Department of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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5
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Gong X, Hou D, Zhou S, Tan J, Zhong G, Yang B, Xie L, Han F, Zhong L. FMO family may serve as novel marker and potential therapeutic target for the peritoneal metastasis in gastric cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1144775. [PMID: 37274237 PMCID: PMC10234505 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1144775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore the relationship between flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs) and peritoneal metastasis (PM) in gastric cancer (GC). Materials and methods TIMER 2.0 was used to perform pan-cancer analysis and assess the correlation between the expression of FMOs and cancers. A dataset from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) was used to analyze the correlation between FMOs and clinicopathological features of GC. PM is well established as the most common mode of metastasis in GC. To further analyze the correlation between FMOs and PM of GC, a dataset was obtained from the National Center for Biotechnology Information Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The results were validated by immunohistochemistry. The relationship between FMOs and PM of GC was explored, and a novel PM risk signature was constructed by least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis. The regression model's validity was tested by multisampling. A nomogram was established based on the model for predicting PM in GC patients. The mechanism of FMOs in GC patients presenting with PM was assessed by conducting Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses in TCGA and GEO datasets. Finally, the potential relationship between FMOs and immunotherapy was analyzed. Results The pan-cancer analysis in TCGA and GEO datasets showed that FMO1 was upregulated, while FMO2 and FMO4 were downregulated in GC. Moreover, FMO1 and FMO2 correlated positively with the T and N stage of GC in the TCGA dataset. FMO1 and FMO2 expression was a risk factor for GC (hazard ratio: 1.112 and 1.185). The overexpression of FMO1 was significantly correlated with worse disease-free-survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). However, no relationship was found between FMO2 expression in GC and DFS and OS. PM was highly prevalent among GC patients and typically associated with a worse prognosis. FMO1 was highly expressed in GC with PM. FMO1 and FMO2 were positively correlated with PM in GC. We identified a 12-gene panel for predicting the PM risk signature by LASSO (Area Under Curve (AUC) = 0.948, 95%CI: 0.896-1.000). A 10-gene panel for PM prediction was identified (AUC = 0.932, 95%CI: 0.874-0.990), comprising FMO1 and FMO2. To establish a model for clinical application, a 7-gene panel was established (AUC = 0.927, 95% CI: 0.877-0.977) and successfully validated by multisampling. (AUC = 0.892, 95% CI: 0.878-0.906). GO and KEGG analyses suggest that FMO1 and FMO2 regulate the extracellular matrix and cell adhesion. FMO1 and FMO2 were positively correlated with the immune score of GC, and their expression was associated with the infiltration of immune cells. Conclusion PM in GC is strongly correlated with FMOs. Overall, FMO1 and FMO2 have huge prospects for application as novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xumeng Gong
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Yuebei People’s Hospital, Shaoguan, Guangdong, China
- Department of Head-Neck and Breast Surgery, Yuebei People’s Hospital of Shantou University, Shaoguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Dong Hou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shengning Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianan Tan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guangyu Zhong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bing Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lang Xie
- Department of General Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fanghai Han
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lin Zhong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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6
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Rendić SP, Crouch RD, Guengerich FP. Roles of selected non-P450 human oxidoreductase enzymes in protective and toxic effects of chemicals: review and compilation of reactions. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:2145-2246. [PMID: 35648190 PMCID: PMC9159052 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03304-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This is an overview of the metabolic reactions of drugs, natural products, physiological compounds, and other (general) chemicals catalyzed by flavin monooxygenase (FMO), monoamine oxidase (MAO), NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase (NQO), and molybdenum hydroxylase enzymes (aldehyde oxidase (AOX) and xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR)), including roles as substrates, inducers, and inhibitors of the enzymes. The metabolism and bioactivation of selected examples of each group (i.e., drugs, “general chemicals,” natural products, and physiological compounds) are discussed. We identified a higher fraction of bioactivation reactions for FMO enzymes compared to other enzymes, predominately involving drugs and general chemicals. With MAO enzymes, physiological compounds predominate as substrates, and some products lead to unwanted side effects or illness. AOX and XOR enzymes are molybdenum hydroxylases that catalyze the oxidation of various heteroaromatic rings and aldehydes and the reduction of a number of different functional groups. While neither of these two enzymes contributes substantially to the metabolism of currently marketed drugs, AOX has become a frequently encountered route of metabolism among drug discovery programs in the past 10–15 years. XOR has even less of a role in the metabolism of clinical drugs and preclinical drug candidates than AOX, likely due to narrower substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel D Crouch
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN, 37204, USA
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
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7
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Williams DE. Indoles Derived From Glucobrassicin: Cancer Chemoprevention by Indole-3-Carbinol and 3,3'-Diindolylmethane. Front Nutr 2021; 8:734334. [PMID: 34660663 PMCID: PMC8517077 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.734334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrolysis of glucobrassicin by plant or bacterial myrosinase produces multiple indoles predominantly indole-3-carbinol (I3C). I3C and its major in vivo product, 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM), are effective cancer chemopreventive agents in pre-clinical models and show promise in clinical trials. The pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of DIM have been studied in both rodents and humans and urinary DIM is a proposed biomarker of dietary intake of cruciferous vegetables. Recent clinical studies at Oregon State University show surprisingly robust metabolism of DIM in vivo with mono- and di-hydroxylation followed by conjugation with sulfate or glucuronic acid. DIM has multiple mechanisms of action, the most well-characterized is modulation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) signaling. In rainbow trout dose-dependent cancer chemoprevention by dietary I3C is achieved when given prior to or concurrent with aflatoxin B1, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrosamines or direct acting carcinogens such as N-methyl-N'-nitro-nitrosoguanidine. Feeding pregnant mice I3C inhibits transplacental carcinogenesis. In humans much of the focus has been on chemoprevention of breast and prostate cancer. Alteration of cytochrome P450-dependent estrogen metabolism is hypothesized to be an important driver of DIM-dependent breast cancer prevention. The few studies done to date comparing glucobrassicin-rich crucifers such as Brussels sprouts with I3C/DIM supplements have shown the greater impact of the latter is due to dose. Daily ingestion of kg quantities of Brussels sprouts is required to produce in vivo levels of DIM achievable by supplementation. In clinical trials these supplement doses have elicited few if any adverse effects. Sulforaphane from glucoraphanin can act synergistically with glucobrassicin-derived DIM and this may lead to opportunities for combinatorial approaches (supplement and food-based) in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E. Williams
