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Wang Q, Zhang H, Jin Q, Wang X. Effects of Dietary Plant-Derived Low-Ratio Linoleic Acid/Alpha-Linolenic Acid on Blood Lipid Profiles: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Foods 2023; 12:3005. [PMID: 37628004 PMCID: PMC10453764 DOI: 10.3390/foods12163005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This meta-analysis aimed to investigate the impact of low-ratio linoleic acid/alpha-linolenic acid (LA/ALA) supplementation on the blood lipid profiles in adults. We conducted a systematic search for relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effects of low-ratio LA/ALA using databases including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science, as well as screened related references up until February 2023. The intervention effects were analyzed adopting weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). The meta-analysis indicated that low-ratio LA/ALA supplementation decreased total cholesterol (TC, WMD: -0.09 mmol/L, 95% CI: -0.17, -0.01, p = 0.031, I2 = 33.2%), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C, WMD: -0.08 mmol/L, 95% CI: -0.13, -0.02, p = 0.007, I2 = 0.0%), and triglycerides (TG, WMD: -0.05 mmol/L, 95% CI: -0.09, 0.00, p = 0.049, I2 = 0.0%) concentrations. There was no significant effect on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration (HDL-C, WMD: -0.00 mmol/L, 95% CI: -0.02, 0.02, p = 0.895, I2 = 0.0%). Subgroup analysis showed that low-ratio LA/ALA supplementation significantly decreased plasma TC, LDL-C, and TG concentrations when the intervention period was less than 12 weeks. In the subgroup analysis, a noteworthy decrease in both TC and LDL-C levels was observed in individuals receiving low-ratio LA/ALA supplementation in the range of 1-5. These findings suggest that this specific range could potentially be effective in reducing lipid profiles. The findings of this study provide additional evidence supporting the potential role of low-ratio LA/ALA supplementation in reducing TC, LDL-C, and TG concentrations, although no significant impact on HDL-C was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xingguo Wang
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Wang T, Zhang X, Zhou N, Shen Y, Li B, Chen BE, Li X. Association Between Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intake and Dyslipidemia: A Continuous Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Am Heart Assoc 2023; 12:e029512. [PMID: 37264945 PMCID: PMC10381976 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.029512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Previous results provide supportive but not conclusive evidence for the use of omega-3 fatty acids to reduce blood lipids and prevent events of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, but the strength and shape of dose-response relationships remain elusive. Methods and Results This study included 90 randomized controlled trials, reported an overall sample size of 72 598 participants, and examined the association between omega-3 fatty acid (docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, or both) intake and blood lipid changes. Random-effects 1-stage cubic spline regression models were used to study the mean dose-response association between daily omega-3 fatty acid intake and changes in blood lipids. Nonlinear associations were found in general and in most subgroups, depicted as J-shaped dose-response curves for low-/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. However, we found evidence of an approximately linear dose-response relationship for triglyceride and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol among the general population and more evidently in populations with hyperlipidemia and overweight/obesity who were given medium to high doses (>2 g/d). Conclusions This dose-response meta-analysis demonstrates that combined intake of omega-3 fatty acids near linearly lowers triglyceride and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Triglyceride-lowering effects might provide supportive evidence for omega-3 fatty acid intake to prevent cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjiao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of MedicineMacau University of Science and TechnologyMacauChina
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of MedicineMacau University of Science and TechnologyMacauChina
| | - Na Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of MedicineMacau University of Science and TechnologyMacauChina
| | - Yuxuan Shen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public HealthJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Biao Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public HealthJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Bingshu E. Chen
- Department of Public Health Sciences and Canadian Cancer Trials GroupQueen’s UniversityOntarioKingstonCanada
| | - Xinzhi Li
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of MedicineMacau University of Science and TechnologyMacauChina
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Wang Q, Zhang H, Jin Q, Wang X. Effects of Dietary Linoleic Acid on Blood Lipid Profiles: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 40 Randomized Controlled Trials. Foods 2023; 12:foods12112129. [PMID: 37297374 DOI: 10.3390/foods12112129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Th aim of this meta-analysis was to elucidate whether dietary linoleic acid (LA) supplementation affected blood lipid profiles, including triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), compared with other fatty acids. Embase, PubMed, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library databases, updated to December 2022, were searched. The present study employed weighted mean difference (WMD) and a 95% confidence interval (CI) to examine the efficacy of the intervention. Out of the 3700 studies identified, a total of 40 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), comprising 2175 participants, met the eligibility criteria. Compared with the control group, the dietary intake of LA significantly decreased the concentrations of LDL-C (WMD: -3.26 mg/dL, 95% CI: -5.78, -0.74, I2 = 68.8%, p = 0.01), and HDL-C (WMD: -0.64 mg/dL, 95% CI: -1.23, -0.06, I2 = 30.3%, p = 0.03). There was no significant change in the TG and TC concentrations. Subgroup analysis showed that the LA intake was significantly reduced in blood lipid profiles compared with saturated fatty acids. The effect of LA on lipids was not found to be dependent on the timing of supplementation. LA supplementation in an excess of 20 g/d could be an effective dose for lowering lipid profiles. The research results provide further evidence that LA intake may play a role in reducing LDL-C and HDL-C, but not TG and TC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wang
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Qingzhe Jin
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Mohammadrezaei A, Kavakeb A, Abbasalizad-Farhangi M, Mesgari-Abbasi M. Effects of hemp seed alone and combined with aerobic exercise on metabolic parameters, oxidative stress, and neurotrophic factors in young sedentary men. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14417. [PMID: 36114824 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Hemp seed and physical activity (PA) have many benefits for the metabolic and brain health of the body. This study investigated the effects of hemp seed alone and aerobic exercise on metabolic markers, oxidative stress, and neurotrophic factors in young sedentary men. This double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial was conducted on 48 sedentary young men in Tabriz, Iran, from April to August. The researcher in this study randomized all participants into four groups, including (1) hemp seed, (2) hemp seed + PA, (3) PA + placebo, and (4) placebo. Hemp seed supplement was administered in two 1-g capsules daily, and aerobic PA was performed a week thrice. Levels of anthropometric indices, dietary intake, antioxidant markers, lipid profile, fasting blood sugar (FBS), insulin, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index (QUICKI), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neuropeptide Y (NPY), balance, reaction time, and sit-ups were evaluated for all participants at baseline and post-intervention. We used ANOVA and ANCOVA analysis to compare oxidative stress and neurotropic factors in all intervention groups. If the distribution of the response variable was not normal, the non-parametric equivalent of these tests was used (Wilcoxon and Kruskal-Wallis tests). We performed all statistical analyzes using SPSS software version 23, and the significance level was considered 0.05 in all the statistical tests. Aerobic PA with hemp seed consumption caused a significant difference in weight, body mass index, fat mass, high-density lipoprotein, catalase, and BDNF compared with baseline. Also, aerobic PA alone caused significant changes in body weight, fat mass, and triglyceride compared with baseline. Consumption of hemp seeds alone caused a significant increase in high-density lipoprotein levels compared with baseline. At the end of the study, fat mass, total cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins, and BDNF were significantly different between the groups. According to our results, aerobic PA combined with hemp seed consumption may improve anthropometric indices, lipid profile, and BDNF and improve health outcomes like cardiovascular comorbidities, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: A sedentary lifestyle has numerous health-threatening consequences like cardiovascular comorbidities, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance. The importance of physical activity (PA) in improving these clinical manifestations is well-known; however, the potential benefits of herbal therapy combined with PA in reducing the side effects of a sedentary lifestyle have not been well studied. In the current research, we evaluated the benefits of hemp seed alone and combined with aerobic exercise on metabolic markers, oxidative stress, and neurotrophic factors in young sedentary men for the first time. According to our results, aerobic PA combined with hemp seed consumption improved anthropometric indices, lipid profile, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor among young sedentary men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mohammadrezaei
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Kavakeb
- Department of Sport Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Kharazmi, Tehran, Iran
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Nouruzi S, Vasheghani Farahani A, Rezaeizadeh H, Ghafouri P, Ghorashi SM, Omidi N. Platelet Aggregation Inhibition: An Evidence-Based Systematic Review on the Role of Herbs for Primary Prevention Based on Randomized Controlled Trials. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 47:505-516. [PMID: 36380973 PMCID: PMC9652499 DOI: 10.30476/ijms.2021.91328.2247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelet aggregation is a crucial mechanism in the progression of atherothrombotic events. This systematic review aims to introduce the plants studied in healthy people as the primary prevention to inhibit platelet aggregation. We also discuss possible mechanisms that are involved in the inhibition of platelet aggregation. METHODS A systematic search on the electronic medical databases from 1970 to February 2020 was performed. The selected keywords were: "herb", "plant", "platelet aggregation", "platelet activation", "clinical trial", "randomized" and "controlled". RESULTS The result of the initial search was a pool of 136 articles. After initial abstract reviewing, there were 55 relevant articles. Finally, 28 eligible records fulfilled our inclusion criteria to enter the qualitative synthesis process. CONCLUSION Out of the 10 plants evaluated in the clinical trials, nine had inhibitory effects on platelet aggregation. Most of the reviewed plants, including tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L), garlic (Allium sativum), kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa), cacao (Theobroma cacao), grape (Vitis vinifera), ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum), sea buckthorn berry (Hippophae), and argan (Argania spinose) could be potential sources for the primary prevention of atherothrombotic events at an appropriate dosage. Finally, we do not consider phytoceuticals as a replacement for the guideline-directed medical treatment. Large randomized double-blind clinical trials are required to evaluate the anti-platelet characteristics of these plants for the adjuvant primary prevention of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samane Nouruzi
- Cardiac Primary Prevention Research Center, Cardiovascular Disease Research Institute, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Vasheghani Farahani
- Cardiac Primary Prevention Research Center, Cardiovascular Disease Research Institute, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Rezaeizadeh
- Cardiac Primary Prevention Research Center, Cardiovascular Disease Research Institute, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parham Ghafouri
- Cardiac Primary Prevention Research Center, Cardiovascular Disease Research Institute, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyyed Mojtaba Ghorashi
- Cardiac Primary Prevention Research Center, Cardiovascular Disease Research Institute, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negar Omidi
- Cardiac Primary Prevention Research Center, Cardiovascular Disease Research Institute, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Burdge GC. α-linolenic acid interconversion is sufficient as a source of longer chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in humans: An opinion. Lipids 2022; 57:267-287. [PMID: 35908848 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
α-linolenic acid (αLNA) conversion into the functionally important ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), has been regarded as inadequate for meeting nutritional requirements for these PUFA. This view is based on findings of small αLNA supplementation trials and stable isotope tracer studies that have been interpreted as indicating human capacity for EPA and, in particular, DHA synthesis is limited. The purpose of this review is to re-evaluate this interpretation. Markedly differing study designs, inconsistent findings and lack of trial replication preclude robust consensus regarding the nutritional adequacy of αLNA as a source of EPC and DHA. The conclusion that αLNA conversion in humans is constrained is inaccurate because it presupposes the existence of an unspecified, higher level of metabolic activity. Since capacity for EPA and DHA synthesis is the product of evolution it may be argued that the levels of EPA and DHA it maintains are nutritionally appropriate. Dietary and supra-dietary EPA plus DHA intakes confer health benefits. Paradoxically, such health benefits are also found amongst vegetarians who do not consume EPA and DHA, and for whom αLNA conversion is the primary source of ω-3 PUFA. Since there are no reported adverse effects on health or cognitive development of diets that exclude EPA and DHA, their synthesis from αLNA appears to be nutritionally adequate. This is consistent with the dietary essentiality of αLNA and has implications for developing sustainable nutritional recommendations for ω-3 PUFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham C Burdge
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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Shareghfarid E, Nadjarzadeh A, Heidarzadeh-Esfahani N, Azamian Y, Hajiahmadi S. The Effect of Flaxseed Oil Supplementation on Body Composition and Inflammation Indices in Overweight Adults With Pre-Diabetes. Nutr Metab Insights 2022; 15:11786388221090083. [PMID: 35799617 PMCID: PMC9253991 DOI: 10.1177/11786388221090083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Flaxseed has rich content of alpha linolenic acid for preventing pro
inflammatory process. The aim of present study is exploring the effect of
flaxseed oil supplementation on inflammatory biomarkers and body composition
in overweight adults with pre-diabetes. Material and methods: this double-blind randomized clinical trial conducted with 80 overweight
pre-diabetic patients in 2 clusters (flaxseed oil group (2000-mg daily) and
control group) across a 14-week period. Anthropometric indices, body
composition and inflammatory indices were measured between 2 groups before
and after the treatment. Result: this study found a significant decrease in visceral fat level in the
intervention group (P = .009) and control group
(P = .004) at the end of the survey. However, the mean
change of it (P = .06) was not significant. Also, this
study showed that percentage of body fat (P = .31) and its
mean change (P = .6) did not have significantly different
between the 2 groups at the 14th week. The skeletal muscle% had a
significant rise in the intervention group (P = .005) and
control group (P = .003) by the end of 14th week. However,
the mean change of it (P = .19) was not significant between
the 2 groups. In addition, there was no significant change in the fasting
blood glucose (P = . 7), C reactive protein
(P = .12) and TNF-α (P = .22) between
the 2 groups at the end of study. Conclusion: It showed that flaxseed oil supplementation cannot improve body composition
and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Shareghfarid
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Azadeh Nadjarzadeh
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Islamic Republic of Iran.,Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Neda Heidarzadeh-Esfahani
- Department of Nutritional Science, School of Nutritional Science and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Yasaman Azamian
- Department of Nutritional Science, School of Nutritional Science and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Salimeh Hajiahmadi
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Islamic Republic of Iran.,Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Islamic Republic of Iran
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Comparative Evaluation of the Nutrients, Phytochemicals, and Antioxidant Activity of Two Hempseed Oils and Their Byproducts after Cold Pressing. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27113431. [PMID: 35684369 PMCID: PMC9181874 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recently, there has been a growing interest in the recovery of agri-food waste within the circular economy perspective. In this study, the nutritional, phytochemical, and biological features of the cold-pressed hempseed oil (HSO) and hempseed meal (HSM) of two industrial hemp varieties (USO 31 and Futura 75, THC ≤ 0.2%) were evaluated. The HSOs showed a high total phenols and flavonoid content, which were confirmed by LC-DAD-ESI-MS analysis, with rutin as the most abundant compound (56.93–77.89 µg/100 FW). They also proved to be a rich source of tocopherols (81.69–101.45 mg/100 g FW) and of a well-balanced ω-6 to ω-3 fatty acid ratio (3:1) with USO 31, which showed the best phytochemical profile and consequently the best antioxidant activity (about two times higher than Futura 75). The HSMs still retained part of the phytochemicals identified in the HSOs (polyphenols, tocopherols, and the preserved ω-6/ω-3 fatty acids ratio) and a modest antioxidant activity. Furthermore, they showed a very interesting nutritional profile, which was very rich in proteins (29.88–31.44 g/100 g FW), crude fibers (18.39–19.67 g/100 g), and essential and non-essential amino acids. Finally, only a restrained amount of anti-nutritional factors (trypsin inhibitors, phytic acid, and condensed tannins) was found, suggesting a promising re-use of these byproducts in the nutraceutical field.
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Martini N. Potion or Poison? Hempseed oil. J Prim Health Care 2021; 13:375-376. [PMID: 34937652 DOI: 10.1071/hc19567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nataly Martini
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Auckland, PB 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Li N, Jia M, Deng Q, Wang Z, Huang F, Hou H, Xu T. Effect of low-ratio n-6/n-3 PUFA on blood lipid level: a meta-analysis. Hormones (Athens) 2021; 20:697-706. [PMID: 33123975 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-020-00248-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the effects of low-ratio n-6/n-3 PUFA on blood lipid levels. METHODS We searched the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases for randomized controlled trials of n-6/n-3 PUFA interventions up to March 2019. The change values were calculated as weighted mean differences (WMDs) by using a random-effect model. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression were used to explore the source of heterogeneity. RESULTS A total of 30 randomized controlled trials with 1368 participants were identified. Compared with control, low-ratio n-6/n-3 PUFA significantly reduced triglyceride (TG) concentration (WMD: - 0.079 mmol/L, 95% confidence interval (CI): - 0.148 mmol/L to - 0.009 mmol/L, p = 0.026) and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentration (WMD: 0.033 mmol/L, 95% CI: 0.007 to 0.058 mmol/L, p = 0.012). Subgroup analysis revealed that the effects of low-ratio n-6/n-3 PUFA on blood lipid levels were better for a longer time. The effects of α-linolenic acid on total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations were more obvious among participants. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) had more significant effects on TG and HDL-C concentrations. No significant publication bias was observed for TG and HDL-C, as suggested by the results of Begg's test and Egger's test. CONCLUSION Low-ratio n-6/n-3 PUFA significantly reduced TG concentration and increased HDL-C concentration. The beneficial effects of low-ratio n-6/n-3 PUFA on TG, TC, HDL-C, and LDL-C concentrations were enhanced with time. However, n-3 PUFA derived from plants significantly reduced TC and LDL-C concentrations, and n-3 PUFA derived from EPA and DHA significantly reduced TG concentration and increased HDL-C concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Shandong Engineering Research Center of Food for Special Medical Purpose/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 202 Gongyebei Road, Jinan, 250100, China
- Food Science and Engineering of Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Min Jia
- Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Shandong Engineering Research Center of Food for Special Medical Purpose/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 202 Gongyebei Road, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Qianchun Deng
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Fenghong Huang
- Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Shandong Engineering Research Center of Food for Special Medical Purpose/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 202 Gongyebei Road, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Hanxue Hou
- Food Science and Engineering of Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271000, Shandong, China.
| | - Tongcheng Xu
- Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Shandong Engineering Research Center of Food for Special Medical Purpose/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 202 Gongyebei Road, Jinan, 250100, China.
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11
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Ahmadniay Motlagh H, Aalipanah E, Mazidi M, Faghih S. Effect of flaxseed consumption on central obesity, serum lipids, and adiponectin level in overweight or obese women: A randomised controlled clinical trial. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e14592. [PMID: 34227198 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flaxseed may be beneficial for the management of obesity due to its high content of alpha-linolenic acid, fibre, and lignans. OBJECTIVE We aim to evaluate the effect of flaxseed consumption on serum lipids, adiponectin, leptin, and anthropometric indices in overweight or obese women. METHODS This randomised controlled clinical trial involved 60 overweight or obese women. Participants were randomly allocated into two groups: (a) a balanced diet plus 30 g/day milled flaxseed (as treatment group) and (b) a balanced diet plus 30 g/day milled rice (as control group). Anthropometric indices, serum lipids, leptin, and adiponectin level were measured at baseline and at the end of intervention after 12 weeks. RESULTS After 12 weeks of intervention, there was significantly higher reduction rate in waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (both P < .05) in the flaxseed-consuming group compared with the control group. Moreover, adiponectin level was significantly increased from (12.11 ± 7.1) to (17.15 ± 6.1) in the flaxseed-consuming group compared with the control group from (12.48 ± 4.7) to (12.01 ± 5.8) (P = .002). However, no significant difference was observed in serum lipid level in the study groups before and after the intervention (all P > .05). CONCLUSION Flaxseed consumption may improve adiposity markers, such as adiponectin level. Thus, flaxseed consumption could be an adjunctive therapy to attenuate central obesity. Serum lipid profile has not changed meaningfully after flaxseed consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda Ahmadniay Motlagh
- Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Erfaneh Aalipanah
- Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Mazidi
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Shiva Faghih
- Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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12
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Effects of Flaxseed on Blood Lipids in Healthy and Dyslipidemic Subjects: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Curr Probl Cardiol 2021; 47:100931. [PMID: 34384619 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2021.100931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To address hyperlipidemia, flaxseed demonstrates a great impact on experimental and clinical trials. Therefore, the effects of flaxseed on lipid profiles of healthy and dyslipidemic subjects were assayed. The literature search was performed based on English reports of randomized control trials (RCTs) up to April 2021 to seek the effect of flaxseed on lipid profiles of healthy and dyslipidemic subjects. A total of 14 RCTs with 1107 participants were evaluated. Based on results, flaxseed significantly improves the lipid profile in dyslipidemic patients comprising total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) and triglyceride (TG) in comparison with the control group. Nevertheless, no significant changes were observed in high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C). Although in healthy individual flaxseed significantly increased HDL-C, LDL-C and TG. Subgroup analysis on healthy subjects showed that flaxseed improved LDL-C on overweight subjects with BMI>25. The evidence suggests that flaxseed significantly improved TC, LDL-C and TG in dyslipidemic subjects and additionally improved the HDL-C on healthy subjects.