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
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8
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Cheropkina H, Catucci G, Marucco A, Fenoglio I, Gilardi G, Sadeghi SJ. Human flavin-containing monooxygenase 1 and its long-sought hydroperoxyflavin intermediate. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 193:114763. [PMID: 34509493 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Out of the five isoforms of human flavin-containing monooxygenase (hFMO), FMO1 and FMO3 are the most relevant to Phase I drug metabolism. They are involved in the oxygenation of xenobiotics including drugs and pesticides using NADPH and FAD as cofactors. Majority of the characterization of these enzymes has involved hFMO3, where intermediates of its catalytic cycle have been described. On the other hand, research efforts have so far failed in capturing the same key intermediate that is responsible for the monooxygenation activity of hFMO1. In this work we demonstrate spectrophotometrically the formation of a highly stable C4a-hydroperoxyflavin intermediate of hFMO1 upon reduction by NADPH and in the presence of O2. The measured half-life of this flavin intermediate revealed it to be stable and not fully re-oxidized even after 30 min at 15 °C in the absence of substrate, the highest stability ever observed for a human FMO. In addition, the uncoupling reactions of hFMO1 show that this enzyme is <1% uncoupled in the presence of substrate, forming small amounts of H2O2 with no observable superoxide as confirmed by EPR spin trapping experiments. This behaviour is different from hFMO3, that is shown to form both H2O2 and superoxide anion radical as a result of ∼50% uncoupling. These data are consistent with the higher stability of the hFMO1 intermediate in comparison to hFMO3. Taken together, these data demonstrate the different behaviours of these two closely related enzymes with consequences for drug metabolism as well as possible toxicity due to reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Cheropkina
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Gianluca Catucci
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Arianna Marucco
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Italy
| | | | - Gianfranco Gilardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Sheila J Sadeghi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Italy.
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9
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Bortolussi S, Catucci G, Gilardi G, Sadeghi SJ. N- and S-oxygenation activity of truncated human flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 and its common polymorphic variants. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 697:108663. [PMID: 33152328 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) is a membrane-bound, phase I drug metabolizing enzyme. It is highly polymorphic with some of its variants demonstrating differences in rates of turnover of its substrates: xenobiotics including drugs as well as dietary compounds. In order to measure its in vitro activity and compare any differences between the wild type enzyme and its polymorphic variants, we undertook a systematic study using different engineered proteins, heterologously expressed in bacteria, purified and catalytically characterized with 3 different substrates. These included the full-length as well as the more soluble C-terminal truncated versions of the common polymorphic variants (E158K, V257M and E308G) of FMO3 in addition to the full-length and truncated wild-type proteins. In vitro activity assays were performed with benzydamine, tamoxifen and sulindac sulfide, whose products were measured by HPLC. Differences in catalytic properties between the wild-type FMO3 and its common polymorphic variants were similar to those observed with the truncated, more soluble versions of the enzymes. Interestingly, the truncated enzymes were better catalysts than the full-length proteins. The data obtained point to the feasibility of using the more soluble forms of this enzyme for in vitro drug assays as well as future biotechnological applications possibly in high throughput systems such as bioelectrochemical platforms and biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Bortolussi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Italy; School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, University of East London, UK.
| | - Gianluca Catucci
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Italy.
| | - Gianfranco Gilardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Italy.
| | - Sheila J Sadeghi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Italy.
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10
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Catucci G, Aramini D, Sadeghi SJ, Gilardi G. Ligand stabilization and effect on unfolding by polymorphism in human flavin-containing monooxygenase 3. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 162:1484-1493. [PMID: 32781122 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacogenomics is a powerful tool to prevent adverse reactions caused by different response of individuals to drug administration. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) represent up to 90% of genetic variations among individuals. Drug metabolizing enzymes are highly polymorphic therefore the kinetic parameters of their catalytic reactions can be significantly influenced. This work reports on the unfolding process of a phase I drug metabolizing enzyme, human flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (hFMO3) and its single nucleotide polymorphic variants (SNPs) V257M, E158K and E308G. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) indicates that the thermal denaturation of the enzyme is irreversible. The melting temperature (Tm) for the (Wild Type) WT and its polymorphic variants is found to be in a range from 46 °C to 50 °C. Also the activation energies of unfolding (Ea) show no significant differences among all proteins investigated (290-328 KJ/mol), except for the E308G variant that showed a significantly higher Ea of 412 KJ/mol. The presence of the bound NADP+ cofactor is found to stabilize all the variants by shifting the main Tm by 4-5 °C for all the proteins, exception made for E308G where no changes are observed. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) was used to characterize the interaction of the protein with NADP+ in terms of dissociation constant (Kd), enthalpy (ΔH) and entropy (ΔS). Kd values of 1.6 and 0.7 μM, ΔH of -13.9 Kcal/mol and -16.8 Kcal/mol, ΔS of -20.5 cal/mol/deg, and -28.5 cal/mol/deg were found for V257M and E158K respectively. E308G was found to be unable to bind the NADP+ cofactor, a result that is in line with the Tm results. Circular dichroism also confirmed an overall lower stability of E308G, while NADP+ was found to give a strong positive shift of the Tm stabilizing the structure of E158K (46.2 to 50.6 °C). Previous data highlighted significant differences in terms of activity among the SNPs of hFMO3. In this work a minor impact of the SNPs was found on the stability of the enzyme in the ligand free form, except for E308G, whereas the binding of NADP+ reveals major differences among WT and polymorphic variants that are all measurable in terms of heat capacity, enthalpy and secondary structure content. These data provide the first direct evidence of ligand stabilization effects on hFMO3 that can explain the differences observed in catalytic efficiencies and serve as the starting point for the development of inhibitors of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Catucci
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Italy
| | - D Aramini
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Italy
| | - S J Sadeghi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Italy
| | - G Gilardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Italy.