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Muscarà C, Smeriglio A, Trombetta D, Mandalari G, La Camera E, Grassi G, Circosta C. Phytochemical characterization and biological properties of two standardized extracts from a non-psychotropic Cannabis sativa L. cannabidiol (CBD)-chemotype. Phytother Res 2021; 35:5269-5281. [PMID: 34173287 PMCID: PMC8518979 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of study was to evaluate and compare the phytochemical profile, the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of two standardized extracts from non-psychotropic (Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol ≤0.2%) Cannabis sativa L. var. fibrante rich in cannabidiol (CBD). The two extracts, namely Cannabis Fibrante Hexane Extract 1 (CFHE1) and Cannabis Fibrante Hexane Extract 2 (CFHE2), were obtained by extraction with acidified hexane from dried flowering tops as such and after hydrodistillation of the essential oil, respectively. Gas chromatographic analysis showed that cannabinoids remained the predominant class of compounds in both extracts (82.56% and 86.38%, respectively), whereas a marked depletion of the terpenes occurred. Moreover, liquid chromatographic analysis highlighted a high titer of cannabidiol acid (CBDA) and CBD in CFHE1 and CFHE2, respectively. Both extracts showed a strong and concentration-dependent antioxidant activity and a potent antimicrobial activity against both Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 (MIC and MBC of 4.88 μg/ml for CFHE1, and 4.88 and 19.53 μg/ml, respectively, for CFHE2) and methicillin resistant clinical strains (MIC values between 1.22 and 9.77 μg/ml and MBC values between 4.88 and 78.13 μg/ml). Considering this, the obtained results suggest that standardized extracts of C. sativa var. fibrante could find promising applications as novel antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Muscarà
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Foundation Prof. Antonio Imbesi, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonella Smeriglio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Foundation Prof. Antonio Imbesi, Messina, Italy
| | - Domenico Trombetta
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Mandalari
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Erminia La Camera
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Gianpaolo Grassi
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops (CREA-CI) IT, Rovigo, Italy
| | - Clara Circosta
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Mazzocchi A, De Cosmi V, Risé P, Milani GP, Turolo S, Syrén ML, Sala A, Agostoni C. Bioactive Compounds in Edible Oils and Their Role in Oxidative Stress and Inflammation. Front Physiol 2021; 12:659551. [PMID: 33995124 PMCID: PMC8119658 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.659551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet and inflammatory response are recognized as strictly related, and interest in exploring the potential of edible fats and oils for health and chronic diseases is emerging worldwide. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) present in fish oil (FO), such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), may be partly converted into oxygenated bioactive lipids with anti-inflammatory and/or pro-resolving activities. Moreover, the co-presence of phenolic compounds and vitamins in edible oils may prevent the development of chronic diseases by their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, and immunomodulatory activities. Finally, a high content in mono-unsaturated fatty acids may improve the serum lipid profile and decrease the alterations caused by the oxidized low-density lipoproteins and free radicals. The present review aims to highlight the role of lipids and other bioactive compounds contained in edible oils on oxidative stress and inflammation, focusing on critical and controversial issues that recently emerged, and pointing to the opposing role often played by edible oils components and their oxidized metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Mazzocchi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina De Cosmi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Pediatric Intermediate Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Risé
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gregorio Paolo Milani
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Pediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Turolo
- Pediatric Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Marie-Louise Syrén
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Sala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Istituto per la Ricerca e l'Innovazione Biomedica (IRIB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Carlo Agostoni
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Pediatric Intermediate Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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15
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Kim MG, Yang I, Lee HS, Lee JY, Kim K. Lipid-modifying effects of krill oil vs fish oil: a network meta-analysis. Nutr Rev 2021; 78:699-708. [PMID: 32073633 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuz102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Krill oil is a good source of n-3 phospholipids and has greater bioavailability than fish oil, which contains n-3 triglycerides. However, it is unclear whether krill oil affects circulating lipid concentrations more beneficially than fish oil. OBJECTIVE A network meta-analysis was conducted to compare the lipid-modifying effects of krill oil and fish oil. DATA SOURCES PubMed and Embase databases were searched. STUDY SELECTION A total of 64 randomized controlled trials that determined the lipid-modifying effects of krill oil or fish oil were selected. DATA EXTRACTION The MetaXL program was used for meta-analysis. A subgroup analysis and a network meta-regression were conducted to investigate the dose-response effect of the n-3 fatty acid content of fish oil and krill oil. RESULTS Krill oil was associated with significantly lower triglyceride levels than control supplements (weighted mean difference [WMD] -23.26 [95%CI, -38.84 to -7.69]). However, the net differences in triglycerides (WMD -4.07 [95%CI, -15.22 to 7.08]), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (WMD 3.01 [95%CI, -5.49 to 11.51]), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (WMD 1.37 [95%CI, -3.73 to 6.48]), and total cholesterol (WMD 1.69 [95%CI, -6.62 to 10.01]) were not significantly different between the krill oil and fish oil groups. One gram of n-3 fatty acids contained in fish oil and krill oil lowered median triglycerides by 8.971 mg/dL (95% credible interval [CrI], 2.27 to 14.04) and 9.838 mg/dL (95%CrI, 0.72 to 19.40), respectively. CONCLUSIONS The lipid-modifying effects of krill oil and fish oil do not differ. The reduction in triglycerides depends on the dose of n-3 fatty acids consumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeong Gyu Kim
- Graduate School of Clinical Pharmacy, CHA University, Pocheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Inkyou Yang
- Graduate School of Clinical Pharmacy, CHA University, Pocheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Sol Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungim Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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16
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Alasalvar C, Chang SK, Bolling B, Oh WY, Shahidi F. Specialty seeds: Nutrients, bioactives, bioavailability, and health benefits: A comprehensive review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:2382-2427. [PMID: 33719194 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Seeds play important roles in human nutrition and health since ancient time. The term "specialty" has recently been applied to seeds to describe high-value and/or uncommon food products. Since then, numerous studies have been conducted to identify various classes of bioactive compounds, including polyphenols in specialty seeds. This review discusses nutrients, fat-soluble bioactives, polyphenols/bioactives, antioxidant activity, bioavailability, health benefits, and safety/toxicology of commonly consumed eight specialty seeds, namely, black cumin, chia, hemp, flax, perilla, pumpkin, quinoa, and sesame. Scientific results from the existing literature published over the last decade have been compiled and discussed. These specialty seeds, having numerous fat-soluble bioactives and polyphenols, together with their corresponding antioxidant activities, have increasingly been consumed. Hence, these specialty seeds can be considered as a valuable source of dietary supplements and functional foods due to their health-promoting bioactive components, polyphenols, and corresponding antioxidant activities. The phytochemicals from these specialty seeds demonstrate bioavailability in humans with promising health benefits. Additional long-term and well-design human intervention trials are required to ascertain the health-promoting properties of these specialty seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sui Kiat Chang
- Department of Horticulture, Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bradley Bolling
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Won Young Oh
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - Fereidoon Shahidi
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, A1B 3X9, Canada
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17
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Effect of roasting on antioxidative properties, polyphenol profile and fatty acids composition of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seeds. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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Cerino P, Buonerba C, Cannazza G, D'Auria J, Ottoni E, Fulgione A, Di Stasio A, Pierri B, Gallo A. A Review of Hemp as Food and Nutritional Supplement. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2021; 6:19-27. [PMID: 33614949 DOI: 10.1089/can.2020.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The term "hemp" refers to Cannabis sativa cultivars grown for industrial purposes that are characterized by lower levels of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the active principle responsible for Cannabis psychotropic effects. Hemp is an extraordinary crop, with enormous social and economic value, since it can be used to produce food, textiles, clothing, biodegradable plastics, paper, paint, biofuel, and animal feed, as well as lighting oil. Various parts of the hemp plant represent a valuable source of food and ingredients for nutritional supplements. While hemp inflorescence is rich in nonpsychoactive, yet biologically active cannabinoids, such as cannabidiol (CBD), which exerts potent anxiolytic, spasmolytic, as well as anticonvulsant effects, hempseed has a pleasant nutty taste and represents a valuable source of essential amino acids and fatty acids, minerals, vitamins, and fibers. In addition, hempseed oil is a source of healthy polyunsaturated fatty acids, and hemp sprouts are rich in antioxidants. This review article aims to provide a comprehensive outlook from a multidisciplinary perspective on the scientific evidence supporting hemp beneficial properties when consumed as food or supplement. Marketing of hemp-derived products is subjected to diversified and complex regulations worldwide for several reasons, including the fact that CBD is also the active principal of pharmaceutical agents and that regulatory bodies in some cases ban Cannabis inflorescence regardless of its THC content. Some key regulatory aspects of such a complex scenario are also analyzed and discussed in this review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pellegrino Cerino