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11
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Zhu KX, Song PY, He-Li, Li MP, Du YX, Ma QL, Peng LM, Chen XP. Association of FMO3 rs1736557 polymorphism with clopidogrel response in Chinese patients with coronary artery disease. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 77:359-368. [PMID: 33089397 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-020-03024-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel is commonly used for coronary artery disease (CAD) patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention to prevent stent thrombosis and ischemic events. However, some patients show high on-treatment platelet reactivity (HTPR) during clopidogrel therapy. Genetic factors such as loss-of-function variants of CYP2C19 are validated to increase the risk of HTPR. Flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) is reported to be associated with potency of platelet responsiveness and thrombosis. This study aimed to explore the association between FMO3 rs1736557 polymorphism and clopidogrel response. METHODS Five hundred twenty-two Chinese CAD patients treated with dual antiplatelet therapy were recruited from Xiangya Hospital. After oral administration of 300 mg loading dose (LD) clopidogrel for 12-24 h or 75 mg daily maintenance dose (MD) clopidogrel for at least 5 days, the platelet reaction index (PRI) was determined by vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein-phosphorylation assay. FMO3 rs1736557, CYP2C19*2, and CYP2C19*3 polymorphisms were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). RESULTS Mean PRI value was significantly higher in CYP2C19 poor metabolizers (PMs) and intermediate metabolizers (IMs) than the extensive metabolizers (EMs) (p < 0.001). In addition, FMO3 rs1736557 AA homozygotes showed significantly lower PRI as compared with carriers of the major rs1736557 G allele in the entire cohort and in the MD cohort (p = 0.011, p = 0.008, respectively). The risk of HTPR was decreased significantly in carriers of the rs1736557 A allele (AA vs GG: OR = 0.316, 95% CI: 0.137-0.726, p = 0.005; AA vs GA: OR = 0.249, 95% CI: 0.104-0.597, p = 0.001; AA vs GG+GA: OR = 0.294, 95% CI: 0.129-0.669, p = 0.002), and the association was observed mainly in patients carrying the CYP2C19 LOF allele and in those administered with MD. CONCLUSION The FMO3 rs1736557 AA genotype was related to an increased the antiplatelet potency of clopidogrel in Chinese CAD patients. Additional studies are required to verify this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kong-Xiang Zhu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University; Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Yuan Song
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University; Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - He-Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University; Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mu-Peng Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University; Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin-Xiao Du
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University; Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Lin Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Ming Peng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China. .,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University; Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao-Ping Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China. .,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University; Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Catucci G, Gilardi G, Sadeghi SJ. Production of drug metabolites by human FMO3 in Escherichia coli. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:74. [PMID: 32197603 PMCID: PMC7085137 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01332-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the course of drug discovery and development process, sufficient reference standards of drug metabolites are required, especially for preclinical/clinical or new therapeutic drugs. Whole-cell synthesis of drug metabolites is of great interest due to its low cost, low environmental impact and specificity of the enzymatic reaction compared to chemical synthesis. Here, Escherichia coli (E. coli) JM109 cells over-expressing the recombinant human FMO3 (flavin-containing monooxygenase isoform 3) were used for the conversions of clomiphene, dasatinib, GSK5182 and tozasertib to their corresponding N-oxide metabolites. Results The effects of NADPH regeneration, organic solvents as well as C-terminal truncations of human FMO3 were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, in excess of 200 mg/L of N-oxide metabolite of each of the four drugs could be produced by whole-cell catalysis within 24 h. Of these, more than 90% yield conversions were obtained for the N-oxidation of clomiphene and dasatinib. In addition, FMO3 shows high regio-selectivity in metabolizing GSK5182 where only the (Z) isomer is monooxygenated. Conclusions The study shows the successful use of human FMO3-based whole-cell as a biocatalyst for the efficient synthesis of drug metabolites including regio-selective reactions involving GSK5182, a new candidate against type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Catucci
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Turin, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Gilardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Turin, Italy
| | - Sheila J Sadeghi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Turin, Italy.
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13
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Ancestral-sequence reconstruction unveils the structural basis of function in mammalian FMOs. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2019; 27:14-24. [PMID: 31873300 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-019-0347-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs) are ubiquitous in all domains of life and metabolize a myriad of xenobiotics, including toxins, pesticides and drugs. However, despite their pharmacological importance, structural information remains bereft. To further our understanding behind their biochemistry and diversity, we used ancestral-sequence reconstruction, kinetic and crystallographic techniques to scrutinize three ancient mammalian FMOs: AncFMO2, AncFMO3-6 and AncFMO5. Remarkably, all AncFMOs could be crystallized and were structurally resolved between 2.7- and 3.2-Å resolution. These crystal structures depict the unprecedented topology of mammalian FMOs. Each employs extensive membrane-binding features and intricate substrate-profiling tunnel networks through a conspicuous membrane-adhering insertion. Furthermore, a glutamate-histidine switch is speculated to induce the distinctive Baeyer-Villiger oxidation activity of FMO5. The AncFMOs exhibited catalysis akin to human FMOs and, with sequence identities between 82% and 92%, represent excellent models. Our study demonstrates the power of ancestral-sequence reconstruction as a strategy for the crystallization of proteins.