- National Reference Center for Environmental Health, Zoo-Prophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Portici, Italy.,Multidisciplinary Center on Cannabinoid Research-REICA, Zoo-Prophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Portici, Italy.,Department of Public Health, "Federico II" University, Naples, Italy.,Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale", IRCCS, Napoli, Italy
| | - Carlo Buonerba
- National Reference Center for Environmental Health, Zoo-Prophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Portici, Italy.,Multidisciplinary Center on Cannabinoid Research-REICA, Zoo-Prophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Portici, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hematology, Regional Reference Center for Rare Tumors, AOU Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cannazza
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,CNR NANOTEC, Campus Ecotekne of the University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Jacopo D'Auria
- National Reference Center for Environmental Health, Zoo-Prophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Portici, Italy.,Multidisciplinary Center on Cannabinoid Research-REICA, Zoo-Prophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Portici, Italy
| | - Ermete Ottoni
- National Reference Center for Environmental Health, Zoo-Prophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Portici, Italy.,Multidisciplinary Center on Cannabinoid Research-REICA, Zoo-Prophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Portici, Italy
| | - Andrea Fulgione
- National Reference Center for Environmental Health, Zoo-Prophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Portici, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Stasio
- National Reference Center for Environmental Health, Zoo-Prophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Portici, Italy.,Multidisciplinary Center on Cannabinoid Research-REICA, Zoo-Prophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Portici, Italy
| | - Biancamaria Pierri
- National Reference Center for Environmental Health, Zoo-Prophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Portici, Italy.,Multidisciplinary Center on Cannabinoid Research-REICA, Zoo-Prophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Portici, Italy.,Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana," University of Salerno, Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Alfonso Gallo
- National Reference Center for Environmental Health, Zoo-Prophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Portici, Italy.,Multidisciplinary Center on Cannabinoid Research-REICA, Zoo-Prophylactic Institute of Southern Italy, Portici, Italy
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19
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Ntzouvani A, Antonopoulou S, Fragopoulou E, Kontogianni MD, Nomikos T, Mikellidi A, Xanthopoulou Μ, Kalogeropoulos N, Panagiotakos D. Effect of Differently Fed Farmed Gilthead Sea Bream Consumption on Platelet Aggregation and Circulating Haemostatic Markers among Apparently Healthy Adults: A Double-Blind Randomized Crossover Trial. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020286. [PMID: 33498445 PMCID: PMC7909403 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish consumption beneficially affects coagulation markers. Few dietary intervention studies have investigated differently fed farmed fish against these cardio-metabolic risk factors in humans. This double-blind randomized crossover trial evaluated differently fed farmed gilthead sea bream consumption against platelet aggregation and circulating haemostatic markers among apparently healthy adults. Subjects aged 30-65 years, with a body mass index 24.0-31.0 kg/m2, consuming less than 150 g cooked fish per week, were recruited in Attica, Greece. Participants were randomized (n = 38, 1:1) to one of two sequences; consumption of fish fed with fish oil diet (conventional fish, CF)/fish fed with olive pomace-enriched diet (enriched fish, EF) versus EF/CF. The primary outcomes were ex vivo human platelet aggregation and circulating plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and P-selectin (sP-selectin) concentrations. EF consumption had no significant effect on platelet sensitivity or haemostatic markers compared to CF. Platelet sensitivity to platelet-activating factor (PAF) decreased after CF consumption during the second period (p < 0.01). Plasma PAI-1 and sP-selectin concentrations increased after CF consumption during both periods (p < 0.01 for both). Based on current findings, consumption of enriched farmed gilthead sea bream had no greater effect on coagulation markers in adults compared to the conventionally fed fish.
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20
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AbuMweis S, Abu Omran D, Al-Shami I, Jew S. The ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid to docosahexaenoic acid as a modulator for the cardio-metabolic effects of omega-3 supplements: A meta-regression of randomized clinical trials. Complement Ther Med 2021; 57:102662. [PMID: 33418065 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2021.102662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A large number of studies have demonstrated the effects of omega- 3 supplements containing mixtures of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), known to favorably affect many modifiable risk factors of coronary heart disease (CHD). These studies have used diverse ratios and doses of EPA and DHA. However, it is not known whether the ratio of EPA to DHA in omega-3 supplements affect their efficacy as modulators for cardiovascular risk factors. This meta-regression aimed to investigate the effect of different ratios of EPA to DHA on risk factors associated with CHD including lipid profile, blood pressure, heart rate, and inflammation. METHOD A regression analysis was carried out on 92 clinical trials with acceptable quality (Jadad score ≥ 3) that were previously identified from two databases (PubMed and Cochrane Library). RESULTS Data from studies that met the inclusion criteria for this analysis showed that the ratio of EPA to DHA was not associated with lipid profile, diastolic blood pressure, or heart rate. With all studies, the ratio of EPA to DHA was associated with C-reactive protein (CRP) (β = -1.3121 (95 % CI: -1.6610 to -0.9543), that is, the higher the EPA to DHA ratio, the greater the reduction. Using only studies that supplied EPA and DHA in the range of 2 g-6 g, the ratio of EPA to DHA was also associated with CRP (β = -2.10429 and 95 % CI: -3.89963 to -0.30895); that is, an even more pronounced reduction in CRP with a higher EPA to DHA ratio. Systolic blood pressure was only associated with an increasing EPA to DHA ratio in the 2 g-6 g range (β = 5.47129 and 95 % CI: 0.40677-10.53580), that is, a higher EPA to DHA ratio within this dose range, the greater the increase in SBP. CONCLUSION Current data suggest that the EPA to DHA ratio only correlates to the modulation of CRP by omega-3 supplementation of EPA and DHA, and SBP in studies that supplemented EPA and DHA in the range of 2 g-6 g, shedding light on potential differential effects of EPA vs. DHA on inflammation and systolic blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhad AbuMweis
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa, 13133, Jordan; College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | | | - Islam Al-Shami
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa, 13133, Jordan
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21
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Wei Y, Meng Y, Li N, Wang Q, Chen L. The effects of low-ratio n-6/n-3 PUFA on biomarkers of inflammation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Food Funct 2020; 12:30-40. [PMID: 33232407 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01976c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of the systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine if low-ratio n-6/n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation affects serum inflammation markers based on the current studies. METHODS PubMed, Embase and The Cochrane library databases were systematically searched to find randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the effect of low-ratio n-6/n-3 PUFA intervention on inflammation markers up to July 2020. Data were pooled using standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), with P value ≦ 0.05 as statistical significance. RESULTS Thirty-one RCTs were included in the meta-analysis. The analysis indicated that increasing low-ratio n-6/n-3 PUFA supplementation decreased the level of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (SMD = -0.270; 95% CI: -0.433, -0.106; P = 0.001) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) (SMD = -0.153; 95% CI: -0.260, -0.045; P = 0.005). There were no significant effects on C-reactive protein (CRP) (SMD = -0.027; 95% CI: -0.189: 0.135; P = 0.741). Subgroup analysis indicated that there was a significant reduction in TNF-α serum concentration in subjects from Asia (SMD: -0.367; 95% CI: -0.579, -0.155; P = 0.001) and in subjects with diseases (SMD: -0.281; 95% CI: -0.436, -0.127; P < 0.001). In the subgroup of the n-6/n-3 ratio ≦5, low-ratio n-6/n-3 PUFA supplementation could decrease the level of TNF-α (SMD: -0.335; 95% CI: -0.552, -0.119; P = 0.002). Serum IL-6 decreased significantly in patients from the Europe subgroup (SMD: -0.451; 95% CI: -0.688, -0.214; P < 0.001), but not in Asia (SMD: -0.034; 95% CI: -0.226, 0.157; P = 0.724), North America (SMD: -0.115; 95% CI: -0.274, 0.044; P = 0.157) and Oceania (SMD: 0.142; 95% CI: -0.557, 0.842; P = 0.690). CONCLUSION Low-ratio n-6/n-3 PUFA supplementation could decrease significantly the concentration of serum TNF-α and IL-6, but not decrease CRP concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Wei
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Yan Meng
- Department of Nutrition, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Na Li
- Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Shandong Provincial Food for Special Medical Purpose Engineering Technology Research Center/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jinan, China.