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14
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Sanchez-Spitman A, Swen J, Dezentje V, Moes D, Gelderblom H, Guchelaar H. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics of tamoxifen and endoxifen. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2019; 12:523-536. [DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2019.1610390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A.B. Sanchez-Spitman
- Leiden Network for Personalised Therapeutics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J.J. Swen
- Leiden Network for Personalised Therapeutics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - V.O. Dezentje
- Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D.J.A.R. Moes
- Leiden Network for Personalised Therapeutics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - H. Gelderblom
- Leiden Network for Personalised Therapeutics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - H.J. Guchelaar
- Leiden Network for Personalised Therapeutics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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15
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Luo J, Zhang B, Cui L, Liu T, Gu Y. FMO1 gene expression independently predicts favorable recurrence-free survival of classical papillary thyroid cancer. Future Oncol 2019; 15:1303-1311. [PMID: 30757917 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2018-0885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To examine the expression profile of FMO1 in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and its prognostic value in recurrence-free survival (RFS). Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed using data from the Cancer Genome Atlas and Human Protein Atlas. Results: The most frequent variants of PTC had decreased FMO1 expression compared with their respective adjacent normal tissues. However, even under the best cut-off model, high FMO1 expression was only significantly associated with better RFS in classical PTC (p < 0.001), but not in other two variants. High FMO1 expression independently predicted favorable RFS (hazard ratio: 0.202; 95% CI: 0.084-0.487; p < 0.001) in classical PTC. Conclusion: High FMO1 expression might serve as a biomarker that independently predicts favorable RFS in classical PTC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Luo
- Department of Breast Surgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science & Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Bowei Zhang
- Department of Vascular & Thyroid Surgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science & Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Likun Cui
- Department of Vascular & Thyroid Surgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science & Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of Vascular & Thyroid Surgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science & Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yi Gu
- Department of Vascular & Thyroid Surgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science & Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, Sichuan, PR China
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16
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Catucci G, Bortolussi S, Rampolla G, Cusumano D, Gilardi G, Sadeghi SJ. Flavin-Containing Monooxygenase 3 Polymorphic Variants Significantly Affect Clearance of Tamoxifen and Clomiphene. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 123:687-691. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Catucci
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology; University of Torino; Torino Italy
| | - Stefania Bortolussi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology; University of Torino; Torino Italy
| | - Giulia Rampolla
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology; University of Torino; Torino Italy
| | - Debora Cusumano
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology; University of Torino; Torino Italy
| | - Gianfranco Gilardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology; University of Torino; Torino Italy
| | - Sheila J. Sadeghi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology; University of Torino; Torino Italy
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17
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Yu MS, Lee HM, Park A, Park C, Ceong H, Rhee KH, Na D. In silico prediction of potential chemical reactions mediated by human enzymes. BMC Bioinformatics 2018; 19:207. [PMID: 29897324 PMCID: PMC5998764 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-018-2194-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Administered drugs are often converted into an ineffective or activated form by enzymes in our body. Conventional in silico prediction approaches focused on therapeutically important enzymes such as CYP450. However, there are more than thousands of different cellular enzymes that potentially convert administered drug into other forms. Result We developed an in silico model to predict which of human enzymes including metabolic enzymes as well as CYP450 family can catalyze a given chemical compound. The prediction is based on the chemical and physical similarity between known enzyme substrates and a query chemical compound. Our in silico model was developed using multiple linear regression and the model showed high performance (AUC = 0.896) despite of the large number of enzymes. When evaluated on a test dataset, it also showed significantly high performance (AUC = 0.746). Interestingly, evaluation with literature data showed that our model can be used to predict not only enzymatic reactions but also drug conversion and enzyme inhibition. Conclusion Our model was able to predict enzymatic reactions of a query molecule with a high accuracy. This may foster to discover new metabolic routes and to accelerate the computational development of drug candidates by enabling the prediction of the potential conversion of administered drugs into active or inactive forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeong-Sang Yu
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyang-Mi Lee
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Aaron Park
- School of Biological Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chungoo Park
- School of Biological Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyithaek Ceong
- Department of Multimedia, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hyeong Rhee
- College of Industrial Sciences, Kongju National University, Yesan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dokyun Na
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Franco ME, Sutherland GE, Lavado R. Xenobiotic metabolism in the fish hepatic cell lines Hepa-E1 and RTH-149, and the gill cell lines RTgill-W1 and G1B: Biomarkers of CYP450 activity and oxidative stress. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 206-207:32-40. [PMID: 29496489 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of fish cell cultures has proven to be an effective tool in the study of environmental and aquatic toxicology. Valuable information can be obtained from comparisons between cell lines from different species and organs. In the present study, specific chemicals were used and biomarkers (e.g. 7-Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS)) were measured to assess the metabolic capabilities and cytotoxicity of the fish hepatic cell lines Hepa-E1 and RTH-149, and the fish gill cell lines RTgill-W1 and G1B. These cell lines were exposed to β-naphthoflavone (BNF) and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), the pharmaceutical tamoxifen (TMX), and the organic peroxide tert-butylhydroperoxide (tBHP). Cytotoxicity in gill cell lines was significantly higher than in hepatic cells, with BNF and TMX being the most toxic compounds. CYP1-like associated activity, measured through EROD activity, was only detected in hepatic cells; Hepa-E1 cells showed the highest activity after exposure to both BNF and BaP. Significantly higher levels of CYP3A-like activity were also observed in Hepa-E1 cells exposed to TMX, while gill cell lines presented the lowest levels. Measurements of ROS and antioxidant enzymes indicated that peroxide levels were higher in gill cell lines in general. However, levels of superoxide were significantly higher in RTH-149 cells, where no distinctive increase of superoxide-related antioxidants was observed. The present study demonstrates the importance of selecting adequate cell lines in measuring specific metabolic parameters and provides strong evidence for the fish hepatocarcinoma Hepa-E1 cells to be an excellent alternative in assessing metabolism of xenobiotics, and in expanding the applicability of fish cell lines for in vitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco E Franco
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA
| | - Grace E Sutherland
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA
| | - Ramon Lavado
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA.
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19
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Woo HI, Lee SK, Kim J, Kim SW, Yu J, Bae SY, Lee JE, Nam SJ, Lee SY. Variations in plasma concentrations of tamoxifen metabolites and the effects of genetic polymorphisms on tamoxifen metabolism in Korean patients with breast cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:100296-100311. [PMID: 29245979 PMCID: PMC5725021 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inter-individual variation in tamoxifen metabolism in breast cancer patients is caused by various genetic and clinical factors. We measured the plasma concentrations of tamoxifen and its metabolites and investigated genetic polymorphisms influencing those concentrations. We measured the concentrations of tamoxifen, endoxifen, N-desmethyltamoxifen (NDM), and 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OH tamoxifen) in 550 plasma specimens from 281 breast cancer patients treated with tamoxifen. Duplicate or triplicate specimens were obtained from 179 patients at 3-month intervals. In 80 patients, genotyping for tamoxifen metabolizing enzymes was performed using the DMET Plus array and long-range PCR. Plasma concentrations of tamoxifen and its metabolites showed wide variations among patients. The following genetic polymorphisms were associated with the plasma concentrations when body mass index and tamoxifen concentrations were considered as co-variables: CYP1A2 -2467delT, CYP2B6 genotype, CYP2D6 activity score (AS), and FMO3 441C>T. CYP2D6 AS and three variants in the SULT1E1 gene showed correlation with ratios of tamoxifen metabolites. CYP2D6 AS was the only variable that showed associations with both metabolite concentration and ratio: endoxifen (P < 0.001), NDM (P < 0.001), endoxifen/NDM (P < 0.001), NDM/tamoxifen (P < 0.001), and 4-OH tamoxifen/tamoxifen (P = 0.005). Serial measurements of 448 plasma concentrations in 179 patients at 3-month intervals showed wide intra-individual variation. Our study showed that genetic polymorphisms can in part determine the baseline concentrations of tamoxifen and its metabolites. However, marked intra-individual variations during follow-up monitoring were observed, and this could not be explained by genotype. Therefore, serial measurements of tamoxifen and its metabolites would be helpful in monitoring in vivo tamoxifen metabolic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye In Woo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Korea
| | - Se Kyung Lee
- Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jiyoung Kim
- Department of Surgery, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju, Korea
| | - Seok Won Kim
- Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jonghan Yu
- Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Youn Bae
- Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Eon Lee
- Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seok Jin Nam
- Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo-Youn Lee
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Laboratory Medicine & Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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20
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Jones BC, Srivastava A, Colclough N, Wilson J, Reddy VP, Amberntsson S, Li D. An Investigation into the Prediction of in Vivo Clearance for a Range of Flavin-containing Monooxygenase Substrates. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:1060-1067. [PMID: 28784689 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.077396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMO) are metabolic enzymes mediating the oxygenation of nucleophilic atoms such as nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and selenium. These enzymes share similar properties to the cytochrome P450 system but can be differentiated through heat inactivation and selective substrate inhibition by methimazole. This study investigated 10 compounds with varying degrees of FMO involvement to determine the nature of the correlation between human in vitro and in vivo unbound intrinsic clearance. To confirm and quantify the extent of FMO involvement six of the compounds were investigated in human liver microsomal (HLM) in vitro assays using heat inactivation and methimazole substrate inhibition. Under these conditions FMO contribution varied from 21% (imipramine) to 96% (itopride). Human hepatocyte and HLM intrinsic clearance (CLint) data were scaled using standard methods to determine the predicted unbound intrinsic clearance (predicted CLint u) for each compound. This was compared with observed unbound intrinsic clearance (observed CLint u) values back calculated from human pharmacokinetic studies. A good correlation was observed between the predicted and observed CLint u using hepatocytes (R2 = 0.69), with 8 of the 10 compounds investigated within or close to a factor of 2. For HLM the in vitro-in vivo correlation was maintained (R2 = 0.84) but the accuracy was reduced with only 3 out of 10 compounds falling within, or close to, twofold. This study demonstrates that human hepatocytes and HLM can be used with standard scaling approaches to predict the human in vivo clearance for FMO substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry C Jones
- Oncology IMED, Astrazeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.C.J., N.C., J.W., V.P.R.), DSM Astrazeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.S.); DSM Astrazeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (S.A.); and Pharmaron, Beijing, China (D.L.)
| | - Abhishek Srivastava
- Oncology IMED, Astrazeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.C.J., N.C., J.W., V.P.R.), DSM Astrazeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.S.); DSM Astrazeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (S.A.); and Pharmaron, Beijing, China (D.L.)
| | - Nicola Colclough
- Oncology IMED, Astrazeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.C.J., N.C., J.W., V.P.R.), DSM Astrazeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.S.); DSM Astrazeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (S.A.); and Pharmaron, Beijing, China (D.L.)
| | - Joanne Wilson
- Oncology IMED, Astrazeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.C.J., N.C., J.W., V.P.R.), DSM Astrazeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.S.); DSM Astrazeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (S.A.); and Pharmaron, Beijing, China (D.L.)
| | - Venkatesh Pilla Reddy
- Oncology IMED, Astrazeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.C.J., N.C., J.W., V.P.R.), DSM Astrazeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.S.); DSM Astrazeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (S.A.); and Pharmaron, Beijing, China (D.L.)
| | - Sara Amberntsson
- Oncology IMED, Astrazeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.C.J., N.C., J.W., V.P.R.), DSM Astrazeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.S.); DSM Astrazeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (S.A.); and Pharmaron, Beijing, China (D.L.)
| | - Danxi Li
- Oncology IMED, Astrazeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.C.J., N.C., J.W., V.P.R.), DSM Astrazeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.S.); DSM Astrazeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (S.A.); and Pharmaron, Beijing, China (D.L.)
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21
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Castrignanò S, Bortolussi S, Catucci G, Gholami O, Valetti F, Gilardi G, Sadeghi SJ. Bioelectrochemical profiling of two common polymorphic variants of human FMO3 in presence of graphene oxide. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.01.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Lee YS, Kim BH, Kim BC, Shin A, Kim JS, Hong SH, Hwang JA, Lee JA, Nam S, Lee SH, Bhak J, Park JW. SLC15A2 genomic variation is associated with the extraordinary response of sorafenib treatment: whole-genome analysis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:16449-60. [PMID: 25965825 PMCID: PMC4599281 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reliable biomarkers are required to predict the response to sorafenib. We investigated genomic variations associated with responsiveness to sorafenib for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Blood samples from 2 extreme, 2 strong and 3 poor responders to sorafenib were subjected to whole-genome analysis. Then, we validated candidate genomic variations with another 174 HCC patients, and performed in vitro functional analysis and in silico analyses. Genomic data of >96 gigabases/sample was generated at average of ~34X sequencing depth. In total, 1813 genomic variations were matched to sorafenib responses in clinical data; 708 were located within regions for sorafenib-target genes or drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME)-related genes. From them, 36 variants were within the coding regions and 6 identified as non-synonymous single-nucleotide variants from 4 ADME-related genes (ABCB1, FMO3, MUSK, and SLC15A2). Validation genotyping confirmed sequencing results and revealed patients genotype for rs2257212 in SLC15A2 showed longer progression-free survival (HR = 2.18). In vitro study displayed different response to sorafenib depending on the genotype of SLC15A2. Structural prediction analysis revealed changes of the phosphorylation levels in protein, potentially affecting sorafenib-associated enzymatic activity. Our finding using extreme responder seems to generate robust biomarker to predict the response of sorafenib treatment for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Su Lee
- Cancer Genomics Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Hyun Kim
- Center for Liver Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Chul Kim
- The Genomics Institute, Biomedical Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Aesun Shin
- Molecular Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Sook Kim
- Liver and Pancreatobiliary Cancer Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Hong
- Cancer Genomics Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Ah Hwang
- Cancer Genomics Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Ahn Lee
- Liver and Pancreatobiliary Cancer Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungyoon Nam
- New Experimental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Lee
- Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, TheragenEtex, Suwon, Republic of Korea.,Theragen Bio Institute, TheragenEtex, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Bhak
- The Genomics Institute, Biomedical Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan, Republic of Korea.,Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, TheragenEtex, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Won Park
- Center for Liver Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea.,Liver and Pancreatobiliary Cancer Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
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Role of the Red Ginseng in Defense against the Environmental Heat Stress in Sprague Dawley Rats. Molecules 2015; 20:20240-53. [PMID: 26569207 PMCID: PMC6331845 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201119692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Global temperature change causes heat stress related disorders in humans. A constituent of red ginseng has been known the beneficial effect on the resistance to many diseases. However, the mechanism of red ginseng (RG) against heat stress still remains unclear. To determine the effect of RG on heat stress, we examined the effect of the RG on the gene expression profiles in rats subjected to environmental heat stress. We evaluated the transcripts associated with hepatic lipid accumulation and oxidative stress in rats subjected to heat stress. We also analyzed the reactive oxygen species (ROS) contents. Our results suggested RG inhibited heat stress mediated altering mRNA expressions include HSPA1, DEAF1, HMGCR, and FMO1. We also determined RG attenuated fat accumulation in the liver by altering C/EBPβ expression. RG promoted to repress the heat stress mediated hepatic cell death by inhibiting of Bcl-2 expression in rats subjected to heat stress. Moreover, RG administered group during heat stress dramatically decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and ROS associated genes compared with the control group. Thus, we suggest that RG might influence inhibitory effect on environmental heat stress induced abnormal conditions in humans.