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Liyong Chen
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China. and Department of Nutrition, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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Jamshidi A, Cao H, Xiao J, Simal-Gandara J. Advantages of techniques to fortify food products with the benefits of fish oil. Food Res Int 2020; 137:109353. [PMID: 33233057 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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23
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Muscarà C, Smeriglio A, Trombetta D, Mandalari G, La Camera E, Occhiuto C, Grassi G, Circosta C. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of two standardized extracts from a new Chinese accession of non-psychotropic Cannabis sativa L. Phytother Res 2020; 35:1099-1112. [PMID: 33034400 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of two extracts from a new Chinese accession (G-309) of Cannabis sativa L. (Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol <0.2%) with high content of propyl side chain phytocannabinoids. Dried flowering tops, as such and after hydrodistillation of the essential oil, were extracted with acidic hexane to produce the Cannabis Chinese hexane extract 1 (CChHE1) and 2 (CChHE2), respectively. The phytochemical profile of CChHE1 and CChHE2 was investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-diode array detector-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS) analyses. The antioxidant properties were assessed by several in vitro cell-free assays. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and the yeast Candida albicans. Phytochemical analyses highlighted a high content of cannabidivarinic acid (CBDVA) and tetraydrocannabivarinic acid (THCVA) in CChHE1, and cannabidivarin (CBDV) and tetraydrocannabivarin (THCV) in CChHE2. Both extracts showed remarkable antioxidant activity and strong antimicrobial properties (MIC 39.06 and MBC 39.06-78.13 μg/ml) against both ATCC and methicillin-resistant clinical strains of Staphylococcus aureus. In conclusion, standardized extracts of C. sativa Chinese accession could be promising for their possible use as novel antibacterial agents for the treatment of widespread S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Muscarà
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Foundation Prof. Antonio Imbesi, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonella Smeriglio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Foundation Prof. Antonio Imbesi, Messina, Italy
| | - Domenico Trombetta
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Mandalari
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Erminia La Camera
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Cristina Occhiuto
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Gianpaolo Grassi
- Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economy Analysis - Research Center for Industrialcrops (CREA-CI), Rovigo, Italy
| | - Clara Circosta
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Jurgoński A, Opyd PM, Fotschki B. Effects of native or partially defatted hemp seeds on hindgut function, antioxidant status and lipid metabolism in diet-induced obese rats. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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25
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Poulsen NB, Lambert MNT, Jeppesen PB. The Effect of Plant Derived Bioactive Compounds on Inflammation: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e2000473. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaj Bech Poulsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus University Palle Juul‐Jensens Boulevard 165 Aarhus N 8200 Denmark
| | - Max Norman Tandrup Lambert
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus University Palle Juul‐Jensens Boulevard 165 Aarhus N 8200 Denmark
| | - Per Bendix Jeppesen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus University Palle Juul‐Jensens Boulevard 165 Aarhus N 8200 Denmark
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Chen CG, Wang P, Zhang ZQ, Ye YB, Zhuo SY, Zhou Q, Chen YM, Su YX, Zhang B. Effects of plant oils with different fatty acid composition on cardiovascular risk factors in moderately hypercholesteremic Chinese adults: a randomized, double-blinded, parallel-designed trial. Food Funct 2020; 11:7164-7174. [PMID: 32756661 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00875c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Plant oil for cooking typically provides 40% to 50% of dietary fat, 65% of linoleic acid, 44% of α-linolenic acid and 41% of oleic acid in the Chinese diet. However, the comparative effects of fatty acids derived from plant oil on cardiovascular risk factors in Chinese are still inconclusive. Hence, the aim of this study is to investigate whether cardiovascular risk factors are altered depending on various types of plant oils such as peanut oil rich in oleic acid, corn oil rich in linoleic acid, and blend oil fortified by α-linolenic acid. DESIGN A randomized, double-blinded, parallel-designed trial. SETTING The First and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. PARTICIPANTS A total of 251 volunteers with fasting blood total cholesterol between 5.13 and 8.00 mmol L-1 were enrolled. INTERVENTION Volunteers received peanut oil, corn oil or blend oil to use for cooking for one year. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The erythrocyte membrane fatty acid composition, fasting plasma lipids, glucose and insulin concentrations and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels were measured before, during and after the intervention. The level of α-linolenic acid in erythrocyte membranes was significantly increased in the blend oil group after the intervention (P < 0.001). The level of other fatty acids did not show any statistically significant differences between the three groups. No significant differences were observed in the concentrations of fasting plasma lipids, hsCRP, glucose, and insulin among the three groups using different types of plant oils. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that although ingesting cooking oil with different fatty acid composition for one year could change erythrocyte membrane fatty acid compositions, it did not significantly modify cardiovascular risk factors in moderately hypercholesteremic people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Gang Chen
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510012, P. R. China
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Bkaily G, Jacques D. Flaxseed as an Anticardiotoxicity Agent in Breast Cancer Therapy. J Nutr 2020; 150:2231-2232. [PMID: 32725201 PMCID: PMC7540065 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Danielle Jacques
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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28
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Yue H, Qiu B, Jia M, Liu W, Guo XF, Li N, Xu ZX, Du FL, Xu T, Li D. Effects of α-linolenic acid intake on blood lipid profiles:a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:2894-2910. [PMID: 32643951 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1790496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of ALA intake on blood lipid profiles, including triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL-C) and ratio of TC to HDL-C. We systematically searched randomized controlled trials of ALA intervention on PubMed, Embase, Cochrane library and related references up to March 2018. The final values were calculated as weighted mean difference (WMD) by using a random effects model. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression were used to explore the source of heterogeneity. Generalized least square was performed for dose-response analysis. Forty-seven studies with 1305 individuals in the ALA arm and 1325 individuals in the control arm were identified. Compared with control group, dietary intake of ALA significantly reduced the concentrations of TG (WMD -0.101 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.158 to -0.044 mmol/L; P = 0.001), TC (WMD -0.140 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.224 to -0.056 mmol/L; P = 0.001), LDL-C (WMD -0.131 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.191 to -0.071 mmol/L; P < 0.001), VLDL-C (WMD -0.121 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.170 to -0.073 mmol/L; P < 0.001), TC/HDL-C ratio (WMD -0.165 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.317 to -0.013 mmol/L; P = 0.033) and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio (WMD -0.158 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.291 to -0.025 mmol/L; P = 0.02). There is no effect of ALA intake on HDL-C (WMD 0.008 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.018 to 0.034 mmol/L; P = 0.541). Dose-response analysis indicated that 1 g per day increment of ALA was associated with a 0.0016 mmol/L, 0.0071 mmol/L, 0.0015 and 0.0061 mmol/L reduction in TG (95% CI: -0.0029 to -0.0002 mmol/L), TC (95% CI: -0.0085 to -0.0058 mmol/L), HDL-C (95% CI: -0.0020 to -0.0011 mmol/L) and LDL-C (95% CI: -0.0073 to -0.0049 mmol/L) levels, respectively. The effects of ALA intake on TG, TC and LDL-C concentrations were more obvious among Asian participants, and also more obvious on patients with hyperlipidemia or hyperglycemia compared to healthy individuals. Dietary ALA intervention improves blood lipid profiles by decreasing levels of TG, TC, LDL and VLDL-C. Our findings add to the evidence that increasing ALA intake could potentially prevent risk of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yue
- Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Food for Special Medical Purpose Engineering Technology Research Center, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Jinan, China.,College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Bin Qiu
- Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Food for Special Medical Purpose Engineering Technology Research Center, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Jinan, China
| | - Min Jia
- Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Food for Special Medical Purpose Engineering Technology Research Center, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Food for Special Medical Purpose Engineering Technology Research Center, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Guo
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Na Li
- Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Food for Special Medical Purpose Engineering Technology Research Center, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Jinan, China.,College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Fang-Ling Du
- Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Food for Special Medical Purpose Engineering Technology Research Center, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Jinan, China
| | - Tongcheng Xu
- Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Food for Special Medical Purpose Engineering Technology Research Center, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Jinan, China
| | - Duo Li
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Farinon B, Molinari R, Costantini L, Merendino N. The seed of industrial hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.): Nutritional Quality and Potential Functionality for Human Health and Nutrition. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12071935. [PMID: 32610691 PMCID: PMC7400098 DOI: 10.3390/nu12071935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hempseeds, the edible fruits of the Cannabis sativa L. plant, were initially considered a by-product of the hemp technical fibre industry. Nowadays, following the restorationing of the cultivation of C. sativa L. plants containing an amount of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) <0.3% or 0.2% (industrial hemp) there is a growing interest for the hempseeds production due to their high nutritional value and functional features. The goal of this review is to examine the scientific literature concerning the nutritional and functional properties of hempseeds. Furthermore, we revised the scientific literature regarding the potential use of hempseeds and their derivatives as a dietary supplement for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory and chronic-degenerative diseases on animal models and humans too. In the first part of the work, we provide information regarding the genetic, biochemical, and legislative aspects of this plant that are, in our opinion essential to understand the difference between “industrial” and “drug-type” hemp. In the final part of the review, the employment of hempseeds by the food industry as livestock feed supplement and as ingredient to enrich or fortify daily foods has also revised. Overall, this review intends to encourage further and comprehensive investigations about the adoption of hempseeds in the functional foods field.