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Castrignanò S, Gilardi G, Sadeghi SJ. Human Flavin-Containing Monooxygenase 3 on Graphene Oxide for Drug Metabolism Screening. Anal Chem 2015; 87:2974-80. [DOI: 10.1021/ac504535y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Castrignanò
- Department
of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia
Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Gilardi
- Department
of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia
Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy
- Centre
for Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces, University of Torino, via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Sheila J. Sadeghi
- Department
of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia
Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy
- Centre
for Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces, University of Torino, via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
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25
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Binai NA, Carra G, Löwer J, Löwer R, Wessler S. Differential gene expression in ERα-positive and ERα-negative breast cancer cells upon leptin stimulation. Endocrine 2013; 44:496-503. [PMID: 23412922 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-013-9897-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In postmenopausal women, adipositas represents a serious risk factor for cancer development and progression. White adipose tissue secretes the 16 kDa hormone leptin which plays a key role in the regulation of appetite and metabolism. An increasing number of reports indicate that leptin also interferes with signal transduction pathways implicated in the development of breast cancer. In our previous study, we identified the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) as a relevant enhancer of leptin-induced signal transduction leading to transactivation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3). The purpose of this study is the investigation of specific target gene expression in response to leptin-mediated Stat3 signaling. We performed a comprehensive microarray analysis of ERα-positive and ERα-negative MDA-MB-231 cells upon leptin treatment and identified 49 genes which showed a significant ERα-dependent regulation in leptin-treated MDA-MB-231 cells. There was no intersection with genes which were merely up- or downregulated by ERα expression and only 9 and 11 genes overlapping targets which were regulated by leptin stimulation either in ERα-expressing or ERα-negative MDA-MB-231 cells, respectively. To demonstrate the specificity, expression of three target genes was validated by quantitative real-time PCR. In conclusion, these data imply that leptin can induce a different set of target genes dependent on ERα expression, which might contribute to the development and progression of cancer diseases.
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26
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Yeniceli D, Deng X, Adams E, Dogrukol-Ak D, Schepdael AV. Development of a CD-MEKC method for investigating the metabolism of tamoxifen by flavin-containing monooxygenases and the inhibitory effects of methimazole, nicotine and DMXAA. Electrophoresis 2012; 34:463-70. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaolan Deng
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Analysis; KU Leuven; Belgium
| | - Erwin Adams
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Analysis; KU Leuven; Belgium
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27
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Gjerde J, Gandini S, Guerrieri-Gonzaga A, Haugan Moi LL, Aristarco V, Mellgren G, Decensi A, Lien EA. Tissue distribution of 4-hydroxy-N-desmethyltamoxifen and tamoxifen-N-oxide. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2012; 134:693-700. [PMID: 22562123 PMCID: PMC3401496 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-012-2074-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Tamoxifen dosage is based on the one-dose-fits-all approach. The anticancer effect of tamoxifen is believed to be due to the metabolites, 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4OHtam), and 4-hydroxy-N-desmethyltamoxifen (4OHNDtam/endoxifen). These demethylated metabolites of tamoxifen have been associated with its side effects, whereas the effect mediated by tamoxifen-N-oxide (tamNox) is still poorly understood. Our objective was to improve the therapeutic index of tamoxifen by personalizing its dosage and maintaining serum tamoxifen metabolite concentrations within a target range. We examined the levels of tamoxifen, 4OHtam, 4OHNDtam, N-desmethyltamoxifen (NDtam), N-desdimethyltamoxifen (NDDtam), and tamNox in serum and in breast tumors specimens of 115 patients treated with 1, 5 or 20 mg/day of tamoxifen for 4 weeks before surgery in a randomized trial. Furthermore, the metabolism of tamNox in MCF-7 breast cancer cells was also studied. The concentrations of tamoxifen and its metabolites in tumor tissues were significantly correlated to their serum levels. Tumor tissue levels were 5–10 times higher than those measured in serum, with the exception of tamNox. In MCF-7 cells, tamNox was converted back to tamoxifen. In contrast to the tissue distribution of tamNox, the concentrations of 4OHtam and 4OHNDtam in tumor tissues corresponded to their serum levels. The results suggest that implementation of therapeutic drug monitoring may improve the therapeutic index of tamoxifen. Furthermore, the tissue distribution of tamNox deviated from that of the other tamoxifen metabolites.