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Opyd PM, Jurgoński A, Fotschki B, Juśkiewicz J. Dietary Hemp Seeds More Effectively Attenuate Disorders in Genetically Obese Rats than Their Lipid Fraction. J Nutr 2020; 150:1425-1433. [PMID: 32275310 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemp seeds are rich in PUFAs and other bioactives that can attenuate the development of obesity-related disorders; however, the extent to which their lipid fraction is responsible for this effect is unknown. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that hemp seed or hemp oil supplementation can attenuate genetically determined disorders and that the former are more effective in doing so. METHODS Lean and obese male Zucker rats, aged 8 wk, weighing 174 ± 4.2 g and 223 ± 3.8 g, respectively, were allocated to 4 groups. The lean (LC) and obese controls (OC) were fed a standard diet, whereas the other 2 obese groups were fed a modified diet in which hemp oil (4% diet; O + HO) or hemp seeds (12% diet; O + HS) were included. All diets had the same proportions of protein (18%), fat (8%), and fiber (5%) and a similar carbohydrate proportion (∼52%). Diets fed to O + HO and O + HS had similar fatty acid profiles. After 4 wk, markers of gut and liver function, antioxidant status, and lipid metabolism were measured. RESULTS The total SCFA concentration in the cecal digesta was lower in OC (64.8 ± 4.21 µmol/g) compared with LC (78.1 ± 2.83 µmol/g) (P ≤ 0.05), whereas it was greater in O + HS (89 ± 4.41 µmol/g) compared with LC, OC, and O + HO (69.7 ± 2.68 µmol/g) (P ≤ 0.05). Plasma total cholesterol was greater in OC (6.20 ± 0.198 mmol/L) and O + HO (5.60 ± 0.084 mmol/L) compared with LC (2.71 ± 0.094 mmol/L) (P ≤ 0.05); in O + HS, the concentration did not differ from the other groups (5.16 ± 0.278 mmol/L). The liver cholesterol concentration was greater in OC (1.79 ± 0.379 mg/g) compared with the other groups (1.28-1.43 mg/g) (P ≤ 0.05). Hepatic expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ was lower in OC (11.9 ± 0.93 units) compared with LC (17.3 ± 1.3 units) (P ≤ 0.05), whereas it was greater in O + HS (19.2 ± 1.04 units) compared with OC and O + HO (14.0 ± 1.33 units) (P ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Dietary hemp seeds more effectively attenuate metabolic disorders in genetically obese rats than the oil extracted from them, which suggests that the lipid fraction is only partly responsible for these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina M Opyd
- Department of Biological Function of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Adam Jurgoński
- Department of Biological Function of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Bartosz Fotschki
- Department of Biological Function of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Jerzy Juśkiewicz
- Department of Biological Function of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
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31
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Lopez HL, Cesareo KR, Raub B, Kedia AW, Sandrock JE, Kerksick CM, Ziegenfuss TN. Effects of Hemp Extract on Markers of Wellness, Stress Resilience, Recovery and Clinical Biomarkers of Safety in Overweight, But Otherwise Healthy Subjects. J Diet Suppl 2020; 17:561-586. [DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2020.1765941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Betsy Raub
- The Center for Applied Health Sciences, Stow, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Chad M. Kerksick
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO, USA
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32
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Samsamikor M, Mackay D, Mollard RC, Aluko RE. A double-blind, randomized, crossover trial protocol of whole hemp seed protein and hemp seed protein hydrolysate consumption for hypertension. Trials 2020; 21:354. [PMID: 32326966 PMCID: PMC7181489 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-020-4164-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary hypertension accounts for almost 95% of all cases of high blood pressure and is a major modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Lifestyle interventions have been shown to prevent hypertension. One of the prominent potential therapeutic lifestyle strategies to prevent or manage hypertension is increasing dietary protein as a macronutrient or as bioactive peptides. An emerging plant-based protein source that may have anti-hypertensive properties is hemp seed. METHODS/DESIGN A randomized, double-blind, crossover clinical trial will be conducted on 35 hypertensive participants aged 18-75 years, with a BMI between 18.5 and 40 kg/m2, systolic blood pressure (SBP) between 130 and 160 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≤ 110 mmHg. The trial will be conducted for a period of 22 weeks and will consist of three treatment periods of 6 weeks, separated by 2-week washout periods. The treatments will be consumed twice a day and consist of 25 g casein, hemp seed protein (HSP), or HSP plus HSP hydrolysate (HSP+). The primary outcome of this trial is 24-h SBP, measured on the first day of first phase and the last day of each phase. Office-measured blood pressure, pulse-wave velocity and augmentation index and anthropometrics will be determined at the first and last days of each period. Also, body composition will be assessed by dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan on the first day of the first phase and within the last 2 days of each treatment period. Blood samples will be collected on the first and last 2 days of each treatment phase whereas urine samples will be collected on the first day of the first phase plus the last day of each phase to be analyzed for specific biomarkers. DISCUSSION This trial protocol is designed to evaluate the hypotensive potential of consuming whole HSP, and HSP+, in comparison to casein protein. This study will be the first trial investigating the potential anti-hypertensive benefit of dietary hemp protein plus bioactive peptide consumption in humans. TRIAL REGISTRATION National Clinical Trial (NCT), ID: NCT03508895. Registered on 28 June 2018. Retrospectively registered on the publicly accessible Registry Databank at ClinicalTrials.gov (http://ClinicalTrials.gov).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Samsamikor
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.,The Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, 196 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Dylan Mackay
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Rebecca C Mollard
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.,The Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, 196 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Rotimi E Aluko
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada. .,The Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, 196 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.
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Smeriglio A, Trombetta D, Alloisio S, Cornara L, Denaro M, Garbati P, Grassi G, Circosta C. Promising in vitro antioxidant, anti-acetylcholinesterase and neuroactive effects of essential oil from two non-psychotropic Cannabis sativa L. biotypes. Phytother Res 2020; 34:2287-2302. [PMID: 32309898 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the micro-morphological features of two different non-drug Cannabis sativa L. biotypes (Chinese accession G-309 and one fibrante variety) and to evaluate the phytochemical profile as well as some biological properties of the essential oils (EOs) obtained by hydrodistillation of dried flowering tops. After a micro-morphological evaluation by scanning electron microscopy, the phytochemical composition was analysed by GC-FID and GC-MS analyses. Antioxidant and anti-acetylcholinesterase properties were investigated by several in vitro cell-free assays, while neuroactive effects were evaluated on mouse cortical neuronal as well as human iPS cell-derived central nervous system cells grown on MEA chips. Both EOs showed strong antioxidant properties mainly attributable to the high content of hydroxylated compounds as well as significant anti-acetylcholinesterase activities (IC50 74.64 and 57.31 μg/ml for Chinese accession and fibrante variety, respectively). Furthermore, they showed a concentration-dependent inhibition of spontaneous electrical activity of human and mouse neuronal networks, with the fibrante variety, which showed the best activity (MFR, IC50 0.71 and 10.60 μg/ml, respectively). The observed biological activities could be due to a synergic effect between terpenes and phytocannabinoids, although in vivo studies, which clarify the molecular mechanism, are still lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Smeriglio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Foundation Prof. Antonio Imbesi, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Domenico Trombetta
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Susanna Alloisio
- ETT Spa, Genova, Italy.,National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biophysics, Genova, Italy
| | - Laura Cornara
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Marcella Denaro
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Patrizia Garbati
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gianpaolo Grassi
- Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economy Analysis-Research Institute for Industrial Crops (CREA-CI), Rovigo, Italy
| | - Clara Circosta
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Prasad K, Khan AS, Shoker M. Flaxseed and Its Components in Treatment of Hyperlipidemia and Cardiovascular Disease. Int J Angiol 2020; 29:216-222. [PMID: 33268971 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1709129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper describes the effects of flaxseed and its components (flax oil, secoisolariciresinoldiglucoside[SDG], flax lignan complex [FLC], and flax fibers] on serum lipids (total cholesterol [TC], low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol [LDL-C], high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C], and triglycerides [TG]) in animals and humans. Ordinary flaxseed reduces TG, TC, LDL-C, and TC/HDL-C levels in a dose-dependent manner in animals. In humans, it reduces serum lipids in hypercholesterolemicpatients but has no effects in normocholesterolemicpatients. Flax oil has variable effects on serum lipids in normo- and hypercholesterolemic animals. Flax oil treatment, with a dosage containing greater than 25 g/day of α-linolenic acid, reduces serum lipids in humans. Although FLC reduces serum lipids and raises serum HDL-C in animals, its effects on serum lipids in humans are small and variable. Flax fibers exert small effects on serum lipids in humans. Crop Development Centre (CDC)-flaxseed, which contains low concentrations of α-linolenic acid, has significant lipid lowering effects in animals. Pure SDG has potent hypolipidemic effects and raises HDL-C. In conclusion, flaxseed and pure SDG have significant lipid-lowering effects in animals and humans, while other components of flaxseed have small and variable effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailash Prasad
- Department of Physiology (APP), College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Amal S Khan
- Community, Health and Epidemiology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Muhammad Shoker
- Department of Physiology (APP), College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Askarpour M, Karimi M, Hadi A, Ghaedi E, Symonds ME, Miraghajani M, Javadian P. Effect of flaxseed supplementation on markers of inflammation and endothelial function: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cytokine 2020; 126:154922. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Leonard W, Zhang P, Ying D, Fang Z. Hempseed in food industry: Nutritional value, health benefits, and industrial applications. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 19:282-308. [PMID: 33319519 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seeds have been consumed in Asian communities since prehistoric times. Recently, Australia, Canada, and the United States have legalized the cultivation and consumption of hempseed at low (<0.3%) tetrahydrocannabinol levels, and there's a growing interest in hempseed due to its nutritional value and pharmaceutical potential. This review aims to summarize the chemical composition, nutritional value, and potential health benefits of hempseed, as researched via in vitro and in vivo trials. The application of hempseed in the food industry is limited due to its poor performance on some functional properties, so the latest processing methods developed to improve these properties were compared. Additionally, manufacturing technologies incorporating hemp seeds into existing food products are also elaborated. This review would promote further in-depth research on this recently approved food resources and maximize its utilization in new food product development.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Leonard
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pangzhen Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Danyang Ying
- Agriculture & Food, CSIRO, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zhongxiang Fang
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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37
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Rahimlou M, Jahromi NB, Hasanyani N, Ahmadi AR. Effects of Flaxseed Interventions on Circulating Inflammatory Biomarkers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Adv Nutr 2019; 10:1108-1119. [PMID: 31115436 PMCID: PMC6855939 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmz048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
There have been various clinical studies on the effect of flaxseed-derived products on circulating inflammatory biomarkers, but the findings from these are contradictory. The aim of the present study was to clarify any association. A comprehensive literature search was conducted from inception to May 2018. From the eligible trials, 32 articles describing studies conducted on adults aged 18-70 y were selected for the meta-analysis. Meta-analyses using the random-effects model were performed to investigate the data and results showed significant effects of flaxseed intake on circulating high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) [weighted mean difference (WMD) = -0.75; 95% CI: -1.19, -0.30; P < 0.001] and TNFα (WMD = -0.38; 95% CI: -0.75,-0.01; P = 0.04). However, no significant changes were found in IL6 concentration (WMD = -0.24; 95% CI: -0.70, 0.21; P = 0.28) and C-reactive protein (CRP) (WMD = -0.34; 95% CI:-0.89, 0.20; P = 0.22). Moreover, by eliminating 1 of the studies from the sensitivity analysis, changes in IL6 concentration were significant (WMD = -0.44; 95% CI: -0.81, -0.08). The changes in inflammatory biomarkers were dependent on study design (parallel or crossover), supplement type (flaxseed, flaxseed oil, or lignan), study quality (high or low), and participants' age and BMI. According to this meta-analysis, flaxseed significantly reduced circulating concentrations of hs-CRP and TNFα, but did not affect IL6 and CRP. Further research is needed to examine the effect of different doses and long-term benefits of flaxseed and its derivatives on inflammatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Rahimlou
- Department of Nutrition, School of Para-Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Nasrin Banaie Jahromi
- Department of Nutrition, School of Para-Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Nazila Hasanyani
- Emam Reza Hospital affiliated with Social Security Organization, Urmia, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Ramezani Ahmadi
- Department of Nutrition, School of Para-Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Irakli M, Tsaliki E, Kalivas A, Kleisiaris F, Sarrou E, Cook CM. Effect οf Genotype and Growing Year on the Nutritional, Phytochemical, and Antioxidant Properties of Industrial Hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.) Seeds. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8100491. [PMID: 31627349 PMCID: PMC6826498 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8100491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis sativa L. seeds have been an important source of protein, oil, and dietary fiber for human and animals. Currently, there is a growing interest in the commercial products of these seeds, which are recognized as a legitimate source of medicaments, cosmeceuticals, and nutraceuticals. The objective of this study was to investigate the nutritional, phytochemical composition, and antioxidant properties of seeds from seven hemp cultivars grown in Greece for three consecutive years. All the measured parameters strongly varied under the influence of growing year and genotype. In particular, protein, oil, and carbohydrates' content of hemp seeds as well as fatty acids' composition were mainly affected by genotype, whereas the growing year had a major effect on phytochemical components and antioxidant activity, which was determined by the 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulfonate) (ABTS) and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Moreover, a predominant effect of the year was observed for phenolic profiles as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography and total carotenoids' content. This study suggests that hemp seeds could be a promising food crop as a result of their high nutritive traits and antioxidant potential. A comparison of the studied cultivars, showed that Finola seeds had the highest oil and protein contents and, thus, appeared to be the most promising cultivar for cultivation in Greece.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Irakli
- Institute of Plant Breeding & Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Demeter, 57001 Thermi Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Eleni Tsaliki
- Institute of Plant Breeding & Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Demeter, 57001 Thermi Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Apostolos Kalivas
- Institute of Plant Breeding & Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Demeter, 57001 Thermi Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Fotios Kleisiaris
- Institute of Plant Breeding & Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Demeter, 57001 Thermi Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Eirini Sarrou
- Institute of Plant Breeding & Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Demeter, 57001 Thermi Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Catherine M Cook
- Institute of Plant Breeding & Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Demeter, 57001 Thermi Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Ianni F, Blasi F, Giusepponi D, Coletti A, Galli F, Chankvetadze B, Galarini R, Sardella R. Liquid chromatography separation of α- and γ-linolenic acid positional isomers with a stationary phase based on covalently immobilized cellulose tris(3,5-dichlorophenylcarbamate). J Chromatogr A 2019; 1609:460461. [PMID: 31445805 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
α-Linolenic acid (ALA) and its most important positional isomer γ-linolenic acid (GLA), are essential fatty acids (vitamin F). Therefore, ALA- and GLA-rich edible oils hold great potential in human and animal nutrition, as well as in nutraceutics and cosmetics. Quality control and nutritional validation of oil products is thus of increasing importance. In the present study, the cellulose tris(3,5-dichlorophenylcarbamate)-based chiral stationary phase was successfully used for separation of ALA and GLA, a major challenge in the liquid chromatography of these isomers. The chromatographic conditions were firstly optimized on a HPLC system with UV detection, and the use of a reversed-phase eluent system made up of aqueous 10 mM ammonium acetate/acetonitrile (40/60, v/v; wspH6.0) with a 25 °C column temperature resulted optimal for the simultaneous discrimination of the two isomers at a 0.5 mL/min flow rate (α = 1.10; RS = 1.21). The method was then optimized for LC-MS/MS implementation. The proposed innovative separation method holds a great potential for the quantification of ALA and GLA in food and biological matrices, thus opening the way to further investigations involving the two positional isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Ianni
- University of Perugia, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Fabretti 48, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesca Blasi
- University of Perugia, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Fabretti 48, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Danilo Giusepponi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Alice Coletti
- University of Perugia, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Fabretti 48, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Galli
- University of Perugia, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Fabretti 48, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze Ave 3, 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Roberta Galarini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Roccaldo Sardella
- University of Perugia, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Fabretti 48, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
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Dietary flaxseed protects against ventricular arrhythmias and left ventricular dilation after a myocardial infarction. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 71:63-71. [PMID: 31284167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) have been associated with a lower incidence of cardiovascular events and sudden cardiac death. Flaxseed is a rich plant source of n-3 PUFAs and can retard the progression and accelerate the regression of atherosclerotic plaques. The aim of the study was to examine the preventive and therapeutic effects of dietary flaxseed on arrhythmias and heart dysfunction that develops after a myocardial infarction (MI). The left anterior descending coronary artery was ligated in rats to induce the MI. Rats were randomized into five groups: sham MI with normal chow, MI with normal chow, MI with 10% milled flaxseed supplementation (flax), MI with 4.4% supplemented flax oil enriched in alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and MI with flax lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) supplementation (0.44%). Animals were fed with their respective diets for 2 weeks before and for 8 weeks after the surgery. Echocardiography and continuous electrocardiographic recordings were obtained after ligation to confirm the induction of the MI, to check for arrhythmias and to assess cardiac function. Histological examination was also performed to evaluate cardiac fibrosis. Dietary supplementation with flaxseed, ALA or SDG before and after the induction of the MI significantly reduced the incidence of arrhythmias and resulted in significantly smaller infarct size, less left ventricle dilation, and decreased myocardial fibrosis and tumor necrosis factor-α levels compared to the control MI group. Together, this study supports a beneficial effect of dietary flaxseed in patients for the prevention and treatment of arrhythmias and ventricular remodeling post-MI.
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Stamenkovic A, Ganguly R, Aliani M, Ravandi A, Pierce GN. Overcoming the Bitter Taste of Oils Enriched in Fatty Acids to Obtain Their Effects on the Heart in Health and Disease. Nutrients 2019; 11:E1179. [PMID: 31137794 PMCID: PMC6566568 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids come in a variety of structures and, because of this, create a variety of functions for these lipids. Some fatty acids have a role to play in energy metabolism, some help in lipid storage, cell structure, the physical state of the lipid, and even in food stability. Fatty acid metabolism plays a particularly important role in meeting the energy demands of the heart. It is the primary source of myocardial energy in control conditions. Its role changes dramatically in disease states in the heart, but the pathologic role these fatty acids play depends upon the type of cardiovascular disease and the type of fatty acid. However, no matter how good a food is for one's health, its taste will ultimately become a deciding factor in its influence on human health. No food will provide health benefits if it is not ingested. This review discusses the taste characteristics of culinary oils that contain fatty acids and how these fatty acids affect the performance of the heart during healthy and diseased conditions. The contrasting contributions that different fatty acid molecules have in either promoting cardiac pathologies or protecting the heart from cardiovascular disease is also highlighted in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Stamenkovic
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB R2H2A6, Canada.
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E0W3, Canada.
| | - Riya Ganguly
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB R2H2A6, Canada.
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E0W3, Canada.
| | - Michel Aliani
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine (CCARM), Albrechtsen Research Centre, St Boniface Hospital, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H2A6, Canada.
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H2A6, Canada.
| | - Amir Ravandi
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB R2H2A6, Canada.
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E0W3, Canada.
- Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E0W3, Canada.
| | - Grant N Pierce
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB R2H2A6, Canada.
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E0W3, Canada.
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine (CCARM), Albrechtsen Research Centre, St Boniface Hospital, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H2A6, Canada.
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Zhou Q, Zhang Z, Wang P, Zhang B, Chen C, Zhang C, Su Y. EPA+DHA, but not ALA, Improved Lipids and Inflammation Status in Hypercholesterolemic Adults: A Randomized, Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled Trial. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1801157. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201801157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Quan Zhou
- Department of Nutrition and Food HygieneSchool of Public HealthGuangzhou Medical University Guangzhou 510182 P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of FoodSchool of Public HealthSun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou 510080 P. R. China
| | - Zheqing Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food HygieneGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease ResearchSchool of Public HealthSouthern Medical University Guangzhou 510515 P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of FoodSchool of Public HealthSun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou 510080 P. R. China
| | - Ping Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health Guangzhou 511430 P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of FoodSchool of Public HealthSun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou 510080 P. R. China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Food Safety and Health Research CenterGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease ResearchSchool of Public HealthSouthern Medical University
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of FoodSchool of Public HealthSun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou 510080 P. R. China
| | - Chaogang Chen
- Department of Clinical NutritionSun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou 510120 Guangdong P. R. China
| | - Caixia Zhang
- Department of Medical Statistics and EpidemiologySchool of Public HealthSun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou 510080 P. R. China
| | - Yixiang Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of FoodSchool of Public HealthSun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou 510080 P. R. China
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Biomarkers of food intake for nuts and vegetable oils: an extensive literature search. GENES AND NUTRITION 2019; 14:7. [PMID: 30923582 PMCID: PMC6423890 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-019-0628-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nuts and vegetable oils are important sources of fat and of a wide variety of micronutrients and phytochemicals. Following their intake, several of their constituents, as well as their derived metabolites, are found in blood circulation and in urine. As a consequence, these could be used to assess the compliance to a dietary intervention or to determine habitual intake of nuts and vegetable oils. However, before these metabolites can be widely used as biomarkers of food intake (BFIs), several characteristics have to be considered, including specificity, dose response, time response, stability, and analytical performance. We have, therefore, conducted an extensive literature search to evaluate current knowledge about potential BFIs of nuts and vegetable oils. Once identified, the strengths and weaknesses of the most promising candidate BFIs have been summarized. Results from selected studies have provided a variety of compounds mainly derived from the fatty fraction of these foods, but also other components and derived metabolites related to their nutritional composition. In particular, α-linolenic acid, urolithins, and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid seem to be the most plausible candidate BFIs for walnuts, whereas for almonds they could be α-tocopherol and some catechin-derived metabolites. Similarly, several studies have reported a strong association between selenium levels and consumption of Brazil nuts. Intake of vegetable oils has been mainly assessed through the measurement of specific fatty acids in different blood fractions, such as oleic acid for olive oil, α-linolenic acid for flaxseed (linseed) and rapeseed (canola) oils, and linoleic acid for sunflower oil. Additionally, hydroxytyrosol and its metabolites were the most promising distinctive BFIs for (extra) virgin olive oil. However, most of these components lack sufficient specificity to serve as BFIs. Therefore, additional studies are necessary to discover new candidate BFIs, as well as to further evaluate the specificity, sensitivity, dose-response relationships, and reproducibility of these candidate biomarkers and to eventually validate them in other populations. For the discovery of new candidate BFIs, an untargeted metabolomics approach may be the most effective strategy, whereas for increasing the specificity of the evaluation of food consumption, this could be a combination of different metabolites.