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28
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Lin H, Liu JY, Wang HB, Ahmed AAQ, Wu ZL. Biocatalysis as an alternative for the production of chiral epoxides: A comparative review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2011.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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29
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Partial inhibition of estrogen-induced mammary carcinogenesis in rats by tamoxifen: balance between oxidant stress and estrogen responsiveness. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25125. [PMID: 21966433 PMCID: PMC3180376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological and experimental evidences strongly support the role of estrogens in breast tumor development. Both estrogen receptor (ER)-dependent and ER-independent mechanisms are implicated in estrogen-induced breast carcinogenesis. Tamoxifen, a selective estrogen receptor modulator is widely used as chemoprotectant in human breast cancer. It binds to ERs and interferes with normal binding of estrogen to ERs. In the present study, we examined the effect of long-term tamoxifen treatment in the prevention of estrogen-induced breast cancer. Female ACI rats were treated with 17β-estradiol (E2), tamoxifen or with a combination of E2 and tamoxifen for eight months. Tissue levels of oxidative stress markers 8-iso-Prostane F2α (8-isoPGF2α), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase, and oxidative DNA damage marker 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were quantified in the mammary tissues of all the treatment groups and compared with age-matched controls. Levels of tamoxifen metabolizing enzymes cytochrome P450s as well as estrogen responsive genes were also quantified. At necropsy, breast tumors were detected in 44% of rats co-treated with tamoxifen+E2. No tumors were detected in the sham or tamoxifen only treatment groups whereas in the E2 only treatment group, the tumor incidence was 82%. Co-treatment with tamoxifen decreased GPx and catalase levels; did not completely inhibit E2-mediated oxidative DNA damage and estrogen-responsive genes monoamine oxygenase B1 (MaoB1) and cell death inducing DFF45 like effector C (Cidec) but differentially affected the levels of tamoxifen metabolizing enzymes. In summary, our studies suggest that although tamoxifen treatment inhibits estrogen-induced breast tumor development and increases the latency of tumor development, it does not completely abrogate breast tumor development in a rat model of estrogen-induced breast cancer. The inability of tamoxifen to completely inhibit E2-induced breast carcinogenesis may be because of increased estrogen-mediated oxidant burden.
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30
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Fedejko-Kap B, Niemira M, Radominska-Pandya A, Mazerska Z. Flavin monooxygenases, FMO1 and FMO3, not cytochrome P450 isoenzymes, contribute to metabolism of anti-tumour triazoloacridinone, C-1305, in liver microsomes and HepG2 cells. Xenobiotica 2011; 41:1044-55. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2011.604743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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31
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Teunissen S, Rosing H, Seoane MD, Brunsveld L, Schellens J, Schinkel A, Beijnen J. Investigational study of tamoxifen phase I metabolites using chromatographic and spectroscopic analytical techniques. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 55:518-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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32
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Potega A, Dabrowska E, Niemira M, Kot-Wasik A, Ronseaux S, Henderson CJ, Wolf CR, Mazerska Z. The Imidazoacridinone Antitumor Drug, C-1311, Is Metabolized by Flavin Monooxygenases but Not by Cytochrome P450s. Drug Metab Dispos 2011; 39:1423-32. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.038984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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33
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Shephard EA, Phillips IR. The potential of knockout mouse lines in defining the role of flavin-containing monooxygenases in drug metabolism. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2010; 6:1083-94. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2010.503705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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34
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Tevell Aberg A, Löfgren H, Bondesson U, Hedeland M. Structural elucidation of N-oxidized clemastine metabolites by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry and the use of Cunninghamella elegans to facilitate drug metabolite identification. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:1447-1456. [PMID: 20411584 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Cunninghamella elegans is a filamentous fungus that has been shown to biotransform drugs into the same metabolites as mammals. In this paper we describe the use of C. elegans to aid the identification of clemastine metabolites since high concentrations of the metabolites were produced and MS(n) experiments were facilitated. The combination of liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry with two different ionization techniques and hydrogen/deuterium exchange were used for structural elucidation of the clemastine metabolites. Norclemastine, four isomers of hydroxylated clemastine, and two N-oxide metabolites were described for the first time in C. elegans incubations. The N-oxidations were confirmed by hydrogen/deuterium exchange and deoxygenation (-16 Da) upon atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. By MS(n) fragmentation it was concluded that two of the hydroxylated metabolites were oxidized on the methylpyrridyl moiety, one on the aromatic ring with the chloro substituent, and one on the aromatic ring without the chlorine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annica Tevell Aberg
- Department of Chemistry, Environment and Feed Hygiene, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden.
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35
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Sadeghi SJ, Meirinhos R, Catucci G, Dodhia VR, Nardo GD, Gilardi G. Direct Electrochemistry of Drug Metabolizing Human Flavin-Containing Monooxygenase: Electrochemical Turnover of Benzydamine and Tamoxifen. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 132:458-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja909261p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheila J. Sadeghi
- Department of Human and Animal Biology, University of Turin, Italy, and Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, U.K
| | - Rita Meirinhos
- Department of Human and Animal Biology, University of Turin, Italy, and Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, U.K
| | - Gianluca Catucci
- Department of Human and Animal Biology, University of Turin, Italy, and Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, U.K
| | - Vikash R. Dodhia
- Department of Human and Animal Biology, University of Turin, Italy, and Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, U.K
| | - Giovanna Di Nardo
- Department of Human and Animal Biology, University of Turin, Italy, and Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, U.K
| | - Gianfranco Gilardi
- Department of Human and Animal Biology, University of Turin, Italy, and Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, U.K
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36