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Ursoniu S, Sahebkar A, Serban MC, Pinzaru I, Dehelean C, Noveanu L, Rysz J, Banach M. A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials investigating the effects of flaxseed supplementation on plasma C-reactive protein concentrations. Arch Med Sci 2019; 15:12-22. [PMID: 30697250 PMCID: PMC6348364 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2018.81034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many experimental and clinical trials have suggested that flaxseed might be a potent antihypertensive, but the evidence concerning the effects of flaxseed supplements on plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations has not been fully conclusive. We assessed the impact of the effects of flaxseed supplementation on plasma CRP concentrations through a systematic review of literature and meta-analysis of available randomised controlled trials (RCTs). MATERIAL AND METHODS The literature search included EMBASE, ProQuest, CINAHL, and PUBMED databases up to 1st February 2016 to identify RCTs investigating the effect of flaxseed supplements on plasma CRP concentrations. Meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model, and effect size was expressed as weighed mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS Meta-analysis of 17 selected RCTs with 1256 individuals did not suggest a significant change in plasma CRP concentrations following supplementation with flaxseed-containing products (WMD: -0.25 mg/l, 95% CI: -0.53, 0.02, p = 0.074). The effect size was robust in the leave-one-out sensitivity analysis. Subgroup analysis did not suggest any significant difference in terms of changing plasma CRP concentrations among different types of flaxseed supplements used in the included studies, i.e. flaxseed oil (WMD: -0.67 mg/l, 95% CI: -2.00, 0.65, p = 0.320), lignan extract (WMD: -0.32 mg/l, 95% CI: -0.71, 0.06, p = 0.103) and ground powder (WMD: -0.18 mg/l, 95% CI: -0.42, 0.06, p = 0.142). CONCLUSIONS The meta-analysis of RCTs did not show a significant change in plasma CRP concentrations following supplementation with various flaxseed products. Large, well-designed studies should be still performed to validate the current results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorin Ursoniu
- Department of Functional Sciences, Discipline of Public Health, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Centre, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maria-Corina Serban
- Department of Functional Sciences, Discipline of Pathophysiology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Iulia Pinzaru
- Department 2, Discipline of Toxicology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Cristina Dehelean
- Department of Toxicology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Lavinia Noveanu
- Department of Functional Sciences, Discipline of Pathophysiology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Jacek Rysz
- Department of Hypertension, Chair of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, Chair of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Del Bo' C, Deon V, Abello F, Massini G, Porrini M, Riso P, Guardamagna O. Eight-week hempseed oil intervention improves the fatty acid composition of erythrocyte phospholipids and the omega-3 index, but does not affect the lipid profile in children and adolescents with primary hyperlipidemia. Food Res Int 2018; 119:469-476. [PMID: 30884679 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Children affected by primary hyperlipidemia have a high risk of developing cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) during adulthood. Several studies have reported a positive association between the intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and improvements in lipid markers and CVD risk. Dietary supplements may represent a potential strategy in the management of hyperlipidemia. In this context, the effectiveness of hempseed oil (HSO) rich in PUFAs (particularly linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA)) in the modulation of hyperlipidemia has been poorly investigated. The present pilot study aimed to explore the impact of HSO supplementation on the serum lipid profile and fatty acid (FA) composition of red blood cells (RBCs) in children and adolescents with primary hyperlipidemia. A randomized, 8 week long, parallel dietary intervention study was performed. Thirty-six hyperlipidemic probands (6-16 years) on diet therapy were randomized into two groups: the HSO group, receiving 3 g of HSO providing 1.4 g of LA and 0.7 g/day of ALA, and the control group. Both groups received specific dietary guidelines. Before and after the intervention, blood samples were collected and the serum lipid profile, FA composition of RBCs and omega-3-index were analyzed. Eight weeks of supplementation with HSO significantly (p < .01) reduced the RBC content of total saturated and monounsaturated FAs (-5.02 ± 7.94% and - 2.12 ± 2.23%, respectively), increased the levels of total n-3 and n-6 PUFAs (+1.57 ± 1.96% and + 5.39 ± 7.18%, respectively) and the omega-3 index (+1.18 ± 1.42%), but failed to affect the serum lipid profile compared to the control group. In conclusion, our findings seem to support the contribution of HSO supplementation in improving the RBC phospholipid composition and omega-3 index, while no effect was observed regarding modulation of the lipid profile. Further controlled studies are necessary to achieve a complete understanding of the effects of HSO in the modulation of hyperlipidemia and CVD risk in this and other target groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Del Bo'
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Deon
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Abello
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Giulia Massini
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Marisa Porrini
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Patrizia Riso
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ornella Guardamagna
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy.
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Brown L, Caligiuri SP, Brown D, Pierce GN. Clinical trials using functional foods provide unique challenges. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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Smeriglio A, Giofrè SV, Galati EM, Monforte MT, Cicero N, D'Angelo V, Grassi G, Circosta C. Inhibition of aldose reductase activity by chemotypes extracts with high content of cannabidiol or cannabigerol. Fitoterapia 2018; 127:101-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Parikh M, Netticadan T, Pierce GN. Flaxseed: its bioactive components and their cardiovascular benefits. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 314:H146-H159. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00400.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. The inclusion of functional foods and natural health products in the diet are gaining increasing recognition as integral components of lifestyle changes in the fight against cardiovascular disease. Several preclinical and clinical studies have shown the beneficial cardiovascular effects of dietary supplementation with flaxseed. The cardiovascular effects of dietary flaxseed have included an antihypertensive action, antiatherogenic effects, a lowering of cholesterol, an anti-inflammatory action, and an inhibition of arrhythmias. Its enrichment in the ω-3 fatty acid α-linolenic acid and the antioxidant lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside as well as its high fiber content have been implicated primarily in these beneficial cardiovascular actions. Although not as well recognized, flaxseed is also composed of other potential bioactive compounds such as proteins, cyclolinopeptides, and cyanogenic glycosides, which may also produce biological actions. These compounds could also be responsible for the cardiovascular effects of flaxseed. This article will not only summarize the cardiovascular effects of dietary supplementation with flaxseed but also review its bioactive compounds in terms of their properties, biological effects, and proposed mechanisms of action. It will also discuss promising research directions for the future to identify additional health-related benefits of dietary flaxseed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihir Parikh
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Agri-food Research in Health and Medicine, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital, Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Thomas Netticadan
- Agriculture and Agri-food Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Agri-food Research in Health and Medicine, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Grant N. Pierce
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Agri-food Research in Health and Medicine, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital, Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Su H, Liu R, Chang M, Huang J, Wang X. Dietary linoleic acid intake and blood inflammatory markers: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Food Funct 2018; 8:3091-3103. [PMID: 28752873 DOI: 10.1039/c7fo00433h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of increasing dietary linoleic acid (LA) intake on the blood concentrations of inflammatory markers including cytokines, acute phase reactants and adhesion molecules in adults. METHODS We comprehensively searched PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library for eligible studies. Overall, 30 randomized controlled studies involving 1377 subjects were included for meta-analysis. RESULTS No significant effect of higher LA intake was observed for cytokines: tumor necrosis factor (SMD: -0.01; 95% CI: -0.19 to 0.17), interleukin-6 (SMD: 0.11, 95% CI: -0.07 to 0.29), adiponectin (SMD: 0.17, 95% CI: -0.17 to 0.50) and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (SMD: 0.14, 95% CI: -0.33 to 0.60). Pooled effect size from 16 studies showed that the C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration was not significantly affected by increasing LA intake (SMD = 0.09, 95% CI: -0.05 to 0.24). However, subgroup and meta-regression analysis suggested that in subjects with a more profound increase of dietary LA intake, LA might increase the blood CRP level. Other acute phase reactants including fibrinogen and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and adhesion molecules were not significantly changed when LA was increased in diet. No significant heterogeneity or publication bias was observed, although only a limited number of eligible studies were included for some markers. CONCLUSION Our meta-analysis suggested that increasing dietary LA intake does not have a significant effect on the blood concentrations of inflammatory markers. However, the extent of change in dietary LA intake might affect the effect of LA supplementation on CRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Su
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China.
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Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Time-Dependently Reduce Cell Viability and Oncogenic MicroRNA-21 Expression in Estrogen Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer Cells (MCF-7). Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010244. [PMID: 29342901 PMCID: PMC5796192 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA), α-linolenic acid (ALA), and its metabolites, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), independently reduce the growth of breast cancer cells in vitro, but the mechanisms, which may involve microRNA (miRNA), are still unclear. The expression of the oncomiR, miR-21, is reduced by DHA treatment, but the effects of ALA on miR-21, alone or combined with EPA and DHA under physiologically relevant concentrations, have not been investigated. The effects of ALA alone and +/-EPA and DHA at the blood molar ratios seen in either humans (1.0:1.0:2.5, ALA:EPA:DHA) or mice (1.0:0.4:3.1, ALA:EPA:DHA) post flaxseed oil consumption (containing ALA) were assessed in vitro in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Cell viability and the expression of miR-21 and its molecular target, phosphatase and tension homolog (PTEN, gene and protein), at different time points, were examined. At 1, 3, 48 and 96 h ALA alone and 24 h animal ratio treatments significantly reduced MCF-7 cell viability, while 1 and 3 h ALA alone and human and animal ratio treatments all significantly reduced miR-21 expression, and 24 h animal ratio treatment reduced miR-21 expression; these effects were not associated with changes in PTEN gene or protein expressions. We showed for the first time that ALA alone or combined with EPA and DHA at levels seen in human and animal blood post-ALA consumption can significantly reduce cell viability and modulate miR-21 expression in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, with the animal ratio containing higher DHA having a greater effect. The time dependency of miR-21 effects suggests the significance of considering time as a variable in miRNA studies, particularly of miR-21.
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