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Motika MS, Zhang J, Cashman JR. Flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 and human disease. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2008; 3:831-45. [PMID: 18028028 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.3.6.831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes information concerning the association of the human flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) and human diseases. Human FMO3 oxygenates a wide variety of nucleophilic heteroatom-containing xenobiotics, including endogenous substrates and various clinically important drugs. In this article, the authors discuss the association of FMO3 with human disease, including: i) direct association of FMO3 genetic mutations to human genetic disease; ii) association of FMO3 genetic polymorphism to altered drug metabolism and, therefore, indirect association of FMO3 with drug therapeutic efficacy of human disease; and iii) the potential impact and/or effect of FMO3 transcriptional regulation during disease states. Even though many studies discussed for the latter two points are at a preliminary stage and require much more research to bring to a definite conclusion, the authors include these studies to stimulate general interest and invite further discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike S Motika
- Human Biomolecular Research Institute, 5310 Eastgate Mall, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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37
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Kousba A, Soll R, Yee S, Martin M. Cyclic Conversion of the Novel Src Kinase Inhibitor [7-(2,6-Dichloro-phenyl)-5-methyl-benzo[1,2,4]triazin-3-yl]-[4-(2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-ethoxy)-phenyl]-amine (TG100435) and Its N-Oxide Metabolite by Flavin-Containing Monoxygenases and Cytochrome P450 Reductase. Drug Metab Dispos 2007; 35:2242-51. [PMID: 17881660 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.107.017384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
[7-(2,6-Dichloro-phenyl)-5-methyl-benzo[1,2,4]triazin-3-yl]-[4-(2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-ethoxy)-phenyl]-amine (TG100435) is a novel multi-targeted Src family kinase inhibitor with demonstrated anticancer activity in preclinical species. Potent kinase inhibition is associated with TG100435 and its major N-oxide metabolite [7-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-benzo[1,2,4]triazin-3-yl]-{4-[2-(1-oxy-pyrrolidin-1-yl)-ethoxy]-phenyl}-amine (TG100855). The objectives of the current study were to identify the hepatic enzyme(s) responsible for 1) the total metabolic flux of TG100435, 2) the formation of TG100855, and 3) the subsequent metabolism of TG100855. Flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMO) and cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) contribute to TG100435 total metabolic flux. TG100435 metabolic flux was completely inhibited by methimazole and ketoconazole, suggesting only FMO- and CYP3A4-mediated metabolism. TG100855 formation was markedly inhibited (~90%) by methimazole or heat inactivation (>99%). FMO3 was the primary enzyme responsible for TG100855 formation. In addition, an enzyme mediated retroreduction of TG100855 back to TG100435 was observed. The N-oxidation reaction was approximately 15 times faster than the retroreduction reaction. Interestingly, the retroreduction of TG100855 to TG100435 in recombinant P450 or liver microsomes lacked inhibition by the P450 inhibitors. TG100435 formation in the human liver microsomes or recombinant P450 increased as a function of cytochrome P450 reductase activity, suggesting potential involvement of cytochrome P450 reductase. The results of this in vitro study demonstrate the potential of TG100435 and TG100855 to be interconverted metabolically. FMO seem to be the major N-oxidizing enzymes, whereas cytochrome P450 reductase seems to be responsible for the retroreduction reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Kousba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Property Assessment, TargeGen Inc, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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Hu SX, Soll R, Yee S, Lohse DL, Kousba A, Zeng B, Yu X, McPherson A, Renick J, Cao J, Tabak A, Hood J, Doukas J, Noronha G, Martin M. Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics of a Novel Src Kinase Inhibitor TG100435 ([7-(2,6-Dichloro-phenyl)-5-methyl-benzo[1,2,4]triazin-3-yl]-[4-(2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-ethoxy)-phenyl]-amine) and Its Active N-Oxide Metabolite TG100855 ([7-(2,6-Dichloro-phenyl)-5-methylbenzo[1,2,4]triazin-3-yl]-{4-[2-(1-oxy-pyrrolidin-1-yl)-ethoxy]-phenyl}-amine). Drug Metab Dispos 2007; 35:929-36. [PMID: 17371799 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.106.014290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
TG100435 ([7-(2,6-dichloro-phenyl)-5-methyl-benzo[1,2,4]triazin-3-yl]-[4-(2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-ethoxy)-phenyl]-amine) is a novel multitargeted, orally active protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor. The inhibition constants (K(i)) of TG100435 against Src, Lyn, Abl, Yes, Lck, and EphB4 range from 13 to 64 nM. TG100435 has systemic clearance values of 20.1, 12.7, and 14.5 ml/min/kg and oral bioavailability of 74%, 23%, and 11% in mouse, rat, and dog, respectively. Four oxidation metabolites of TG100435 have been found in human, dog, and rat in vitro and in vivo. The ethylpyrrolidine N-oxide of TG100435 is the predominant metabolite (TG100855; [7-(2,6-dichloro-phenyl)-5-methyl-benzo[1,2,4]triazin-3-yl]-{4-[2-(1-oxy-pyrrolidin-1-yl)-ethoxy]-phenyl}-amine) in human, dog, and rat. TG100855 is 2 to 9 times more potent than the parent compound. Flavin-containing monooxygenases are the primary enzymes mediating the biotransformation. Significant conversion of TG100435 to TG100855 has been observed in rat and dog after oral administration. Systemic exposure of TG100855 is 1.1- and 2.1-fold greater than that of TG100435 in rat and dog after oral dosing of TG100435. Since TG100435 is predominantly converted to the more potent N-oxide metabolite across species in vivo and in vitro, the overall tyrosine kinase inhibition in animal models may be substantially increased after oral administration of TG100435.
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Rasooly R, Kelley DS, Greg J, Mackey BE. Dietary trans 10, cis 12-conjugated linoleic acid reduces the expression of fatty acid oxidation and drug detoxification enzymes in mouse liver. Br J Nutr 2007; 97:58-66. [PMID: 17217560 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114507257745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Mice fed diets containing trans 10, cis 12 (t10, c12)-conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) develop fatty livers and the role of the hepatic fatty acid oxidation enzymes in this development is not well defined. We examined the effects of dietary cis 9, trans 11-CLA (c9, t11-CLA) and t10, c12-CLA on the expression of hepatic genes for fatty acid metabolism. Female mice, 8 weeks old, (six animals per group) were fed either a control diet or diets supplemented with 0.5% c9, t11- or c12-CLA for 8 weeks. DNA microarray analysis showed that t10, c12-CLA increased the expression of 278 hepatic genes and decreased those of 121 genes (>2 fold); c9, t11-CLA increased expression of twenty-two genes and decreased those of nine. Real-time PCR confirmed that t10, c12-CLA reduced by the expression of fatty acid oxidation genes including flavin monooxygenase (FMO)-3 95%, cytochrome P450 (cyt p450) 69%, carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1a 77%, acetyl CoA oxidase (ACOX) 50% and PPARalpha 65%: it increased the expression of fatty acid synthase by 3.5-fold (P<0.05 for all genes, except ACOX P=0.08). It also reduced the enzymatic activity of hepatic microsomal FMO by 40% and the FMO3 specific protein by 67%. c9, t11-CLA reduced FMO3 and cyt P450 expression by 61% (P=0.001) and 38% (P=0.06) and increased steoryl CoA desaturase transcription by 5.9-fold (P=0.07). Both decreased fatty acid oxidation and increased fatty acid synthesis seem to contribute to the CLA-induced fatty liver. Since FMO and cyt P450 are also involved in drug detoxification, suppression of the transcription of these genes by CLA may have other health consequences besides development of fatty liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuven Rasooly
- Western Human Nutrition Research Center, ARS, USDA, Davis, CA, USA
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